WORLD HISTORYTHE GLOBAL AGECHAPTER 15 AND 16

The Age of Exploration and Trade Chapter 15

EUROPE LOOKS OUTWARD SECTION I

Learning Objectives Section I What were the 6 reasons for European

exploration? What new technology aided exploration? What are the 3 G’s? Why was religion important to

exploration?

Exploration…Why Now? Six Major Reasons

1. The Renaissance Spirit, why would that lead to exploration? Curiosity, desire for adventure and

fame! Within man the answers can be found

to conquer anything!

2. An increasing competition among European monarchs to be the “super nation”

3. Riches in Spices, Silk & Porcelain

– Pepper, cinnamon, & nutmeg.– Used to preserve & flavor meat. – Spices used in cosmetics, Perfumes,

and medicine.– Taste for these came from the

Crusades and the Silk Route

4. Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India

Europeans wanted to find direct access to Asia & India;

– Cut out Muslim & Italian middlemen– Need to bypass Mediterranean

5. New Navigation Technology

1. Better Maps- Ptolemy’s more

accurate maps -More durable

maps made of sheep skin

Cartographer- a person who makes maps

2. The compass

•3. The astrolabe measured

latitude using angles of sun and stars on the horizon

not accurate in rough seas

4. Ships

The caravel (also spelled carvel)

is a light sailing ship that was developed by the Portuguese in the late 1400's,

could sail very fast and also sail well into the wind.

Caravels were broad-beamed ships that had 2 or 3 masts with square sails and a triangular sail

They were up to about 65 feet long and could carry roughly 130 tons of cargo.

The Ultimate Reasons to Explore

6. The Three G’s

Gold God Glory

Gold

1. New Nation of England, France Portugal & Spain desire power and a

need to fill their treasuries2. Needed money to pay for their

expanding governments & standing armies

3.“Second Sons” Inheritance Problems

God1. A strong desire

to spread Christianity and halt the spread of Islam

2. Eventually a race between Catholics &

Protestants for New World souls

Glory

1. Increases the power of the rising monarchs Spain, Portugal, France, Netherlands and England all wanted be the super power of the era!

2. A chance for a country and an individual to become great!

3. The conquistadors, or the conquerors emerge for all three reasons.

Religion connection to Exploration

Spreading Christianity to the Dark side of the globe

Turning heathens to Christians Gaining allies and power

Video

Section 1 Questions

What new tools did sailors have for exploring?

Why was the Caravel a good ship for long distance travel?

Why did European rulers want to spread Christianity?

CHAPTER 15 SECTION 2

Portugal leads the way

Learning Objectives section II1. What accomplishments is Prince Henry

known for?2. Why was Portugal the leader in

exploration?3. What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?4. Why did Spain and Portugal agree to the

Treaty of Tordesillas?5. What is a Trading company?6. How are the trading companies

constructed?

Prince Henry the Navigator

Superstar of the maritime history

He financed many voyages to gain territory and spread Christianity

Explored the western coast of Africa

His greatest contribution:

1. First School for Oceanic Navigation 1418 an astronomical observatory Portugal.

2. Sailors were trained in navigation, map-making, and astronomy

3. From this school come two greats:

Diaz and da Gama

Beyond Darkest Africa

Bartholomew Dias

A fierce, 13 day storm blew his ship off course rounding the tip of Africa. He only realized how far he had gone when the skies cleared.

Made it around the horn of Good Hope. Africa.

Vasco da Gama

his first voyage, da Gama managed to reach Calicut in India (his goal) and sail home.

The ruler of Calicut, welcomed da Gama:

“The devil take ye!” was scornful da Gama had not brought valuable presents.

Da Gama’s Second Trip

Da Gama left better prepared the second time, with 14 well armed ships instead of four. Priests and religious processions sent him off with blessings. But he didn’t bring gifts.

He demanded surrender of all valuables from a ship filled with 380 Muslim pilgrims. When they delayed he took the valuables—then burned the ship and everyone on it.

Da Gama continued…..

At Calicut, he seized fishermen and traders in the harbor, hanged them, cut up their bodies, and sent the hands, feet, and heads to the haughty Indian Ruler.

