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Engineering and the work of Schopenhauer were studied more than
once in France, when pessimism replaced today, quite unfavorably
moreover, by wild and arbitrary theories of Nietzsche and his school
by the worship of brute force and the theory of will to power, when
the great metaphysician root quadruple of sufficient reason was
fashionable in the literary world, and even intellectual in society to
the claims of dilettantism. mong these works of criticism or
scholarship should be mentioned first of all Etudes few really worthy
of Schopenhauer that he had spent the masters of our French
philosophical literature.
!he best known and most popular is undoubtedly the work of ".
#ibot, already a classic volume, which obtained a legitimate and
resounding success. !his is a great work, a monograph $ust
remarkable and has been the greatest honor to the eminent director
of the philosophical $ournal. %t is difficult, it seems, to summarize with
clarity, sharpness and impartiality, as an original philosophy, as
subtle, comple&, and shocking all the intellectual habits and beliefs of
all persons other than the metaphysical speculations. %t is these that
caters #ibot, and the influence of the volume was to be beneficial
because it gives a very clear idea of the doctrine, trends and
personalities of Schopenhauer to #eader who has never read a line of
the master. 'ther hand, the high intellectual author of these beautiful
studies of e&perimental psychology that shine at the forefront of
modern productions of the French school are known, and we know
that the strength, originality and harmonious homogeneity of thought
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have emerged vividly in larger works, but that begs to Schopenhauer,
despite its simplicity, remains one of the finest works of ". #ibot, and
(erman authors of some pedantic and aggressive monographs could
gain something if they deigned to assimilate lucidity, e&posure safety
and impeccable composition, all the qualities of order and measure
that distinguish masterful and definitive work of ". #ibot.
)atest French book on Schopenhauer, the beautiful book by "r.
*ossert, is also a work of the highest order as deep and sagacious
than pleasant reading +t physiognomy so curious of the great (erman
pessimist is studied with infinite picturesque first and relief.
!here are also e&cellent things and pages quite as charming literary
mastery in the early study of -aro on pessimism, quite e&tensive
summary table where the portrait he draws of Schopenhauer in the
foreground. !he author of legal studies on present times was no
superficial mind, we have enough amateur philosopher foolishly
mocked his lifetime and has never e&isted in the imagination of its
critics.
%t was, instead, a professional metaphysician, loving great speculative
problems, perfectly capable of understanding the austere but
compelling and pathetic beauty c was also, unfortunately, a
philosopher without striking personality, and concerns of current
morality often affect the sharpness of its $udgments. !hus in his
study, by no means negligible, very distinguished literary point of
view, sometimes charming to read, one is shocked at every moment
by the bias of search especially social and aesthetic consequences of
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pessimism bias statement even before a serious refutation of the
philosophy of Schopenhauer we have demonstrated the good law and
the merits. !his is not how we $udge and a man of genius, a thinker
such as metaphysician orld as ill and #epresentation is
condemned.
/ow much deeper, more meaningful, more sagacious, testing
#enouvier appear on pessimism. !he ma$estic head of the French
school of criticism, the illustrious and eminent philosopher whose
incessant labor and immense talent, depth and originality of views,
the powerful unity of doctrine, are worthy of philosophical unanimous
admiration of the world, the author of this test classification systems,
gigantic work, has repeatedly occupied the theory and ideas of the
(erman metaphysician, first in the e&traordinary synthesis we $ust
quote liter, a monument of learning, understanding and speculative
thought, and in other books, most recent publication, meaning and no
less great value, but mainly in this book so curious title /istory and
solving problems metaphysical where all the chapter in which
#enouvier studied philosophy of Schopenhauer is a masterpiece of
analysis and synthetic reconstruction masterpiece where the wealth
of ideas is so great and lively, where each line contains many new
insights, profound comments that the intelligence of the reader feels
a sort of vertigo by browsing. *ut the face of Schopenhauer stands
sharper, yet precise in admirable books lfred Fouill0e.
No philosophical work in France appears larger, more beautiful, more
worthy of admiration than Fouillee, and we are pleased to e&press
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once again the enthusiastic admiration she inspires us and see also
that admiration of his disciples we claim very modestly humble place
among the faithful 1 this admiration spreads in most foreign media
and more indifferent to high speculation it penetrates the deepest
layers of the public and becomes so unanimous, it finally looks like
the popularity and fame.
(lory2 that if any legitimate wage worker there thinking, the most
mediocre pamphleteers or vaudeville has often while public dispute
and refuses to do so stubborn meanness philosophers and thinkers. %t
is good, however, it is $ust as beneficial and occasionally a man of
genius whose stupid crowd is unable to understand the works, trends
and the ideal that continues to be admired and known, and it is
especially an e&cellent e&le of a metaphysical turn benefits of
this unanimity of votes incompetent whose specialist in the smallest
areas of sciences, boasts too often. For so long fools of all parties
affect3rent not $ust ignore the immense work done by the philosophy
of our country to France, but treat lightly the key issues and the
rationale for the philosophy itself . !he intellectual and moral
authority e&ercised by a man today as the illustrious author of the
Future of metaphysics makes it almost impossible that great disdain.
Even the ordinary newspaper reader, one whose tales of our public
prints are the only intellectual nourishment knows vaguely that
contemporary France has a great philosopher, a metaphysician of
genius, a thinker who is the equal of the most famous masters of the
speculative thought, the pride of our country, the truest and noblest
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glory of our time. ll taunts, all the attacks of $ealous mediocrity and
worries can not prevail against a certain fact never had na
philosophy in France and many prominent representatives of a truly
meritorious zeal, if we consider the indifferent reception our scholar
sub$ect to their work, and no public admires most sincerely that the
author of these lines the high value and meaning of the philosophical
movement that occurs over the past twenty years in the country of
4escartes and "alebranche, where noble traditions of speculative
thought once seemed abandoned forever.
*ut despite the immense talent, originality, brilliance, depth of
metaphysicians such as "". *ergson, *outrou& #ibot, )iard,
*ourdeau, )0vy1*ruhl, 4urkheim, (abriel S0ailles and many others,
not to mention the famous masters who now rest Supreme sleep
5acherot #avaisson Saisset, Secretan, #enouvier *rochard, the
immensity of the work done, the multiplicity of issues that are
currently discussed, the power of moral influence on the European
philosophical movement, perfect control e&erted in the study of all
the phenomena of social life artistic or intellectual, a thinker as lfred
Fouillee assure him without any doubt, an absolute supremacy in the
world of high philosophical thought, as well as in irrational and
instinctive $udgment of the crowd.
%t is for us that 6ant was once for (ermany, that /erbert Spencer was
in the nglo1Sa&on peoples, the most famous of the metaphysical
tradition of his country and his race representative, "aster respected,
admired all entered into living immortality, the thinker whose work
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and glory will only grow, which has created quite a flourishing school
and whose name and popular shows at once, dominating the tumult
of political factions and selfish interests.
nd it is only $ustice. *ecause, as % said in all sincerity, "r. lfred
Fouill0e is a genius in every sense of the word we use today too often
without rhyme or reason. /e built a new system of the universe, he
rebuilt the world on a new plan, he created one of those vast
metaphysical syntheses where Enigma first 1 the origins and destinies
1 seems resolved to a brilliant intuition and where the mysterious
image of the universe, of the !otality of *eing, the assembly of
e&isting or possible realities, this great picture where each of us finds
himself, according to his beautiful voice, fighting, suffering, en$oying,
magnet, a victorious moment, always sure to be defeated at the end,
where the image of the orld appears clearer, more vivid, more
accessible to our weak eyes.
