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WHI.5: ANCIENT GREECE – PART 1SOL COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW
World History & Geography to 1500 A.D.Mr. Seward, Instructor of History – I.C. Norcom High School
Influence of Geography on Greek Development
Locations and places Aegean Sea Balkan and Peloponnesus Peninsula Europe & Asia Minor Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Dardanelles Strait Athens, Sparta, Troy Macedonia
Influence of Geography on Greek Development
Economic and Social Development Agriculture (limited arable land) Commerce and the spread of Hellenic
culture Shift from barter to money economy (coins)
Influence of Geography on Greek Development
Political development Mountainous terrain both helped and
hindered the development of city-states. Greek cities were designed to promote civic
and commercial life. Colonization was prompted by
overpopulation and the search for arable land.
Greek Mythology
Greek mythology Based on polytheistic religion Offered explanations of natural phenomena,
human qualities, and life events
Greek gods and goddesses Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Aphrodite Symbols and images in Western literature, art,
and architecture
GOD OR GODDESS POWER OR RESPONSIBILITY
Zeus King of the Gods and ruler of Mount Olympus
Hera Wife of Zeus, Protector of families, children, and the home
Apollo God of truth, intelligence, music, and poetry
Athena Goddess of wisdom
Aphrodite Goddess of love and beauty
Artemis Goddess of wildlife and hunting`
Athens and Sparta
Social structure and citizenship in the Greek polis Citizens (free adult males) had political
rights and the responsibility of civic participation in government.
Women, slaves, and foreigners had no political rights.
Athens and Sparta
Athens Stages in the evolution of Athenian
government: Monarchy
Central power is held by a ruler (king or queen) who inherited the position.
Aristocracy Rule by a small group of people (oligarchy); usually
landowners Tyranny
Rulers who achieved power by force Democracy
Citizens take part in the daily affairs of government
Athens and Sparta
Athens Tyrants who worked for reform:
Draco Created harsh code of laws in which both minor and
serious crimes were punished by death. Solon
Changed the “Draconian Code” Outlawed debt slavery, opened high offices to more
people, allowed some foreigners to become citizens, and gave more power to the assembly.
Origin of democratic principles: Direct democracy, public debate, duties of the
citizen
Athens and Sparta
Sparta Oligarchy (rule by a small group)
Two kings and a Council of Elders Major decisions made by citizens
Rigid social structure in order to control conquered people and slaves (helots)
Militaristic and aggressive society Boys started military training at age seven. Girls brought up to strengthen their bodies for child
bearing.
Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
Importance of Persian Wars (490–476 B.C.) Persian wars united Athens and Sparta
against the Persian Empire. Athenian victories over the Persians at
Marathon and Salamis left Greeks in control of the Aegean Sea.
Athens preserved its independence and continued innovations in government and culture.
Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
Importance of Peloponnesian War (431–404 B.C.) Caused in part by competition for control of
the Greek world Athens and the Delian League Sparta and the Peloponnesian League
Turning point of the Peloponnesian War Spartan army overwhelmed the Athenians Pericles allowed people living in the countryside
to come inside Athens’ city walls; resulting in overcrowding, disease, plague, and death.
Athenians surrendered.
Persian and Peloponnesian Wars
The Peloponnesian War ended Athenian domination of the Greek world.
The Athenian economy revived and Athens remained the cultural center of Greece yet the spirit and energy of Athens declined.
Athens decline resulted in slowing of cultural advance and the weakening of political power
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