He left 5 ships of soldiers to secure the trading city

Considered a national Hero to Portugal

Power shift in the East

Spain made conquests in the Americas and in Asia

Spain and Portugal agreed to the Treaty of Tordesillas Land to the west of Brazil belonged to

Spain East of Brazil belonged to Portugal

•So why aren’t the people speaking mostly Portuguese in the Western Hemisphere? •Because Spain and Portugal wanted to protect their claims in America and they agreed to call on the Pope for help•BUT It backfires on Portugal, OOPS!!

Portuguese Explorers: Took the lead in finding routes and new lands

Who’s Land Was It?

• In 1494 Pope Alexander VI draws an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean line from the North Pole to the South Pole called the line of demarcation in the Treaty of Tordesillas

• Spain to control west

territories Portugal to control

east territories.

Trading Companies

Portuguese English Dutch French Setup to conduct trade with the East

Government gives trading rights

Government gets new markets and or money

Shareholders get goods and/or money

Trading company makes tradesand receives goods

and /or money

Shareholders give money for trade

Video

Section 2 Questions

1. What accomplishments is Prince Henry known for?

2. What new commodity did the Portuguese trade at their first trading post?

3. Why was Da Gama’s explorations significant?

CHAPTER 16

EUROPE EXPANDS OVERSEAS

Learning Objectives section 1 What were the results of the first

encounters between the Spanish and Native Americans?

What long term impact did Columbus’s voyages have on Europe?

Why was Ferdinand Magellan’s discovery

important. Explain the importance of Mercantilism

and balance of trade.

Section 1Conquests in the Americans

In 1492, Christopher Columbus landed in the West Indies, in the Caribbean.

Seized gold and forced the natives to convert to Christianity and made them slaves.

Smallpox, measles and influenza wiped out native villages.

Native Americans had no immunity, or resistance, to such diseases

Long term Impact

Lead to contact between Europe and the Americas

Mapped parts of the coastline of north and south America

Colonization of interior of the Americas Discovery of natural resources Slavery of indigenous people

Alvarez Cabral Amerigo Vespucci Representing Portugal

– found Brazil

Representing Spain Found Venezuela

Representing Portugal Found Argentina Convinced that these

and were not Asia but a new unknown land

North and South America were named after him.

Boldest Undertaking of the Age!

Ferdinand Magellan

Sponsored by Spain

Portuguese explorer set out find a western route to India

First Circumnavigator of the Globe Ferdinand Magellan

Charted a narrow waterway named Strait of Magellan

which enabled sailors to cross to Pacific Ocean.

Although the voyage is attributed to Magellan, he did not succeed in the circumnavigating globe. He was killed in the Philippine islands of the Pacific ocean.

The growth of Mercantilism

Circumnavigation lead to material gain. Mercantilism

Governments tried to increase national wealth by selling more goods to other countries than they brought.

Balance of trade The difference between a county’s imports

and their exports

CHAPTER 16 SECTION 2

Spanish and Portuguese colonies

Section 2 Learning Objectives How did Spanish conquistadors conquer

the Aztec and Incan empires? Why were the Spanish victorious? How did Spain set up the social classes in

it’s American colonies? What were the chief features of colonial

society and culture?

Were the Spanish Victorious? Why The Spanish had superior military

technology muskets, cannons, and armor.

They used horses, which frightened some Indians, who had never seen such animals.

The Spanish were able to take advantage of division and discontent among the Indians. In fact, Indians provided the Spanish with much of their fighting power.

Disease brought by the Europeans weakened the Aztecs and Incas.

Hernan Cortés

landed on the Mexican coast in 1519.

Cortés arranged alliances with discontented peoples who hated their Aztec overlords.

The Aztec emperor, Montezuma, thought Cortés might be a god.

When relations grew strained and Cortes conquered the Aztecs.

Francisco Pizarro

arrived in Peru in 1532

Helped by Indian allies, Pizarro captured and overran the Incan heartland.