!he immanent force of achievement in becoming a steerable,
ennobled and used for the -ause of the noblest ideal, by force to
move from. potentiality to actuality he attributes to the essential
ideas, base and starting point for all his worldview 1 Fouillee wanted
to abolish the ancient barriers that still e&isted between "atter and
Spirit, between the physical universe and human consciousness,
between psychology and cosmology, positive science and the science
of the soul, !hought and ction. %n any case, even in the $udgment of
those who, like the author of these lines remain faithful to principles
of philosophical dualism, "r. lfred Fouill0e restored harmony so
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ardently sought, individual life with the universal life and by that very
fundamental and ultimate unit of the orld the admirable
demonstration of sociological element that lies at the bottom of the
instinct of speculative research, it is only the need of the universal
and the 7niverse is the largest of the groups to which we belong, it
completely redesigned the method and purpose of social science task
already outlined by the pathetic (uyau, this noble thinker, died too
young, having written three or four books that remain some of the
purest masterpieces of philosophy and of French letters,
metaphysician whose remarkable Fouillee spoke so eloquently, flame
and sublime emotion in a book that is also a genuine masterpiece.
*ut the principles of metaphysics reform, renewal of philosophy
sociological element, the principles laid down by (uyau with both
safety and authority are still qu80bauch0s in his work. !his is Fouillee
who developed a series of immortal works are all related to the same
doctrine of ideas forces immanent monism, with clearly idealistic
tendencies in their scientific rigor, which animates the whole
philosophical work of this illustrious thinker. mong his works should
include everything from the philosophy of 9lato, this monument of
scholarship and creative thinking at a time when the whole 9latonic
wisdom saw to the last volume published by Fouillee.
nd sociological trend of speculative investigation is itself one of the
aspects in which we displayed the doctrine of "r. lfred Fouill0e, one
solution of the eternal problem that better than anyone, he
understood and e&pressed the comple&ity and multiplicity of different
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perspectives he has, because who would dare to enumerate or even
assess the possible attributes of *eing:
doctrine like that of Schopenhauer, a philosophy which e&erted a
preponderant and decisive influence on the destinies of speculative
thought, and which, despite its absolute originality, appears as a new
phase, as a logical consequence of the great reform accomplished
decline eighteenth century by %mmanuel 6ant, a grandiose system,
ingenious, and it must be said, also disconcerting when considered
from the standpoint of good common sense and bourgeois logic,
would inevitably attract the attention of a historian and a critic of
philosophical ideas here that e lfred Fouill0e, whose erudition,
knowledge and high understanding of all contemporary doctrines
amazes us as much as his creative gifts.
'n several occasions, the philosopher of yours 9sychology key ideas
studied trends they metaphysical ideas of the great orld as ill and
#epresentation. First in a most substantial and most instructive
chapter of his /istory of 9hilosophy, classic work that Fouillee recently
completed, adding a conclusion that is a pure masterpiece of
eloquence, ingenious synthesis, light penetration and prophetic future
destiny of metaphysics. %n the consecrated part in this huge and
critical synthesis, in the 9hilosophy of 9lato, this admirable
monograph where the whole doctrine of the "aster inspired and
sagacious leading, for many centuries, souls thirsting for absolute
truth eternal *anquet relives historical, still influences the visible and
lively of 9latonic thought on modern philosophy, Fouillee in some
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wonderful pages of lucidity, depth, synthetic brevity, summed up the
value and significance, the basic principles and importance of the
metaphysics of Schopenhauer. *ut it is especially in a truly
e&traordinary work by the brilliance, variety, abundance of ideas, the
work translated into all languages, admired and commented by
professional philosophers around the world, especially in his Essay
critical contemporary moral systems that Fouillee track has a
definitive portrait of Schopenhauer, that8s where he studied with a
master8s authority and wisdom that will certainly e&ceeded per
person, initial trends this great doctrine. 9erhaps the illustrious author
of 9sychology of the European peoples not it makes enough $ustice to
the metaphysical value and above the purely aesthetic and literary
value of Schopenhauer as a thinker and writer, this value is absolutely
e&ceptional, numerous studies he continued at different times of his
own career ; g critic and historian, however, remain what we wrote
most remarkable deepest and most comprehensive French language
on this sub$ect, and in this connection ideas, as in all possible
philosophical scholarship and speculation upper regions is in the
works of lfred Fouill0e the French reader should seek accurate and
reliable information.
e meet, we could convince s, effort and talent made by French
commentators Schopenhauer, it is deeply regrettable nevertheless
unable to report, in a study of the author of !he orld as ill and
translations as a representation similar studies published on
(ermany.
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!hey allow the public can still interest in the problems of high
speculation, to fully assimilate the thought of Schopenhauer, enter
some subtleties that have escaped the most authoritative
investigation among the French critics. %n any case, the !eutonic
items of higher value inspired by this great philosophy complement
the notion that we8re formed. mong those whose immediate
translation is required for the scientific reputation of our beloved
country, we must mention first three magisterial monographs, each
interesting in various ways, one of 9aulsen, one of 5olkelt, and the
volume of the collection the great modern philosophers who
established once the immense fame of "r. 6uno Fischer, where it
e&amines the work and biography of Schopenhauer with
thoroughness, concern least characteristic details, scientific
consciousness almost e&aggerated, but also with authority, a force of
deduction and incomparable erudition. 4are % confess, despite my
appreciation for the famous professor who so nobly spoken of our
great 4escartes, despite the beautiful pages that contains its study
Schopenhauer 1 some are even beautiful 1 dare % say very clearly that
% put quite the same level as this critical biography
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rare in a book (erman. !his is an absolutely outstanding $ob, deep,
interesting and invoice ingenious composition of simple and clever,
easy to read, run by a professional metaphysician, as competent as
the insufferable pedants who swarm the country of 6ant and Fichte,
of Schelling and Schopenhauer, but advantageously differs from its
counterparts by a freshness, clarity and a talent for writing almost
comparable to the talent of the philosopher he e&poses us the history
and doctrine, with such verve, method and sober eloquence.
% would say the same of the study 9aulsen, and since the opportunity
offered to me to mention the name of the famous philosopher, why
not say that we should have as long a translation of his admirable
%ntroduction to 9hilosophy. !his is one of the masterpieces of modern
speculative thought, a ma$or philosophical books this time, as the
author is, undoubtedly, one of the foremost metaphysicians of the
time. !his is a great mind and a writer value offline thinker of the first
order, of such magnitude as (ermany, the 9eerage of high
speculation, do not have right now more robust, more ingenious or
more powerful. gain his famous Einleitung in die 9hilosophie is a true
masterpiece, it is essential to make it known in France. nd many
other (erman studies among all the literature aroused the genius of
Schopenhauer, how many biographies, reviews, essays, or other work
could also deserves to be translated and understood. !he literate
public would find as much profit as interest in reading outstanding
analytical studies such as those of Schopenhauer and #ichard 7ber
"ebuis *ottgen
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of life Schopenhauer by (risebach, not to mention personal memories
of the famous "aster Frauenstadt which literary property bequeathed
his work el who profited elsewhere to publish immediately in an
absurd and incomplete edition, Frauenstadt "r. 6uno Fischer panned
with as spiritual ferocity in his classic work, aggravating
circumstances that can not prevail against the fact some privacy very
noble, very pure and disinterested which e&isted between the great
man and his first admirer. %t is true that we do not have either one of
the admirable translation of correspondence Schopenhauer himself,
correspondence of which there are several editions in (ermany.
nd /artmann himself, the most illustrious disciple of the "aster, the
creator of a whole system that claims to complete the work of
Schopenhauer. /artmann devotes many pages admirable philosophy
of pessimism, the great metaphysician of the unconscious is so pon
known yet.
!o do away with these grievances inspired only by love, the most
ardent and sincere intellectual interests of France, my adopted
country very dear and worthy to be loved, let me also want the
French publication of some metaphysical systems disciples of
Schopenhauer, for e&le the famous 9hilosophie der Erlosung of
"ailander that we would see how far can go the logic of the doctrine
of "aster consequences, the destructive force of pessimism and
suction fanatic absolute nothingness.
