Post on 09-Jan-2016
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World History 2 SOL review 3
Scientific Revolution-Culture in the 1800s
Scientific Revolution
• Emphasis on reason and systematic observation of nature
• Formulation of the scientific method• Expansion of scientific knowledge
Scientists• Copernicus-heliocentric theory• Kepler- Planetary motion (planets revolve
around the sun in elliptical orbits)• Galileo- Used telescope to support scientific
theory• Newton-discovered the laws of gravity• Harvey- circulation of blood
Absolutism
• Definition- a monarch who has complete control over the country and people (centralization of power) + divine right(power to rule comes from God)
• Peter the Great- westernization of Russia• Louis XIV- Palace of Versailles (symbol of royal
power)/Sun king• Fredrick the Great- military power
Enlightenment
• Definition- Applied reason to the human world, not just the natural world
• Results- Stimulated religious tolerance + fueled democratic revolutions around the world (American Revolution, French Revolution, Latin American Revolution)
Thomas Hobbes
• Wrote Leviathan• State of nature- People are evil• Social contract- people give up nature and
form governments to control them ( absolute monarchs)
John Locke
• Wrote Two Treatises on Government• Power to rule comes from the people• Monarchs are not chosen by God• Social Contract- people form governments to
protect their rights ( life liberty, and property)
Montesquieu
• Wrote The Spirit of the Laws• Separation of powers• Checks and Balances
Rousseau
• Wrote The Social Contract• Government is a contact between people and
rulers
Voltaire
• Separation of church and state • Freedom of Speech
English Civil War
• English kings wanted to be absolute monarchs• Parliament prevented kings from being absolute
monarchs ( Parliaments controlled money)• Charles I forced to sign Petition of Right- King
cannot raise taxes without parliaments consent and king cannot imprison anyone without just cause
• 1649- Charles I led troops into parliament- Civil War• 1649- Charles I executed
Commonwealth
• Oliver Cromwell ruled England after the execution of Charles I
Glorious Revolution
• James II- too Catholic for England
• 1688- Parliament forced James II to flee and invite William and Mary (James's II daughter) to rule England if they accepted the English Bill of Rights
• England – limited monarch and a powerful Parliament
French Revolution
• Causes- Influence of Enlightenment ideas + American Revolution + Old Regime
• Events- Storming the Bastille + Reign of Terror (executed over 40,000 people with the guillotine)
• Outcomes- End of absolute monarchy of Louis XVI + Rise of Napoleon
Impact of French Revolution
• French and American revolutions influenced revolutions in Central/South America
• Haiti, Venezuela, Chile, Peru, Mexico, Brazil get independence– Touissant L’Ouverture- Haiti’s independence– Simon Bolivar and Jose de San Martin- liberated South
America• Monroe Doctrine-American declaration that if the
Europeans get in the way of Latin American Independence, the Americans will declare war
Artists, Philosophers, and Writers + new Technologies
• Bach- Baroque composer• Mozart- Classical composer • Delacroix- Romantic Painter• Cervantes- Novelist – Don Quixote• New forms of Art and literature- Paintings depicted
classical subjects, public events, and living people ( portraits) + novel
Technologies- All weather roads (year round transportation) + new farm tools + improved ship designs
Congress of Vienna- Legacy of Napoleon
• Unsuccessful attempt to unify Europe under French Domination
• Napoleonic Code• Awakened feelings of
national pride and growth of nationalism
Congress of Vienna- Legacy of Congress of Vienna
• Balance of power- no country should dominate Europe
• Restoration of monarchs-legitimacy• New Political Map- New boundaries• New Philosophies- Conservatives and liberals
Rise of Nationalism
• National Pride, economic competition, and democratic ideals stimulated the growth of nationalism
• Congress of Vienna- led to discontent in Europe( did not include nationalists and liberals)
Revolutions of 1830 and 1848
• Liberal- Change government• National- homeland• France 1830- constitutional monarch (liberal
revolution) • Belgium 1830- gained indepencence
Italy
• Cavour- prime minister of Sardinia( organized unification of Italy)
• Garibaldi- Leader of the red shirts + conquered Kingdom of the Two sicillies
• Papal states- last to join Italy
Germany
• Bismarck- prime minister of Prussia (responsible for the unification of Germany)
• Realpolitiks- do whatever it takes to get and hold power
• Franco- Prussia War led to the unification of Germany and italy