Post on 09-Feb-2016
description
transcript
Warm Up Question
• What is skepticism? (define)
• What is an event or idea that you are skeptical about?
• Define Reformation.
The Protestant Reformation
Background to the Reformation
The Church and the Revolt
Reformers
•Objective:•Define the Reformation, place it in historical context, and explain how it emerged as a result of the spread of humanism into Northern Europe.
What is the Reformation?• Religious upheaval
that sought to reform the Church and eventually formed a new branch of Christianity.
• 1500 – 1600
Catholic
Lutheran
Calvinist
Anglican
Christianity
Why are there so many different
Branches of Christianity?
The Church before…• The Popes compete for Political Power– Fought wars, purchase art and architecture
for prestige (St. Peter’s Basilica, etc), get caught up in political intrigue…..
• To pay for the art, wars, and lavish lifestyles the church increase fees, and begin selling Indulgences
• Corruption of the Clergy- leaders within the Church– Regularly go to brothels–Many have mistresses and illegitimate
children – Give up on education • Some Priest can not even read
Popes of the RenaissanceExamples of Corruption
• Pope Alexander VI – had several mistresses and fathered 7 children.
• Sixtus IV – imposed a license on brothels and a special tax on any priest who had a mistress.
• Innocent VIII – “sold” a cardinal's seat to the Medici family, Giovanni de Medici (later Pope Leo X) who was 13 yrs old at the time.
Indulgence – a piece of paper that the church sold to lessen the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory (a place you atoned for your sins before going to heaven)
• Situation: – Both you and your friend get in trouble and are
sent to the principles office. The principal gives you two options • 1. spend a week in detention • 2. give a $100 “donation” to the new school building
project
OR
Nepotism - is favoritism granted to relatives or friends, with no regard to merit
Situation - • You and your friend have both applied for a job
at your local restaurant but there is only one position available….– Your friend is related to the chief but you have
experience as a waiter (waitress). How do you get the job? • 1. Write a great resume and get a recommendation from
your last restaurant job. • 2. Call your aunt who is related to the owner and ask her
to help you get hired (maybe include a bribe)
How did the Reformers seek to change the Church?
Reform led by Martin Luther (German monk and Professor) & other low level Catholic Clergy
• Complained mainly about the secularism that had crept into Catholicism – Indulgences – Not living with vows– Not focusing on education
Objective: Identify Martin Luther, his central complaint against the Catholic Church, and his actions to reform the Catholic Church.
Martin Luther• Started publishing
pamphlets asking for reform– 95 Theses – Martin Luther’s
major work against indulgences (1517)
– The Institutes of the Christian Religion
• Continued by suggesting the formation of new churches outside of Catholicism – A new branch was called
Protestantism (for their protests)
Martin Luther• Religious Implications– Pope did not speak for God– Church and priesthood not
necessary for salvation– God’s grace given to all who
seek it• Political Consequences– Peasant war– Northern Europe became
Protestant
Martin Luther• Suppression by the Pope• Diet of Worms (a meeting at Worms,
Germany)– Charles V ordered Luther to recant– Luther goes into hiding
• Refusal to submit– Excommunication
“Unless I am proved wrong by scripture or by evident reason, then I am a prisoner in conscience to the word of God. I cannot retract and I will not retract. To go against the conscience is neither safe nor right. God help me. Amen.”
Martin Luther
Warm Up - Reformation • Terms:
– Try to define the following terms in your own words without looking at your notes…
– Define what an Indulgence is.– Define what Nepotism is.– Define Protestantism.
• Questions: 1. How many different types of
Protestantism do you know of?2. Why do you think there are so many
types of Protestantism?3. Why would Protestantism spread so
quickly in Europe? (Remember how the Renaissance spread)
Protestant and Catholics differed on some main points…..
Protestant Catholic
Faith lead to heaven(sola fide)
Faith and good deeds lead to heaven
Anyone can read and interpret the Bible Only the Catholic Church can interpret the Bible
Get to the basics: only the Bible matters(sola scriptura)
The Bible and church rituals matter
Head of Church = Elected Council Head of Church = Pope
Sacraments – accept some but reject others…. Only God can erase sin. Sin can not be erased through ritual (no confession)
7 sacraments: Baptism, confirmation, marriage, ordination, communion, anointing the sick and confession.