!he publication of these remarkable works, despite the unequal value
they have, in any case we prove the futility of gossip about the
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alleged decline of (erman philosophy. No, a thousand times no, if the
era of the great creative geniuses there seems to be over, fitness,
feeling and metaphysical gifts, will weaken and does not diminish the
country of 6ant, Schopenhauer and /egel, which is also the country
undt, )otze, )ange and many other eminent thinkers, already in the
past, too, but we insist on ignoring. (ermany still has many
philosophers of talent, superior intelligences speculative and can
boast of an activity, a production and a metaphysical scholarship
which can not find the equivalent in any other country. *ecause we
do not even know the names of current celebrities supreme
knowledge, do not have at least the ridiculous claim to deny their
effort and their very e&istence. !he archi1known impartial study of
bed almost classical works, which % have $ust quoted securities, we
would also refute many ob$ections because they probably qualify
parado&ical and arbitrary sustained thesis in this book. !his thesis has
yet found many advocates among the most prominent critics of
contemporary (ermany each had the courage to use, as we do here,
the word of optimism that seems an easy $oke in bad taste, when
applied to the author ofAphorisms on wisdom in life. *ut all agreed
more or less in his monumental work, and sometimes contradictory,
as the very e&istence of positive elements, patterns of belief and
hope, professions eudemonists faith that we only coordination in the
small work present with more depth and more disdain yet received
opinions and conventional definitions. e would like to briefly
summarize the impression conveyed to us the critical appreciation
Schopenhauer8s doctrine was sub$ect under the most different skies.
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lthough we were not able to indicate here that the general trends of
French or (erman commentators, a conclusion can be deduced from
this brief review, especially gi we add a few thoughts inspired by the
attitude of criticism Slavic countries.
!oo often without them realizing complete themselves, critics of
Schopenhauer made the "aster responsible for uncompromising
theories that some of his fanatical supporters, with the e&clusiveness
of all sectarian and there philosophy as in all areas of human activity,
alas2 drawn its principles. !o view the philosophical system of the
metaphysician "ainlander, whose work % have had the opportunity to
speak during this study, and who en$oys fame in (ermany dune
comparable to the philosophy of the unconscious Edward /artmann,
the famous 9hilosophie der Erl>sung is infinitely curious and
significant. %t is at home in "ailander /artmann, moreover, that
human consciousness, despite all the talent spent by the authors
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being, of the %deal and realized winner. Schopenhauer fears, fears and
despises our own life, precarious, miserable and sordid, he not hate
the concept of *eing in itself, and it can not be repeated too often,
what he preaches with such tragic eloquence it is the destruction of
our abominable world, sub$ect to the ephemeral representation and
insatiable desire, still unsatisfied, but not the total destruction of
#eality.
*y positive evidence we have reported in its doctrine, worship he
dedicated to the genius of rt, 5irtue and aiver, this great man
leaves poor humanity a way out, he tells her a port of refuge and
liberation, it lays the foundation of a doctrine of renewal and life force
reconquered. /is philosophy is not the absolute nihilism, wild, barren,
and hate not adaptable to the conditions of life taught by Edward
/artmann and especially "ailander.
!he fiery breath of "ercy, the great light of the mystical hope vivify,
animate, and will partially open before her the bronze doors of the
Future and Eternity. !his philosophy remains the same, we have tried
to show, a doctrine of life, as well as the doctrine of the Sublime
"aster of 9ure #eason.
lso admit we do not understand the reasons for the strong
opposition that still raises in northern countries, especially in Slavic
countries, where the works of Schopenhauer, however, are
widespread, all of his theories. e readily admit the intense antipathy
must inspire the implacable monism Schopenhauer a diametrically
opposed thinker in his world, for e&le "r. )utoslawski, one of the
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most gifted and most famous among young 9olish philosophers
whose system staff is one of the most intriguing attempts to
reconstruct the (reek atomism, a renewed science and safety of any
modern method. "r. )utoslawski has synthesized his doctrine in a
book entitled !he 9ower of Soul
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!his movement is growing every year becomes more intense and
beneficial, it even required the creation of a philosophical $ournal
interesting and well written appearing in arsaw 1 something quite
new in the land of "ickiewicz and " . Sienkiewicz, ". eryho
philosopher of great talent, great thinker, is the editor of the
magazine in question. /enri Struve was one of the promoters and
initiators of this intellectual revolution, whose equivalent is also
produced in #ussia, on a larger scale and with more impact and has
himself published an %ntroduction to the philosophy that
unprecedented work of any kind in the literary history of the 9olish
nation, a monument of erudition, wisdom and deep understanding of
the necessities of life philosophy. ll questions of metaphysics, ethics
and aesthetics, and all the details of the universal science are
e&posed and studied with a masterful authority and unparalleled skill.
!his beautiful work marks an important date in the history of the
Slavic civilization. ell2 "r. Struve, too, despite his immense talent
and high impartiality remains visibly hostile to the author of !he
orld as ill and #epresentation.
nother philosopher. #ussian one, for which % have always had the
deepest esteem, does not grant either Schopenhauer place deserves
it. % mean "r. Schelpanow who served and still serves well nobly, the
interests of the perennial philosophy, in one of the most backward
regions, but the most backward in intellectual point of view of modern
#ussia 1 % mean the 7kraine and its metropolis 6iev 1 where strictly
individual initiative of the eminent professor "oscow awakened or
rather has created in the minds of some cultivated country need and
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desire of metaphysical speculation 1 and note that in a big city like
6iev, "r. Schelpanow even at the local university is the only
professional philosopher. /ow not to admire the work done by these
brave defenders of universal science admirable that the genius of
9lato traditions, 4escartes and 6ant emmortais0e, but should be
taught gradually, starting with the most notions rudimentary, when
addressing even young companies.
"oscow and many other metaphysicians share tendentious hostility
"r. Schelpanow, hostility does not diminish, it is necessary to say,
esteem particular we profess to eminent writer of 6iev, not more
"oreover, the enthusiasm of some #ussian philosophers of the past,
for e&le, the admirable Strakhow a recent admirers of /egel,
however, only increases our admiration.
!alent alone and not any individual opinions, metaphysics as any
other order of ideas or intellectual labor. e8re referring to the Slavic
comments and attitude of philosophical criticism in #ussia and 9oland
that because it s seems to be set at a point of view wrong considering
only the negative aspects of the philosophy of Schopenhauer. !he
test that we are releasing today, precisely because it remains in
agreement with the conclusions of the main (erman critics, aims to
correct this view to unraveling one of the parado&es and revolts
inflamed Schopenhauer, principles generators survive its apparent
nihilism and even the analysis of the most illustrious masters of
French haute speculation, we believe, despite our respect for their
work and for their genius, failed to highlight or to discern very clearly.
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-/9!E# %%.
4'-!#%NE N4 %NF)7EN-E 'F S-/'9EN/7E#
!he time seems right to $udge in all fairness, unbiased biased
whatsoever, the great work and tumultuous genius Schopenhauer. %ts
place in the intellectual history of the modern world and in the annals
of speculative thought, it is not disputed by anyone, even by
opponents of his doctrine, far outnumber his supporters. nd how
surprised: Since it is a philosophy which, in appearance at least,
condemn and fight the same principle of *eing and the $oys of life,
these ephemeral $oys, perishable and disappointing, whose
problematic conquest remains yet among so many disappointments,
struggles and tragic suffering, purpose, and the dark %deal for
suffering humanity, the supreme illusion, ever, no matter what, black
slave race will want to deny or abdicate. %t really seems that the
desire for happiness, harsh and feverish search for $oy, lurent of all
time, reflection, and the accuracy of the absolute elusive picture. So
long ignored, misunderstood and despised, the philosophical work of
rthur Schopenhauer practiced for nearly half a century, a ma$or
influence on the evolution of ideas and the currently prevailing
worldview and for such, at least, that it is developing slowly among
the elite of an era and a generation, for the vast ma$ority of our fellow
mercenary and obscure crowd, and also to be pitied of an immense
pity for his ignorance even his gigantic folly, his fierce bestiality and
eternal slavery, the crowd, today as in the days of barbarism, we
believe that age continues to stagnate, without suspecting the
conquests of the science, thought stamped philosophical investigation
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masterpieces already made by the immortal arts, consolation and
delight of this world.