Gain gold and other resources

Governing the colonies

Council of the Indies Law making body for the colonies

Viceroys Representatives of the monarch Principal governors of the American colonies Chosen among Spanish noble families Required to report to the Council of the Indies Collected royal taxes, enforced laws,

nominated officials, oversaw conversion and protection of native Americans

Granted encomiendas

Encomiendas Land grant system Included the land and the native people Was a form of slavery

serfdom

The Columbian ExchangeThe exchange of plants, animals, and culture

Impact Change of diet for

European and Natives

Cash crops- grown for cash instead of food

Cotton was introduced

Sugar cane Slavery

Role of Missionaries

Convert the natives to the Catholic faith Train natives for varies trades To change the encomiendas system Change of thought

Natives were destined to be enslaved Brought in Africans to work

Spain’s influence on Colonial society

Sought to blend Spanish and indigenous cultures

Spanish preferred to live in cities Structure the same as back home

Social classes of colonies

PeninsularesBorn in Spain

Creoles- American born descendants

of Peninsulares_____________________________________

Mestizos- a mix of Native American and Spanish

Mulattoes- of African and Spanish descent

___________________________________________________________Native American and Africans

The Portuguese Colony of Brazil Granted land grants Coastal and interior built up Too much competition from cash crops Grew sugar cane Developed cattle ranches Gold discovery- main export5

SECTION 3

Dutch, French, and English Colonies

Learning Objectives

How did Portugal and other European nations challenge Spanish power?

Why was New Netherland able to attract a variety of colonists?

Why did the French have trouble attracting colonist to New France?

What event happened in 1588 that opened the way for English colonization in North America?

How did the American colonies change the European economy?

Challenging Spanish PowerTo get around Spain’s strict control over

colonial trade, smugglers traded illegally with Spanish colonists.

Dutch, English, and French pirates preyed on Spanish treasure ships. Some of these pirates, called privateers, even operated with the approval of European governments.

The French Settlements in the Americas

French ships harvested fish off Newfoundland. French did not build permanent settlements

until 1608. Samuel de Champlain established Quebec the 1st

permanent French colony in Canada

French explorers and fur traders traveled inland, claiming vast territory.

The government sought settlers to farm the land, but the harsh Canadian climate and unfriendly Indians attracted few French settlers.

Thus, the population of New France grew slowly.

The Dutch Colonies

Henry Hudson Found a new water route through north America to

Asia Instead found a river and called it the Hudson

River New Netherland Europe's strongest navel

power Interested more in making a profit than

religion Attracted people from many different

religions and countries

The English in North America Spain was going to attack England but a

big storm hit and England was able to defeat Spain.

John Cabot claimed much of North Atlantic coast

People colonized North America Freedom of religion To get rich To slow Spanish colonization

Early English Colonies

James town Virginia first successful colony

Many settlers died Mining instead of farming at first Started growing

Tobacco- rice- indigo- and cotton Enslaved the African

13 colonies

Were establish during 1600’s and 1700’s Developed different way of life because

of climate and geographical conditions Exported goods to other colonies and

back to England Used slave labor

The commercial revolution

The expansion of industry, trade and banking

Raising prices for goods (inflation) Capitalism- the investment of money for

profit Investors- people who put money into a

business

Joint-stock company Reduced rick of losing money Cost and profits can shared by many

investors

SECTION 4

Africa and the Atlantic slave trade

Learning objectives

Why did the Portuguese sailors explore the western coast of Africa?

Why did the Atlantic slave trade begin? What was the system known as

triangular trade. What is the middle passage? What is tight and loose pack?

Slavery in Africa

Slavery had always been around There are different forms of slavery

Prisoners of war For debts Not hereditary Sold for money ( daughters)

European saw slaves as property to be brought and sold

The Portuguese in Africa

Explored the western coast to find a route to India and to Asia

Main interest in trading for GOLD Built forts along the coast for protection

and trading Western Coast known as the GOLD

COAST

The Atlantic slave

Trade was started in the 1500s to fill the need for labor in Spain’s American empire.

Each year, traders shipped tens of thousands of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to work on tobacco and sugar plantations in the Americas.

Europeans relied on African rulers and traders to seize captives in the interior and bring them to coastal trade posts and fortresses.

The slave trade intensified as the demand for slaves increased in the Americas and the demand for luxury goods increased in Africa.

African slavery begins

Increase in trade competition Needed cheap labor None Christian None European More resistance to European diseases Unlimited supply

THE DOOR OF NO RETURN

Senegal's Gorée Island

On the slave ship

Tight pack loose pack

Slave lies on their side

Touching the person in font of them

Slave lies on their back or stomach

Touching the next person arms

Triangular trade route

Transatlantic trade formed a 3 way exchange of goods and people Europe------Africa------ Americas

Middle passage

The second leg of the triangular trade route.

Guns, cotton, goods were sold in Africa and slaves were brought to sell in the Americas

10-20% died on the trip Young men were sought after first then

young women who could bare children