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i Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
Initial Environmental Examination Amendment
2012 Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan
(PERSUAP)
for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio
PROGRAM/ACTIVITYDATA:
Program/Activity Name: Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim‐AIED) Activity Number: EDH‐I‐08‐05‐0007‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 2/27/2015 LOP Amount: $36,164,594 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program: Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's
Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000 Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00086‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2010 Funding End: 12/31/2012 LOP Amount: $1,995,544 Program/Activity Name: Local Plants for Global Markets Activity Number: AID‐613‐9‐11‐00001 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 10/1/2011 Funding End: 9/30/2014 LOP Amount: 1,000,000 Program/Activity Name: Rural Livelihoods Program:
Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe. Activity Number: 674‐A‐00‐10‐00002‐00 Region/Country Africa/Zimbabwe Funding Begin: 1/18/2010 Funding End: 3/31/2013 LOP Amount: $5,797,000 Prepared By: Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. sjw@stratus.co.zw ;Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group. Current Date: 25 October 2012 Expiration Date: As per the parent IEEs. Submitted By (Project Point‐of‐Contact): Tina Dooley‐Jones, EG Team Leader
ii Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
IEE Amendment (Y/N): Y amends the following IEEs:
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio IEE, as amended 25 July 2011. http://gemini.info.usaid.gov/egat/envcomp/repository/pdf/38376.pdf
ENVIRONMENTALACTIONRECOMMENDED:(PlaceXwhereapplicable)Categorical Exclusion: Negative Determination: X Positive Determination: Deferral:
ADDITIONALELEMENTS:(PlaceXwhereapplicable)CONDITIONS X SUAP (EMMP) : ___X____ PVO/NGO:
SUMMARYOFFINDINGS Purpose and Scope. This PERSUAP covers the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio. To achieve their objectives a number of the projects and activities in this portfolio require effective pest management in a number of field crops and other applications, which in turn will require use of chemical controls in a number of instances. Pest management needs are detailed in Table 1 of this document In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):
• Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth activities. Note that “support” and “use” include procurement, direct use, recommending for use, and in any way directly the supporting the use of pesticides (e.g. by provision of application equipment.)
• Sets out requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide use/support embodies (1) the principles of safer use and, (2) per USAID policy, Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP. The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which centers on the assessment of the 12 pesticide risk evaluation factors required by 22 CFR 216.3(b). Approved pesticides. Upon approval of this PERSUAP, the pesticides and only the pesticides listed in section 3.5 of this document are permitted for use/support on activities within the USAID/Zimbabwe economic growth portfolio. (Note that the approved pesticides list is reproduced in Annex 3A. Toxicological summaries and EPA registration status are presented in Annex 1A.) Note that numerous pesticides in use by farmers and, in many cases, approved by the Government of Zimbabwe are NOT approved for support with USAID funds. These include, inter alia, atrazine, carbofuran, cypermethrin, diazinon, endosulfan, fenthion, methamidophos, monocrotophos, oxamyl, and paraquat. Recommended Environmental Determinations Negative Determination Threshold Decisions: Pursuant to 22 CFR216.3(b)(1), a negative determination with conditions is recommended. The conditions are that the Zimbabwe EG programs will implement risk reduction and mitigation measures specified in this
iii Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
PERSUAP under section 4.0 –Safer Use Action Plan, (SUAP) under the matrix which satisfied the expectations of an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation Plan (EMMP). Mitigation Measures and restrictions attendant to the use of these pesticides can be summarized as follows. (The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements.) An overview of conditions of the PERSUAP is detailed below: 1. List of pesticides: Only pesticides approved in this PERSUAP will be procured and used. Alterations to
the list of approved pesticides will require an amendment of the PERSUAP. 2. Pest management plans. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop‐ and
pest‐specific IPM‐based pest management plans and observe enumerated use restrictions. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)
3. Training: Zimbabwe EG program supervisors, implementing partners, field officers and pesticide users will be trained on management of pesticides‐safety precautions during (handling, application, and storage etc...) and on their roles and responsibilities before, during and after use of pesticides. Also training to farmers will incorporate IPM.
4. Personal protection: in handling and applying pesticides users will ensure that they use protective gear such as gloves, masks, and goggles to minimize hazards/risk to themselves. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, storage and disposal practices.
5. Protection of the ecosystem: Measures will be taken to minimize risks to non‐target species and ecosystems (water table and fresh water fish, aquatic invertebrates, birds, mammals and beneficial insects).
6. Monitoring: The Zimbabwe EG program will implement the EMMP in this PERSUAP and prepare an Environmental Monitoring and Mitigation report (EMMR) periodically, following the actions and monitoring laid out in the SUAP. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide‐related record‐keeping and monitoring.
The Safer Use Action Plan (Section 4.0) provides a succinct, stand‐alone statement of compliance requirements, synthesized from the 12‐factor analysis. It also provides a template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its AOR/COR. These conditions are detailed in the included mandatory SUAP template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for tracking compliance. Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by 30 December 2012 and provide an annual update. With respect to pesticide use, the Safer Use Action Plan satisfies the requirement for an environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the SUAP by reference. As required by ADS 204.5.4, the SO 12 team will actively monitor ongoing activities for compliance with the recommendations in this PERSUAP, and modify or end activities that are not in compliance.
iv Zimbabwe EG PERSUAP 2012 Approval Face Sheets
APPROVAL OF THE RECOMMENDED ENVIRONMENTAL ACTION (2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP): MISSION CLEARANCES: Mission Director: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 10/29/2012
Melissa Williams CONCURRENCE: AFR Bureau Environmental Officer: __W. Knausenberger, Acting / signed for/__ Date: :10/29/2012
Brian Hirsch File name: Zimbabwe_EG_PERSUAP_10-29-2012 OTHER CLEARANCES: Program Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 10/29/2012 Julie Chen EG Team Leader: ___/cleared/______________ Date:10/29/2102
Tina Dooley-Jones Mission Environmental Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date: 0/29/2012 Hamfrey Sanhokwe Regional Contracting Officer: ___/cleared/______________ Date:10/29/2012 USAID/Southern Africa Tracy Swift Regional Environmental Advisor: /cleared/_____________ Date: 10/26/2012 USAID/Southern Africa (Acting) Walter Knausenberger
2012
PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT
and SAFER USE ACTION PLAN
(PERSUAP)
For the USAID/Zimbabwe
Economic Growth Portfolio
25 October 2012
Prepared By Stewart Wilson, consultant to Fintrac Inc. (sjw@stratus.co.zw)
Technical review: Alan Schroeder, Mark Stoughton, GEMS/The Cadmus Group
This document was produced for review by the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). It was prepared by Fintrac Inc. under
contract EDH-I-08-05-00007-00 with USAID/Zimbabwe.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS ····················································································································· 3
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ··············································································································· 5
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ··················································································································· 6
1.0 INTRODUCTION ················································································································ 9 1.1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW. .................................................................................................................. 9 1.2 BACKGROUND: PRE-IMPLEMENTATION REGULATORY
REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT TO PESTICIDE USE AND
PROCUREMENT ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.3 PESTICIDE USE AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) –
PART OF THE CONTEXT ............................................................................................................... 10 1.4 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PERSUAP CONCEPT ..................................................... 10 1.5 COMPLIANCE CONTEXT FOR THIS PERSUAP. ..................................................................... 10 1.6 ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THIS PERSUAP ........................................................................ 11 1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERSUAP .............................................................................................. 11
2.0 PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP ········································ 12
3.0 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT ························································································ 13 3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN
PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO
ZIMBABWE. ............................................................................................................................................ 13 3.2 MAJOR PESTS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT USE ............................. 13 3.3 ZIMBABWE AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE ..................................................... 13 3.4 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................... 15
Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides ...................................................................... 15 Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides ......................................................................................................................... 18 Factor C: The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an
IPM program ..................................................................................................................................................................... 19 Factor D: Proposed methods and availability of application and safety equipment ................................... 20 Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or
environmental, associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards ............................................................................................................................................... 21
Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use......................................................... 23 Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target
ecosystems ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate,
geography, hydrology and soils ............................................................................................................................ 26 Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods ...................................................... 27 Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and
disposal of the requested pesticide..................................................................................................................... 28 Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators ............................................................................................ 29 Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide ............................. 29
3.5 LIST OF PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE .......................................................................................... 31 FUNGICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 GROWTH REGULATORS .................................................................................................................................................................. 34 INSECTICIDES ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS......................................................................................................................................................... 36 ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 37 MITICIDES/ACARICIDES ................................................................................................................................................................. 37 MOLLUSCIDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 NEMATICIDES ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 RODENTICIDES .................................................................................................................................................................................... 38 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 38
3.6 CURRENT VS RECOMMENDED PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES ............................................ 41 Table 1: LIST OF PROPOSED USAID PROJECTS CROPS, PESTS, IPM TOOLS/TACTICS AND
PESTICIDES FOR PERSUAP ........................................................................................................................................ 42
4.0 SAFER USE ACTION PLAN ······································································································ 87
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Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker .................................................................. 89
ANNEX 1A. ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE ················································ 97
ANNEX 1B. LIST OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS AND TRADE NAMES OF PESTICIDES REGISTERED FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE ·············································· 114 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................... 131
ANNEX 1C. LIST OF TRADE NAMES AND ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF ZIMBABWE REGISTERED PESTICIDES WITH TYPE AND USEPA REGISTRATION STATUS ············· 137 INSECTICIDES, MITICIDES, NEMATICIDES AND FUNGICIDES ........................................................ 137 HERBICIDES .......................................................................................................................................................... 159
ANNEX 2. PESTICIDE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS NOT TO BE USED ON USAID/ZIMBABWE-SUPPORTED PROJECTS ································································· 166 PESTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED ........................................................................................................... 166 RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES ...................................................................................................................... 172 HIGH TOXICITY PESTICIDES .......................................................................................................................... 176
ANNEX 3A. PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE ON USAID/ZIMBABWE-SUPPORTED PROJECTS ························································································································ 178 FUNGICIDES APPROVED ................................................................................................................................. 178 GROWTH REGULATORS APPROVED .......................................................................................................... 180 INSECTICIDES APPROVED .............................................................................................................................. 180 PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED ................................................................................................. 182 ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED ............................................................................................... 184 MITICIDES/ACARICIDES APPROVED ......................................................................................................... 184 MOLLUSCICIDES APPROVED ......................................................................................................................... 184 NEMATICIDES APPROVED ............................................................................................................................. 185 RODENTICIDES APPROVED ........................................................................................................................... 185 HERBICIDES APPROVED ................................................................................................................................. 185
ANNEX 3B. HISTORY OF IPM IN ZIMBABWE. ············································································ 188
ANNEX 3C. PESTICIDES APPROVAL AND REGISTRATION IN ZIMBABWE ······························· 190
ANNEX 3D. PRODUCTS AVAILABLE IN THE REGION, BUT NOT AVAILABLE IN ZIMBABWE ····················································································································· 191
ANNEX 4. NATURAL PESTICIDES THAT HAVE BEEN COMMERCIALIZED ································ 192
ANNEX 5. BOTANICAL PESTICIDES, REPELLENTS AND BAITS REGULATED BY USEPA ····························································································································· 193
ANNEX 6. ZIMBABWE GAPS AND IPM TOOLS AND TACTICS ···················································· 196
ANNEX 7. EPA RECOMMENDED WORKER PROTECTION STANDARDS ···································· 201
ANNEX 8. GENERAL MITIGATION OF POTENTIAL PESTICIDES DANGERS AND GENERAL MEASURES TO ENSURE SAFE USE ································································· 202
ANNEX 9. INTERNATIONAL PIC & POPS LISTS ·········································································· 204
ANNEX 10. ROUTES OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND MITIGATION OF RISKS ·························· 206
ANNEX 11. BASIC FIRST AID FOR PESTICIDE OVEREXPOSURE ·············································· 207
ANNEX 12. PESTICIDE DISPOSAL OPTIONS ·············································································· 209
ANNEX 13. GUIDELINES FOR PEST MANAGEMENT PLANS (PMP) FOR USAID FUNDED CROPS AND BENEFICIARIES ··········································································· 212
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List of abbreviations AI : Active Ingredient AGRITEX Agriculture Technical and Extension Service AIED : Agricultural Income and Employment Development program AOR : Agreement Officer’s Representative BLW : Broad Leaf Weed COR Contracting Officer’s Representative DBM : Diamond Back Moth EA : Environmental Assessment EIS : Environmental Impact statement EMA : Environmental Management Agency EG : Economic Growth EMMP : Environmental Mitigation and Monitoring Plan EPA : Environmental Protection Agency GAP : Good Agricultural Practices GUP : General Use Pesticide IEE : Initial Environmental Examination IP : Implementing Partner IPM : Integrated Pest Management IRS : Indoor Residual Spray IVM : Integrated Vector Management IWM : Integrated Weed Management MAMID : Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development MRL : Maximum Residue Limit MSDS : Material Safety Data Sheets OP Organophosphate PER : Pesticide Evaluation Report PERSUAP : Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan PHI : Pre-Harvest Interval PIC : Prior Informed Consent PMP : Pest Management Plan POP : Persistent Organic Pollutant PPE : Personal Protective Equipment RCE Request for Categorical Exclusion RLP : Restoring Livelihoods Program RUP : Restricted Use Pesticides S&C : Standards and Certification SP : Synthetic Pyrethroids SUAP : Safe Use Action Plan SUR : Safe Use Recommendations TA : Technical Assistance UN : United Nations USAID : United States Agency for International Development USEPA : United States Environmental Protection Agency WHO : World Health Organization
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Executive summary
Purpose and Overview. In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this
2012 Zimbabwe Economic Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action
Plan (PERSUAP):
Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe
Economic Growth activities.
Sets out requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that pesticide
use/support embodies (1) the principles of safer use and, (2) per USAID policy, Integrated
Pest Management (IPM). In summary these requirements are as follows:
A. Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)
B. Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid;
C. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices;
D. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.
These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.
The set of authorized pesticides and requirements for safer use are established through the third
section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER), which addresses the 12 pesticide
risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22 CFR 216.3(b).
NOTE that USAID defines “pesticide procurement or use” broadly to include TA (e.g. field extension)
recommending or supporting the use pesticides, and other actions that facilitate the use of a
pesticide.
Approved pesticides are set out at the end of the PER and in Annex 3. Note that a number of
pesticides available in Zimbabwe (legally and otherwise) and commonly in use by smallholders on
crops targeted by USAID interventions are NOT authorized for support/use. These include:
All pesticide AIs not registered by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) (See
Annex 2)
Two chemicals (one recently banned, but still present, in Zimbabwe) on the Prior Informed
Consent (PIC) convention list,
Pesticide products that are the same as or sufficiently similar to Restricted Use Pesticides
(RUPs) as designated by USEPA, and
Most acute toxicity Class I chemicals.
Known uses of these “available but prohibited” pesticides are marked in red in Table 1, which
provides crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest information regarding pest management methods (1)
currently in use, and (2) recommended. These AIs are also summarized in Annex 2.
The Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is
synthesized from the PER. It provides greater detail that the summary above. It is also a mandatory
template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements, and for
tracking compliance.
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Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by
December 30, 2012 and an annual update thereafter.
Key Resources provided for Compliance with Safer Use/IPM conditions are itemized in the table
below.
IPM/Safer Use Requirement Key Resources Provided
Pesticide recommendations
and use must be governed
by a set of crop- and pest-
specific IPM-based pest
management plans.
(IPs are responsible for
developing these plans.)
TABLE 1: crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide matrix sets out crop-by-
crop, pest-by-pest management methods (1) currently in use by
beneficiary farmers, and (2) recommended by this PERSUAP,
highlighting where chemical controls in current use are not compliant
with the PERSUAP list of allowed pesticides.
Annex 1A, a master matrix characterizing relative risks of each AI in
all Zimbabwe-registered pesticides. This includes human acute
toxicities and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well
as potential ecotoxicities to important non-target organisms like fish,
honeybee pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.
The matrix lists each AI in American English, and presents important
information for each chemical class, such as USEPA registration
status for select products that contain that AI.
Annex 1B is a list of all trade names associated with the AIs listed in
Annex 1A
Annex 6: Zimbabwe Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and IPM
Tools and Tactics
Annex 13: Guidelines for developing Pest Management Plans
Appropriate project staff &
beneficiaries must be
trained in safer pesticide
use & pesticide first aid;
ANNEX 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards
ANNEX 8. General mitigation of potential pesticide dangers and
general measures to ensure safe use
Annex 10. Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks
Annex 11: Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure
Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options
To the greatest degree
practicable, projects must
require use & maintenance
of appropriate PPE—as well
as safe pesticide purchase,
handling, and disposal
practices
Requested Follow-up: Detailed investigation of alternative nematicides. USAID/Zimbabwe-
funded programs, by way of this PERSUAP analysis, requests that a detailed investigation of
alternative nematicides be initiated through the regional environmental office of USAID for banana
production in small-scale farming, due to the total ban on the use of products like Temik that contain
the AI aldicarb. Nematode infestations threaten the viability of the crop in communal farming
environments and safer use nematicides are not affordable and not readily available, thus posing a
short to medium-term problem for USAID projects to overcome using green manures combined with
natural plant resistant rotation crops as the long-term alternative.
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Compliance context/background. This PERSUAP is an update to and supersedes the 2010
PERSUAP for the Zimbabwe Restoring Livelihoods Program (RLP). It is applicable to all activities in
the Zimbabwe Economic Growth portfolio.
Formally, this PERSUAP amends the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio (25 July 2011). By satisfying the requirements of 22
CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) for proposed pesticide use in EG activities, it resolves the
deferral assigned by that IEE to the procurement or use of pesticides (“pesticide support”).
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 PURPOSE AND OVERVIEW.
In compliance with USAID’s Pesticide Procedures (22 CFR 216.3(b)), this 2012 Zimbabwe Economic
Growth (EG) Portfolio Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safer Use Action Plan (PERSUAP):
Establishes the set of pesticides for which support is authorized on USAID/Zimbabwe
Economic Growth activities.
Establishes requirements attendant to support for these pesticides to assure that
pesticide use/support (1) embodies the principles of safer pesticide use and, (2) per USAID
policy, is within an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) framework.
These requirements come into effect upon approval of the PERSUAP.
The set of authorized pesticides and requirements
for safer use are established through the first
section of the document, the Pesticide Evaluation
Report (PER), which addresses the 12 pesticide
risk evaluation factors (a through l) required by 22
CFR 216.3(b).
The SAFER USE ACTION PLAN (Section 4)
provides a succinct, stand-alone statement of
compliance requirements, synthesized from the
PER. It also provides a template for assigning
responsibilities and timelines for implementation of
these requirements. Each project subject to this
PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and
submit to its AOR/COR.
1.2 BACKGROUND: PRE-IMPLEMENTATION
REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS ATTENDANT
TO PESTICIDE USE AND PROCUREMENT
In 1976, USAID developed procedures covering
the health and safety of people and environments
with which it worked; the result was Regulation
216 (22 CFR216). This regulation establishes a
mandatory pre-implementation environmental
impact assessment process for USAID activities.
Under these procedures, all USAID activities—with
limited exceptions for international disaster relief
and other emergencies-- are subject to analysis
and evaluation via – at minimum – a Request for
Categorical Exclusion (RCE) and – at maximum –
an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
It is worth noting that these procedures were the
result of several pesticide-related poisoning cases
in Pakistan, which possibly could have been avoided or greatly reduced with the greater risk
awareness, risk reduction training and/or the proper use of safety equipment or PPE.
Pesticides present intrinsic risks to human health and the environment. A significant part of
Regulation 216, notably part 216.3, is devoted to pesticide use and safety. Part 216.3(b) requires that
12 pesticide factors be analyzed as the basis for approving the use of any pesticides, and as the
THE 12 PESTICIDE ANALYSIS FACTORS
Factor A. USEPA registration status of the proposed pesticides
Factor B. Basis for selection of pesticides
Factor C. Extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM program
Factor D. Proposed method or methods of application, including the availability of application and safety equipment
Factor E. Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental, associated with the proposed use, and measures available to minimize such hazards
Factor F. Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use
Factor G. Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems
Factor H. Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography, hydrology, and soils
Factor I. Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods
Factor J. Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use, and disposal of the requested pesticide
Factor K. Provision for training of users and applicator
Factor L. Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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basis for establishing the requirements attendant to that use to minimize risks to human health and
the environment. (See box)1
These factors include the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) registration status of the
pesticide. When USEPA registers pesticide products for use, it specifies the manner in which the
product can be “safely” used, that is, with an acceptably small risk, including safety equipment needed
when applying the pesticide; how to apply it; the allowed uses; and best practices for storage,
transport and disposal. However, USAID cannot assume that the societal capabilities and resources
in the US that factor into the US EPA’s decision (widespread literacy, availability of PPE,
understanding of pesticide risks, high product quality, etc.) will characterize project implementation
contexts. So Reg 216 requires analysis of factors beyond US EPA registration status.
This analysis typically results in safer use requirements such as training, monitoring and reporting for
continuous improvement on risk reduction and adoption of international best practices for crop
production, protection, and pesticide use safety.
1.3 PESTICIDE USE AND INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) – PART OF THE CONTEXT
In the early 1990s, USAID adopted the philosophy and practice of IPM as official policy. IPM is
strongly promoted as part of Regulation 216.3 Factor C and the expectation is that a broad spectrum
approach to plant crop vitality and productivity will benefit from the application of IPM practices and
decrease the need for direct use of pesticides. Subsequently, IPM has generally become an
important part of the best management practices in the agriculture sector and is one of the factors
considered as criteria for international green marketing and export crops.
1.4 A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF THE PERSUAP CONCEPT
In the late 1990s, USAID’s East Africa Regional Environmental Advisor (REA) and a natural resources
consultant developed a systems-based approach to address the requirements of 22 CFR 216.3(b)
with particular emphasis on promoting pesticide use in an IPM framework.