Never forget, when we talk about the most misleading chimeras here,
the glory of artistic, literary or scientific, never forget that its pure
rays do not penetrate the unfathomable abyss of ignorance and
darkness where vegetate nations 1 and that perhaps one day will
reach the light, do not forget, even when we talk about the most
resounding glory, that it remains limited and ignored the crowd. 6eep
in our memories salutary notion of this simple fact relativity and the
nothingness of what we call the posthumous immortality rather
foolishly, or current celebrity genius. )et us although the lifetime of
9lato, 4escartes, 6ant and Schopenhauer, some scholars or some
readers, hostile or benign, only knew the e&istence of the great
geniuses of these masters like none other, and whose (lory is really
brilliant and so pure that seems universal. nd if we say that the
opinion of the minority so1called intellectual is the only one that
matters, %8ll start, nobody knows anything, then it is moving the issue
and the fact that % reported the tragic eloquence none the less
certain. ?es, millions of creatures lived down here the dream of
e&istence or are still suffering without hearing only pronounce the
name of 9lato or Shakespeare, 6ant, or 4ante, 4escartes or *alzac.
%t seems superfluous to recall here that Schopenhauer, in his lifetime,
was misunderstood, for many years, misunderstood even by the elite,
the intellectual superiority still seems so questionable and that was so
hard to recognize the genius of the great (erman metaphysician, in
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which the humanity of all ages and all races, is liable for this
masterpiece called the orld as ill el representation as a
masterpiece without equal, where s8 says the Supreme conquest
which can claim the human mind a new conception of the universe,
an original e&planation of the eternal riddle, a total vision of the *ody
of things and synthesis of the -osmos. /ow in$ustice and brutal
indifference which was first welcomed all the gigantic attempt to
Schopenhauer, even among the literate public of his time2 'ur
readers will certainly remember. hat good recall the successive
phases of this sad story:
Schopenhauer was a great philosophical genius, he brought the world
a new word and doctrine, however, related to very speculative
ancient traditions. /ow could he e&pect a host other than the one
whose first gratified incompetence, routine and the silliness of his
contemporaries:
For many years the great thinker whose system of the 7niverse was
to operate the latest one of the most e&traordinary metaphysical
revolutions of that time above 1. *ecause even those who decry the
attack or slander, suffered its influence 1 during the best years of
youth, vitality and life force yet triumphant, and when his work was
already done, however, the age at which a thinker, an artist or a
writer can fully en$oy the thrill of victory Schopenhauer knew only the
tune of bitter defeat, the most painful of all those who stand before us
to learn about life paths test feeling scorned, mocked and beaten,
while the certainty an authentic genius, clear consciousness of
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overwhelming superiority, and accentuated by the mediocrity of those
who overcome, our enemies, our rivals, while our sense of unknown
strength burns our heart of its flame invincible. !his bitterness
intolerable for some souls too shady or too proud, already rich in
e&cruciating pain for the soul most sincerely Stoic
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house for him, which, more than any other among the high
personalities of his time, deserves to be praised, glorified, admire8
and loved it2
thinker of this magnitude, a metaphysician pure 6antian tradition 1
because we know that Schopenhauer, so proud, so bitter yet never
thought to deny the intellectual debt he had contracted despite all his
genius, as well as all of us very obscure and humble, to the great man
there 9ure #eason, creator and initiator of all modern philosophy 1 a
philosophy that has penetrated so deeply into the mysterious and
serene regions of the bsolute and Eternity should have despised her
turn foolish contempt of his contemporaries, vain satisfactions of
vanity and pride and pleasure that order so obviously provide less
than the votes of the public or the glamor of fame. /e should have
resigned to isolation, loneliness, silence stubborn about his
personality and his work.
%t does not have the strength, and suffered cruelly ...
*ut finally, after so long a period of darkness, waiting feverishly for a
chimerical glory and whose fate was yet to carry out him as a sacred
debt, here it appears slowly on the horizon this being so sad and
empty a man of genius isolated, embittered cl unknown behold it
illuminates the decline of what might be called for when even happy,
comparing to the e&istence of the vast ma$ority of human beings, if
there was always something fatuous el a huge dose of silliness in
presumptuous claim to appreciate the reasons for sadness and $oy of
our fellowmen.
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nd, obviously, there was the moral nature of Schopenhauer in his
psychic personality and individual temperament, an ine&haustible
source of bitterness and melancholy. /owever, his hatred and fear of
life seem to vanish under the beneficent influence of this very sweet
chimera of glory that the first rays drunk and soothe the most
stubborn souls who, for him, appeared so late in the time,
everywhere, the evening mists rise, where the icy breath of the grave
already withered crops and the flowers fall, but also seems to give
them more price and value.
e do not intend to trace the well1known biography of rthur
Schopenhauer, in this sketch, whose purpose is to indicate in his work
some synthetic and generally unnoticed aspects, but which require
the attention of all fans and to all the friends of philosophy, when
deeper doctrine, metaphysical system and the moral teaching of this
e&traordinary man. % do not dwell on the successive phases that
crossed this rather rapid progression of celebrity "aster momentous
event of his individual destiny, from the mysterious and solemn
moment when he deigned to smile this dreadful and
incomprehensible power whose reality is yet more certain than any
other, because each of us e&periences the effects and humanity
among the mirages, the struggles and disappointing or sublime
visions of history, was venerated under various names of Fate,
4estiny, /asard, the adverse or favorable -hance, beneficent or
hostile, from the day on which the )ot, so long enemy, granted to
Schopenhauer the revenge that the great man, unknown to the days
of his youth, still claiming with so much bitterness and anger. without
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hope perhaps itself the realization of his dream. ?et it triumphed, as
we know, the lifetime of Schopenhauer. fter disrepute, also
e&aggerated, as any movement of reaction, which struck the
flourishing philosophical school time. so great and noble, moreover, of
the (erman idealism of the nineteenth century, one that seems to
identify with the genius of Fichte, Schelling and /egel especially,
deeply forgotten and un$ustly despised in turn, and was. in a still
recent past, the Supreme "aster of European thought, which remains
equal to his greatest enemy, here ion discovered the work ignored,
disdained, moisissant on the dusty shelves of libraries, and the
gigantic work sublime Schopenhauer. !he high light of a new
doctrine, the invincible force of truth and discovery of one of these
essential truths and indestructible against which the time or human
ingratitude can not prevail, the dazzling beauty of a brilliant idea,
hatched in a large intelligence and developed with a talent as a writer
equal to the force that inspires speculation, yes, light, beauty,
splendid $oy of victory, the $oy of a victory obtained by more human
genius, confusion, emotion, irresistible allure of a huge emerging
glory, all that springs suddenly old books for an unknown philosopher,
barely mentioned by the historians of modern metaphysics, despised
by professional, totally ignored by the public, and whose immortal
works, widespread today around the world, found neither buyers nor
readers could even detractors.
*ut, again, here is the long1awaited revenge, complete, dazzling, and
worthy of a superior man who en$oyed. e discover his philosophical
system, is passionate about his books, where an e&traordinary literary
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mastery argued with such skill and originality power of speculative
thought and richness of metaphysical ideas. %t says, we analyze the
works, ideas, doctrine, the conception of the world, the vast cosmic
synthesis and parado&es of Schopenhauer2 %ndescribable enthusiasm,
and the furious attacks of the envious and foolish revive and make it
more intense, one similar to that which caused the once great, cloudy
and formidable /egel, personal enemy, the bane of Schopenhauer,
and whose enthusiasm author of !he orld as ill and
#epresentation always speak with rudeness and harshness so
distressing, really unfortunate, because we can not repeat too much
/egel was, too, a great genius, a general enthusiasm of youth
literate, of anyone who thinks, who suffer, who meditate and aspire
ma$or problems to solve, a veritable delirium of admiration, sympathy
and curiosity, is pervasive and compensates Schopenhauer insults,
disdain of the past.
Nothing more moving in its childishness, more human, more touching
than the story of the last years of the great (erman philosopher, and
this une&pected development of his fame and influence which marks
the events. e find the details in the biographies of many (ermanic
"aster. For us, it must be said, high personality Schopenhauer was
very little studied in this sub$ective point of view, yet so important to
the overall understanding of the ideas of a reformer, a contemplative
also obviously inspired and vibrant the slightest impression of life.