Leaders of the Reformation & Counter ReformationErasmus
Sir Thomas More
John Calvin Henry VIII
Ignatius Loyola
Martin Luther
Man & his Sect Location(s) Major work &
Year of Pub.Unique beliefs or
traditions
Main opposition reason for
disagreement
Desiderius Erasumus(no sect)
Martin Luther__________
John Calvin
__________
Henry VIII
__________
Ignatius Loyola__________
The man and his _sect_ Location(s) Major work &
year pub.Unique beliefs or
traditionsMain opposition &
reason for disagreeing
Erasmus
(no sect)
NetherlandsThe Praise of Folly 1509
Get back to the roots: the Bible
Too many people in society were secular and had forgotten religion
Clergy & monks: cared more about appearance than religion
Merchants: were corrupt and charged unfair rates
Theologians: lost knowledge of Bible
Luther
Lutheranism
Holy Roman Empire
“The 95 Theses” 1517
Indulgences needed to be reformed
Priests could no longer read
Priests were too secular and were breaking their vows
Catholic Church: brought Luther to trial at Worms and excommunicated him
Holy Roman Emperor: was pope’s close friend and supporter
Calvin
CalvinismFrance and Switzerland
The Institutes of the Christian Religion 1536
Predestination: everyone’s soul was already destined for heaven or hell
Original sin: people are born with sin in their soles and will be bad unless they follow rules of Christianity
Genevans (Switzerland): Calvin forced strict religious laws on them, so they kicked him out once
French king: king was Catholic, Calvin was Protestant
Henry VIII
AnglicanismEngland
“Act of Supremacy” 1534
Pope has no authority in England
King is the leader of the Church of England & demands religious loyalty
King confiscates lands of the Catholic Church
Pope: did not want to grant Henry’s divorce, was upset since Henry used to be a major supporter
King of Spain: Henry was married to his relative and he was trying to divorce
Loyola
Jesuits(Catholic)
Spain, Italy, the Holy Land
Spiritual Exercises 1524
Indulgences are one of many acts that, together, get people to heaven
Protestant ideas are creations and are not true
Do not question authority, like the Pope
Protestants: Loyola was trying to convince them to go back to Catholicism
Islamic peoples: Loyola was trying to convert them to Christianity
Catholic
Lutheran
Calvinist
Anglican
Christianity
Why are there so many different
Branches of Christianity?
EnglandThe English Reformation
• Henry VIII– Henry needs an heir….
Needs a annulment from 1st wife (can’t have anymore children) but the Pope will not consent
– Dissent over divorce – breaks with Catholic Church
– Passed Act of Supremacy – making Henry the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church founded)
Complicated Relationships• At the time of the divorce, Henry VIII only had
one surviving child, Mary Tudor. • Breaks with the church, has an Archbishop
annul the marriage, and marries Anne Boleyn.• Anne Boleyn gives birth to a girl, Elizabeth.• Boleyn is beheaded for treason and Henry
marries Jane Seymour, who bears Edward VI.
ElizabethAnne BoleynMary Tudor
What can be said about the attire of each of the women in these paintings?
Turmoil in EnglandHenry’s Children
• Edward VI• Very strict
Protestant
• Mary I of England “Bloody Mary”
• Very strict Catholic
• Elizabeth • Protestant
(middle ground)
Calvin• Minister who was inspired
by Luther but disagrees on a few points….– Beliefs: – 1. Humans are so corrupt/
evil that no good deeds can get you into heaven
– Only God can decide who goes to heaven, (Predestination)… nothing you do matters
(other names for Calvinists = Puritans)
Impact of the Reformation• The split of Christianity
•Diagram the new branch of Christianity that started as a result of the Protestant Reformation. Summarize the major differences between the two branches.