A key element of this approach was a risk profile of the pesticide system in the given country or
territory, covering the pesticide “lifecycle” from import through use to disposal, and including issues
such as farmer training and literacy, product quality, etc.
Systematically characterizing this risk profile leads directly to identification of practical actions to
reduce the risks of using pesticides, taking into consideration the context in which the products will be
used, the particular elements of the program, and the different capacities of the partners and
stakeholders involved. These actions can also help prepare project participants to be able to more
rapidly adopt GlobalGAP, Organic and other Standards and Certification (S&C) systems principles.
This approach and resulting document was subsequently called a “Pesticide Evaluation Report and
Safer Use Action Plan.” Formally, the PERSUAP is submitted as an amendment to the project IEE or
to an EA.
1.5 COMPLIANCE CONTEXT FOR THIS PERSUAP.
This PERSUAP is an update to and supersedes the 2010 PERSUAP for the Zimbabwe Restoring
Livelihoods Program (RLP). It is applicable to all activities in the Zimbabwe Economic Growth
portfolio.
Formally, this PERSUAP amends the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for the
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio (25 July 2011). By satisfying the requirements of 22
1 Specifically, Reg. 216.3(b)(1)(i) stipulates: “When a project includes assistance for procurement or use, or both,
of pesticides registered for the same or similar uses by USEPA without restriction, the IEE for the project shall include a separate section evaluating the economic, social and environmental risks and benefits of the planned pesticide use to determine whether the use may result in significant environmental impact. Factors to be considered in such an evaluation shall include, but not be limited to the following” (see box)
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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CFR 216.3(b) (“Pesticide Procedures”) for proposed pesticide use in EG activities, it resolves the
deferral assigned by that IEE to the procurement or use of pesticides (“pesticide support”).
1.6 ANALYTICAL APPROACH TO THIS PERSUAP
This PERSUAP focuses on the particular circumstances of the USAID Zimbabwe programs, including
the pesticide system within which its projects operate, the risks inherent in that system, and the risk
management choices available and how a risk management plan could be implemented by
USAID/Zimbabwe and its implementing partners in the field.
It analyzes the Zimbabwe pesticide system and captures changes since 2010 in: pesticides registered
by the Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development (MAMID) for
import and use, changes to pesticide registrations and restrictions by the United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA), new pesticide toxicology and ecotoxicology information, and new
Integrated Pest Management (IPM) information.
This PERSUAP also focuses strongly on Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Integrated Pest
Management (IPM) tools, including commercialized natural pesticides containing Active Ingredients
(AIs) extracted from plants, microbes, marine organisms, spices and minerals (see Annexes 4 and 5)
as well as cultural practices and synthetic pesticides available in Zimbabwe and used in the United
States.
1.7 ORGANIZATION OF THIS PERSUAP
This report is organized into several parts and sections:
Part 1: Introduction is an introduction to the Pesticide Evaluation Report and Safe Use Action Plan
process and the rationale, both regulatory and professional, behind it.
Part 2: Projects and Activities. Introduces the USAID/Zimbabwe Agricultural Development Activities
in the Economic Growth Portfolio, the implementing partners, and the context for pesticide use about
which this PERSUAP is being prepared.
Part 3: Pesticide Evaluation Report (PER). The PER:
For target crops, characterizes the present pest management methods used by farmers on a
crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest basis
Where indicated, identifies better-practice, IPM-based control methods, both chemical and
non-chemical.
Characterizes the EPA registration status and toxicological profile of every pesticide
registered for use in Zimbabwe
Presents a general risk profile of Zimbabwe’s pesticide system
Addresses the 12 required pesticide analysis factors established by 22 CFR 216.3(b).
On the basis of this data and analysis, the PER identifies the set of pesticides whose use may be
supported under USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth activities, and the conditions attendant to this
use.
A key condition is that pesticide use in these activities must be governed by crop and pest-specific
pest management plans; the PER provides the essential data for IPs to develop these plans.
Part 4: Safer Use Action Plan (SUAP) The SUAP is a succinct, stand-alone statement of
compliance requirements, synthesized from the PER. It also provides a template for assigning
responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these requirements—hence an action plan.
Each project subject to this PERSUAP must complete this SUAP template and submit to its
AOR/COR.
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Annexes synthesize international best practices on pesticide use, exposure mitigation, PPE, first aid,
disposal and record-keeping, to attain a better understanding of pesticide safety and to be used for
training program participants. Below are the key best management practices and recommendations
synthesized from the PER and the SUAP.
2.0 PROJECTS AND ACTIVITIES COVERED BY THIS PERSUAP
1 Zimbabwe Agricultural Income and Employment Development (Zim-AIED) program. Zim-
AIED is providing technical assistance to improve food security and increase household
incomes of 180,000 small-scale farmers throughout Zimbabwe.
The program is building demand for a range of Zimbabwean crops and products by training
growers on productivity, quality, continuity, and cost-competitiveness. It is also providing
specialized technical support for the production of food crops and livestock to increase food
availability on a sustainable basis in areas and communities most vulnerable to food
insecurity. The project is being implemented country-wide by Fintrac, a US-based consultancy
company and runs until 2015.
2 Piloting Approach to Revitalize Zimbabwe's Poultry Sector and Linking over 3,000
Farmers to Viable, Formal Markets. The project under Rural Livelihood Program (RLP) is
implemented by TechnoServe and will end December 2012. The overall goal of this project is
to develop and demonstrate an impactful and replicable model of engaging small farmers in
the formal poultry sector and revitalizing the industry. Its three key objectives are:
- Pilot outgrower models linking 70 small broiler outgrowers to poultry processors. - Boost productivity and incomes of over 3,000 feed grain producers (maize and soybeans);
enabling them to profitably supply the Zimbabwe feed industry - Capture and disseminate information throughout the poultry industry and determine actions to
improve the competitiveness of the Zimbabwean poultry industry
The project is in the Shamva district in Mashonaland Central province for the production of
maize and soya beans. However, for the broiler outgrowers it extended to Goromonzi and
areas surrounding Bulawayo.
3 Inclusive PPA-Business Model for Developing Underutilized Plants to Improve Food Security
in Zimbabwe-Local Plants for Global Markets. The project is implemented for the next four
years by HWA-Zimbabwe (Hilfswerk Austria) to develop, test and disseminate the potential of
high value crops and underutilized plants appropriate for international fair trade and other
certification, using sustainable agricultural practices which will improve food security in
Natural Regions 4 and 5. The project under Rural Livelihoods Program is focused in Binga,
Chimanimani, Chipinge and Hwange districts to promote 10 plants-sweet thorn, baobab,
pigweed, devil's claw, fever tea, cassava, resurrection bush, marula, Zambezi tail flower, and
Masau.
4. The project "Rebuilding livelihoods and resilience in Zimbabwe" under the Rural
Livelihoods Program is implemented by Land O'Lakes. The project that will end in May 2013
is aimed at promoting dairy production, collection and processing, increased capacity in
preventative animal health and rangeland fodder flow management, and donkey traction and
transport. The project is operating in Buhera, Chipinge, Makoni, Mutare, Guruve, Goromonzi,
Seke, Umzingwane and Gokwe South districts.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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3.0 PESTICIDE EVALUATION REPORT
3.1 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSES OF ACTIVE INGREDIENTS IN PESTICIDES REGISTERED
FOR USE AND IMPORTED TO ZIMBABWE.
As a PERSUAP covering a wide range of agricultural sector activities and targeted crops, pesticides
that may potentially be supported on Economic Growth activities are all pesticides available for use in
Zimbabwe. Assessing the eligibility of these pesticides requires characterization of their US and
Zimbabwe registration status; the 12-factor analysis required by 22 CFR 216.3(b) presented later in
this section and using these pesticides in IPM-based framework requires selection with careful
attention to pesticide risks (toxicological profile).
Accordingly, a first key element of and input to the PER analysis was to assemble a registration status
and toxicological profile of every pesticide available for use in Zimbabwe.
This is presented in Annex 1, in the form of an extended matrix.
More specifically, Annex 1:
Compiles all of the AIs in pesticides (natural and synthetic) registered and imported into Zimbabwe.
Characterizes their US EPA and Zimbabwe registration status, including US EPA RUP status (see below)
Characterizes their chemical class (this is important as rotating chemicals from different classes is an important strategy for managing resistance.)
Characterizes acute human toxicity – a key criterion for judging whether the pesticide is admissible for use. As described below, most Class I chemicals are not considered safe for smallholder farmers to use;
Characterizes chronic human toxicity
Characterizes Environmental toxicity – including water pollution potential, and potential toxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee pollinators, birds, and several aquatic organisms
3.2 MAJOR PESTS AND CONTROL TECHNIQUES IN CURRENT USE
A 2nd
key input to the “12-factor analysis” is an understanding of the major pests that affect the target
crops and current control methods. These are documented in Table 1, later in this section.
Note that Table 1 also includes findings of this PER (noting where chemical controls in common use
are not permitted by the findings of this PERSUAP) and recommended IPM-based alternate control
methods to be used to inform the development of crop-and pest-specific management plans. The use
of such plans to govern pesticide use is a key compliance requirement for this PERSUAP.
3.3 ZIMBABWE AGROCHEMICAL SYSTEM RISK PROFILE
A final key input to the “12-factor analysis” is a characterization of the factors that increase or
decrease the risk profile of the agrochemical inputs system in Zimbabwe. This analysis is presented
immediately below. Risks have been categorized into groups and enumerated below as “Factors that
increase risks from agrochemicals” and “Factors that reduce risks from agrochemicals.” Most of the
farmers producing crops and livestock being supported by the USAID program partner organizations
have the potential to use several highly toxic pesticides in traditional cropping systems.
Factors that increase risks from pesticides:
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1. The continued presence of red-banded labeled (highly toxic – too toxic for smallholder
farmers to use) World Health Organization (WHO) acute toxicity Class Ia and Ib and EPA
acute toxicity Class I pesticide active ingredients (for example, aldicarb, aluminum phosphide,
azinphos-methyl, cadusafos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos, demeton-s-methyl, dichlorvos,
disulfoton, ethoprop, fenamiphos, flucythrinate, formetanate hydrochloride, furathiocarb,
isofenphos-methyl, methamidophos, methidathion, methiocarb, methomyl, methyl-
isothiocyanate, mevinphos, monocrotophos, naled, omethoate, oxydemeton-methyl,
parathion, terbufos, thiofanox, thiometon, triazophos, vamidothion) in products registered by
and permitted for import and use in Zimbabwe by the Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization
and Irrigation Development (MAMID).
2. Methamidophos (Class I) is preferred in southern Africa by small-scale vegetable farmers,
especially for control of the diamond-back moth and is thus, the one chemical that is decanted
most from one-liter commercial bottles into smaller empty water and drink bottles and then
sold without pesticide label (safety) information.
3. Endosulfan, a highly toxic and politicized chemical, currently recommended for addition to
Persistent organic pollutants and PIC lists, is still registered for use in Zimbabwe.
4. Aluminum phosphide (Class I fumigant) tablets are being sold individually to farmers by some
small farm input stores in the region, a behavior which is highly hazardous to both the
shopkeeper and buyers.
5. Rodenticides (mostly Class I, based on aldicarb) can be found in small, unlabeled sachets in
informal markets in the region.
6. Some sachets of Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane (DDT) (POPs – chemical) from the health
indoor residual spraying (IRS) sector in surrounding countries are making their way into
informal markets for sale to farmers.
7. Some POPs and PIC chemicals from the chlorinated hydrocarbon group are still registered by
Zimbabwe (for example chlordane, chlorobenzilate, lindane and pentachlorophenol) for import
and use.
8. It is common in southern Africa to encounter some pesticide labels in English only
(unavailable in local languages) or with insufficient safety information.
9. Many farmers are illiterate and will not be able to read pesticide label information or other
warning media. (However, they can be trained to recognize safety pictograms.)
10. Lack of knowledge by many farmers and farm laborers of the acute and especially chronic,
human health risks of individual pesticides or classes of pesticides.
11. Most small-scale farmers and farm workers have not had adequate training in best practices
for safe pesticide use (transport, storage, application and disposal.)
12. Most Zimbabwean farmers will not have access to, will not be able to afford and will not use
recommended personal protection equipment for pesticide application.
13. Most farmers cannot positively identify specific crop pests, or the damage they cause and
cannot positively identify beneficial predators and parasites of pests.
14. Overuse, improper applications and routine use of the same pesticides (or chemical)
increases risk of the development of pesticide resistance among pests.
15. Lack of knowledge of when to use a specific pesticide during the life cycle of the pest leads to
ineffective pest control, waste of funds, and potential human hazards.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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16. There are insufficient funds for enforcement of pesticide regulations
17. Due to the small-scale of farm operations (1 ha or less), farmers do not have the same
economies of scale and resources available in highly-developed countries to manage risk.
18. It is very common in southern Africa to encounter unregistered and sometimes registered,
substandard quality products (adulterated pesticides or containing highly-toxic manufacturing
byproduct chemicals) from select Chinese and Indian companies that make their way to
informal and formal market stores.
19. There are reports of significant numbers of pesticide poisonings in Zimbabwe each year.
20. Throughout the Southern African region, one can encounter pesticides beyond their expiration
date (obsolete) on sale to farmers.
Factors that reduce risks from pesticides:
1. The MAMID has a list of regularly-updated pesticide products registered for import to and use
in Zimbabwe, reflecting a level of responsibility. Only such registered products qualify for
Import licences, so formal importation is controlled by MAMID.
2. There is a sufficiently large cadre of trained agriculturalists remaining in Zimbabwe who
understand pesticide issues and how to mitigate them.
3. Some pesticide companies operating in the region are subsidizing and making simple PPE
like gloves available to small-scale producers.
4. Many pesticide importers and sellers in the region now follow international best management
practices for proper transport, storage and disposal of pesticides and have PPE for sale.
5. Many pesticide sellers in the region understand most crop production pests,
pesticides/dosages to use against the pests, risks that come with pesticide use and the need
for PPE.
6. There is no field evidence of pesticide misuse leading to poisonings of domestic animal or
environmental poisoning (like fish kills) collected from USAID and implementing partners
(IPs.)
7. Due to the small scale of farm operations (1 ha or less, in the communal sector) the likelihood
of environmental damage due to pesticide use is very small.
Although there are encouraging findings in the pesticide wholesale and retail systems in Southern
Africa, there still remain numerous issues above that can increase the risk for errors occurring. This
situation increases the risk of exposing small-scale farmers, laborers and farm family members to
dangerous poisons and polluting their environment. Thus, the pesticide risk profile for Zimbabwe is
higher than might be encountered in more developed countries.
3.4 12-FACTOR ANALYSIS
For each of the 12 Pesticide Evaluation Factors which follow, the sections include: a general
discussion of the significance and meaning of these factors in the Zimbabwean context as far as
possible; analysis of specific issues noted in each case and action recommendations required to
address (mitigate) each of these issues. These recommendations will be summarized later on in the
document as the core of the PER component of the EMMP.
Factor A: USEPA Registration Status of the Proposed Pesticides
USAID programs are limited to recommending pesticides containing active ingredients products
registered in Zimbabwe and in the United States, the EPA for the same or similar uses. Emphasis is
placed on “similar use” because a few of the crops and their pest species found overseas are not
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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present in the US. Therefore, although pesticides may not be registered for the exact use, often they
are registered for similar pests and pest situations. Annex 1A provides a current listing of the active
ingredients in pesticides currently registered in Zimbabwe and offers an analysis of environmental
implications. Annex 1b provides a current listing of all those active ingredients with trade names under
which they are known. Annex 1c provides a list of trade names with active ingredients for cross
reference purposes along with type and EPA registration status.
The EPA categorizes pesticides as either “registered” or “not registered.” Moreover, some AIs and
products containing them are labeled as Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs). In the US, the pesticides
and active ingredients that are labeled RUPs can only be sold to and used by certified applicators or
persons under their direct supervision, and only for those purposes covered by the applicator's
certification (such as for row crops, or tree crops, or structural pests, etc.) 22 CFR 216 requires a full
environmental assessment before use of an RUP can be supported with USAID funds, except for
RUPs so designated solely for reason of user hazard.
Pesticide active ingredients in specific products must also be registered for legal import and use by
the target countries – in this case, Zimbabwe. One caveat is that pesticides that have lost active
registration status in developing countries are often permitted to clear the retail system and thus can
be found on farm store shelves for 2-3 years during the clearing process period. Most pesticides have
an expiration date of two years after the manufacture date and most are still viable and usable for an
additional year.
The EPA classifies pesticides according to actual toxicity of the formulated products, taking
formulation types and concentrations into account, thus generally making the formulated product less
toxic than the active ingredients alone. This method of classifying acute toxicity is more accurate and
representative of actual risks encountered in the field. By contrast, the WHO acute toxicity
classification system is based on the active ingredient only. Although WHO deals primarily with
pesticides used in health applications (e.g., indoor residual spraying for elimination of malaria
vectors), the classification has been adopted more generally by the UN to include agricultural
pesticides.
WHO has classified pesticides by human toxicity and developed a color-coding scheme, easily
recognizable to illiterate farmers, such as some of those in developing countries. This color coding
scheme, used and found on pesticide packaging and labels in developing countries, is as follows:
WHO Acute human toxicity Pesticide Label
Color Code
Signal Words
Class Ia - Extremely hazardous Red Very Toxic
Class Ib - Highly hazardous Red Toxic
Class II - Moderately hazardous Yellow Harmful
Class III - Slightly hazardous Blue Caution
Class U - Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use Green Caution
Zimbabwe has developed its own triangle color coding scheme (loosely based on the WHO scheme)
which includes purple for Class 1a and combines the blue and green classes into one green
classification. This system is widely recognized by farmers and is also the subject of training sessions
by AGRITEX.
Issue: Products containing active ingredients not EPA-registered
Annex 2 lists Zimbabwe-registered pesticide AIs that are not registered by EPA in any products.
Products and AIs that are not registered by EPA are not permitted for use on USAID-supported
projects. They are either cancelled for use in the US, or have insufficient market demand and have
not been through EPA’s battery of environmental and human health tests.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Mitigation Measure:
USAID funds cannot be used to procure, use or support the use of products containing these
active ingredients that are not EPA registered.
Thus lack of an EPA registration is used as the primary criteria for exclusion of a pesticide.
Issue: Restricted Use Pesticides (RUPs)
The EPA has developed a system for dealing with pesticides with inordinate risks to human health
and/or environment for various uses. In the United States, farmers who wish to purchase and use
RUPs must receive (and pay for) specialized training and certification to increase awareness of the
risks and ways that can be used to mitigate these risks. These Certified Applicators, or those under
their direct supervision, must follow the pesticide label instructions and only use the product for
purposes covered under their certification.
The EPA classifies a particular pesticide as restricted if it determines that the pesticide may be
hazardous to human health or to the environment even when used according to the label.
Products are classified as restricted for several reasons including, but not limited to the following:
1. Fetotoxicity – causes adverse effects on the fetus.
2. Mutagenicity – causes genetic changes in the organism which may be passed on to its next
generation.
3. Oncogenicity – causes tumors (not necessarily malignant.)
4. Carcinogenicity – causes cancer.
5. Teratogenicity – causes birth defects.
Accident history
1. Ground and surface water concerns.
2. Causes adverse effects on wildlife, avian or aquatic organisms, including fish and shellfish.
3. Presents a human inhalation hazard, dermal toxicity, corrosiveness to eyes, or acute oral
toxicity hazard.
4. Presents concerns about worker exposure.
5. Presents hazard to non-target organisms.
6. Presents hazards to honeybees.
22 CFR 216 requires that a full Environmental Assessment (EA) be undertaken if USAID will support
procurement or use of pesticides whose use is restricted by US EPA on any basis other than user
hazard (for example, on the basis of hazard to the environment). Several of the active ingredients in
pesticides being imported to Zimbabwe are listed as RUPs by the US EPA, as also listed in Annex 2.
Mitigation Measures for RUP risks in Zimbabwe:
Environmental Assessment: If any pesticide active ingredients are specified to be RUPs and
USAID program beneficiaries wish to use them, a specific EA is required to assess and
sufficiently mitigate such hazards. Pending such an EA, USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth
activities will not support procurement or use of pesticides whose use is restricted by US
EPA.
Thus RUP status is used as the secondary criteria for exclusion of a pesticide.
Additional Recommendations for Mitigation:
1. Do training on good agricultural practices/IPM and the production and use of pest
management plans and safe pesticide use and management. Training will introduce
beneficiary farmers to: pesticides not permitted for use, those the project recommends, and
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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those that might be used with significant training and certification; IPM philosophy, tools and
tactics; and Safe Pesticide Use practices including use of basic personal protection
equipment.
2. Provide all project offices and beneficiary farmers copies of the Material Safety Data Sheets
(MSDS) and approved pesticide labels to keep on-hand as a source of exact information on
risks and risk mitigations for each product and what measures to take in case of an accidental
spill, fire or poisoning. MSDS information can also be used during training.
3. As this PERSUAP is amended, USAID program project managers will need to report to
USAID changes to less toxic products on the list of pesticides recommended to USAID.
Factor B: Basis for Selection of Pesticides
This procedure generally refers to the practical, economic and/or environmental rationales for
choosing a particular pesticide. Those rationales are changing rapidly with the increase in Standards
& Certification and GAPs systems required for access to export markets, which is a good thing in
terms of risk reduction. In general, best practices and USAID – which promotes IPM as policy –
dictate that the least toxic pesticide that is effective should be selected. Up until recently, the bases
for selection of pesticides have most often been availability, efficacy, and price – not environmental or
human safety. Farmers have wanted a pesticide that has rapid knock-down action to satisfy the need
to defeat the pest quickly and visibly. Farmers using S&C-GAP systems for export crops focus more
on factors such as human safety and low environmental impact, by necessity as much as by choice.