/owever, % repeat, in outline and general appearance of late -eltic
period and final victory, is known to us. For almost overnight,
Schopenhauer became famous faithful disciples, enthusiastic
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admirers come to Frankfurt to present their respectful homage to the
genius who seems to have found the word of all riddles, the cosmic
origins as well that of )ove, rt and *eauty of the Earth. ith
spontaneous and sincere candor of genius, which always involves at
whoever has the formidable privilege a certain dose relies charming
simplicity, Schopenhauer is pleased with these childish
demonstrations daily increasing admiration of new generations, he
en$oys these impressions with une&pected delight, he fully en$oys its
popularity it en$oys all the sensations of pride, triumph, vanity
satisfied that success can give sensations lower, but still intense and
ennobled by the consciousness of a great work accomplished, the
certainty of having conquered the spell. Finally, after several years of
valuable hand when the man who was Shakespeare really knew the
illusion of pessimism and perhaps the reality of happiness and glory
possible here, the soul reconciled with fate, trusting in the future
immortal work he bequeathed to humanity and whose breath of
misfortune and bad luck do not ever doubt it had Schopenhauer
sleeps Supreme sleep.
!his sublime intelligence, which had penetrated so deeply by d0laies
vain appearances of the material world to the bottom of the
primordial *eing, to dark areas of the )'#4 and the bsolute, the
mysterious ill of which all proceeds and where all returns and fades,
this flame shining in the clear, bitter and disillusioned gaze of the
great pessimist el that, even through death, yet illuminates the road
of humanity, the flame was e&tinguished forever in the night without
waking.
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nd the influence of Schopenhauer really reached its peak after the
death of the philosopher. ll the late nineteenth century is dominated
by its dark and despotic genius. !he reflection of his work, the echo of
his faint voice quivered for eternity, more vivid than ever, on this
glorious tomb whose generations had not had time to unlearn the
way. !rack of his theories, always original and vibrant, its worldview,
of duty, and the ideal of truth is found, we find its influence, to say all
in a word, in areas of intellectual activity social and the most foreign
to the great metaphysical speculations appearance.
!hese are not only the professors of philosophy whom he had
dedicated a fierce hatred and somewhat unfair, frankly, because if
there are pedants among them, as in any other social class, no
among classes contemporary society, can not compete with it as
current intellectual culture are not only professionals Supreme
Science dealing with Schopenhauer month as amateurs, dilettantes,
literary critics, moralists lounge, $ournalists, columnists, vaudeville,
etc.. Needless to note that these improvised $udges, who arrogate to
themselves the right to decide without appeal a work they are too
often unable to understand the attribute morose and sublime
metaphysical pessimism inconceivable nonsense he can not be held
responsible any degree unnecessary retract his thought is more
disguised and distorted, but is not in this transformation and this
alteration as is the influence and sustainability dune doctrine, what is
commonly called the glory, and what Schopenhauer coveted his life
with so much sadness and enthusiasm: %t cites all about, to rhyme
and several generations of young people admire and choose to
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intellectual guide and Supreme "aster@ hundreds of volumes
published in all countries of the world, even the most e&travagant
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still languishing in the darkness of the most complete barbarism.
man of the people with us as the )apps or 6affirs do not even know
that 9lato, 4escartes or 6ant e&isted. nd how moral and intellectual
action Schopenhauer on the society of the time, action was profound
yet now seems ineffective, insignificant and small2
No modern thinker, however, e&ercised to the e&tent and limits of the
possible, more legitimate and more beneficial. nd here are the
results obtained, the harvest and the salary of engineering the
modern world has retained none of the teachings of noble thinker and
philosopher sublime. For cruel and stupid humanity, eternal victim
and accomplice of the ruthless will to live, the e&le, the word and
doctrine of Schopenhauer, despite their overwhelming response
remain null, void and non1e&istent. !he moral of the "aster
penetrated nor spirits, nor in the morals of the time, it caused only
disdainful pity men of action who vaguely know the main lines,
inspiration and method dialectic, it seems all an e&travagant parado&
and reality gives him every moment of cruel denials.
s before, as in yesterday8s reality or eternal time, this time is also a
fundamental and innate illusion, a priori forms of sensibility devoid of
reality itself superior truth familiar every spirit somewhat grown since
the revolution effected by 6ant, as of old, blind, stupid and criminal
ill living continues unabated painful work that Fate
incomprehensible assigns. %t deploys its wonders tips, perversity and
hatred with the same harshness, the same stubbornness and even
dementia. Not only among the visions of terror, murder, destruction
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that seem essential conditions of animal life on this earth of slavery
and shame, but in human relations, political, individual and social
civilized world, or supposedly so, never him for life has emerged with
more violence, frenzy and bestiality. !hroughout the fittest
oppressing the idea of $ustice and law, ruthless competition, and the
negation of the %deal, the e&clusive worship of success and victory
obtained in1out price, and the master and ruler of money world, and
all infamies, all crimes, all baseness completed and accepted in
advance to conquer some of that money so quickly remove death to
those who hold the illusory power. !hroughout the living beings,
throbbing -eltic will whose law governs the impenetrable harmonious
rhythm constellations pursuing their mysterious road paths %nfinity,
which will in the tiny and dark regions of earthly life suffers and seeks
the happiness with equal ardor in a man of genius or in the most
disgusting gross crawling on the bark muddy abominable our little
planet, all human beings, too, despite the redemption of the Savior
who died on the cross, destroy suffering and hatred, despite the
warning fair, sages and prophets, of those who, having dispelled the
illusion of appearances, discover the deep source of pain and hurt,
and tell us the issue and everywhere human creatures devour, to
fight, tear, cling to a horrible e&istence, rebel with a wild fury against
the very idea of a possible abdication of selfishness. Never affirmation
of *eing, the ill1live to use the terminology of Schopenhauer himself
1 not spread its iniquity resources, more cynically. %t is in vain that the
sublime moralist pessimism liberating taught the estern world the
wisdom of renunciation hatched long among siatic barbarism, which
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does not draw that also hangs strong profits or real progress. %t is in
vain that we prove, in the immortal masterpieces, the nothingness of
all ambitions, all desires, all mirages here below. %n vain he believed
convince humanity that sad fact, so simple for him, bright certainty of
falsehood so aggressive in the $udgment of the crowd the will to live
is identified with the desire, or desire is itself eternally and
necessarily painful qu8effort sterile aspiration, disappointment and
suffering. Still must contend with the fierce lust of other wills,
spouting sparks the same mystical home, it always spreads around
you suffering and evil will always suffer, since it is the desire. h2 if
you want to live a better life and which may appear light ignored a
happiness that seems impossible, renounce life, or at least to that
cosmic order and Fate Fatal and we require that n 8 is selfishness,
pain, crime and madness. Not fight, do more hate, no longer want the
property lying immediately vanish as our feeble hands reach to grasp.
#eturn to First Source, dispel the eternal illusion, break the chains of
slavery. %t is in the immolation of our desires and our hopes that you
will find some promise and pledge of a new, single life worth living,
and whose illusory happiness and freedom in this world are only the
infamous parody, or disappointing symbol for abdicating its own
essence, the ill can break the 4estin and deliver the world.
/umanity listened for a moment, or at least pretend to bed hearing
the words of the wise disillusioned and disdainfully, she continued her
way among the same mistakes, the same inequities and the same
tests. )ove, ambition, greed, stupidity, vanity and violence, 4esire
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and #egret of *liss impossible, burn, devastate and always oppress
the poor human souls thirsting for happiness and $oy. No chimeras, no
mirages that delight or fill with terror weak eyes, tomorrow vanished
into eternal night, no grand illusions has abdicated its omnipotence
misleading, or fatal attraction ... No, humanity has given up nothing
and advice pessimism qu8h0roAques also remain useless and
ineffective.
