Water and Land as Habitats for Plants

Aquatic Plants Terrestrial Plants

Water Close to each cell

Under land surface, evaporates quickly above surface

Minerals Close to each cell

On or under surface

Gases Dissolved at low concentrations

Plentiful in air

Support Provides buoyancy and support

Much less support for parts in air

Light Cuts out some wavelengths and lowers intensity

More light available

Temperature Little fluctuation, slow change

Changes more rapid, wider extremes

Aquatic Plants Terrestrial Plants

Reproduction Gametes swim to other plants

Water seldom available for swimming gametes

Offspring Dispersal

Water carries offspring to new locations

Offspring dispersed through various methods (seldom water)

Terrestrial PlantsAquatic Plants

Terrestrial Plant Anatomy

Plants moved from water to land but there were challenges along the way…

Challenge Adaptation

Getting water and minerals into the plant Roots

Major Functions of

Absorption

Transport of materials

Storage of materials

Anchorage

Fibrous root Taproot

All of these things add to theSurface Area which allows for more waterto be absorbed

Meristemarea where new cellsare addedto a plant, increasingits length

Fibrous root Taproot

Challenge Adaptation

Getting water and minerals into the plant Roots

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Moving water and food within the plant

Vascular tissue

Phloem “Ph”lows “Ph”ood

DOWN!!!!

Xylem carries

H2O & mineralsUP

Bundles of xylem and phloem are found in roots, stems and leaves of vascular plants

Vascular tissue

AdhesionWater “sticks” to other molecules

+

+

-

+

+

-

Cohesion – Water “sticks” to water

+

+

-

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Adhesion– Water “sticks” to other molecules(Starts the process)

Transpiration– Water loss from a plant leaf

Bundles of xylem and phloem are found in roots, stems and leaves of vascular plants

Vascular tissue

2 main types of vascular plants• Gymnosperms – cone bearing plants

• Pine trees and fir trees

• Angiosperms – flowering plants• Any tree, bush or plant that produces a flower

Within the Angiosperms, there are two plant groups, the Monocots and the Dicots. 

The distinction between these two groups is not always clear, but some general trends are outlined on then next slide

Monocots DicotsFloral Arrangement 3's 4's and 5'sLeaf Venation Parallel NetVascular bundles Scattered RingRoots Fibrous TaprootGrowth Primary only Primary and

Secondary

Examples: Grass, Palm, Oaks, Roses, Orchid Sunflowers

Challenge Adaptation

Getting water and minerals into the plant Roots

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Moving water and food within the plant

Vascular tissue

Plant body support Vascular tissue

Major Functions of

Support

Transport

Storage

MERISTEMS – Regions of cell division @ tips of plant

PRIMARY GROWTH - growth in length of plant

SECONDARY GROWTH - Growth in thickness of plant

Challenge Adaptation

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Getting sunlight for photosynthesis Leaves

Most are thin & flat (surface area to volume ratio)

Take in sunlight & CO2

Challenge Adaptation

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Getting sunlight for photosynthesis Leaves

Getting gas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Stomata

STOMATA pore that allows CO2 to enter and H2O & O2 exit.

GUARD CELLS open & close the stomata

Some plants in dry climates will regulate when the stomata is open to minimize water loss

Transpiration – Loss of H2O by plant

> 90% of H2O is lostThrough stomata

Challenge Adaptation

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Getting sunlight for photosynthesis Leaves

Getting gas for photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Stomata

Preventing evaporation from plant surface

Cuticle

Cuticle – waxy layerPrevent H2O loss

Challenge Adaptation

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Coordinating growth patterns and environmental response

Hormones

Getting sperm to egg without water Pollen

PLANT REPRODUCTIONSexual Asexual

Sperm from one plant fertilizedthe eggs of another plant of the same species

Sperm (pollen) carried by wind, insects, animals, etc.

New combination of DNA in offspring

A plant reproduces by itself. There is no combining of DNA

Runners (roots), leaves, self-pollination

Offspring = genetically identical to parent plant

Clones!

Female PartsCarpel

StigmaStyleOvary

Male Parts

Anther

Stamen

Filament

Challenge Adaptation

Terrestrial Plant Adaptations

Coordinating growth patterns and environmental response

Hormones

Getting sperm to egg without water Pollen

Dispersing new individuals to suitable locations

Airborne spores then seeds