Such lower toxicity pesticides may take longer to kill the pest – usually after the farmer has left the
field – but they are effective, nevertheless. Another factor of importance is the abeyance of pesticide-
specific Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHIs) and Maximum/Minimum Residue Levels/Limits (MRLs) which
can be influenced by choosing products with rapid post-application degradation.
The three most important bases for traditional farmer pesticide selection for crops in Zimbabwe are
currently price, availability, and efficacy. For livestock production, pour-on formulations and leg- and
belly-spray formulations are used to reduce the amount of pesticide used and thus reduce
environmental contamination potential.
Issue: Most farmers do not consider factors such as:
Reducing risks to human health by using products that contain active ingredients with low acute
human toxicity and few to no chronic health risks; Reducing risks to scarce and valuable water
resources on the surface and underground; Reducing risks to biodiversity and environmental
resources and the services they provide.
Mitigation Measures:
USAID program staff will select the most suitable pesticides on the basis of reduced risk to
applicators, reduced risk to environment resources, efficacy and price.
A large measure of mitigation will be achieved through USAID program organized training
courses for both staff and beneficiary farmers, using material in this PERSUAP, material
found in MSDSs and pesticide labels, and material found on pest management websites (like
the UC Davis IPM site found at: http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/crops-agriculture.html) and
can emphasize the importance of these additional pesticide selection factors.
USAID program project staff performs basic economic analyses comparing pesticides to
determine the most effective choice – with low health and environmental impact potential –
that is affordable for the crop grown.
USAID program staff will aim to use more biological and naturally-derived pesticides, as
practical, such as those listed in Annexes 4 and 5 and discussed below:
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Commercial pyrethrum is a mix of natural chemicals called pyrethrins extracted from
chrysanthemum flowers and provides good general pest control. Extracts from neem trees
are effective insecticides that are commercially available. Spore extracts from the bacterium
Bacillus thuringiensis are effective against worm or caterpillar larvae of moth and butterfly
pests. Insecticidal soaps and oils are effective against relatively sedentary pests like scales,
mealybugs, aphids, and mites. Sulfur and copper compounds are effective plant disease
controls.
Factor C: The extent to which the proposed pesticide use is, or could be, part of an IPM
program
USAID promotes the training, development and use of integrated approaches to pest management
tools and tactics whenever possible. This section emphasizes how the proposed pesticides used can
be incorporated into an overall IPM strategy.
The susceptibility of crop plants and trees to pests and diseases is greatly influenced by the general
health and vigor of the plant or tree. Therefore, good crop management practices can strongly affect
IPM, and good agronomic or cultural practices are the most basic and often the most important
prerequisites for an effective IPM program. A healthy crop optimizes both capacity to prevent or
tolerate pest damage while maintaining or increasing yield potential.
Issue: Most Zimbabwean farmers are not aware of all of the IPM tactics available.
Annex 6 shows GAP and IPM practices used in Zimbabwe, in general, as presented by USAID
program partners. The analysis shows that there are plenty of areas for improvement.
Most small scale horticultural production is not started with improved or resistant seed. Basic soil and
water analysis are rarely done but are essential for understanding and managing these resources for
optimum plant health. Very little soil conservation practices – like terracing, mulching, drip irrigation,
minimum tillage, no-till, planting wind breaks – are used. Fallowing and use of green manure are also
not practiced on a wide scale. Soil fertility is being improved by fertilizers, natural and mineral, which
are widely used. Many serious pests can be managed through the use of trap crops; however their
use is not well understood.
Removal of heavily infested or infected plants often reduces pest loads in crop fields; however, most
smallholder farmers do not use this practice. Pheromone and parasitoid technologies are not known
or available to smallholder farmers. Several pesticides derived from natural sources are available for
use in Zimbabwe and are used but farmers do not understand the difference between those derived
from natural or synthetic sources.
Weekly field pest scouting is done by most farmers in Zimbabwe, as are mechanical weed controls,
crop residue destruction, and mulching. Farmers do not interplant fields with pest-repellent or
parasite-attracting plants and do not know the techniques for doing so. In addition, farmers have
limited understanding of pesticides and pesticide container disposal although those few who have
access to some pieces of PPE generally use it.
Table 1 (below) shows a Crop-Pest-IPM-Pesticide matrix for each crop produced by USAID program
implementing partners, most major pests of each crop, IPM tactics currently in use in Zimbabwe, and
a list of tools and tactics used for the same pests in developed countries and recommended to be
tried and adopted.
The website http://www.who.int/trypanosomiasis_african/vector_control/en/index.html provides WHO
IVM guidance for tsetse fly control. Information about livestock tick IVM is found at
http://www.fao.org/docrep/U9550T/u9550T04.htm.
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In conclusion, many of the USAID program beneficiary farmers, whether or not they understand the
IPM philosophy fully, do know about and use some GAP and IPM tools and tactics. However, there is
room for improvement as many tools/tactics remain unused, if not unknown.
Mitigation Measures:
1. USAID program implementation partners develop crop and pest-specific PMPs, using Table 1
containing Crop-Pest-IPM-Pesticide suggestions for all major pests on all USAID program
crops, organized by crop phenology or seasonality and developed into field technical flyers or
posters, and to the greatest degree feasible assure that pesticide use supported with USAID
funds is governed by these plans.
2. During training and field visits by USAID program implementing partners, enhance
understanding of and emphasis on IPM philosophy, tools, and techniques for each crop-pest
combination, with synthetic pesticide use as a last resort and choice of least toxic alternatives.
3. As practical, USAID program projects investigate the use of additional GAP and IPM
techniques from Table 1. They should continue to follow international developments in GAP
and IPM systems to find new tools and techniques appropriate to the needs of Zimbabwe.
Factor D: Proposed methods and availability of application and safety equipment
This section examines how the pesticides are to be applied, how to understand specific risks with
different application equipment available and application methodologies and the measures to be
taken to ensure safe use for each application type. Pesticides can and do enter the body through the
nose and mouth as vapors, through the skin and eyes by leaky sprayers, mixing spillage/splashing
and spray drift, and mouth by accidental splashing or ingestion on food or cigarettes.
Most project pesticides will be applied by hand-pumped backpack sprayers, with some soil drench
treatments. Cattle tick and tsetse fly control is done by use of cattle dips, sprayers and pour-on
applications, mostly of synthetic pyrethroids. Although most Zimbabwean farmers do not use PPE,
USAID program supported projects will be promoting their use as a best practice.
Issue: Leaky backpack sprayers
Hand-pump backpack sprayers, used by the poorest farmers, among others, can and do eventually
develop leaks at almost every junction (filler cap, pump handle entry, exit hose attachment, lance
attachment to the hose and at the lance handle) and these leaks soak into exposed skin. Clothing
serves to wick and hold these pesticides in contact with skin and to concentrate them use after use,
until washed.
Issue: Zimbabwean farm workers do not use PPE
Most pesticide containers, on each pesticide label, either list or put pictograms showing PPE that is
recommended for use of that certain product. Reasons that many Zimbabwean farm workers do not
use PPE to reduce pesticide exposure risks include:
1. Farm workers either discredit or do not completely understand the potential health risks
associated with pesticides. Since they have not associated health problems with pesticide
exposure they continue to take risks.
2. Climatic conditions (particularly heat) make it uncomfortable to use the equipment despite the
fact that it is recommended that many pesticides should be applied very early in the morning
when it is cool and there is a lack of wind.
3. Appropriate PPE (especially carbon cartridge respirators necessary for filtering organic
chemical vapors) equipment is generally not available at all and if it is available, it is too
expensive.
4. Farmers may not understand either the warning labels or pictograms provided on the
pesticide labels.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Mitigation Measures:
1. Training under USAID programs will include descriptions of health risks to spray operators,
their families, and their village.
2. Training will include advice on minimizing discomfort from wearing PPE, like spraying in early
morning before it becomes hot.
3. USAID will not supply or facilitate the use of pesticides in their programs unless appropriate
PPE is included in the budget and supplied at the point of use.
4. Ensure that (i.e. budget for) protective clothing (carbon-filter respirator mask, gloves, long-
sleeved shirt and pants or Tyvec outfit, boots, and goggles if indicated on the label) are
available to farm workers involved with pesticide use. General examples of PPE to be used
for different types of pesticide are found in Annex 7.
5. Provide training in the need for exclusion times and zones for areas that are being or have
been sprayed. Include information about sensitive populations (pregnant women, children,
elderly and sick.)
6. Put into place sprayer equipment maintenance procedures, proper spray techniques that
reduce sprayed area walk-through, as well as frequent washing of application clothing.
7. Considering illiteracy issues, training should use and explain pictogram representations.
Some general mitigation measures to ensure safe pesticide use are contained in Annex 8.
8. Set out a schedule for, and budget for, continuous training in safe handling and use of
pesticides – including aspects such as types and classes of pesticides, human and
environmental risk associated with pesticides, use and maintenance of PPE, understanding
information on labels and proper disposal of packaging.
Factor E: Any acute and long-term toxicological hazards, either human or environmental,
associated with the proposed use and measures available to minimize such hazards
This section of the PERSUAP examines the acute and chronic toxicological risks associated with the
proposed pesticides. USAID-supported projects must be limited to EPA-registered pesticides, and
decisions should be biased toward those pesticides with lower human and environmental risks.
Nevertheless, pesticides are poisons and nearly all of them present acute and/or long-term
toxicological hazards, especially if they are used incorrectly. By way of example, WHO estimates that
about 220,000 acute pesticide poisoning occur per year globally.2 More specifically, for example, in
the Benin cotton sector, farmers are routinely poisoned to death by endosulfan and its residues on
vegetables thought to drift from cotton crops into vegetable fields.3
Issue: Pesticide Active Ingredients on POPs and PIC lists
The Persistent Organic Pollutants and Prior Informed Consent Treaties which list banned and highly
regulated chemicals, respectively, were not known when Regulation 216 was written, so there is no
language directly governing their use on USAID projects. Nevertheless, they present high risks to
users and the environment. It is, thus, prudent that they be discussed. Annex 9 contains current lists
of all POPs and PIC chemicals.
The POPs chemical chlordane is still registered by Zimbabwe for import and use; however, under no
circumstances should it be found being used on USAID program project beneficiary farms.
Zimbabwe’s 2009 registered pesticide list contains several PIC chemicals, all of which are highly toxic
and dangerous (for small-scale producers) including Aldicarb, captafol, chlordane, lindane,
methamidophos, monocrotophos, parathion and pentachlorophenol.
2 http://magazine.panna.org/spring2006/inDepthGlobalPoisoning.html 3 http://www.panna.org/resources/panups/panup_20080403
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Mitigation Measures:
None of these POPs or PIC chemicals will be used on USAID program beneficiary farms.
Issue: Very high acute toxicity
Several of the pesticides found on Zimbabwe’s list of pesticides registered for import contain active
ingredients that are too toxic for small-scale (USAID’s target), unaware, and uninformed farmers to
use. These very highly acutely toxic pesticide AIs are found in Annex 2. Less toxic alternatives exist
for all of these Class I chemicals and should thus be used.
Mitigation Measures:
With the exception of rodenticides, USAID program beneficiaries will not use products
containing active ingredients that are WHO Class 1a or 1b, or EPA Class I acute toxicity.
Thus WHO class 1a &1b and EPA toxicity class I is used as the tertiary criteria for exclusion
of a pesticide.
Issue: Moderate acute toxicity
All pesticide products that have at least acute WHO and EPA toxicity ratings of II are considered to be
too toxic for use without farmer training and proper use of PPE.
Mitigation Measures:
1. Products containing active ingredients with Class II acute toxicity ratings (see Annex 1A
A and 1c ) will not be supported with USAID funds unless there are no safer effective
alternatives (Class III or IV).
2. Moreover, recommendations will not be made to use such products unless it can be
ascertained that appropriate training and PPE are available and will be used.
3. Affordable PPE will be made available to farmers either through the local retail sector, or
if not available, sourced in quantity by USAID program implementing partners and sold or
subsidized for their beneficiary farm associations.
Issue: USAID projects use of lower toxicity Pesticides registered by EPA
Even EPA Class III and IV and WHO Class III and U pesticides, as well as General Use Pesticides
(GUP) sold to the public at large, may present acute and chronic human health and environmental
risks (see decision matrix in Annex 1A). In sufficiently high doses, they may kill or harm humans or
the environment. Thus, pesticide safe use and handling training and practice are required for their
use as well as for more toxic products.
Mitigation of Human Toxicological Exposure:
Most pesticide poisonings result from careless handling practices or from a lack of knowledge
regarding the safer handling of pesticides. Pesticides can enter the body in four major ways:
through the skin, the mouth, the nose, and the eyes. Annex 10 contains measures to reduce
risks of exposure. The time spent learning about safer procedures and how to use them is an
investment in the health and safety of oneself, one’s family and others.
1. USAID program implementing partners should encourage beneficiaries to source
pesticides from and/or work themselves with well-managed stores that do not sell POPs
or PIC products, or products containing very highly toxic active ingredients and receive
safe use and handling training and monitoring of use.
2. Train producers and provide posters/flyers on pesticide safe-use best management
practices. For each group of farmers/farm managers to be trained, identify the pesticides
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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most likely to be used on their specific crops, and then identify the human health risks
associated with each by using information on pesticide labels, in Annex 1A, and on
MSDSs.
3. Provide training on and follow basic first aid for pesticide overexposure. Train farmers on
basic pesticide overexposure first aid, while following recommendations found in Annex
11, as well as any special first aid information included on labels and MSDSs for
commonly-used pesticides.
Mitigation of Exposure of Environmental Resources to Pesticides
Avoid damage to the environment through training on recognizing and avoiding non-target
impacts. For pesticides likely to be used for each crop, identify specific environmental issues
associated with each product and AI and train farmers how to identify and mitigate such risks
by learning to “read” the safety pictograms contained on the label and MSDS. Information on
environmental risks for each AI registered by Zimbabwe is compiled in Annex 1A.
Ecotoxicological exposures can be mitigated by adhering to the following do’s and don’ts:
Do’s Don’ts
Use IPM practices in crop production
Choose the pesticide least toxic to fish
and wildlife (see Annex 1A)
Protect field borders, bodies of water, and
other non-crop habitats from pesticide
Completely cover pesticide granules with
soil, especially spilled granules at the
ends of rows
Minimize chemical spray drift by using
low-pressure sprays and nozzles that
produce large droplets, properly
calibrating and maintaining spray
equipment, and use of a drift-control
agent
Read and follow pesticide label
instructions
Properly dispose of chemical containers
(provide training on what this means
locally)
Maintain a 2.5 to 5 km buffer no-spray
zone around national parks, water bodies
or other protected areas
Warn beekeepers of upcoming spray
events so that they may move or protect
their hives
Do not spray over ponds and drainage
ditches
Never wash equipment or containers in
streams or where rinse water could enter
ponds or streams
Do not use pesticides with potential or
known groundwater risks near ground
drinking water sources, or where the
water table is less than 2 meters, and on
sandy soils with high water tables
Do not apply pesticides in protected
parks
Do not use aerial applications near
sensitive habitats
Do not spray when wind speeds are
more than 8 to 10 mph
Do not apply granular pesticides in fields
known to be frequented by migratory
waterfowl
Do not apply insecticides from 10 am to
4 pm when honeybees are foraging;
insecticides are best applied early in the
morning when it is cool with no wind, and
when honeybees do not forage
Factor F: Effectiveness of the requested pesticide for the proposed use
This section of the PERSUAP requires information similar to that provided previously, but more
specific to the actual conditions of application and product quality. This section considers the
potential for use of low-quality products (such as many of those imported from China and India) as
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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well as the development of pest resistance to proposed pesticides, both of which will decrease
effectiveness (efficacy).
Issue: Lack of knowledge and information on pesticide effectiveness
Local knowledge is essential to choosing the correct pesticides. This works both ways; local farmers
know what has or has not worked for them in the past and USAID supported programs can increase
local knowledge as to what is available, possibly effective and presents the lowest risk.
Resistance of pests to pesticides in Zimbabwe is likely to some degree due to the quantities of
agricultural pesticides historically used. Many traditional farmers over- and under-dose and use non-
selective pesticides, all of which increases chances for resistance development. At some point,
USAID program farmers may begin to note that some products no longer work well to control pests in
their field, and will likely begin to blame pesticide manufacturers for a weaker product. This could be
the development of insecticide resistance, and it could be the result of improper dosing. Farmers
should be trained to monitor for the development of insecticide resistance and USAID program project
implementers should be on the lookout for it during their field visits.
Mitigation Measures:
1. Through training, USAID programs increase local knowledge on pesticides available, possibly
effective, and present the lowest risk.
2. Rotate pesticides to reduce the build-up of resistance.
3. Monitor resistance by noting reduction in efficacy of each pesticide product.
Factor G: Compatibility of the proposed pesticide use with target and non-target ecosystems
This section examines the potential effect of the pesticides on organisms other than the target pest
(herein called critical resources). Non-target species of concern include fish, honeybees, birds,
earthworms, aquatic organisms and beneficial insects. The potential for negative impact on non-target
species should be assessed and appropriate steps identified to mitigate adverse impacts; and this
should be included in each USAID program’s EMMP.
Annex 1A shows the relative known risks to each of the above organisms and aquatic environment
dwellers for each pesticide active ingredient found in pesticide products registered by Zimbabwe, so
that informed product choices can be made if the pesticide is to be used in or near sensitive areas or
resources.
Issue: Environmental services provided by many critical resources can be negatively impacted
by pesticides.
Critical Resource Beneficial Function (services provided)
Diverse forest cover Fruits/nuts/medicines, increase biodiversity, reduce erosion,
increase soil fertility, recreation/tourism, purify air, mitigate
floods/droughts & maintain watersheds
Quality clean water Crop irrigation/nutrition, processing agricultural produce,
bathing/drinking water services
Rich soil microbial/chemical
health
Pest management and plant nutrition services
Fish Human food, ecosystem web functioning and services
Honeybees Crop pollination services, proper ecosystem web functioning
services
Birds Field pest management services, proper ecosystem web
functioning services
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Reptiles Field pest management services, proper ecosystem web
functioning services
Amphibians Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services
Earthworms Proper soil fertility and friability services
Mollusks Human food and aquatic ecosystem services
Crustaceans Human food and aquatic ecosystem services
Aquatic insects Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services
Plankton Proper aquatic ecosystem web functioning and services
Issue: Biodiversity, conservation and protected or endangered species
An Environmental Threats and Opportunities Analysis (ETOA, also called an FAA 118-119 Analysis)
has been performed in January of 2007 for Zimbabwe. Refer to that document, found at
http://www.encapafrica.org/bioformatrix.htm for details on critical resources negatively impacted by
agricultural activities and pesticides use and misuse.
According to that analysis, “Zimbabwe's agricultural development during the last 80 years has
resulted in major losses of habitats for wild flora, fauna, insects and micro-organisms, including the
wild relatives of domesticated plants and animals. The increasing emphasis on a few crop varieties,
mono-cropping, continuous cropping, and use of external inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides are
reducing the resilience of agricultural systems to changing environmental conditions and new pest
and disease challenges.”
Issue: Pesticide Persistence
The effect of each pesticide on non-target ecosystems will depend on how long it stays in the
environment, or rather its rate of breakdown, or half-life. Half-life is defined as the time (in days,
weeks or years) required for half of the pesticide present after an application to break down into
degradation products. The rate of pesticide breakdown depends on a variety of factors including
temperature, soil pH, soil microbe content, and whether or not the pesticide is exposed to light, water,
and oxygen.
Many pesticide breakdown products are themselves toxic, and each may also have a significant half-
life. Since pesticides break down with exposure to soil microbes and natural chemicals, sunlight, and
water; there are half-lives for exposure to each of these factors. In the soil, types and numbers of
microbes present, water, oxygen, temperature, pH, and soil type (sand, clay, loam) all affect the rate
of breakdown. Most pesticides also break down, or photo-degrade, with exposure to light, especially
ultraviolet rays. Lastly, pesticides can be broken down or hydrolyzed, with exposure to water.
Mitigation Measures:
1. Consider the toxicity, half-life and breakdown products of pesticides during the selection
process.
2. Avoid using pesticides in or within a 2 km buffer zone from protected areas or national parks
and where endangered species are known to exist.
3. If agricultural production is done within 10 km upwind or upstream from a protected area,
investigate the use of botanical and biological controls, as practical or produce organic crops
near these valuable natural resources.
4. Apply pesticides early in the morning before honeybees forage. Do not apply during heavy
rains or winds. Follow instructions on pesticide packaging.
5. Apply pesticides at least 35 meters from open water.
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Factor H: Conditions under which the pesticide is to be used, including climate, geography,
hydrology and soils
In general, in addition to Factor G above, this requirement attempts to protect natural resources from
the dangers of pesticide misuse and contamination, especially of groundwater resources. The
combinations of climate (weather), topography, hydrology, and soils will all affect the potential for
adverse impacts from pesticide use. Each of these is briefly discussed below so that project
proponents can take them into account when considering pesticide use:
Climate: Although well within the tropics, Zimbabwe has a tropical climate moderated by altitude.
Average annual rainfall is 652 millimeters but ranges from 1,000 millimeters in the Eastern highlands
to around 350 to 450 millimeters a year in the lowveld in the south. About 90 percent of the
precipitation occurs during the period of mid-November to early April. The winter season is from April
to August and the hottest and driest period is from September to mid-November.
Geography: Steep or sloping areas where there is a propensity for rainfall run-off and/or erosion
present greater risks of unintended off-site consequences from pesticide use. Decisions about soil
and water conservation methods and investments may be further justified because they can play a
role in mitigating the undesirable potential for pesticide run-off from farm fields.