!he philosopher fashion, the dawn of the twentieth century begins
among many concerns and political or social inequities in a
depressing atmosphere of unease and lying, which replaces thinker
Schopenhauer in public favor as influence and reputation for
boldness, the writer who symbolizes the aspirations of avant1garde
and speculative daring literate youth, this is no longer the sublime
rebellious, bitter and charitable who formerly taught in the name of
the invincible suffering the universal pity is not Schopenhauer, but the
hard, bitter and cruel Friedrich Nietzsche, the enemy of -hristianity
and kindness, the apologist of brutal force, the critic of all chimeras
which believed reformers and sages of the past. !he merciless and
eloquent 9russian writer, whose morality is a total negation of the
concept of morality, in a radical transmutation of values that once
gave a price and meaning to human life, unhappy and pathetic
Nietzsche n 8 made elsewhere, building the doctrine of the Superman
and the cult of the vital power which summarizes that continue
printing in him a well unpleasant anti1humanitarian leadership, the
initial theory of the ill conceived as a principle of world gasoline *e
the theory that forms the basis and starting point of the philosophy of
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Schopenhauer. oe to the vanquished2 oe to the weak2 woe to
those who suffer2 who despair and weep2 !his was summed up in
vulgar terms, the currency of the philosopher Barathustra, striking
antithesis of the wise according to Schopenhauer, but so well adapted
to trends and the deepest aspirations of the modern world that he
found no difficulty in aggressive doctrine of #eturn eternal, the living
image of his ideal despicable. For Nietzsche, the flame of a genuine
literary genius, eloquence, the beautiful lyricism, pathos and beauty
of symbols conceal the horror but proclaimed by the vile crowd,
really, what more could inspire a doctrine melancholy sort of disgust:
!he horrible time of transition in which we live the dream of
e&istence, which began then, however, the lifetime of Schopenhauer,
this regime of murder and blood reign over the world, and this
nightmare of armed peace seems to be the normal condition of all
civilization, progress, when in fact even at the worst times of
barbarism and darkness, humanity never knew of such slavery, the
era in which we live could certainly not choose guide and advocate
more appropriate to its value and its deep soul.
CCC
?et a third period began in the history of pessimism. fter being
attacked, commented, vilified or hated by so many fools, having been
for nearly half a century, to the ignorant crowd, the designated
representative of the ultra1advanced and ultra1revolutionary trends of
speculative thought Schopenhauer is no longer discussed by person
here that an era of peace and healing begins for this great memory
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and this immortal work. ?es, finally2 finally2 1 nd thanks be fair and
conducive to intended 1 Schopenhauer is the philosopher most
fashionable one cite the people of the world, when they want to
demonstrate erudition, one mock $ournalists when want to flaunt or
civic virtue, admired by the confidence the snobs of any kind,
harmless race, certainly, but still hateful because it distorts and
shrinks its level cloud and sublime genius designs.
nd visionary pathetic orld as ill and #epresentation, haughty and
austere asceticism 9latonic moralist is not only the most fashionable
intellectual revolutionary, but it is already, for his opponents and his
supporters as one of classics of the nineteenth century and of all
ages. ?es, Schopenhauer, a classic and as such seems strong backlog
probably some severe $udges, who should nevertheless reserve for
themselves lucid severity 1 this may seem a parado&ical assertion or
e&aggerated. /ow challenging yet the obvious and overwhelming
truth:
%t now belongs to the race of great philosophical genius which no one
discusses the dreaded wisdom. *ecause it seems to personify the
most noble effort, the most sublime of earthly aspirations and glory
around a bit mysterious deaths names immortal masters, hovers
above the vicissitudes of time, contemporary struggles, passions ,
loves and hates the present. ?es. Schopenhauer now appears to us
the equal of 9lato and ristotle, 9lotinus and Epictetus, "arcus
urelius, Seneca and Epicurus, St. nselm and St. ugustine,
4escartes and Spinoza, )eibniz and *erkeley, /ume and Spencer,
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"alebranche and Fichte, /egel and Schelling, perhaps even great, the
incomparable 6ant, his master and the master of us all. -ertainly,
intellectual strength and metaphysical significance of these
philosophers as diverse engineering can not claim the same tribute of
gratitude and glory, but each of them truly embodies some
tendencies of the human mind or some clearly defined period of
thought speculative. Each of them was really creative in the sense
that each glimpse of the eternal riddle as an unseen side to him. Each
built a new and fruitful hypothesis, embracing %n !otality of *eing el
the things Ensemble. Each bequeathed us a doctrine of life, based not
on vague and arbitrary sentences mandatory, but following some
great universal principle of 7nity. Each rebuilt the universe on a new
plan, each spoke during the fleeting dream of his earthly life of these
imperishable words against which nothing can prevail neither
forgotten nor change the world, nor the labor of centuries, or even
ingratitude and contempt for our fellow man. %t is argued in vain to
conquer and assign a philosophy of argumentation and scientific
certainty that the supreme knowledge
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not claim other sciences, always limited by their definition and
purpose of their e&perimental investigations. ll large syntheses
developed by the "asters of the perennial philosophy, are, in fact,
that funky assumptions, keyed alike, our dazzled eyes, the endless
vistas of eternity and immensity, at the same time that they
penetrate to the inner essence of life, until ultimate bottom and hid,
that is the radical end of the analysis possible, the deep source where
all that e&ists derives its reason for living. gain, there is nobility,
grandeur, the inestimable beauty, the action force on elite, austere
grace and sustainability philosophy souls. *ut how deny: mong the
main e&planations of the total #eality, among these immortal systems
which are the common heritage of our slave race, the treasure of
superior wisdom which are enriched in turn successive generations,
the doctrine of Schopenhauer, this gigantic and so clear and so clear
philosophy of the ill, the principle of the orld, mysterious essence
of universal e&istence, is one of the most fruitful e&planations, and
more inspired mystery of origins and destinies.
*ecause we can not stress enough on this important capital, an
e&planation of the secret of the world, an overview of the universe
and a doctrine of life for us consolation and support from pain and
earthly ties, that8s what should make any philosopher worthy of the
name, and this is the merit that can claim more than any other, the
philosophy of Schopenhauer. %t presents= read this very rare feature
the perfect homogeneity of the legal practice, and the powerful
speculative theory which is the basic frame and base. !he ethics of
Schopenhauer is the rational result, logic and irrefutable conclusion
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established in the premises of his metaphysical system, inspiration
and unity of dialectics that really gets any impartial a kind of awe
player. No, most certainly, nobody has penetrated the secret of the
world more, no flame great inspiration dissipated as a powerful breath
opaque mists that hide us under the disappointing mirage of vain
appearances, eternal truth. nd this gigantic work was accomplished
by the e&traordinary man who could say with pride the fact of the
possibility of a moral law ence world of lies set egoism depends on
the reckless assertion there is a metaphysics. /e who denies the
reality destroyed without noticing the evidence and any legal
e&istence dune. *ut Schopenhauer knew that, despite all the
negatives and all the revolts of human pride, the sacred law that
pulsates at the bottom of souls, and whose beneficent memory, as
well as the sublime aspect of the starry sky, moved him up tears
illustrated reformer of modern thought, this imperishable law had
found in his own doctrine and a new indestructible foundation.
For these various reasons, the teaching and doctrine of rthur
Schopenhauer grow more each day, as the crowd is not interested in
the false image it once in training, his work appears footprint of such
nature of beauty, tragic serenity, calm, depth and genius, that, now,
the faithful disciples of this great man have the right to admire the
aspect of eternity, sub specie aeternitatis .
nd it is appropriate for kids reasons to re$oice deeply passenger
discrediting of this immortal work, the period of reaction it undergoes
at this time, as any manifestation of human genius. !he influence,
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indirect, though, and passing it may have on the arts, ideas, manners,
and the chatter of an era coming to an end. )isten to the sublime
complaint !ristan dying of despair, crying her abandonment and love
deceived in the infinite distress of those eternal illusion of love was
marked at the front of the dreaded sign, those for whom the world is
a desert when creature adored and betrayed no remorse dying of
pain under the indifferent eyes of distant stars, where the soft star
that shines for them in a human eye has moved away, taking with it
the strength to live, dreams of gold and the divine lie. *ecause there
is there a spell more powerful than *rengane itself potion, and the
omnipotence of the ill1to1live has created countless worlds as his
overwhelming burden crushing a poor soul helpless, so weak cl so
tired, the inevitable time when love appears ...