Catholicism Lutheranism/Protestantism
Calvinism
Salvation through Faith God alone predetermines who will be saved
Head of Church: Elected council
Head of Church: Council of Elders (appointed)
Bible alone source of truth Bible alone source of truth
dislike the Catholic structure
dislike the Catholic structure
Catholic
Lutheran
Calvinist
Anglican
Catholic Reformation: 1.
2.
3. 4.
Christianity
Counter Reformation/Catholic Reformation
• Reform movement within the Catholic Church• Steps the Church takes to reform:– Council of Trent 1545: meeting to end
corruption, increase education, and reaffirm Catholic beliefs.
– Inquisition: Persecuted non-Catholics (Protestants, Jews, etc.)
– Founded the Jesuits (“Soldiers of God”): new catholic group to spread and defend Catholicism
End Result – bring Some people back to Catholicism but Europe still split over religion…..
Europe after the Reformation
Warm-Up• How are the Protestant and
Catholic faiths different from one another?– Use at least 3 specific
examples (reference the chart in your notes if you need to)
• How did the Protestant Reformation change Europe?
Study Guide Questions
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
• Explain the secular interests and practices of the Roman Catholic Church in the 1500s.- Indulgences, corruption, less education…
• What were Indulgences? What were their purpose?– Pieces of paper that the Catholic church sold to lesson a
souls time in purgatory for sins they had committed
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
• What were the 95 Theses? How did they spread throughout Europe? – 95 arguments by Luther on why indulgences are bad. – Spread by printing press
• What were Luther’s 3 major ideals concerning the Christian religion?– Salvation through faith alone– Bible source of all religious truth– Anyone can interpret the bible (don’t need Catholic
Church)
4. What were the Reasons that led Martin Luther to break away from the Roman Catholic Church?
• What was the Diet of Worms? What was the result? – Meeting where Luther is ordered by the Pope to
recant (take back) his 95 Theses….. Luther refuses and is thrown out of the church
5. Compare and contrast the religious views of the
Roman Catholics, Martin Luther and John Calvin.
• What were the major tenets of Christianity that all three believed and taught?– All Christen, believe in the bible, Jesus, etc.
• How did their views differ on attaining eternal salvation? (reaching Heaven) – Catholics – need good works, and faith– Luther – need JUST faith– Calvin – Predestination (only god can determine
who goes to heaven)
• How did they view the role and interpretation of the Bible?– Catholics – Bible interpreted by the Church– Luther and Calvin – Bible interpreted by ANYONE
• What differences existed in terms of the leadership and organization of their churches?– Catholics – One leader = Pope– Luther and Calvin – elected council
6a. Explain the reasons behind the decision of Henry
VIII of England to start the Church of England.• Henry VIII’s personal issues:– His wife can no longer have any children and he
needs a male heir • Secular and political issues:– Without a male heir England could fall into civil
war – Catholic church wont let him get divorced because
Henry’s wife is related to the Holy Roman Empire and Pope needs his political support
6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle religious issues during their reigns?
• How did Henry’s reforms continue during the short reign of Edward VI?– Edward VERY protestant• Suppress all catholic teaching/ beliefs
• What happened to Protestantism during the rule of Mary Tudor (Bloody Mary)?– Mary VERY Catholic• Brings back Catholicism
6b. How did Henry VIII’s children handle religious issues during their reigns?
• What decisions did Elizabeth I make concerning the religion of England?– Elizabeth Protestant but chooses a middle road
and allows some Catholic rituals to remain in Protestant country
7a. What was the Catholic Reformation?
• What were the purpose and goals of the Catholic Reformation in the mid-1500s?– Religious upheaval that sought to reform the
church
7b. In what ways did it respond to Protestant ideas?
• What was the role of the Council of Trent?– To help direct the way people should take the
reform; To make and start the reformation.• Who were the Jesuits? What were their
responsiblities?– The Jesuits were missionary soldiers– The spread the catholic faith and protected it.
7b. In what ways did it respond to Protestant ideas?
• What was the Inquisition? What was the Index of Forbidden Books?– The Inquisition was a church council – This court used torture, secret testimony and
execution to rid of heresy– The Index of Forbidden Books was a list of works
that was against the catholic faith.