Hydrology: The annual renewable groundwater resource is 5,000 million cubic meters. Groundwater
is the main source of rural water supply. The agriculture sector uses 79 percent of the annual
withdrawal while domestic and industrial use consumes 14 percent and 7 percent, respectively.4
Localized and seasonal water shortages commonly occur in dry years especially in the middle/lowveld
regions of the country. Droughts have emphasized both the importance of groundwater as a natural
resource for rural development and the need for proper planning and management of groundwater
resources to avoid pollution and over-exploitation.
There are about 8,000 dams that have a total storage capacity of 5,000 million cubic meters. Of these
8,000 dams, only 94 dams are over 15 meters high.5 Large capacity dams are concentrated in the
commercial farming areas, while small dams are found in the communal lands.
Most water for irrigation is pumped from regulated-flow rivers or stored in farm reservoirs. Some
major environmental issues related to irrigation are soil erosion (with severe impact on communal
lands), siltation (of dams, intake structures, pumps, canals) and water pollution (due to
agrochemicals).
Soils: The website http://eusoils.jrc.ec.europa.eu/Esdb_Archive/EuDASM/Africa/lists/czw.htm
provides some soil maps for the country. Zimbabwe’s soils are also discussed in detail at:
http://www.ess.co.at/GAIA/CASES/ZIM/soils.html. Many of the soils are sandy and hardpan, meaning
that pesticide leaching could be an issue for especially mobile pesticides (see Annex 1A for pesticide
groundwater pollution potential) like herbicides.
Issue: Pesticide Soil Adsorption, leaching and water contamination potentials
Each pesticide has physical characteristics, such as solubility in water, ability to bind to soil particles
and be held (adsorbed) by soil so they do not enter the soil water layers and the ground water table,
and their natural breakdown rate in nature. This data can be found for the pesticides proposed for
use on the USAID projects by checking each pesticide on the PAN (Pesticide Action Network) and
Footprint websites: http://www.pesticideinfo.org and
http://sitem.herts.ac.uk/aeru/footprint/en/index.htm, respectively. The water solubility, soil adsorption
and natural breakdown rates, if available, are included at the bottom of the PAN Homepage and
throughout the Footprint website, for each parent chemical.
4 AQUASTAT-FAO’s Information System on Water and Agriculture for Zimbabwe.
5 Ibid.
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In general, pesticides with water solubility greater than 3 mg/liter have the potential to contaminate
groundwater; and pesticides with a soil adsorption coefficient of less than 1,900 have the potential to
contaminate groundwater. In addition, pesticides with an aerobic soil half-life greater than 690 days or
an anaerobic soil half-life greater than nine days have the potential to contaminate groundwater.
Moreover, pesticides with a hydrolysis half-life greater than 14 days have potential to contaminate
groundwater.
The potential for pesticides to enter groundwater resources depends, as indicated above, on the
electrical charge contained on a pesticide molecule and its ability and propensity to adhere to soil
particles, but this also depends on the nature and charge of the soil particles dominant in the
agriculture production area. Sand, clay and organic matter and different combinations of all of these,
have different charges and adhesion potential for organic and inorganic molecules. Sandy soil often
has less charge capacity than clay or organic matter and will thus not interact significantly with and
hold charged pesticide molecules. So, in areas with sandy soil, the leaching potential for pesticides is
increased.
A pesticide’s ability to enter groundwater resources also depends on how quickly and by what means
it is broken down and the distance (and thus time) it has to travel to the groundwater. If the
groundwater table is high, the risk that the pesticide will enter it before being broken down is
increased. Thus, a sandy soil with a high water table is the most risky situation for groundwater
contamination by pesticides. Groundwater contamination potential for each pesticide active ingredient
available in Zimbabwe is provided in Annex 1.
Mitigation Measures:
1. Since transport of pesticides absorbed to soil particles is a likely transportation route to
waterways, techniques will be employed to reduce farm soil erosion (such as terracing,
employing ground covers between rows, contour farming, using drip irrigation, etc.).
2. Do not use pesticides with high leaching and groundwater pollution potential (see Annex 1)
on highly sandy soils or soils with water tables close (2-3 meters) to the surface. Pay
particular care when spraying near waterways or surface water bodies, so that pesticides do
not enter surface water.
3. Do not spray synthetic pyrethroids or other pesticides with high toxicities to aquatic organisms
before an impending rainstorm, as they can be washed into waterways before breaking down.
Factor I: Availability of other pesticides or non-chemical control methods
This section identifies less toxic, as well as non-synthetic or “natural” (extracts of naturally-occurring
plants, spices, oils, fatty acids, induced resistance elicitors, minerals, microbes or microbial extracts)
pesticide options for control of pests and their relative advantages and disadvantages. Many of these
“natural” pesticides can be toxic to humans, and several are even classified as RUP due to
environmental risks; thus safe pesticide use practices extend to these natural as well as synthetic
(produced in laboratories or factories) pesticides.
Issue: Natural pest controls availability
Natural chemicals: Some non-synthetic chemical IPM tools and technologies are listed under Factor
C, above. The list of natural pesticides likely entering Zimbabwe is not as extensive as in other
developing countries. There are still numerous options for alternatives to the most toxic or
environmentally damaging chemicals. Most synthetic nematicides and soil pesticides/fumigants are
very highly toxic. Some companies producing next-generation natural chemicals in the USA include:
Bio Huma Netics, http://www.bhn.name for natural nematicides and Agra Quest,
http://www.agraquest.com for bioactive essential oils.
Biological control agents: Biological control can take two forms: (1) the encouragement of natural
enemies already occurring in the habitat and (2) the mass release of artificially reared natural
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enemies. The first of these is a highly desirable component of any IPM program. The second,
however, raises serious problems, if not tested thoroughly. A mistaken release can cause the
irreversible introduction of a harmful invasive species or a pathogen that damages related native
species. Where there is a successful biological control program in the region (e.g. in South Africa),
such as the control of maize stem borers, the release of a natural enemy can be considered.
If considered appropriate for Zimbabwe, due to their successful use in surrounding countries,
biological controls are available commercially from two large international companies, Koppert of
Holland and Biobest of Belgium (http://www.biobest.be). Koppert provides many biological controls
against spider mites, beetles, leaf miners, mealy bugs, thrips, aphids, whiteflies, and moth and
butterfly larvae. Koppert also provides the Koppert Side Effects List, a list of the side effects of
pesticides on biological organisms, at http://www.koppert.com. Biobest of Belgium provides many of
the same or similar biological controls as Koppert, and includes a control against leaf hoppers. Afeuro
Floricultural Consultants is a distributor in Zimbabwe for Koppert parasitoids, primarily for greenhouse
use. These are especially useful for greenhouse and seedling production systems.
Requested Follow-up: Detailed investigation of alternative nematicides. USAID/Zimbabwe-
funded programs, by way of this PERSUAP analysis, requests that a detailed investigation of
alternative nematicides be initiated through the regional environmental office of USAID for banana
production in small-scale farming, due to the total ban on the use of products like Temik that contain
the AI aldicarb. Nematode infestations threaten the viability of the crop in communal farming
environments and safer use nematicides are not affordable and not readily available, thus posing a
short to medium-term problem for USAID projects to overcome using green manures combined with
natural plant resistant rotation crops as the long-term alternative.
Mitigation Measures:
1. As appropriate, try biological and low-risk natural chemical pest controls.
2. Provide a system for monitoring and identifying new control agents with lower risk.
3. As with every synthetic pesticide, natural pesticides should be treated with care and PPE
should be used for their application.
Factor J: Host country’s ability to regulate or control the distribution, storage, use and
disposal of the requested pesticide
This section examines the host country’s existing institutional framework and human resources for
managing the use of the proposed pesticides. If the host country’s ability to regulate pesticides is
inadequate, the proposed action – use of pesticides – could result in greater risk to human health and
the environment.
The Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanization and Irrigation Development (MAMID) implements its
mandate in agriculture through the Agriculture, Technical and Extension Service (AGRITEX).
AGRITEX has extension workers all over the country and through its extension work, land use
planning and soil and water conservation are emphasized. MAMID has, therefore, considerable
influence on environmental matters. MAMID/AGRITEX has established its own Soil and Water
Conservation Unit and also registers pesticides. The Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources
through the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) is responsible for enforcing adherence to
correct pesticide disposal procedures.
Issue: Limited resources to control pesticides
The Government of Zimbabwe does have a system for the registration and regulation of the import,
sale and use of pesticides. However, its ability to cover the country and eliminate banned or highly
toxic chemicals is limited due to limited resources. The list of registered pesticides contains some
very highly toxic chemicals that should not be handled by illiterate, untrained, unprotected and often
unaware smallholder farmers like those found throughout Zimbabwe. Most farmers do not have
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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access to and cannot afford PPE in order to follow GAPs. Fortunately, farmers working under USAID
program partners will be encouraged to use appropriate chemicals and PPE as part and parcel of
farm certification.
Issue: Illegal Products from Neighboring Countries
“Porous” Zimbabwean border crossings with Mozambique, South Africa, Botswana and Zambia could
be a likely source of pesticides that are not registered in Zimbabwe. Some DDT (dichloro diphenyl
trichloroethane) has been found in informal markets in the region, as have numerous PIC chemicals.
Issue: Disposal of Pesticide Containers
According to surveys of USAID projects IPs, farmers retain old empty and partially-full plastic
pesticide containers. Before disposal, the standard practice has been to triple-rinse the containers,
puncture them to discourage re-use and bury or burn them. Burning plastic bottles and single-use
pesticide sachets can lead to the formation of toxic furans and dioxins, and is not recommended.
GlobalGAP and other S&C systems require that empty pesticide containers are triple-rinsed over a
pesticide soak pit with layered soil, lime and carbon, or a bio-active pit and then properly stored in
plastic drums in the field or storage shed, to await disposal.
Annex 12 at the end of this document provides a brief synopsis of pesticide disposal options.
Mitigation Measures:
1. USAID program IP staff will stay abreast of developments in the regulation and registration of
pesticides.
2. Absolutely no POPs or PIC chemicals will be used on USAID program supported fruit and
vegetable production. This includes endosulfan, a POPs treaty candidate, which is highly
popular among vegetable producers the world over, but has killed numerous farmers as well.
3. USAID program IPs encourage and support the use of GlobalGAP best practices with
pesticide storage, use and disposal, whether or not certification is required for market access.
Factor K: Provision for training of users and applicators
USAID program partners recognize that safety training is an essential component in programs
involving the use of pesticides. The need for thorough training is particularly acute in developing
countries, where the level of education of applicators may typically be lower than in developed
countries.
Issue: Farmers need intensive and repeated training
Training in Safe Pesticide Use and GAP/IPM are of paramount importance for Zimbabwean farmers
and farm laborers using pesticides. USAID program supported agriculture activities should focus
strongly on providing GlobalGAP, IPM and safe pesticide use training. Additional and refresher
training are superb means for affecting beneficiary farmer behavior, now, as they continue to expand
their agricultural opportunities and before risky behaviors become further set.
Recommendations for Mitigation Measures:
1. Continue to provide funding for and implement IPM and Pesticide Safe Use training for
farmers as part of GAP training.
2. Promote the use of Pest Management Plans for farmers to anticipate and better manage
primary pests.
Factor L: Provision made for monitoring the use and effectiveness of each pesticide
Evaluating the risks and benefits of pesticide use should be an ongoing, dynamic process. Pest
resistance is one of the risks for which this element is intended, as well as health and safety and
environmental effects.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Proper pesticide management has economic, safety, and environmental advantages, which are fully
recognized and incorporated into GlobalGAP and other S&C systems. Notwithstanding S&C systems
that could be used for Zimbabwean crops, keeping records on quantities and types of pesticides
used, making notes on effectiveness of individual pesticides and pest numbers will help develop a
more sustainable pesticide use plan for each USAID program beneficiary producer.
Records of farmers, as well as USAID program staff agronomists, will need to make note of any
reductions in pesticide efficacy experienced, which is the first indication that resistance may be
developing, and then a strategy needs to be in place to determine a shift to a different pesticide class,
and rotation among classes, to overcome resistance development.
Issue: Repeated use of Organophosphate Pesticides
Both carbamate and organophospate pesticides cause cholinesterase inhibition upon exposure. In the
case of carbamates, the effect is reversible within hours, and is not cumulative. However, with
organophosphates, the effects are not quickly reversible, are cumulative, and are potentially deadly.
Therefore, the use of organophosphate pesticides on any USAID-funded program requires monitoring
spray operators and others in contact with pesticides for cholinesterase inhibition, usually weekly.
Mitigation Measures.
If organophosphates are used, a system must be established for this testing, including
identifying and appropriate test method, identifying medical personnel qualified to perform the
test and establishment of a record-keeping system to record the performance of the tests, as
well as the results.
Issue: Farm record-keeping
On most traditional farms in Zimbabwe, pesticide use documentation is either non-existent or not
retained from year to year. Developing a more systemized approach to record-keeping will allow
seasonal and annual comparison of pesticide effectiveness, pest numbers, crop production,
maintenance of safety equipment, etc. The following aspects are generally included in the record-
keeping system:
1. Zimbabwe, EPA, and EU regulatory compliance: A list of Zimbabwean, EPA and EU laws
related to the use of agrochemicals for plant protection, short notes on the relevance of the
law, dates the laws come into or exit force and MRLs for each crop-pesticide combination.
2. A pesticide checklist: This list allows agronomists to ensure that the pesticides they are
using are allowed by international treaties (POPs, PIC), local national Zimbabwean
regulations, EPA, the EU and other countries to which they export. It should also provide
notes on special safety requirements.
3. GAPs/IPM measures tried/used: USAID program agronomists should try to incorporate a
minimum of at least three new IPM measures per year and document its success or failure.
Agronomists should use contacts in the industry, agricultural research organizations or from
university to stay in touch with current IPM techniques.
4. PPE: Lists of the types of equipment made available to applicators, number of pieces, prices,
and contact details of suppliers, dates when equipment needs to be washed, maintained or
replaced. PPE should be numbered or personally assigned to applicators to ensure that it is
not taken home where (as a contaminated material) it could pose a risk to family members.
5. Monitoring/recording pests: Agronomists should incorporate into their records regular field
pest monitoring and identification. This could be done by the agronomists themselves, or if
properly trained, by farmers.
6. Environmental conditions: Field conditions should be incorporated into the record-keeping
system (for example, precipitation, soil analyses and moisture, soil pH, temperatures and so
on).
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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7. Information should be transmitted at least annually to USAID program partners and who
should report on this progress in pesticide safety and GAP/IPM use in annual reports.
Issue: Monitoring by Zimbabwe, USAID projects and farmers should detect:
1. Resistance: Pesticide resistance development among pests has likely occurred and could
eventually occur more, and will be noted by farmers complaining that the spray no longer
works as it once did.
2. Human poisonings and any incidences of chronic health issues
3. Farm animal and livestock deaths
4. Any incidences of water pollution
5. Fish, bird, wildlife or honeybee kills
Any of the above items should be reported immediately to USAID program partners. Other information
should be transmitted at least annually to the partners, and they in turn should report on this progress
in pesticide environmental and human health safety in annual reports.
Issue: USAID Program Planning and Reporting
Several issues could receive more attention in USAID program Implementing Partner annual work
plans and annual reports. These include a section on Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best
Practices, with subsections (and issues) on:
1. Zimbabwean and EPA regulation compliance (documents and enforcement status, risk,
pollution, mitigation)
2. Biodiversity and conservation (soil, water, energy, protected habitats, biodiversity and
protected species) measures used on what percent of farms
3. Inputs and PPE use and issues (types, amounts and issues with products, sprayers, MRLs,
REIs, MSDSs)
4. Training/capacity building in IPM and Safe Use (hands-on, demos, sessions, meetings,
extension, flyers, brochures, pamphlets, posters, crop technical GAP information sheets, and
radio and TV outreach/safety message enforcement)
Mitigation Measures:
1. USAID program partners will follow all of the above best practices in monitoring, record-
keeping, evaluation/analyses and reporting.
2. Site managers/agronomists will be responsible for developing a record keeping system, which
is also a requirement for GlobalGAP and other international market-driven produce
certification systems. It is highly recommended that records are kept in an electronic format
for easy editing, updating and modification. An example of such a system is included in
Annex 13 and can be made available in digital format for agronomists to modify as needed.
3. USAID program project staff put plans for monitoring the environmental and human health
impact of production activities, following recommendations found in this PERSUAP into the
Annual Action Plans.
4. USAID program project staff keeps records on the implementation of the recommendations
found in this PERSUAP, and report on them in Quarterly and Annual Reports, under a
heading titled “Environmental Impact Mitigation and Best Practices.”
3.5 LIST OF PESTICIDES APPROVED FOR USE The mitigation measures EXCLUDE a number of pesticides/AIs from support with USAID funds on
USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth Activities, (For example, PICs and POPs Chemicals, RUPs,
Pesticides not registered with US EPA, etc.)
Applying these exclusions to the list of AIs registered/available in Zimbabwe as compiled in Annex 1
results in the following list of authorized pesticides. THESE ARE THE ONLY PESTICIDES THAT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
32
MAY BE SUPPORTED WITH USAID FUNDS ON USAID/ZIMBABWE ECONOMIC GROWTH
ACTIVITIES.
FUNGICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 50 WG Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC
Boscalid+pyraclostrobin Bellis Captafol+ Chinosol+ Steriseal
Captan Captan 50 FW Captan Captan 50 SC
Captan Captan 50 WP Captan Captan 50% Flo
Captan Captan 500 SC Captan Kaptan 50 WP
Captan Merpan 50 SC Captan Royalcap 800 WDG
Carboxin + Thiram Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin + Thiram Vitavax Plus
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil Pilarich 50 SC
Chlorothalonil Encore 500 FW Chlorothalonil Conan 75 WP
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 500 SC Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 50 SC
Chlorothalonil Chloroflo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Bravo 500
Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Balear 500 SC
Copper Ammonium Acetate Liquicop
Copper Ammonium Acetate Copflo 32 SL
Copper Ammonium Acetate Copper count N Copper Oxychloride
Copper Oxychloride 85 WP
Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Oxicob 85 WP
Copper Oxychloride Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 60 FW
Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride
Copper Oxychloride 85% WP
Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Q-Copper WP
Cyproconazole Alto 100 SL Cyproconazole Alto G 34
Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton Altomix 7.75 G Cyproconazole+ Sulphur Atemi-S
Dicloran Allisan 50 WP Difenoconazole Score 250 EC
Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25 EC
Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M Apron Star 42 WS
Dimethomorph+ mancozeb Acrobat MZ fenamidone Noblight
Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al Verita Fenarimol Rubigan EC
Fenhexamid Teldor Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M Maxim XL 035 FS
Fluopicolide +propamocarb HCL Infinito Flutriafol Impact
Flutriafol Armour G Flutriafol+ carbendazim Early Impact
Fosetyl-Al Aliette WG Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone Verita
Fosetyl-Al +Mancozeb Mikal-M Iprodione Rovral 250 SC
Iprodione Iprodione 25 SC Iprodione Rovral Wettable Powder
Kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG Mancozeb Mancozan 80 WP
Mancozeb Vondozeb Flowable Mancozeb Spoton-M
Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Flowable
Mancozeb Mancozeb 800 WP Mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP
Mancozeb Mancozan 800 WP Mancozeb Mancozeb 75 WP
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Mancozeb Dithane M.45 Mancozeb Dithane M.45 WP
Mancozeb Dithane DG Mancozeb Agrizeb 80 WP
Mancozeb Mancozan 75 WP Mancozeb +Metalaxyl Duet
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Crater MX 700 WP
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Unilax Maneb+Zinc oxide Trimangol SC
Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 5 GR Metalaxyl Ridomil 5 G
Metalaxyl+Copper Oxy Ridomil Plus
Metalaxyl+ difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam Apron Star 42 WS
Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP
Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Duet Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Crater MX 700 WP
Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Unilax Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil Maxim XL 035 FS
Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metiram Polyram Combi
Metiram Polyram DF Oxycarboxin Plantvax 20 EC
Oxycarboxin Plantvax 75 Potassium phosphite Phosphite 400 SL
Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) Phosguard 40 SL Propamocarb-HCL Previcur N 72 SL
Propamocarb-HCL Propa-N 72 SL Propiconazole Bumper 25 EC
Propiconazole New ZFC Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole Propiconapac
Propiconazole Propiconazole 25 EC Propiconazole Propiconazole 250 EC
Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid Bellis
Pyrimethanil Scala 40 SC Quintozene Quintozene 75 WP
Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion Kaptasan F (15 MO) Spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC
Sulphur Cosan Wettable Sulphur Sulphur Dusting Sulphur
Sulphur Kumulus DF Sulphur Sulphur 80 WP
Sulphur Thiovit Wettable Sulphur Sulphur Thiovit
Sulphur Vine Dusting Sulphur Sulphur Wettable Sulphur
Sulphur+ Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Vegidust
Sulphur+ Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion Pedza Nhamo
Sulphur+ Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Agridust Sulphur+ Mancozeb Flower Power
Tebuconazole Folicur 250 EC Tebuconazole Orius 250 EW
Tebuconazole Supreme 25 EC Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 EC
Tebuconazole Folicur 25 WP Tebuconazole+ trifloxystrobin Nativo
Thiabendazole Tecto Thiabendazole Tecto 500 SC
Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 50 FW Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 65 WP
Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin Flo 48 SC Thiram Thiram 80 WP
Thiram ZFC Kumeresa Thiram Thiram 80
Thiram Thiulin Triadimefon Bayleton 25 WP
Triadimefon Bayleton 5 WP Triadimefon Bayleton 250 EC
Triadimenol Baytan 15 WP Triadimenol Shavit 25 EC
Triadimenol Bayfidan 1 G Triadimenol Triadimenol 25 EC
Trifloxystrobin Flint 50 WG Trifloxystrobin Twist 50 WG
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Trifloxystrobin+ Tebuconazole Nativo Triforine Funginex
Triticonazole Premis 200 FS
GROWTH REGULATORS
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
4 (3-indolyl) Butyric Seradix B No. 1 6-benzyl adenine Promil
6-benzyl adenine Promalin Chlormequat Chloride Chlormequat 40
Chlormequat Chloride Cycocel 40 Daminozide Alar
Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 1
Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 2 Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 3
Thidiazuron Dropp Mepiquat Chloride Pix
Thidiazuron+ Dropp Ultra
INSECTICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Acephate Orthene 75 SP Acephate Acephate 75 SP
Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate Acephate 75% SP
Acephate Acephate 75 WP Acephate Lancer
Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acetamiprid Mospilan 20 SP
Acetamiprid Pilarmos 20 SP Acetamiprid Acetamark 20 SP
Azadirachtin Neem Extract Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Teknar
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel 2 X
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit HP WP
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel WP
Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 0.05% GR Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 050 EC
Beta-cyfluthrin+ imidacloprid Thunder Buprofezin Applaud 50 WP
Carbaryl Carbaryl 85 WP Carbaryl Sevin 85 S
Carbaryl Ravyon 85 S Carbaryl Kombat Stalkborer 2.5%
Carbaryl Carbaryl 50 Carbaryl Carbaryl 85
Chlorantraniliprole Ampiglo 150 ZS Chlorfenapyr Hunter 36 SC
Chlorfenapyr Secure Cyfluthrin Baythroid 5% SL
Cyromazine Cromazine 75 WP Cyromazine Neporex 50 SP
Cyromazine Trigard Deltamethrin Patriot 2.5 SC
Deltamethrin Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 EC
Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 FW Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 SC
Deltamethrin Decistab Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl Chikwapuro
Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl Deltafos EC
Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super
Diethyltoluamide DEET Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 EC
Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate Dimethoate 40% EC
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Dimethoate Rogor CE Dimethoate Rogor 40 EC
Dimethoate Rogor Dimethoate Dimethoate 40
Fatty Acids Naturell Fipronil Regent 200 SC
Fipronil Regent 250 FS Fipronil Regent 3 G
Fipronil Regent 500 FS Fipronil Regent 800 WG
Flubendiamide Belt Hydramethylnon Maxforce
Hydramethylnon Siege Gel Imidacloprid Gaucho 70 WS
Imidacloprid Pilarking 35 SC Imidacloprid Pilarking 20 SL
Imidacloprid Pilarking 70 WS Imidacloprid Gaucho T45 WS
Imidacloprid Gaucho 600 FS Imidacloprid Confidor 5 GR
Imidacloprid Confidor 350 SC Imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL
Imidacloprid Confidor 75 WG Imidacloprid Imidacloprid 200 SL
Imidacloprid Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin Thunder
Indoxacarb Avaunt 150 SC Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin Volaton Cutworm Bait
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Knockout 5 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin Icon 2,5CS Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid Blast 60 EC
Lufenuron Match 50 EC Lufenuron Lufenuron 5 EC
Malathion Malathion 25 WP Malathion Malathion 5 Dust
Malathion Malathion 50 EC Malathion Nhovo
Malathion Malathion 1 Dust Malathion Aphid Kill
Malathion Malathion 50% EC Malathion Malathion ULV
Malathion Malathion 50 WP Malathion Malathion 25 EC
Malathion Kudzivirira Mbesa Malathion Ingwe
Methoprene Kabat Mineral Oil Orchex Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil Winspray Mineral Oil Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil Orchard Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Bac Oil
Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Mineral Oil Novaluron Oscar 100 EC
Novaluron Rimon 10 EC Petroleum oil Ximex "XL"
Pirimiphos-methyl Shumba 2 Dust Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic 50 EC
Pirimiphos-methyl Cooperfos Graingard Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard 50 EC
Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin Chikwapuro
Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Chirindamatura Dust
Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super
Pymetrozine Chess 50 WP Pymetrozine Chess 25 WP
Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil 40 SC Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC
Temephos Abate 500 EC Temephos Mostop
Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona 50 WP Tetrachlorvinphos+ Graingard 3 Dust
Thiacloprid Calypso 480 SC Thiamethoxam Actara 25 WG
Thiamethoxam Cruiser 350 FS Thiamethoxam Cruiser 70 WG
Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M
Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS
Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M
Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ Difenoconazole Apron Star 42 WS Trichlorfon Flytac SC
Trichlorfon Trichlorfon 950 SP Trichlorfon Dipterex 95 SP
Trichlorfon Dipterex 2.5 Gran Trichlorfon Danex 95 SP
Trichlorfon Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules
PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Carbaryl Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl Carbaryl 5 Dust
Carbaryl+ Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Dusting Powder
Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable
Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins
Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Cyfluthrin Responsar WP 10
Cyfluthrin Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin Responsar EW 050
Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Residual spray
Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur Zap Roach Killer Deltamethrin Glossinex 200 SC
Deltamethrin K-Otab Deltamethrin K-Othrin 250 WP
Deltamethrin K-Othrin Dust Deltamethrin Deltaguard 50 WP
Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 25 Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 50
Deltamethrin Deltaguard 25 EC Deltamethrin Crackdown SC
Deltamethrin Crackdown 1% SC Deltamethrin Cislin SC
Deltamethrin Crackdown SC Deltamethrin+ Target 5
Deltamethrin+ Fenitrothion Shumba Super Deltamethrin+ Kadethrin Killem Knockout
D-Phenothrin+ Target Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ Archer Insect Killer
D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin
Mortein Flying Insect Killer
D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Super Killem
D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin +piperonyl butoxide Killem Regular D-Transallethrin Target Mosquito Coils
Fipronil Much Cockroach Bait Lambda-cyhalothrin Mortein Iconet
Malathion+ Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax ABC Powder Malathion+ Pyrethrins Pythion 21
Malathion+ Pyrethrins Special Pythion 2 l Malathion+ Pyrethrins Super Pythion
Methomyl+ Tricosene Dyfly Permethrin Cooper Mosquito Larvicide
Permethrin Peripel 55 Permethrin Coopex
Permethrin Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin+ F-aerosol
Permethrin+ Allethrin New P 44 Permethrin+ Pirimiphos methyl Chirindamatura Dust
Phenothrin+ Allethrin Mobil Insecticide Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Surface
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Zap Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Archer Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Regular
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Super Killem Piperonyl Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer
Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos Safrotin Aerosol Propoxur Baygon 1 Dust
Propoxur Baygon 20 EC Propoxur Baygon Fly Bait
Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Residual Spray
Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Esbiothrin Killem Surface
Pyrethrins Coopermatic Aerosol Pyrethrins Spar Knockdown
Pyrethrins Mositox Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide
Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Ready for Use Pyrethrins Tobacco Tox
Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Concentrate Pyrethrins Flower Mosquito Coils
Pyrethrins Bymo Insect Killer Pyrethrins Baygon Insect Killer
Pyrethrins 30-T Pyrethrins G-17
Pyrethrins ABC Powder Pyrethrins New Formula Roachitox
Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Pyrethrum-Carbaryl Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Dusting Powder
Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Guard N Care
Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Aquapy
Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Biomatic Fly Killer
Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc Doom Mosquito Coils Tetramethrin+ Mobil Insecticide
Tetramethrin+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Sanmex Supakill
Tetramethrin+ Super Killem Tetramethrin+ Target 5
Tetramethrin+ Target Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Killem Regular
ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Amitraz Amitic stock dip Amitraz Tactic Cattle dip
Amitraz Tactic Cattle spray Amitraz Tactic 250
Amitraz Milbitraz Spray Amitraz Triatix
Amitraz Tickbuster Cyfluthrin Cylence
Cyromazine Larvadex Deltamethrin Coopers Tick Grease
Deltamethrin Decatix Deltamethrin Deltatick pour on
Deltamethrin Spoton Deltamethrin Delta pour
Deltamethrin Clout pour on Deltamethrin+ tar acids Exit wound Remedy
Diethyltoluamide Wound Aerosol Fipronil Frontline
Lambda-cyhalothrin Grenade Lufenuron Program
MITICIDES/ACARICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Abamectin Dynamec Abamectin Biomectin
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Abamectin Agromectin Abamectin Abamectin 1.8 EC
Abamectin Abamec 1.8 EC Amitraz Ridac 20
Amitraz Red Spider Kill Amitraz Mitac 20
Amitraz Amitraz 20 EC Amitraz Bye Bye 20 EC
Amitraz Mitac 20 EC Bifenazate Floramite 240 EC
Dicofol Kelthane EC Dicofol Mitigan 18.5 EC
Dicofol Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicofol 20 EC
Dicofol Dicofol 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicopac 18.5 EC
Etoxazole Smite 100 SC fenazaquin Pride
Propargite Omite 30 WP Propargite Omite EC
Propargite Propargite 30 WP Spinosad Tracer 480 SC
Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 SC Spiromesifen Oberon
MOLLUSCIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Captan+ Carbaryl+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug
Clofentezine Apollo 50 SC Metaldehyde Metason
Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Pellets Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Killer
Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Pellets
NEMATICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Dazomet Basamid Granular
RODENTICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Brodifacoum Klerat Brodifacoum Finale Meal Based Bait
Brodifacoum Mortein Rat Kill Brodifacoum Super Finale Rat and Mouse Pellets
Brodifacoum Klerat 5G Wax Blocks Brodifacoum Finale Rat and Mouse Killer
Brodifacoum Guard Rat Killer Bromadiolone Lanirat
Difethilalone Rattex Warfarin Dedrat
Warfarin Ratkill
HERBICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Ametryn Ametryne 500 F Ametryn Ametryn 50 SC
Ametryn Gesapax 80 WG Ametryn Gesapax 500 FW
Ametryn Ametryne 80 Ametryn Ametryne 80 WP
Ametryn Ametrex 50 SC Ametryn Ametryn 500 F
Ametryn Ametrex 80 Ametryn Ametrex 80 WP
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Ametryn Ametryn 500 SC Ametryn Ametryn 80 WP
Bentazon Lawn Weed Clear Bentazon Basagran
Bentazon Bentazon 48 EC Bromacil Track Chemical X
Bromacil Track X Granular Bromacil Bromacil 80 WP
Bromoxynil Bromotril 500 SC Bromoxynil Bromoxynil
Bromoxynil Buctril DS Bromoxynil Buctril 21
Bromoxynil Bromotril Bromoxynil Brominal Super
Bromoxynil Bromoxynil 22.5 EC Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine
Terbo SE
Chlorimuron-ethyl Classic 25 DF Chlorimuron-ethyl Extreme 50 WP
Chlorimuron-ethyl Chlorimuron-E 25 WG Chlorthal - dimethyl Razor
Clethodim Select 240 EC Clomazone Command 4 EC
Clomazone Pilarmand 48 EC Clomazone Command 480 EC
Clomazone Clomazone 480 EC Clomazone CMF Clomazone 48 EC
Clomazone Kalif 48 EC Clomazone Polazone 480 EC
Clomazone Clomazone Dicamba Dicamba 480 SL
Dicamba Banvel Dimethenamid Frontier 900 EC
Dimethenamid - P Frontier Optima Diuron Diuron 80 WP
Diuron TSA Diuron Diuron Diuron 900 DF
Diuron Diuron 800 SC Diuron Diurex 80 WP
Diuron Bayer Diuron 80 WP Diuron Bayer Diuron 80
Diuron Diuron 80 W P EPTC Cypam
Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Puma Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Omerous Super 120 EC
Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Forte Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Super
Fluazifop-P-butyl Web Super 12.5 EC Flufenacet Tiara 60 WG
Flumetralin Prime Plus Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor
Bateleur Gold 650 EC
Flumioxazin Vulcan 50 WP Fluometuron Cotoran 80 WP
Fluometuron Lentipur 80 WP Fluometuron Cottonex 50 SC
Fluometuron Cotoran 500 FW Fluometuron Cottonex 80 WP
Fomesafen Flex W Glufosinate-ammonium Basta 20 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate 180 Glyphosate Driveweeder
Glyphosate Glifonex Glyphosate Glyfonex
Glyphosate Glyfotec Glyphosate Glyphogan 480 SL
Glyphosate Glyphon 360 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate 360 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SC Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphotox
Glyphosate Mebrom Wipeout Glyphosate Pathclear
Glyphosate Roundup Biodry Glyphosate Roundup
Glyphosate Sanglypho L Glyphosate Scat 360 SL
Glyphosate Sting Glyphosate Weedclear 360
Glyphosate Glyphonex Halosulfuron - methyl Servian 75 WG
Halosulfuron - methyl Halosulfuron - M 75 WG Hexazinone Velpar L
Hexazinone Hexazinone 240 SL Imazamox Lynx
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Imazapyr Arsenal Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG
Imazethapyr Pursuit Imazethapyr Amplify
Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG Isoxaben Flexidor
Isoxaflutole Merlin 750 WG Linuron Afalon 450 SC
Linuron Afalon 50 WP Linuron Linurex 50 WP
MCPA MCPA 50 SL MCPA-K Salt Weedkiller M
MCPA-K Salt Lawn Weeder MCPA-K Salt MCPA 40 SL
MCPA-K Salt MCPA 400 SL MCPA-K Salt MCPA Herbicide
Mesotrione + S-metolachlor + Terbuthylazine
Lumax 537.5 SE Metolachlor Metolachlor 720 EC
Metolachlor Metolachlor 96 EC Metolachlor Metolachlor 960 EC
Metribuzin Metriphar 480 SC Metribuzin Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC
Metribuzin Sencor 480 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 EC
Metribuzin Metriphar 48 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 SC
Metribuzin Metribuzin 480 SC Metsulfuron-methyl Ally
MSMA MSMA MSMA Volcano MSMA
N - Decanol N - Decanol N - Decanol Thekanol
N - Decanol Deka N - Decanol Antak
Nicosulfuron Accent Nicosulfuron Accent 75 DF
Nicosulfuron Nicosulfuron 75 WG Nicosulfuron Sanson 4 SC
Nicosulfuron Arrow 75 WDG Norflurazon Solicam DF
Norflurazon Zorial 80 WP Oxadiazon Oxadiazon 25 EC
Oxadiazon Ronstar EC Oxadiazon Ronstar Flo
Oxadiazon Ronstar Oxyfluorfen Galigan 240 EC
Oxyfluorfen Goal 24 EC Pendimethalin Prowl
Pendimethalin Paragon 500 EC Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 50 EC
Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 500 EC Pendimethalin Polatab 330 EC Suckercide
Pendimethalin Prime Suckercide 33% EC
Pendimethalin Accotab
Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 33% EC Pendimethalin Toptab 33 EC
Pendimethalin Agritop EC Prometryn Prometrex 50 SC
Prometryn Prometryn 50 FW Prometryn Prometryn 50 SC
Prometryn Prometryn 500 SC Prometryn Prometryn 80 WP
Prometryn Gesagard 500 FW Prometryn + Fluometuron
Cottonex Super SC
Prometryn + Fluometuron
Cotogard 500 FW Prometryn + S-metolachlor
Codal® gold 412 DC
Propanil Surcopur 360 EC Propyzamide Kerb 50 WP
Prosulfuron Peak 75 WG Quizalofop-P-ethyl Pilot Super
Quizalofop-P-ethyl Co-Pilot Sethoxydim Nabu
Simazine Simazine 80 WP S-metolachlor Dual Magnum
S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam
Bateleur Gold 650 EC Sulfentrazone Authority 75 WG
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Sulfentrazone Authority 480 SC Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 75 WG
Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 48 EC Terbuthiuron Graslan 20 P
Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine 50 SC Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor
Sorgomil Gold
Topramezone + Dicamba
Stellar Tribenuron methyl Granstar 75 DF
Tribenuron methyl Tribenuron-M 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn
Krismat 75 WG
Trifluralin Trifsan Trifluralin Mebrom Trifluralin
Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin Trif 480 EC
Trifluralin Trif Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC
Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin Triflurex
3.6 CURRENT VS RECOMMENDED PEST MANAGEMENT MEASURES Table 1, below, provides a crop-by-crop, pest-by-pest summary of pest control methods in current use
by smallholder farmers, including beneficiary farmer groups, in Zimbabwe. It was compiled from
information received from program partners. As described above, this information is a key input to the
PER analysis carried out in this section.
Table 1 is also, however, is an OUTPUT of the PER analysis presented above. It indicates
instances in which chemical controls in common use may NOT be supported with USAID
funds because the pesticides are not registered by US EPA, are RUP, or otherwise deemed too
hazardous.
And finally, Table 1 SUPPORTS implementation of required mitigation measures set out in the PER
analysis above. It provides recommended non-chemical and chemical controls on a crop-by-crop,
pest-by-pest basis. This in an advanced starting point for the development of the crop-specific, IPM-
based pest management plans required by this PERSUAP.
This table is not static; crop choices, pest occurrences and cultural or agronomic practices may
change. There may also be near- or medium-term reasons to adjust the list of approved pesticides;
this will require an amendment to this PERSUAP.
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Table 1: LIST OF PROPOSED USAID PROJECTS CROPS, PESTS, IPM TOOLS/TACTICS AND PESTICIDES FOR PERSUAP
(A number of pesticides currently in use by farmers may NOT be supported with USAID funds. These pesticides are noted in RED.)
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Bananas Banana Root
Borer
Cosmopolites sordidus, Germar
Threat is
high.
Awareness
and training
is needed
and
alternative
chemicals
should be
introduced.
Use clean plant material.
Practice good field hygiene. Remove any trash or dead leaves
that may be attached to the young plants. Weed control is important to deny adult beetles a refuge, and expose them to predators
Take the suckers and bull-heads to the edge of the field and
pare / trim around the corm to remove all borer tunnels.
Scout and monitor fields for pest problems
Pseudo stem baits to entice females to lay eggs away from crop.
Carbofuran is
used.
Aldicarb is used
extensively by
more advanced
growers.
Carbaryl is used
by some.
Carbofuran (High Toxicity WHO
Class 1a &1b) Cadusafos (Rugby ®)
aldicarb (Temik ®) and Oxamyl (
Vydate ®10 GR), must not be
supported with USAID resources
Plant Material should be treated prior
to planting with Imidacloprid or
thiamethoxam, if affordable.
Nematodes
The 2 common types are : Radopholus similes Pratylenchus coffea
Limited, not
much IPM
awareness
and minimal
alternatives
available,
though more
emphasis is
required for
alternative
IPM solutions.
Use treated planting material or tissue culture seedlings.
Crop rotation with non-host crops e.g. Rhodes grass.
Marigold intercrop and green manuring.
Maintain good drainage
Avoid planting in sandy soils
Practice good field hygiene.
Quarantine and restrict movement to infected lands.
Mulching with sugarcane residue and wood ash will reduce
nematodes
Temik ®
(aldicarb) is used
where available,
and is affordable
in small packets.
Carbofuran is
also used and
available.
Carbofuran (High Toxicity WHO
Class 1a &1b) Cadusafos (Rugby ®)
aldicarb (Temik ®) and Oxamyl (,
Vydate ®), must not be supported
with USAID resources
Yellow Sigatoka or Leaf Spot
Limited in
terms of
Cut diseased leaves regularly.
Avoid high plant populations to reduce disease transmission
Mancozeb and Copper
Preventative sprays:
Mancozeb, Copper Oxychloride,
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Bananas control.
Basic broad
spectrum
fungicides
are used by
some.
rate.
Make sure plantations are well drained
Use under canopy irrigation systems to reduce wetting
leaves.
Sigatoka status in Zimbabwe not clear (possible outbreak Kariba, 1990s) but Leaf Spots occur and vigilance (through scouting) is necessary
Oxychloride are
used by some. Chlorothalonil
Curative:
Triazole fungicides e.g. Triadimenol,
Tebuconazole, Difenoconazole.
Panama Wilt
Fusarium Wilt of
Bananas
Fusarium oxysporum
Not a threat
in Zimbabwe
yet.
Use tolerant cultivars.
Quarantine affected lands and restrict movement and
operations.
Practice good field and operational hygiene.
Obtain planting material from reputable sources - opt for tissue culture seedlings.
Burn infected crop residue.
Do not replant land with bananas for about 5 years.
None
Thrips, White Fly
and Aphids
Tabaci
Limited IPM
measures
used.
Awareness
is needed to
improve
alternative
IPM.
Field sanitation - keep plantation free of weeds, which can
serve as a hosts for thrips population
Monitor and trap flower thrips using blue sticky cards
Use Neem extract and Potash soap.
Apply adequate irrigation because water stressed plants are
likely to be damaged.
Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used to conserve natural
enemies especially parasitoid wasps.
Plastic sleeves (purpose made, 1.2 m long) can be used to
cover fruit (after removal of flower bract) up to harvest, to physically protect bunches from thrips attack. Helps to control other pests as well (moths, flat mite). Sulphur can be applied into the bags to aid control.
Synthetic
Pyrethroids and
some carbamates
are used.
The use of endosulfan, monocrotophos, or methamidophos must not be supported with USAID resources Caution is advised for IP staff to monitor insecticide applications and usage for pest control. Acetamiprid is recommended as a
preventative systemic insecticide for
sucking pests.
Malathion and Dusting Sulphur
Weed control Hand weeding.
Weed control is necessary to prevent disease and deny a habitat to borer Some use of Glyphosate as a pre-plant
application, or as a directed spray
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Bananas
beetles. Growers should remove excess weeds and keep plant stations
clean.
Hand pulling is better than hoeing. The use of hoes damages banana
roots therefore light hoeing should be done only when it is necessary.
Herbicide Sprays: for established crops, these must be used as a
directed spray, and preferably use spray shields, especially when spraying young plantations. The banana plant must not be sprayed.
herbicides.
Glyphosate and paraquat are used
as standard applications prior to establishment of plantations.
Ametryne can be used to give All herbicide formulations containing paraquat are Class I and RUP; do not promote or use herbicides containing paraquat with USAID resources
residual control of grasses and broad leaf weeds soon after
emergence. It should be applied early spring or late summer to actively growing weeds. Established grasses: Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade®), Sethoxydim (Nabu®), Clethodim (Select®), Quizalofop-P-ethyl (Pilot Super®).