/ere is the great masterpiece of #ichard agner, this lyrical drama
!ristan and %solde, directly, immediately inspired by the doctrine of
Schopenhauer, whose poem as well as the music, superhuman
beauty, traverse the centuries as living testimony to the creative
force that throbbed in the philosophy of despair, metaphysical
masterpiece whose light and flame were hatched around him flowers
changing colors, penetrating fragrance, the colors vibrant and lasting
of /eads work of art ... !ristan8s farewell to the beloved gone, the
ungrateful who despises and forgets evoke in ourselves the thrill of
the great tragic emotions, because it is the invisible soul of
Schopenhauer and present, who meddles the voice of the dying, and
address in the world, and the long1awaited glory, an eternal farewell.
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)et us once more lulled by pure sob and inspired songs that stand on
the vast sea, hovering over the waves wrath and mingling with the
breath of the storm and the confused voices of the material world, the
noble accents human pain, the sadness of farewell, bitterness
ine&orable separations, the sustainability of faithful love, the
atrocious suffering souls despised ...
%n these immortal tears in the complaint and that unappeased yet
soothes the denouement of noble masterpiece of #ichard agner,
which worshiped in return for receiving a last kiss, the last farewell of
one who did not survive the absence, in these sublime harmonies
e&hales, peaked, and then seems to vanish, the influence of
Schopenhauer8s philosophy on art, ideas, aesthetic, intellectual and
emotional activity of the living world . !he main principles of the
metaphysics of the ill, his assertion in the various types of cosmic
life or earthly organization, the pathos that emerges, the depths of
suffering, distress and despair reveals she suddenly and the salvation
and deliverance which discovers in his own depths, in this eternal
miracle of renunciation and sacrifice, where -hristian morality had
already designated the same ideal of wisdom and happiness possible,
all that has sublime and again
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!hen a kind of silence slowly envelops the prestigious work of the
great (erman philosopher. !he crowd away from the tomb, lay let
rest soothed his ashes, artists, poets and amateurs looking elsewhere
inspired motifs and their enthusiasms.
'ther moralists, other thinkers have this irrational enthusiasm that
fades so quickly, others less austere voice, but harder, of course,
more aggressive, speak words that seem the antithesis of your noble
doctrine, and are received with transports of enthusiasm, they find
immediate application, not only in the fictions of art immortal but also
in world politics, class struggle and individuals disappointing melee
passions and interests of the present. !his is not the annihilation of
the eternal ill to life we are taught but his fierce and e&clusive
worship. !his is no longer the universal pity we are taught to cherish
and spread, but the contempt and hatred of the poor, the outcast, the
loser, the eternal outcast.
!his is no longer the great rest, the supreme calm, dreamless sleep
within the Nirvana, once the illusion of time struck down like the
others, which is promised us some revenge, but the *ack endless
same suffering the same trials, the tragedy of 4estin renewed
through the mirage centuries for the sole benefit of a chosen few, the
miserable fate of slaves without number is dismal and fatal ransom.
Nietzsche is the idol of the day. 'nce again we find victory. Superman
unleashed in the illusory world of reality his fierce selfishness,
fratricidal struggles, fights and foolish pride.
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Barathustra inspired thinkers and artists, politicians, statesmen and
even the dreamers of the present time, the 4ream and #eality kl, rt
and life belong to him2 . oe to the humble2 shame and contempt for
those who succumb especially those who are reaching out on behalf
of the Society and "ercy, both e&iled queens2 !his is the ruthless law
of the new squealed that the world has chosen. nd yet here % speak
of the elite of modern society, because human brutes, always and
instinctively knew this doctrine, and do not want another.
-/9!E# %%%.
4EN%) N4 S!!E"EN! 'F )%FE
Schopenhauer8s philosophy, if you want to summarize in a brief form
the ultimate teaching that emerges, resulting in an absolute and
radical negation of life. !his is indisputable and certain, and to
pretend otherwise would be an attempt parado& easy manifestation
of intellectual mediocrity very supportive today, but that has always
had a gift for us especially annoying.
/owever, it should be understood and there in the very notion of
nothingness so hateful a foreign element and the deepest aspirations
of the human soul a more rigorous and comprehensive analysis of the
fateful conclusion philosopher of pessimism was brought there may
discover the beginnings of a possible reconciliation with destiny, the
germ of a fragile hope.
Such a discovery would certainly remain the point without profit to
human knowledge, or for the solution of the most e&citing moral
problems, the same one that gives value and meaning to life. %f
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careful consideration of speculative results by the most lucid, the
most brilliant, the most pathetic and the most inspired of all
misanthropic and pessimistic all, if the inquiry that we would like to
outline briefly, making it not be on the principles, which we assume
known to the reader, but the conclusions of the metaphysical system
of Schopenhauer, if we undertake the study allowed us to observe in
the most fierce critic of humanity and living conditions where the it
develops in man of genius who spoke about the suffering of the world,
the hardest and the most severe sentences and who dreamed of
destroying the very principle of be his last refuge, if we find kid
Schopenhauer invincible and unnoticed trend itself to an impossible
happiness, towards a notion of $oy that attracts and tempts despite
him the consequences of this simple observation can be significant
and are in effect.
hen we read the wonderful masterpieces of metaphysical
construction and bitter literary eloquence which are almost unique
effort in the history of human thought, how now we $ust give a cursory
glance appears however difficult, almost impossible2 %t seems at first
that the conclusion generally accepted won with an overwhelming
evidence. No, certainly not more tragic indictment, no more burning
was up against in$ustice, cruelty, brutality and illogicality of this
terrible world we live our earthly e&ile, where everything is despair,
crime or madness, where the depths of distress dig at every step of
learning these roads do not lead to any port of peace, happiness or
salvation possible. *ecause there was, at once, poignant, admirable,
and terrible in this picture of the immense human misery initial terror
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of e&istence, there was wonderful and sublime Schopenhauer is that
his description of the orld and countless aches that plague while
being pushed to paro&ysm of disenchantment lucid remains ruthlessly
true, fair and persuasive is that the inimitable accent of !ruth it
throbs.
/ence the thrill Shakespearean horror it causes, hence the despotic
influence she e&erted over the minds and souls, the kind of
fascination that draws to its terrible depths unfortunate who have
suffered, cried and including the ultimate truth lies precisely in the
suffering and despair. !his tragic truth, we had all interview, but we
do not dare proclaim aloud, and behold, a man of genius is this
courage and $ustifies the curse that falls on the world by any doctrine
of the 7niverse, an original and profound philosophy.
!he physical world whose ugliness, hostility and blind omnipotence
overwhelm us, the world of force and matter, the outside world that
seems to be the only reality is that the apparent world, the world as
representation as it dies and is reborn with each creature designs in
the making. s such, it has no stability, no reality, no continuity, it
takes us, puny and miserable, and cosmic systems that revolve roads
of infinity in this reflu&ing torrent, this whirlwind of events perishable,
the show already filled with bitterness and melancholy soul of old
/eraclitus 9oint ob$ect without a sub$ect, that is the great principle of
eternal %dealism Schopenhauer found after his glorious predecessors,
9lato, *erkeley, 4escartes, 6ant, but he never settled in an
imperishable form of clarity, sharpness and intuitive evidence.
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)aws that because we attest, a so tyrannical power, the very
e&istence of the visible universe, are the conditions under which we
participate in the illusion and mystery of *eing. !he appearance
offered the world comes from the constitution of our intelligence,
innate way all creatures of our species must represent things. *ut as
an immediate consequence of this assumption is a first evidence of
truth, the material world, infinite, immeasurable, wonderful and
terrible we ourselves are part, is a world of phenomena and
appearances of truth relative. !he material is a true lie, according to
the definition of strong and admirable "aster el under the
multicolored fabric of visions that causes, or disappointing e&quisite,
always prophetic, as the iron law of universal determinism encloses
all sides lurk the ultimate reality, the hidden depths of *eing and )ife,
'ne Substance whose very name has changed, the thing in itself, the
noumenon "ysterious 6ant denied our slave race the power of an any
intuition, understanding even appro&imately, a transient vision.