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Green Beans
Root Knot Nematodes
(Meloidigyna spp)
Beans are susceptible to nematodes.
Soil samples should be assessed for nematode levels before
site selection.
Attention must be paid crop rotations.
Fumigation using Dazomet may be
necessary.
Cutworms Agrotis ipsilon
May damage emerging seedlings by cutting the stems close to ground Insecticide baits or synthetic pyrethroid band sprays over the row will help keep
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
level.
these under control. deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), Betacyfluthrin
Bean Stem Maggot
Beans planted in January and February may be subject to attack by Bean Stem Maggot (or Bean Fly).
These small black flies lay their eggs in the leaves, leaving clusters of yellow spots which are the first sign of attack. The tiny maggots mine their way to the petiole and then into the stem. They pupate just above soil level, where they cause swollen and cracked stems.
Scouts should look for the yellow spots. The window of opportunity for control is very short, so seed dressing may be a better option. However there is no evidence that they have been formally trialed in local conditions.
Diazinon Diazinon is RUP and must not be supported with USAID resources
Insecticides can be applied from soon after germination, at intervals of about one week until the plants have passed the susceptible early stages.
Seed Dressings: Thiamethoxam or Imidacloprid
Foliar spray: Acetamiprid may also be
useful, but efficacy has to be proven.
Aphids
Important on as vectors of virus diseases export bean crops, see below.
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, Dimethoate
Leaf miners
Liriomyza spp Green Beans
1. The American Leaf miner can infest lower leaves where their
winding (curved) mines cause some damage to the foliage. a) This pest can come under good parasitic control, provided broad spectrum insecticides are not used on the crop.
b) The adult is a tiny fly, which pierces the leaf to lays eggs, which causes stippling marks.
2. The Pea Leaf miner (Liriomyza huidobrensis), which makes straight-line mines, has become a devastating pest, destroying crops in a matter of weeks.
Scouting must distinguish between the two types.
Once noticed, fields should be scouted three times a week.
When records show numbers are rising, spray with a specific insecticide, which have minimal impact on natural enemies.
Cyromazine (Trigard®), Abamectin
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Potato Leaf Miner
A third leaf miner can occasionally infest bean crops.
It tends to mine along the mid vein of the leaf.
This is a caterpillar that turns into a tiny moth (as opposed to a
fly above).
It is vital to have the larva in the mine properly identified, as
control measures are different.
Indoxacarb, Spinosad
Thrips Control can be difficult because of their habit of hiding deep within the flowers causing difficulty in achieving cover.
Sugar is often added to insecticidal sprays to encourage
feeding by thrips.
Sulphur sprays can give some control provided spray
penetration is good.
Other measures are:
a) A thick mulch cover at the plant bases,
OR
b) Application of insecticides to the mulch, to keep numbers
down (as the pupal stage of their life cycle is in the soil).
Wettable sulphur, malathion + sugar
Mulch sprays: acephate
Whiteflies The larval stages are immobile, scale-like creatures found on
the undersides of leaves, and their sap-sucking can debilitate plants.
They do come under attack by naturally-occurring parasites and can be controlled to some extent by the application of insecticidal soaps applied to the lower leaf surfaces.
Fatty Acids, Insecticidal soaps
Green Beans
Red Spider Mite May build up in hot dry spells and cause chlorotic stippling on
the leaves and early leaf drop.
Specific acaricides may be used where these are a problem.
Silicone wetters (2 sprays), Wettable sulphur, Dicofol
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Anthracnose This disease causes sunken brown lesions on the pods and angular brown lesions on the leaves and stems.
It is seed-borne and promoted by frequent rains.
Use of disease-free seed is essential and a preventative program of fungicides may be necessary in wet weather.
Mancozeb or Metiram
Rust Causes raised reddish-brown spots on leaves and pods.
It can be held in check by a preventative program of fungicides.
Alternatively systemic fungicides may be applied at first sign of the disease.
New crops should be planted upwind of earlier crops as spores are wind borne.
Preventative: mancozeb, chlorothalonil. Curative: difenoconazole, tebuconazole, oxycarboxin, Trifloxystrobin,
Viral Diseases Runner Beans are attacked by several Mosaic Viruses. (Relevant to Export Crops)
Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) is the most significant
cause of yield loss. It is transmitted by aphids, and control of the vector in January and February is imperative.
Bean Mosaic Virus (BV 1) causes blackening firstly in the roots,
then stems and pods. Leaflets at the tops of the plant may wilt slightly during the blooming period, an indication that the plant is suffering moisture stress.
Bean Yellow Mosaic Virus (BYMV) initially causes chlorotic
spots surrounded by a halo, later whole leaves turn yellowish.
The use of disease-free seed is essential and control of the Aphid vector should limit the spread of this disease.
Diseased plants should be removed and destroyed to limit the spread of virus within a field.
Weeds
Linuron (Afalon® 50 WP) can be used
pre-emergence at 1.5 to 2.5 kg/ha to control annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. Afalon® should not be used where
the clay content is less than 20% and a planting depth of at least 25 mm should be
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations used. Fluazifop-P-butyl, Sethoxydim (Nabu®) can be sprayed post emergence to control grasses.
Dry Beans
Pests: See Green Beans above. Many of the insect pests do not cause economic damage, except for Bean Stem Maggot, and Potato Tuber Moth Leaf miner, if Potatoes
are grown nearby.
Diseases: See Green Beans above. Many of the diseases do not cause economic damage, except for Rust.
Weeds
Pre-emergence:
Grasses and some Broad Leaf Weeds
Clomazone is the product of
choice.
Linuron (soils > 20% clay)
s-metolachlor (mainly grasses)
s-metolachlor + flumetsulam (Bateleur Gold®)
Dimethenamid – P (Frontier Optima®).
Post-emergence:
Imazamox (Lynx ®) sprayed early
post emergence controls broad leaf weeds and many grasses, including Shamva grass.
Bentazon controls broad leaf
weeds only.
Fluazifop-P-butyl, sethoxydim (Nabu®) to control grasses.
Soybeans
Soybean Looper Occurs from late January, and causes defoliation, Synthetic Pyrethroids – use only after first
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
sometimes considerable.
The pest often comes under natural biological control by an NPV virus.
The crop should be scouted from mid Jan for presence /
absence of the looper, plus the presence of dark, moribund larvae.
The dead or dying larvae should be collected, mashed up, made into a slurry with water to form a stock solution. The
stock can be sprayed over other parts of the crop, or neighboring fields, to spread the virus.
The virus-killed larvae can be collected and stored in a freezer (label the container) and kept for the following season, when the NPV virus can be made up into a viable stock
solution.
If the virus does not occur, chemical control may be necessary.
flowering or 1 February to respect the SP usage period. Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin Alternative: carbaryl, trichlorfon.
Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi)
Resistant varieties are available, but seed supply is not yet
sufficient for national requirements.
This is a devastating disease which must be sprayed at first sign. Diseased leaves should be scouted and examined by a
specialist lab.
Trap crops, planted 2 – 4 weeks ahead of the main crop give
warning that the disease is active, serving as a signal to spray the main crop.
Triazole fungicides are effective, sprayed at 50, 70 & 90 days
after planting.
If the disease is not seen in the trap crop, two sprays at 60
and 80 days (or 50 and 70 days) can be used.
Triadimenol, Propiconazole, tebuconazole, difenoconazole
Weeds
As for Dry Beans above, but in addition Imazethapyr (Pursuit®, Amplify®) can be
used post-emergence of the crop and weeds to control broad leaf weeds (BLWs) and some grasses including Shamva grass.
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade®, clethodim (Select®), quizalofop-P-butyl-(Pilot®), sethoxydim (Nabu®) , can be sprayed
post emergence to control grasses Chlorimuron-ethyl (Classic®) can be
used to control BLWs
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In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Brassicas / Cole crops (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower) American Bollworm
Larvae feed right inside the bud, and are black to brownish as opposed to the light green of diamond back moth (see below)
Must be controlled as soon as it is noticed by scouting
As for DBM below
Aphids,
several species Rotation is encouraged.
When populations are heavy, aphids can stunt seedlings;
however, economic damage rarely occurs on older plants because aphids tend to feed on older leaves and rarely enter heads of broccoli, cauliflower, or cabbage.
Many predators and parasites attack aphids, avoid using
synthetic pyrethroids to conserve them
Remove weeds around fields that may harbor aphids before planting. Organic methods: Vegetable (canola) oil, castor oil
sprays, pawpaw sprays, chili and garlic sprays. Insecticidal soap sprays, however, may be phytotoxic under some conditions and rates, especially in cabbage.
Chemical Sprays: should be mixed with wetters to assist sticking
to waxy cabbage leaves
Endosulfan.
Endosulfan must not be supported with USAID resources
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, pymetrozine (Chess ®) or malathion, dimethoate.
Semi Looper (Thysanoplusia spp), Greater Cabbage Moth (Crocidolomia spp)
Biological control and sprays of Bacillus thuringiensis products
and of spinosad are organically acceptable management tools.
Malathion, Carbaryl, Acephate. The
spray used to control DBM (below) will control these pests.
Cutworms, Agrotis spp
Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.
Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plow fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites.
Insecticide baits can be used for control.
Lambda cyhalothrin and other synthetic pyrethroids.
synthetic pyrethroids (SPs): Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
Non SPs: , carbaryl, indoxacarb
Bait: Trichlorfon + maize meal + water.
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PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Brassicas / Cole crops (broccoli, cabbage, cauliflower)
Diamond Back Moth (DBM), Plutela xylostella
Rotation is encouraged
This pest has a short life cycle and can have several
generations during a single growing season. It can multiply with great rapidity and crops should be scouted at least twice a week.
A break of 6 weeks between brassica crops is enough to deny
the pest a food source and break the cycle.
Use of trap crops (inter-planted or edge-planted) such as
mustards (but monitor and destroy plants before adults are produced).
Hot, dry weather favors DBM, so cabbage planted Sept – mid
November is most at risk. DBM is deterred by rain or irrigation.
Seedlings must be free of DBM before transplanting to the field. Seed-beds should be distant from old plantings and new
plots to be planted.
Seedlings should be scouted from the earliest stage to check
for the presence of the pest and control measures should begin early.
Natural enemies do not respond sufficiently quickly to rapidly
increasing DBM populations and chemical control is usually necessary.
Sprinkler irrigation applied at dusk disrupts the flight of adults.
Multiple planting dates in the same area should be avoided
as the more mature crops serve as a source of egg-laying moths for the new plantings. If several planting dates are used, later crops should be planted upwind to make it harder for the moths to fly into new plantings.
Cut and remove (or plow in) all plant residues that are left
after harvest: DBM can survive in plant residues and migrate to the next plot.
DBM is resistant to many OP and carbamate insecticides
Synthetic pyrethroids, endosulfan and methamidophos
are used.
Endosulfan, methamidophos, must not be supported with USAID resources
Organic: Sprays of natural pesticides Bacillus thuringiensis (Biobit ®, Dipel ®) and spinosad are acceptable for
use on organically certified crops.
To reduce development of resistance, regularly rotate chemicals to different chemical groups.
Newer products that work well:
Flubendiamide (Belt®),
Chlorfenapyr (Hunter®),
Indoxacarb (Steward®),
Lufenuron (Match®)
Rotate with older, less effective but still useful products in OP / carbamate group:
Trichlorfon
Acephate
Malathion
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Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Cowpeas Aphids,
various species Little is known about aphid damage on cowpeas. Trials being conducted by two seed companies with acetamiprid.
The crop must not be subjected to moisture stress.
Natural enemies include Braconid parasitoids, ground beetles,
spiders, rove beetles, ladybird beetles, lacewings, damsel bugs, aphid midges and hoverfly larvae.
Conserve parasitoid wasps by not spraying synthetic
pyrethroids
To monitor aphid populations, examine the undersides of the
leaves and the bud areas for groups or colonies of aphids. Prompt control is necessary as aphids can multiply rapidly.
Plant trap crops such as lupine, nasturtiums, and timothy grass
near the crop to be protected. Anise, chives, garlic, onions, and radish are good companion crops.
Control and kill ants. These tend (or “look after” and collect
honeydew) aphids and keep away natural enemies.
Avoid using heavy doses of highly soluble nitrogen fertilizers. Instead apply fertilizer into 3 phases: during seeding,
vegetative, and reproductive stages of plant growth.
Soap spray can also be used, but too much may injure foliage.
Water traps: Half-fill yellow pan or basin with soapy water. Use
yellow sticky board traps placed in field (spread used motor oil on yellow painted plastic, thick cardboard or wood).
Malathion, dimethoate,
Rotate with: Acetamiprid, imidacloprid
Bollworm
(Heliothis) Helicoverpa armigera
Field hygiene and surroundings should be kept free of host plants.
Orius spp and other predators to control bollworm should also be
encouraged, but not using SPs
Monitor fields regularly.
Biological Products: Bacillus thuringiensis Dipel ®, Biobit ®
Tracer (spinosad)
Bean Stem Maggot
Ophiomyia phaeseoli
Beans planted in January and February may be subject to attack by Bean Stem Maggot (or Bean Fly).
These small black flies lay their eggs in the leaves, leaving clusters of yellow spots which are the first sign of attack. The tiny maggots mine their way to the petiole and then into the stem. They pupate just above soil level, where they cause swollen and cracked stems.
Scouts should look for the yellow spots. The window of
Diazinon
Diazinon is RUP and must not be supported with USAID resources
Insecticides can be applied from soon after germination, at intervals of about one week until the plants have passed the susceptible early stages.
Seed Dressings: Thiamethoxam or
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In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Cowpeas opportunity for control is very short, so seed dressing may be a better option. However there is no evidence that these have been formally trialed in local conditions.
Imidacloprid
Foliar spray: Acetamiprid may also be
useful, but efficacy has to be proven.
CMR Blister Beetle, Mylabris oculata
If populations are low, physical removal can be done. Botanical and homemade water extracts of neem. Use of BT spray.
Malathion, Carbaryl
Post-Harvest Bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus maculatus
Proper storage with good ventilation is recommended. Actellic Super® (pirimiphos methyl) Dusts are recommended for harvested grain.
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PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Cucurbits Cucurbits should not be grown in the same field more than once in 4 years. They should not follow solanaceous crops (Tomatoes, Peppers, and Potatoes). Old plantings should be turned into the soil and destroyed as soon as harvesting is completed to reduce the risk of diseases spreading to later plantings. Anthracnose
The disease is seed borne so only certified seed or seed from
healthy plants should be used.
This disease is destructive to watermelons, cucumbers and musk melons.
The disease must usually be controlled by spraying.
Chemical control: Chlorothalonil or mancozeb.
Downy Mildew
A problem in wet weather.
More common on cucumbers and musk melons.
Once noticed in the field chemical control measures must be taken.
mancozeb Preventative sprays: Chlorothalonil, mancozeb.
Curative sprays:
Metalaxyl + Mancozeb (Crater ® MX , Ridomil Gold ®) fenamidone + mancozeb (No-Blight®), Dimethomorph, Azoxystrobin
Powdery Mildew
A problem in hot dry weather.
More common on pumpkins, squashes and cucumbers but can also occur on water melons.
Once noticed in a field chemical control measures must be taken.
Do not use Sulphur on cucumbers or musk melons as it may
burn the leaves.
Preventative: Wettable Sulphur Curative: Triadimenol, Difenoconazole, Kresoxim-methyl, Azoxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin.
Mosaic Virus
Can be a problem on all cucurbits. Can be transmitted by handling
but main spread is by aphids.
Damage is most severe in areas where cucurbits are continuously cropped.
Infected plants should be removed and destroyed.
New plantings should not be located near old infected plantings.
Aphids must be chemically controlled before populations build up.
Pumpkin Fly Very young fruits can be attacked so scouting must start as the first flowers Malathion Malathion or trichlorfon mixed with
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Cucurbits appear and chemical control must be used if the pest is found.
Spraying should continue until the fruits are mature. Mixing insecticide with sugar helps attract the fly to the spray deposit.
sugar act as bait sprays. Apply as coarse droplets to the foliage. For small plots apply twice a week. For larger plots apply weekly and after rain.
Invasive Fruit Fly - See as for peppers.
Cut Worm
Keep the land clean of weeds for at least 4 weeks before planting. This will
prevent moths laying eggs and any Cut Worm already present will die from starvation.
Synthetic Pyrethroids
Trichlorfon + Maize Meal bait, or Synthetic Pyrethroids. Deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
Aphids
Aphids spread Cucumber Mosaic Virus so control is important.
Once Aphids are noticed in the crop, chemical control may be necessary.
Dimethoate, acetamiprid & imidacloprid. Thiacloprid
Weed Control
Grasses Post-Emergence:
sethoxydim (Nabu ®), fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade ®), Clethodim (Select®), Quizalofop-P-ethyl (Pilot®)
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Groundnuts Aphids Aphis craccivora
Vector of rosette virus which results in stunted growth and leaf chlorosis and can reduce yields. Poor stands encourage aphid population increases and incidence of rosette is positively correlated with poor stands. Important to establish good stands and plant early so plants are well-formed by December when winged aphids are spreading the virus. Rosette is most severe in dry seasons. Ladybird beetle predators can be plentiful in crops but rosette is still spread.
Apron Star ® seed dressing (thiamethoxam/metalaxyl-M /difenoconazole) Sprays: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, dimethoate.
Cutworms
Agrotis ipsilon
Destroy weeds 10-14 days before planting to prevent cutworms moving from recently killed weeds onto the germinating crop.
synthetic pyrethroids
The synthetic pyrethroids (see below)
applied to a moist soil surface after planting or at germination give the best control. Thiamethoxam in Apron Star ® seed
dressing controls cutworm.
Groundnut plant hopper, Hilda patruelis
Survive from one season to the next on alternate weed hosts (Ageratum, Bidens, Conyza, Hibiscus, Physalis, Tagetes). Destroy these well before planting. Infestation occurs within a few days of germination but damage symptoms (wilting/yellowing) appears 6-8 weeks later.
85% of all infested plants occur within 10 m of the edges of lands so effective control requires a two-step approach:
Grow a screen of taller plants (maize or sorghum) around lands or spray a 2-3m strip around lands two weeks before planting using carbaryl.
Spray planted border 10m wide soon after germination using
Carbaryl
Carbaryl
Synthetic pyrethroid sprays: deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
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Groundnuts carbaryl or a synthetic pyrethroid.
Leaf - feeding beetles and caterpillars
Beetles most likely to be Systates snout beetle which cut semi-circular holes in leaf edges. Emerge about 6 weeks after first soaking rains. Unlikely to cause severe damage.
Caterpillars likely to be semi-loopers (Trichoplusia and Chrysodeixis spp.) feeding on leaves and bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera, feeding on buds / flowers.
Carbaryl ineffective against Systates. If damage severe fipronil is effective. Caterpillar control: spinosad and indoxacarb.
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Groundnuts Termites
Mound builders – Macrotermes spp. and chimney builders – Odontotermes spp. Control is best achieved by treating the nests.
Mound –drill hole into side and pour in diluted fipronil, then seal with mud. Chimney –pour diluted fipronil down
chimney and seal with mud.
Completely subterranean termites which do not build any above ground structure - Ancistrotermes latinotus and Microtermes spp.—these are the most important termite pests of crops.
Incorporate fipronil into the soil before
planting. Imidacloprid as used for maize may be
effective
White grubs
Larvae of beetles belonging to the Scarabaedae family. Most important is
Eulipida mashona commonly called the Msasa beetle as the beetles emerge after the first substantial rains of the season and feed on leaves of Msasa and Julbernadia trees. Eggs are laid in the soil shortly after emergence. White grubs feed on organic matter and roots and reach maximum size about Feb/Mar. Other genera are Adoretus, Anomala and Schizonycha – their larvae are much
smaller. Beetles are not present in winter so traps under lights will not be a control option.
Incorporate chlorpyriphos
into soil before planting
. No efficacy information on incorporation of fipronil is available, but it may be useful.
No efficacy information for thiamethoxam contained in Apron Star ®seed dressing. It
may work when white grubs are very small early in the season (Dec).
Cercospora leaf spot and Phoma web blotch
Both cause extensive defoliation. They are antagonistic – Cercospora usually appears first (mid Dec.) and suppresses Phoma. If Cercospora is controlled too early, Phoma, which is more difficult to control and more damaging, spreads rapidly.
Only start spraying when first Cercospora lesions seen (+/- 10 weeks after emergence) and apply 4-5 sprays at 10 -14 day intervals. Stop spraying at 30-50% defoliation. Fungicides: Mancozeb, chlorothalonil, tebuconazole and difenoconazole.
Aflatoxin, Aspergillus flavus
Rapid drying to moisture content of about 10% is the only means of preventing infection. The fungus can enter damaged shells - Minimize damage to shells during harvesting and control termites if necessary as they cause damage to shells.
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Groundnuts Weed control
Pre-plant burn-off: Glyphosate sprayed 2 – 4 weeks before
planting to assist with cutworm control . Pre-emergence: Grasses only – metolachlor, S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum ®),
Grasses including Shamva grass – pendimethalin (Prowl ®, Paragon ®).
Broad leaf weeds: Prometryn
Grasses and some broadleaf weeds – dimethenamid (Frontier Optima ®) flumetsulam + S-metolachlor (Bateleur Gold ®).
Post-emergence: Broadleaf weeds a problem – Bentazon (Basagran ®).
Grasses including Shamva a problem – fluazifop-p-butyl (Fusilade ®).
Broad leaf weeds and some grasses including shamva: Imazamox (Lynx ®),
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Maize Stalk borers Chilo partellus, Sesamia inferens
Limited. Some crop rotations are used.
Destruction of crop residues is the key to controlling stalk
borer, -preventing the continuous breeding of the pest. Collection and removal of the stalks allows insolation of the stalk base remaining in the soil, which kills the over-wintering stage. Slashing the stalks and leaving them in the field achieves a similar result as does plowing or other method of incorporating the stalks into the soil. Confining cattle to intensively graze the harvested stalks helps control the pest, partly due to chopping action of the hooves. Remove infested plants by hoeing and destroy or feed to livestock.
Trap Crops: Maize planted 2 – 4 weeks before the main crop
attracts the moths hatching at the beginning of the season, which will lay their eggs. The trap crop is cut and fed to livestock after 8 weeks.
Crop rotation: Rotating maize with soybean or other non -
grain crop reduces incidence.
Scouting: a line of holes (“shot-holes”) on the unfurled leaf is
indicative. The crop should be scouted from late January as a second generation can occur during February.
Pheromone Traps: these are available in the region for
stalkborer and may be justified for fields of > 5 Ha. Otherwise, scouting may be more cost-effective.
Endosulfan, trichlorfon and some synthetic pyrethroids are applied.
Endosulfan must not be supported with USAID resources
Insecticide granules (G) applied into the funnel of the young plant is more
efficacious than sprays. Trichlorfon 2.5 GR, betacyfluthrin (Bulldock) 0.05 GR, Carbaryl 5 GR (Kombat) recommended.
Sprays: Carbaryl,
Timing: one week after
eggs are found on 2.5% of the plants, or 4 weeks after the first planting rains.
Systemic insecticides
should be used where larvae have already started to tunnel into the stem and 10% or more of plants show shot-hole damage. Indoxacarb may be useful, but expensive.
Cutworm Agrotis ipsilon
Limited natural controls in use.
Natural Enemies – numerous, but none can be relied on to
bring a damaging population down below economic levels.
Weed Control: Cutworm will survive by consuming weeds in
the absence of a crop. Weeds, both in the field and around the edges of the field, should be destroyed (by hoeing or using glyphosate before the end of September. The aim is to deny
cutworm a food source in the 2-4 week period before the crop is planted.
Synthetic pyrethroid sprays (SPs) are essential at planting.
They are more effective when sprayed onto moist soil.
Baits made on-farm, containing an insecticide (e.g., carbaryl) can be also used, but are laborious to apply.
Lambda cyhalothrin
& other synthetic pyrethroids
Synthetic pyrethroid sprays: deltamethrin, Lambda cyhalothrin (but not products named Karate®), betacyfluthrin
Baits : Trichlorfon, Carbaryl + maize meal
Carbaryl & indoxacarb
can also be used, but the cost of the latter needs to be considered.
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Maize
Leafhoppers, vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV)
Resistant
varieties are
used to great
effect on the
commercial
crop.
MSV is more
of a problem
on green
maize.
Early planting and maintaining a maize-free period over the winter
months are key strategies in avoiding damage from the corn leafhopper
and the incidence of MSV.
Crop rotation: Desist from planting maize following maize. Remove all
volunteer maize plants that grow in new plantings of rotation crops.
Rotate with non-grain crops that are not susceptible to leafhoppers.
Seed treatments: Limited use, more awareness is needed.
Seed Treatment:
Imidacloprid,
thiamethoxam are
recommended.
Babycorn, sweetcorn, popcorn and green maize need particular attention,
Termites
(various spp)
See notes for Ground Nuts above
These can be controlled with a systemic insecticide, sprayed 8 – 10
weeks after planting, as a 30 cm band over the crop.
Imidacloprid, fipronil
Larger Grain
Borer (LGB)
Prostephanus
truncatus
LGB has been recorded in Zimbabwe and is now widespread
The Dust formulations can be mixed directly with the grain. The
EC can be sprayed over bagged grain with a knapsack sprayer
A two – component mixture of different chemical groups is used
locally to guard against insecticide resistance.
Pirimiphos – methyl + permethrin
(Actellic Super EC or Dust,
Chirindamatura Dust)
Weed Control
Hand
weeding.
Physical
removal of
weeds from
the field.
Mechanical
and Draft
cultivation.
Rotational green manure crops such as Sunhemp and
Tagetes are recommended.
Grain legumes with other natural plant crops can be used in
the rotation to reduce weed pressure.
Reduced tillage or minimum tillage is recommended.
Limited. Atrazine is
used in high
producing regions &
metolachlor to a
lesser extent.
Some use of post –
emergence
herbicides. (Paraquat
is used for late weed
infestations).
Pesticides containing atrazine are
known ground water pollutants in
the USA, and must not be
supported with USAID resources
All herbicide formulations
containing paraquat are Class I
and RUP; do not promote or use
herbicides containing paraquat
with USAID resources
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Herbicides are recommended
especially in regions I & II.
Glyphosate (non-selective
herbicide) applied 2 – 4
weeks before planting can
be used to create a clean
seedbed ahead of maize
planting.
Metolachlor (Dual ®), S –
Metolachlor (Dual
Magnum®) - pre-
emergence at planting for
annual grasses and some
broadleaf weeds.
Pendimethalin: pre-
emergence at planting for
annual grasses including
shamva.
S-
metolachlor/flumetsulam
(Bateleur Gold ®),
Linuron (Afalon) Broadleaf
Weeds and Grasses, used
pre-emergence
Metribuzin + MCPA Used
early pre-mergence to
control grasses and
broadleaf weeds
Topramezone/Dicamba
(Stellar Star ®) Broadleaf
Weeds and Grasses, used
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post-emergence or
Nicosulfuron (Accent)®
applied post-emergence are
recommended for
Rottboellia cochinchinensis
(Shamva Grass) control.
Halosulfuron (Servian®)
post-emergence control of
nutgrass
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Sweet corn and Baby corn
(See Maize, for Stalk borer, Cutworm, Army worm, Maize Streak Virus and Weed Control)
Grey leaf spot,
Cercospora zeae-maydis
Nil. Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab tests).
Plough in infested residue.
Rotate maize with other crops.
Preventative Sprays : Limited
The use of fungicide sprays such as difenoconazole is recommended in
regions I & II where incidence is high.
Leafhoppers, vectors of Maize Streak Virus (MSV)
Limited. Early planting (see Maize).
Crop rotation: (see Maize)
The use of seed dressing is recommended as often the seed
is not dressed with a suitable insecticide, and the crops may be
planted later in the season, when leafhopper populations are
greater.
Organically Acceptable Methods: Planting over reflective mulch for management in sweet corn.
Seed treatment: Limited use, more awareness is needed.
Seed Dressing Treatment:
Imidacloprid, Thiamethoxam
Maize smut Ustilago maydis
Avoid
planting in
humid
conditions.
Preventative
measures:
Limited
Resistant or tolerant varieties to be used.
Maintain soil and plant health (test these with lab
tests).
Seed treatment products with a fungicide
recommended
Seed treatment: Thiram,
Triadimenol and
thiamethoxam/metalaxyl-
M/difenoconazole (Apron
Star®).
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Peas Heliothis Bollworm
Bollworm hollows out buds and penetrates pods. Scout buds regularly for eggs and spray at first sighting. Chemical control should be applied before the worms are 6 mm long and repeated at intervals of 10 to 14 days.
If exporting, check with the buyer which chemicals can be used. Avoid using synthetic pyrethroids.
The IGRs Novaluron, Lufenuron are
active against small larvae. Acephate, trichlorfon, carbaryl and malathion can be used, but have
longer pre harvest intervals (PHIs). Indoxacarb and spinosad can be
used closer to harvest. Bacillus thuringiensis Biobit ® / Dipel ® can be used during harvest as these
have a short PHI.
Thrips
A pest of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export.
Thrips are attracted to flowers and cause cosmetic damage to the pea
pods when they lay eggs in the tissue of tiny, immature pods. The damage appears later as roughly circular pale spots (up to 5 mm in diameter) surrounding the egg-laying hole. Regular scouting is essential from the onset of flowering. When scouting,
the flower or shoot tip should be vigorously shaken into the palm of the hand or onto a white card. When the thrips count reaches an average of one thrips in every three shoot tips, spraying should commence.
Check with exporter which crop
chemicals can be used to control thrips. Spinosad, spirotetramat, Thiacloprid, acetamiprid.
Leafminers
A pest of mainly of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export. There are two leafminers that infest peas: 1. The serpentine leafminer (Liriomyza trifolii) makes curved mines (“burrows”) in the leaves and is generally susceptible to control by parasitoid wasps, provided synthetic pyrethroids are avoided.
Cyromazine, Abamectin, indoxacarb. Imidacloprid seed dressing will help
control the pest on later plantings as adult flies migrate to younger plants, and should be considered for
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Peas 2. Pea leafminer (Liriomyza huidobrensis) is a much more serious pest and reproduces faster. It makes “straight line” mines along leaf veins and margins and can make mines in the pod. Once picked up by scouting, control is necessary on export crops. Scouting must distinguish between the two types of mines.
Pods with mines are not marketable, and exported pods must be 100%
free of mines (which may contain live larvae).
sequential plantings.
Ascochyta (Blackspot / Pepperspot)
This is the key disease of Mange Tout and Sugar Snap Peas grown for export and capable of causing total crop failure. The disease is favored by moist, cool weather. It is a typified by small light-brown to black spots on leaves, stalks and pods, and caused by a complex of Ascochyta pisi and Mycosphaerella piriodes. The disease is favored by moist, cool weather. The lesions (or spots) are slightly sunken, tan and sharply delineated by a dark border. The spots are usually circular on leaves and pods. When spores are produced, the lesions have a concentric ring pattern, which is easily visible. Pods with Ascochyta spot cannot be exported, so the disease must be controlled at an early stage.
A program of preventative fungicides should be applied weekly, particularly in wet weather. At the first sign of the disease curative fungicides should be applied. Consult your agronomist to find out which fungicides are acceptable. Rovral ® (iprodione) can also be used
as a protectant with some eradicant action up to flowering. Once flowering has started, azoxystrobin (Ortiva ®) can be used.
This is a highly effective (if used early enough) but expensive product, and should not be used more than twice. Preventative: Chlorothalonil preferred, or Mancozeb, Metiram, Copper Oxychloride. Curative: Azoxystrobin, Iprodione
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Peas Powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi)
This disease is a problem in the warmer months when the days are hot and dry and the nights cool enough for dew formation. Frequent rain or overhead irrigation is antagonistic to the disease. It forms a whitish-purple mycelium under the leaves and small green pimples on the pods. The green pimples / spots turn black after storage making the peas un-exportable. Scout for powder under leaves and green spots on pods, and record as “present / absent”. Once green spots are found on pods chemical control is necessary.
Preventative: Mancozeb, Metiram and Sulphur (200g/100l) will help to
suppress powdery mildew. Curative: Difenoconazole, Propiconazole, Tebuconazole, rotate with Trifloxystrobin, Kresoxim-methyl.
Weeds On medium to heavy soils (> 20% clay) it may be possible to use the pre-emergence herbicide linuron. This must
be applied well ahead of emergence of the crop (see label for details).
On lighter soils, or when the pea crop has already emerged, bentazon (Basagran) can be sprayed over the top
when the peas are between 5 - 12 cm high to control certain broad-leafed weeds and yellow nutsedge. It performs best in warm, humid conditions and should not be sprayed when the plants are under any form of stress.
Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade) can also
be sprayed over the top at the same crop stage to control grasses.
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Peppers, Paprika Aphids: Green Peach Aphid Myzus persicae, Black Bean Aphid Aphis fabae
Cause damage by feeding on sap, which can lead to sooty mould
growing in the honeydew exuded in excess onto the crop. Aphids also transmit viruses, such as Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Potato Virus Y. Biological Control: natural enemies include lacewings, ladybird beetles,
syrphid flies and parasitoid wasps. The use of broad spectrum insecticides e.g. Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) should be avoided to allow them to survive. Ants may feed on the honeydew and protect the aphids from natural enemies. Scouting should include the presence of honeydew and ants. Once ants are recorded, chemical control may become necessary. Cultural Control: Good sanitation is essential to limit disease spread.
Pepper plants should be destroyed soon after harvest. It is a legal requirement to do this before 30 June. Silver reflective plastic mulches may be useful in repelling aphids from
the crop.
Chemical control may be justified on very heavy infestations of aphids, especially on seedlings or young crops. Malathion 125 ml / 100 litres water,
PHI 3 days; Acetamiprid 20 SP 50 g / ha, PHI 7
days; Also imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, and insecticidal soap.
Heliothis Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera
It is worth learning to recognize and scout for the eggs. No economic
threshold (ET) is recognized for local crops, but the presence of eggs on the crops acts as a warning to increase scouting frequency. Natural Enemies: these include egg parasitoid wasps (Trichogramma
spp), but these are generally only effective later in the season. A parasitized egg can be recognized and recorded as such during scouting. Larvae are parasitized by wasps and flies. Spraying is usually necessary once larvae are found on the crop and natural enemies are absent.
Acephate 75 g / 100 litres water,
Lufenuron (IGR) 80 ml / 100 litres
water, indoxacarb 200 ml / ha,
spinosad 80 ml / 100 litres water,
False Codling Moth Cryptopheblia leucotreta
The larvae feed inside the fruit and are difficult to detect. Infested fruit
drop before harvest. Natural Enemies: These are not sufficiently active early in the season to
Lufenuron and Novaluron may be
effective.
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Peppers, Paprika control the pest. Monitoring: When the pest has occurred in previous years and caused
significant losses, the use of false codling moth pheromone traps may be justified. These give an indication of when moths are flying and the time to consider chemical control.
Invasive or Asian Fruit Fly Bactrocera invadens
This is a new species to Africa, having being found in
Zimbabwe only since 2010. It is expected to cause considerable economic damage on peppers, as it does in its country of origin.
The fly lays eggs on the fruit and the maggots feed internally. Methyl eugenol (ME) can be used to monitor and trap the flies.
Traps baited with ME (one per km2) are used to monitor the fly in
RSA. These give a warning of the need to apply bait sprays.
Bait spray: a mixture of a protein source (to attract females) and an insecticide is the most efficient way to kill the flies.
If protein hydro lysate is not available, mashed up kapenta fish may be useful.
Protein hydro lysate mixed with Trichlorfon or Malathion acts as bait
which can be used to kill the adult fly. The mixture would be used the same way for fruit flies on other crops: it is sprayed as a large droplet on the lower part of the crop, timed before the fruit reach marketable size. Timing: early morning. Cover sprays
may not prevent the female fly from laying eggs on fruit.
Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis, Thrips tabaci
Thrips cause physical damage by feeding on the surface of leaves or fruit, but also transmit Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV) to peppers. If
TSWV is suspected, samples of the infected plant should be taken and sent to a diagnostic lab (e.g. Tobacco Research Board Plant Clinic) for confirmation. If TSWV found, chemical control will be necessary. Monitoring: Thrips can be scouted for by holding a white card under the
foliage and striking sharply. They can be scored as present or absent. One sample point per 20 m of row should be used and a different row each time. This can indicate presence of thrips earlier than blue sticky traps. There is no set Economic Threshold (ET) for thrips in local conditions, so growers should keep records of counts which will guide future spraying decisions. Sticky traps can be useful, but blue colored plastic bowls of water with detergent added have also been shown to be effective in catching thrips, but cannot be relied upon to significantly reduce population levels.
Apply in early morning or late afternoon when flight activity of thrips is greatest.
Abamectin ® 1.8 E 60 ml / 100 litres
water, Acephate 100 g / 100 litres water, Spinosad 15 ml / 100 litres water,
Chlorfenapyr 35 ml / 100 litres water,
Post-harvest Intervals (PHIs) Abamectin - Peppers 3 d Acephate 3 d
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Peppers, Paprika Cultural Control: Crops infected with TSWV should be destroyed before new or younger crops or new plantings are planted nearby.
The sowing of sequential plantings side-by-side should be avoided to prevent spread of disease from one crop to the next. Weeds on headlands and along the borders of fields attract thrips especially when flowering, so these should be destroyed well before planting. If planting seedlings, these should be virus-free, and produced at a site
far removed from any field crop. Resistant varieties are available and should be considered.
Thrips pupate in the soil, so the use of tobacco scrap (which contains nicotine) as mulch helps kill thrips adults as they emerge from the soil.
Spraying the mulch with an insecticide may also help. Natural Enemies: predatory mites (Amblyseius spp) and minute pirate
bugs (Orius spp) which should be preserved by avoiding the use of Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) and other broad spectrum products.
Spinosad 3 d Chlorfenapyr 3 d
Powdery Mildew
Prevalent in hot, dry weather Kresoxim – methyl, tebuconazole, triadimenol, propiconazole.
Anthracnose
Preventative controls in wet weather. Chemical Control: Mancozeb, and
especially in wet weather, Chlorothalonil.
Seedling Diseases (Rhizoctonia, Pythium)
Trichoderma (a beneficial fungus) treatment is recommended
Bacterial Spot
Prevalent in wet weather. Acibenzolar-s-methyl acts as a plant tonic, boosting natural defences
against bacterial pathogens. It is used on Tobacco for this purpose, and may prove useful
Chemical Control: Copper Oxychloride Acibenzolar-s-methyl
Weed Control
Peppers do not compete well with weeds, and Broad Leaf weeds in particular can be problematic. Peppers are sensitive to herbicides, and S-Metolachlor can sometimes cause phytotoxicity, especially after heavy
Paprika: Grasses and Some Broad Leaf Weeds: Clomazone (Command), or
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PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Peppers, Paprika rain. More is known locally about the efficacy of herbicides against Paprika than other peppers These may work safely on chili pepper varieties, but seek advice from an agronomist and / or do a test spray first.
oxadiazon (Ronstar) sprayed pre-
emergence. Grasses post emergence: Sethoxydim (Nabu) or Fluazifop P butyl (Fusilade). These should be safe for
most peppers, but do a test spray first.
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Irish Potatoes Nematodes
Damage can leave tubers susceptible to disease attack, so these
should be controlled before planting.
The soil should be tested at a diagnostic lab to assess nematode
type and levels before deciding to plant.
Rotate away from Tomatoes and other Solanaceous or Cucurbit
crops, all of which are susceptible
Soil Fumigation: Dazomet,
Aphids A problem in hot weather, when their sap feeding can affect plant
vigour.
They also transmit viral diseases.
Acetamiprid, imidacloprid, rotated with dimethoate, pymetrozine.
Cutworm
See other crops, e.g., Tomatoes.
They can burrow into the tuber.
Lambda cyhalothrin and other
SPs(but not products named
Karate®), betacyfluthrin
Potato Tuber The key pest of potatoes. Flubendiamide (Belt®), indoxacarb,
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Irish Potatoes Moth (Pthorimaea
operculella)
Scouts should look for the mines in the leaf where the very young
larvae feed. From there they feed on the tuber. Presence of
mines (a bubble in the leaf surrounding the larva) signals the
need to spray.
Weeds such as Nicandra physaloides (Apple of Peru), an
alternative host, should be cleared well before planting.
Pheromones are available to attract the male moth for monitoring
purpose, or are mixed with an insecticide to kill attracted moths.
carbaryl
Novaluron, chlorfenapyr, acephate,
spinosad
For use with pheromone: permethrin
(comes ready for use, e.g., Last Call)
Leaf Eating
Ladybird Beetle
Very similar in appearance to the ladybird beetle that feeds on
aphids (shiny black, with 10 red spots).
Scouts should notice whether the ladybird is feeding on the
leaves, and if so, record it as a pest.
The larvae (covered in spines) also feed on leaves and should be
recorded.
The pest occurs from October onwards and can be serious on
young plants.
Carbaryl, acephate,
American
leafminer
(Liriomyza trifolii)
Must be distinguished from the mining stages of the tuber moth,
see above.
The larva makes circular mines and turns into a fly.
Proper identification is necessary as control measures are
different.
It may come under natural bio control by parasitic wasps. Scouts
should record larvae as parasitized or normal.
Rising numbers (shown by scouting records) helps aid decision
to spray.
Cyromazine (Trigard®), abamectin,
azadirachtin, spinosad, acetamiprid
Dusty Surface
Beetle / False
These are a sporadic pests that may damage the crop form December
onwards. Seed dressing: imidacloprid
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Irish Potatoes Wireworm
Consider a seed dressing with an insecticide if crop is young and
susceptible in December.
Otherwise apply the insecticide in a 30 cm band above the seed tuber and
cover row immediately after.
Early Blight
A problem in warmer, dry weather.
Scout for signs of disease and spray at first symptoms.
Preventative: Copper Oxychloride,
mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil.
Curative: Difenoconazole,
tebuconazole, trifloxystrobin
Late Blight
A problem in cool, wet weather, or May – Aug when dews are heavy or in
“guti” conditions.
Scout for signs of disease and spray at first symptoms.
Early treatment is vital and a late blight warning system should be
implemented in areas with multiple growers in close proximity.
Preventative: Copper Oxychloride,
mancozeb, metiram, chlorothalonil.
Curative: metalaxyl + mancozeb
(Ridomil®, Crater®), fenamidone
(Noblight®), Dimethomorph +
mancozeb (Acrobat MZ®),
Diseases at
Planting
Growers should use certified planting material.
Planting of tubers saved from the previous season can be a source of
disease in the resulting crop.
For Rhizoctonia: Fludioxonil + mancozeb (Maxim XL)
Weeds
It is important to control BLWs such as Nicandra ( Apple of Peru, see
above) and other weeds that harbour pests.
Pre – plant weed clean up:
glyphosate
Pre – emergence control of broad leaf
weeds and grasses: metribuzin,
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Irish Potatoes dimethenamid-p, or linuron, S-
metolachlor.
Post – Emergence control of Grasses:
Fluazifop – P – butyl, sethoxydim,
quizalofop-P-ethyl
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Sweet potatoes Aphids
(Transmit viruses such as sweet potato mosaic virus)
Limited
natural and
bio plant
practices.
Sticky yellow traps can be used for monitoring, or scout - examine the top
leaves of the plant.
Have diseased plants tested at a diagnostic lab (TRB Plant Clinic) to
confirm
Control Weeds to avoid alternative hosts for aphids.