!his thing in itself that the philosophers, thinkers and sages of all
times and of all races really cl an&iously sought among the ghosts of
material reality, in vain arabesques
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infinite continues the eternal dreamer called the human mind. *ut he
wakes up in the supreme moment of deliverance and visions of his
dream vanish immediately.
ill alone is free, so there is only the will and, apart from the
appearance it takes for perishable creatures, chained forever
connected by !ime, Space and 7niversal causal forms priori principle
of sufficient reason in itself the world8s only desire.
Schopenhauer proclaimed this fundamental truth, starting and deep
source of all his doctrine on several occasions, with an eloquence,
zeal and strength of 9latonic dialectic incomparable. Should be
attached in support of this assertion a few quotes that awaken in the
memory of fans "aster emotions unlike any other in their first
readings:
!his world with all its phenomena is the ob$ectification of the will, and
the will, it is not a phenomenon or an idea or an ob$ect, but a thing in
itself, is not sub$ect to report consequences principle is the law of any
idea.
!hese few lines taken at random from the treaty of free will
summarize the already gigantic construction, future work that found
its final e&pression in this monument of speculative thought entitled
!he orld as ill and #epresentation.
gainst this definition of the Essence of the world reserve any
criticism can not prevail, it is legitimate, since it corresponds to one of
the key observations of the e&perimental sciences.
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"oreover, as Schopenhauer says, the word will is chosen faute de
mieu&, and the hypothetical nature of this latest attempt does not
diminish our eyes to the deeper meaning and greater truth, the size
and the same sustainability living philosophy, we believe in the
problematic character that fans vote again its ambitious and
grandiose investigations, so beautiful and so rela&ing from the harsh
precision Science and distressing pettiness of 4eterminism.
lso, when Schopenhauer identifies the ill to live, source of being,
with suffering, that is to say, when he pronounces a verdict on the
moral essence of being, in this world of invisible, inaccessible to
human $udgment, we can say that, without e&ceeding that assigns to
each of us the beneficent power of metaphysical reverie rights, yet he
gets all his predecessors in these regions of the arbitrary and the
unreal beauty which cloud sublime and pathetic beyond any rational
assessment.
?es, really, when a philosopher says that the thing in itself, that the
entire universe, in its first reality is that desire and when he develops
his thesis with power and splendor of such a dialectic in eloquence
that illuminates the immortal pages of !he orld as ill and
#epresentation, he may not incur blame kid from supporters of
dualism, opponents of monism and assumptions remain beautiful and
fertile, dune metaphysical truth that is well worth the truth
e&perimental sciences.
*ut if he considers that the purpose of 7ltimate #eality seems to
envelop with the vague and uncertain criterion of human morality, it
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lends more to the discussion, it causes the same, especially if the
ultimate verdict of the philosopher is a conviction against which
Nature and %nstinct Soul, everything around us and everything that
beats in us, protest and revolt. gain, the metaphysician who says
/ere is the e&planation of the orld seems to me in solving problems
and troubling mystery here is the principle of *eing and !hought, the
original source from which the stream of springs events and things,
all the taunts and all baffles critics remain powerless to destroy his
work inevitably incomplete, but still beneficial and lucid. For his
philosophical system enlightens us and says the universe, and its
value is measured by the amount of phenomena he e&plains. !here,
the metaphysician remains within the proper sphere of action and
noble independence. very typical e&le of this truth, readily
confused with unpleasant parado&es, is provided by the same
doctrine of Schopenhauer, and it should be emphasized particularly
on this issue, much larger than is generally believed, of especially as
it merges with the ob$ect of this study.
!he philosophy which teaches us that the Noumenon of 6ant, the
absolute approached, the initial cause of *eing is that ill, we can not
oppose any evidentiary ob$ection, any more than /erbert Spencer
bringing the same design of primordial essence of the world to the
concept of the Force, )eibniz that of a dynamic and spiritual atomism
both Fichte than ego sub$ective. #eminiscent -reator and the
-osmos.
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those of materialism.= !he metaphysician tells us a picture of the
world, it brings us always incomplete unknown solution of the eternal
riddle, picture, always a temporary solution, but who cares2 ny
e&planation of the world, every ma$or system of the universe, that is
to say, every great philosophical doctrine contains some truth, since it
establishes the principle of universal intelligibility of mysterious forces
whose hierarchy escapes us.
%t can not be said of the innate tendency for any philosopher who
encouraged him to establish a relationship of mutual influence and
immediate reaction between the metaphysical principle of the orld
and our ephemeral creatures bounded sensitivity and fragile, and our
ability to suffering is $oy. Note also that the dilemma of this report,
particularly difficult to establish conceivable words, a rational and
precise manner, this dilemma is likely that two solutions which
necessarily bring all others 9essimism or optimism, there is none
and there can be others. the 7niverse can be designed, analyzed,
understood, and rebuilt in a thousand different ways. #elations that
are imposed with the overwhelming vastness of the world and the
totality of being, fatalism Statutes can only appear in two different
and antithetical aspects. 'r life seems good and desirable, acceptable
in any case. or we utter conviction, we deem bad, cruel and hateful. %t
is worth living, or the annihilation becomes the supreme wisdom, the
ultimate goal and the single issue and no return.
nd neither optimism nor pessimism can not be refuted an absolute
refutation of even they can not convince those whose temperament,
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their ideas, their moral nature make refractory to initial trend of these
two great doctrines. *ecause if Schopenhauer shows us a series of
dazzling and eloquent analyzes didactic descriptions that the will is
the essence of the world, we certainly find no compelling argument
that can refute his system, and prove him wrong. *ut if he continues
to show up wanting to establish an absolute identity between wanting
and suffering, if cut convince us that all is pain and disappointment
in this world, how does he manage to convince us, if our whole being
aspiring to happiness, the !riumph and Doy, claims to have proven
many times, effects, drunkenness and pleasure, e&citement and
charm like no other. %f our soul refuses to believe that life is an evil, if
it refuses to renounce the illusion, if it finds an incomplete pessimism
doctrine and also unacceptable that the uncompromising optimism
of )eibniz, of #ead or -ousin despite the genius of Schopenhauer,
despite the terrifying truth that contains its doctrine, pessimism will
point taken on its trends and intimate convictions.
as accustomed, nowadays, foolishly enough to mock the traditional
division of the faculties of rallies in three clearly differentiated groups
sensitivity 8, intelligence and will.
/owever, in good faith and sincerity in all philosophical. no
classification is better suited to the same truth, none match, a more
accurate and sagacious way to the various modes of our present life,
as have developed innate forms of psychic organization and our
reactions e&erted on it incomprehensible universe, even assuming
that it is not anything other than the dune psychic manifestation
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Force and any immanent ... ?es, you can feel, or want to understand
life. !he world can be designed, felt or wanted by the perishable
creature in a few moments contemplating changing mirages. !he
cycle of sensations, thoughts and feelings of human s is driven
entirely. ll reactions % shudder against his multiple storms senses,
the Soul and the Spirit, is e&pressed in the story of the three basic
sciences which lead the initial three trends that some popular science
books have some little discredited by isolating each of these faculties
with a stupid and superficial formalism, while in reality they
complement and connect into a living synthesis.
Sensitivity, reason and moral sense are the living unity of the Self.
esthetics is the science that is the sensitivity, which reflects its inner
essence and the highest inspirations, one of the creative instinct, $ust
as a similar harmony, "etaphysics is the science par e&cellence
rational since it is in the -ompany8s satisfaction that burning need
universal unit that turmoil and the sketchy science can not give him
the same, finally, that the morality or ethics e&pressed that there has
noblest and deepest in the human will, always tending to another
goal. !his is a great discovery, we will say it can be and that we can
offer at reduced prices, opening any te&tbook school philosophy. *ut
there is no question here of any discovery. hile it is nice to make a
new method or a known truth, sometimes it is useful to recall certain
truths already very old but we forget too often under the guise of
innovation and modernism. !he old division of philosophical sciences
into three distinct groups is the number of these beneficial truths
un$ustly despised and a quick study, but careful conclusions, which
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apply to Schopenhauer in the regions of pure metaphysics as well as
in those of aesthetics and morality, we provide some decisive in
support of the thesis that we would like to develop ourselves and
present perhaps the greatest philosopher of the system in a n