Use of oil garlic based repellents.
Dimethoate and
other insecticides are used. Aphid control is limited. Awareness is needed
Apply acetamiprid 20 SP as a directed
spray at a rate of 50 g / ha, or Imidacloprid
Rotate with: dimethoate, pymetrozine, spirotetramat.
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Sweet potatoes Natural Enemies: Parasitic wasps, ladybird beetles. Avoid the broad spectrum insecticides – SPs. .
Sweet potato weevil, Cylas
formicarius
Growers
are using
some
natural
remedies
(manure,
ash &
rotations).
More of a problem on shallow-rooted varieties, consider switch to deeper-rooted varieties if weevils a problem
Two ridgings per cycle: First after the first weed cleaning and second 75 days later.
Diazinon,
monocrotophos
advised by
Government
extension.
Diazinon & monocrotophos must
not be supported with USAID
resources
Drench at planting with Imidacloprid
Foliar spray: Acetamiprid 20 SP at
50 g/ha or malathion.
.
.
White grubs
Very
limited, as
this pest is
difficult to
control
once
prevalent.
Larvae of beetles belonging to the Scarabaedae family. Most important is Eulipida mashona commonly called the Msasa beetle as the beetles emerge after the first substantial rains of the season and feed on leaves of Msasa and Julbernadia trees. Eggs are laid in the soil shortly after emergence. White grubs feed on organic matter and roots and reach maximum size about Feb/Mar. Other genera are Adoretus, Anomala and Schizonycha – their larvae are much smaller.
Natural enemies: parasitoids, ants, birds (storks) and parasitic
nematodes.
Ensure proper drainage. Grubs thrive in moist soil, especially with
decaying organic matter. Female beetles prefer to lay eggs on moist-
decaying organic matter.
Chlorpyriphos
is used by some.
Awareness of this pest is needed.
No efficacy information on incorporation of fipronil is available,
but it may be useful.
No efficacy information for thiamethoxam contained in Apron Star ®seed dressing. It may work
when white grubs are very small early in the season (Dec).
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Sweet potatoes Crop rotation: Soybean is found to be resistant to white grubs.
Good trap crops are African marigold, sunflower, mirabilis, and castor.
Repellent plants are chives, garlic, tansy, and catnip.
Trapping: Use bowls of water mixed with soap / detergent placed under
lights in Nov / Dec to catch adult beetles. Feed to chickens. .
Sweet potato hawk moth larvae, Agrius cingulatus
Farmers catch and eat the larvae.
Crop rotations.
Capable of completely stripping the plant.
Weed control denies the pest alternative hosts.
Use of natural enemies.
Use of biological control Bacillus thuringiensis.
Use carbaryl. Chemical Control: carbaryl, acephate,
trichlorfon, indoxacarb
Dipel / Biobit (BT) may be useful, but
untested.
Whiteflies
(Transmit viruses such as sweet potato mosaic virus). Trialeurodes vaporarium, Bemisia tabaci
Planting disease free planting material and destroying volunteer plants.
Weed control denies the pest alternative hosts.
Whitefly can be monitored using bright yellow sticky traps, or scout
top leaves of crop, checking underside.
Parasitoid wasps normally exert control of whitefly. Scouts should be
trained to recognize and record parasitized whitefly. Synthetic pyrethroids
should not be used to control other pests. Pesticides are rarely
necessary if wasps are conserved. If needed, only specific systemics
should be used.
Plant away from other whitefly host plants like cucurbits.
Dimethoate and Synthetic Pyrethroids are
used by some growers.
Imidacloprid, Acetamiprid, Thiacloprid; rotate with Pymetrozine (Chess).
Consider Pyriproxyfen.
.
Crop / Pest IPM Strategy Chemical Control
In use by Farmers
PERSUAP recommendation In use by Farmers
PERSUAP requirements & recommendations
Tomatoes Aphids Destruction Removal of host plants such as weeds 2 weeks before planting. Weeds Lebaycid ®
(fenthion) is Fenthion is not EPA registered,
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Sweet potatoes of infested
crop
residues /
host plants.
Other control
measures are
limited.
in the crop should be removed in a timely manner. Field surroundings
should also be kept tidy by slashing down all tall weeds.
Avoidance of moisture stress on the crop necessary. Aphids multiply
faster on a crop that is stressed. Heavily-infested plants should be removed from the field and buried in a pit.
Natural enemies: ladybird beetles and hoverfly larvae, which usually keep
pest populations in check. Avoid spraying Synthetic Pyrethroids (SPs) and
other broad spectrum insecticides.
Scouting is essential: The crop can withstand a small population of
aphids without damage. However if numbers are high and black mould
starts to form on the honeydew they excrete, chemical control should be
considered.
Scouting method (guide that may be adapted for local conditions):
1. Examine 2 meters of row (a sample) for every hectare. 2. Plants with 2 leaves: examine six plants per sample for aphids. 3. Plants with 3 leaves up to flowering: examine the leaf at top of
the main stem. 4. After flowering: examine the terminal trifoliate of the seventh leaf
from the tip of any branch. 5. Look at six trifoliates per 2 meters (six feet) of row and calculate
an average per trifoliate. 6. Treat with appropriate insecticides if aphids reach 3 to 4 per
plant. Aphids do not transmit any serious virus diseases in Zimbabwe.
Soil mulches: useful as they harbor predators and other beneficial
insects.
used for chemical Control at a general rate of 500 to 700ml/ha.
must not be supported with USAID
resources
Acetamiprid or imidacloprid should
be applied and rotated with
dimethoate or pymetrozine (Chess
®).
Synthetic pyrethroids should NOT
be used to control aphids.
Vegetable oil (especially canola),
detergents / soaps can be used.
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Sweet potatoes Yellow traps: useful as a monitoring tool, as an extra to scouting.
Bollworm (Tomato Fruit worm)
Removal of
host plants.
Awareness is
needed for bio
control
agents.
Removal of host plants such as weeds. Weeding should be done in a timely manner. Field surroundings should also be kept tidy by slashing down all overgrown weeds.
Careful monitoring for eggs and small larvae. Treat before large numbers of larvae enter fruit, where they are protected from sprays.
Bio control agents and Trichogramma parasitic wasps and other natural enemies often destroy significant numbers of eggs, so monitor for these (record presence and quantity).
Dipel ® / Biobit
® (BT) are used
at a rate of 0.5 –
1 kg / ha.
Lambda-
cyhalothrin is
most commonly
used.
Biological Product: Dipel ® or
Biobit ® (BT): use when humidity is
high.
Chemical Control: Lufenuron (Match ®), which is an
Insect Growth Regulant (IGR), can be used on small larvae. An alternative IGR product is novaluron (Rimon ®).
IGRs should be used once scouting shows presence of eggs. Other effective chemicals: carbaryl, indoxacarb, spinosad.
Synthetic pyrethroids should not be used except for cutworm (see below).
Cutworm
Agrotis ipsilon Cutworms have numerous natural enemies, but none can be
relied on to bring a damaging population down below economic levels.
Check for cutworms in weeds around the edges of the field
before planting. Remove weeds from field margins and plough fields at least 10 days before planting to destroy larvae, food sources, and egg-laying sites
Scouting: Seedling stage: check for a row of four or more wilted
plants with completely or partially severed stems. The larvae can be found at the base of plants just below the soil surface.
If cutworm is found chemical control is usually necessary to
maintain crop stand. Baits can also be used for control.
Lambda
cyhalothrin
5EC-100ml/ha
Follow-up Spray
: High
infestations:
Cypermethrin
direct drench on
to base of the
plant apply late
afternoon.
Synthetic pyrethroids (SPs)
including lambda-cyhalothrin
(except products named Karate®
used), and deltamethrin.
Other sprays: carbaryl, indoxacarb
(which is expensive). Baits: trichlorfon mixed with Maize
meal & water.
Cypermethrin is not EPA registered for
agricultural use; do not use with
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Sweet potatoes USAID resources.
Red Spider mite
Tetranychus urticae
Limited, but crop rotation is practiced so as to break the life cycle of the pest.
Field hygiene
is critical as it
helps break
the life cycle
and reduce
pest pressure.
Spider mites have many natural enemies that effectively limit
populations.
Adequate irrigation is important because water-stressed plants
are most likely to be damaged. Broad-spectrum insecticides
(especially synthetic pyrethroids SPs) for other pests (E.g.,
Heliothis / tomato fruit worm) frequently cause mite outbreaks, so
avoid these when possible.
Predatory mites (Phytoseiulus spp) are commercially available
for purchase but costs are considerable. It is better to encourage
naturally-occurring predatory mites by avoiding the use of SPs.
Apply water to pathways and other dusty areas at regular
intervals may help: Spider mites thrive under dry conditions. For
the same reason, provide adequate irrigation.
When spraying, always spray the most infested crop last, as
mites can “hitch a ride” with the person spraying and be
effectively transported to an uninfected (usually younger) crop.
Always scout the crop before deciding to apply a miticide.
Bio sprays: chili and garlic extract mixed applied as a spray are
effective in RSM control.
Crop rotation should be done so as to break the life cycle of the
pest.
Dusting with
sulphur also
helps in
suppressing the
pest
populations.
Wettable
Sulphur
(Thiovit ®)
80WG 2-3kg/ha
is used by some
growers.
Sulphur, dusted or sprayed helps
suppress the pest at low populations. Wettable Sulphur (Thiovit ®) 80WG
is used at 2-3kg/ha. Insecticidal soap or oil can be used
to kill mites by suffocation. Silicone wetters (e.g., Silwett ®) also have the
same effect. Oils and soaps must contact mites to kill them so excellent coverage, especially on the undersides of leaves, is essential. Repeat applications may be required, and at least 2 applications must be made with Silwett ®.
Neemoil may be effective.
Chemical Control: usually necessary
when scouting shows that numbers are rising, and should be done before webbing is seen. It is better to use the specific miticides, including Amitraz, (Mitac ®), Dicofol, Abamectin (Dynamec ®), or Smite ® (etoxazole) in rotation as per label
instructions.
Leaf Miners, Liriomyza spp
Limited, more
awareness
needed for
natural control
practices.
Leafminer larvae have many natural enemies that keep them below
economically damaging levels, provided broad spectrum chemicals, e.g.,
synthetic pyrethroids are not used.
Scout crop for mines and evaluate levels of parasitism before making
treatment decisions. Economic threshold (estimate): apply a selective
Seed treatment
is limited.
Cyromazine is
used by some,
other
insecticides are
Cyromazine (Trigard ®), Acetamiprid, Lufenuron, spinosad , indoxacarb, & possibly Dynamec ® (abamectin)
Can use Neemoil.
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Sweet potatoes insecticide if the average is 0.7 larvae per plant (for plants with 0-2 true leaves) or 0.7 larvae per 3 terminal leaflets (for plants with >2 leaves per plant).
Bio sprays: Neem tree seed oil extract.
Yellow traps: yellow basins filled with a water + detergent mixture placed
among the crop work as well as sticky traps.
used but with
little effect.
White flies Beauveria bassiana.
Limited. Scouting awareness is needed. Natural bio control practices limited.
Whitefly can cause economically significant damage by sucking
the sap, excreting honeydew which develops sooty mould and
transmitting the yellow leaf curl virus. If the virus is known to
occur in the area, even small populations of whitefly can cause
economic damage and will need to be controlled. High
temperatures and dry conditions favor whitefly.
Natural enemies such as parasitic wasps (especially Encarsia
spp), ladybird beetles and predatory bugs normally keep whitefly
below economically damaging levels, provided broad spectrum
chemicals, e.g., synthetic pyrethroids are not used.
Scouting is essential to ascertain if populations are rising. Check
30 leaves per field or per 1 ha. Guideline threshold of 2 adults /
compound leaf
If whitefly becomes established, a Quarantine Period over the
winter months should be considered when NO Tomatoes,
Potatoes, or Peppers are planted to deny the pest a host plant.
Avoid moisture stress on the crop: Whitefly multiply faster on
a crop that is stressed.
Bio sprays: Neem tree seed oil extract.
Lebaycid ®
(fenthion) is
used for
chemical control
at a general rate
of 500 to
700ml/ha.
Other
insecticides
such as
Synthetic
Pyrethroids are
used and are not
effective.
Awareness on
appropriate
applications for
this pest is
deficient.
Imidacloprid should only be applied
once to young crops and as a drench.
Acetamiprid can be used as a foliar
spray.
Insecticidal soaps and fatty acid
sprays (e.g., Naturell ®) are often
more effective than chemicals and are
less damaging to natural enemies.
The Insect Growth Regulator (IGR) Pyriproxyfen (Admiral ®) can be
used to rotate with the first 2 chemicals. Products containing fenthion must not be supported with USAID resources
Invasive Fruit Fly Bactrocera
This pest will most likely infest tomatoes. See Peppers section for
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Sweet potatoes invadens more details
Anthracnose Limited Use certified or seed from a previous crop known to be disease-
free.
The crop should be grown on stakes or trellising to keep the fruit
off the ground. Spores get to the fruit by water splash, so keeping
the fruit off the soil aids control.
Rotate with non-solanaceous crops at least every other year.
Avoid sprinkler irrigations when fruit begin to ripen.
Fungicides are generally not required.
Copper Oxychloride
most commonly used.
Fungicides are generally not required. Copper Oxychloride is the best
option.
Blossom end rot
(physiological disorder, calcium deficiency)
Foliar spray of calcium is the only solution.
Maintain the soil pH around 6.5. Liming will supply calcium and
will increase the ratio of calcium ions to other competitive ions in
the soil.
Use nitrate nitrogen as the fertilizer nitrogen source.
Ammoniacal nitrogen may increase blossom-end rot as excess
ammonium ions reduce calcium uptake. Avoid over-fertilization
as side dressings during early fruiting, especially with
ammoniacal forms of nitrogen.
Avoid drought stress and wide fluctuations in soil moisture by
using mulches and/or irrigation. Plants generally need about 25
mm of moisture per week from rain or irrigation for proper growth
and development.
Foliar applications of calcium, which are often advocated, are of little value because of poor absorption and movement to fruit where it is needed.
Foliar spray of calcium is a possible solution, depending on absorption and movement to fruit, which is often poor.
Early blight Alternaria solani
Limited A disease of warm, wet weather, when epidemics can occur.
Use certified seed as the disease can be seed – borne
Farmer – saved seed can be hot water treated, or treated with a fungicide
When the crop is fully harvested, remove destroy crop residue, as the disease can be carried over to the next season in infected
Copper Oxychloride
and some triazoles are
used.
Preventative products: Copper
Oxychloride, Copper Ammonium
Acetate, Mancozeb and
Chlorothalonil.
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Sweet potatoes plant residues
Avoid planting next to Potatoes, Peppers or other Solanaceous plants, and remove weeds from the same family: Nicandra physaloides (apple of Peru), Physalis angulata (Wild Gooseberry), and Solanum nigrum (Black Nightshade).
Timing and application awareness is needed.
Curative products: Difenoconazole,
tebuconazole (triazoles).
trifloxystrobin
Fusarium root and Crown rot wilt. Fusarium spp
Very limited,
once infested
difficult to
control or
eradicate.
Awareness
needed in
seed quality
and seedling
hygiene.
The first line of defense against Fusarium is to use disease-free
seedlings.
Remove and destroy wilted plants and all debris of tomato and
other susceptible crops at the end of the growing season.
Rotate tomato-growing area with legume crops.
Fungicides for control of leaf blights have no effect on the
Fusarium diseases, which are internal infections.
Use resistant varieties.
Acidic soil favors the disease: check soil pH and lime if
necessary.
Presence of root knot nematodes encourages this disease
Septoria leaf spot, Septoria lycopersici
Use rotations Because seed has been implicated as a source, make sure
seed is acquired from disease-free seed-producing areas.
Practice good sanitation. If infected plants are found, rogue the
seedlings before transplanting them to the field. In the field,
remove or destroy tomato debris by deep plowing immediately
after harvest.
A 1-year rotation out of tomato should be observed.
Copper Oxychloride
and chlorothalonil
are used.
Spraying fungicides like Copper Oxychloride. Spray only when
weather conditions favor disease development. Mancozeb and chlorothalonil.
Late blight, Phytophthora infestans
Usually only a problem in cool moist conditions. Provide good
drainage and prevent flooding. Avoid wide fluctuations in soil
moisture, which predisposes plants to infection.
Keep tops of bed dry to avoid buckeye rot of the fruit. The crop
should be grown on stakes or trellising to keep the fruit off the
ground, and avoid contact with spores through water splash.
Planting cereals or grains as a rotation crop will reduce the
Chlorothalonil
spray as a preventative.
Preventative products: Copper
Oxychloride, mancozeb and
chlorothalonil.
Curative Products: Metalaxyl +
mancozeb (Ridomil ®), fenamidone
+ mancozeb (No Blight),
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Sweet potatoes level of infestation in the soil.
Resistant varieties are not yet commercially available.
dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, and
cymoxanil.
Damping-Off, Stem Rots Pythium spp
Maintaining soil pH near neutral.
Avoid planting on poorly drained soils.
Proper field and seedbed preparation and good water
management significantly reduce losses from damping-off.
Using sprinklers for germination keeps better control of water and lessens the chance of infection.
If possible, avoid planting when the soil is cool; seeds
germinate faster and seedlings are more vigorous when the soil is warm, so they are less likely to be damaged.
When seedling loss is extensive, replanting may be necessary.
The use of fungicide seed treatments can help prevent damping-off. Metalaxyl + mancozeb (Ridomil ®) Previcur N
Weed Control
(Annual grasses)
Hand
weeding.
Physical
removal of
weeds from
the field.
The use of rotational green manure crops such as Sunn hemp,
Tagetes and other natural plant crops can reduce weed pressure.
Reduced tillage.
Limited, some
use of post –
emerge
herbicides.
S-metolachlor (Dual Magnum ®)
applied pre-emergent of the weeds at
planting for annual grasses and some
broadleaf weeds.
Metribuzin can be used pre-
emergence of the weeds on seedling
crops.
Fluazifop-P-butyl (Fusilade ®) post-
emergence for established grasses
only.
Glyphosate not recommended on
light soils (<10% clay) as a pre-plant burn down application due to tomato sensitivity. A 10-day waiting period should be observed before planting
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Sweet potatoes seedlings on such soils
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4.0 SAFER USE ACTION PLAN INTRODUCTION
The Safer Use Action Plan is the definitive statement of IP pesticide compliance requirements and is
synthesized from the PER.
It is also a mandatory template for assigning responsibilities and timelines for implementation of these
requirements, and for tracking compliance.
Each project subject to this PERSUAP must submit a completed SUAP template to its AOR/COR by 31
December 2012 and provide an annual update.
With respect to pesticide compliance, the Safer Use Action Plan satisfies the requirement for an
environmental mitigation and monitoring plan (EMMP). The project EMMP should simply incorporate the
SUAP by reference.
SUMMARY OF COMPLIANCE REQUIREMENTS
Mitigations Measures and restrictions specified in the PER can be summarized as follows:
A. Only pesticides approved by this 2012 PERSUAP for the USAID/Zimbabwe Economic Growth
(EG) Portfolio may be supported with USAID funds on EG activities.
Pesticide “SUPPORT” means procurement, use, recommending for use, or otherwise facilitating
the use of a pesticide.
B. Pesticide support must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans. (The PERSUAP provides key information for IPs to develop these plans.)
C. Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid;
D. To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE—as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices;
E. Projects must be systematic in their pesticide-related record-keeping and monitoring.
The PER and the annexes provide substantial resources to support compliance with these requirements, as detailed in the table below.
IPM/Safer Use Requirement Key Resources Provided
Pesticide recommendations
and use must be governed
by a set of crop- and pest-
specific IPM-based pest
management plans.
(IPs are responsible for
TABLE 1: crop-pest-GAP/IPM/pesticide matrix sets out crop-by-crop,
pest-by-pest management methods (1) currently in use by beneficiary
farmers, and (2) recommended by this PERSUAP, highlighting where
chemical controls in current use are not compliant with the PERSUAP
list of allowed pesticides.
Annex 1, a master matrix characterizing relative risks of each AI in all
Zimbabwe-registered pesticides. This includes human acute toxicities
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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developing these plans.) and chronic health issues, water pollution potential, as well as potential
ecotoxicities to important non-target organisms like fish, honeybee
pollinators, birds and several aquatic organisms.
The matrix lists each AI in American English, and presents important
information for each chemical class, such as USEPA registration status
for select products that contain that AI.
Annex 6: Zimbabwe Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and IPM Tools
and Tactics
Annex 13: Guidelines for developing Pest Management
Appropriate project staff &
beneficiaries must be
trained in safer pesticide
use & pesticide first aid;
ANNEX 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards
ANNEX 8. General mitigation of potential pesticide dangers and general
measures to ensure safe use
Annex 10. Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks
Annex 11: Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure
Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options
To the greatest degree
practicable, projects must
require use & maintenance
of appropriate PPE—as well
as safe pesticide purchase,
handling, and disposal
practices
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Pesticide Safer Use Action Plan & Compliance Tracker Must be submitted to AOR/COR by 31 December 2012 and annually updated thereafter.
BASIC INFORMATION SUBMISSION DATES:
Prime Contractor Initial submission
Project Annual Update #1
Pesticide
Compliance Lead
& Contact
Information
:
Annual Update #2
Summary of Pest
Management
Needs on Project
Annual Update #3
Note: Pesticide “support” = use of USAID funds to: purchase pesticides; directly fund the application of pesticides; recommend pesticides for
use; enable the application or purchase of pesticides via provision of application equipment, credit support, etc.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Required Compliance (Mitigation) Measure
Initial Compliance Status (if not known, so indicate)
Actions planned to achieve & maintain compliance
(w/ deadlines & responsible party)
Status of compliance actions
SUPPORT ONLY THE PESTICIDES AUTHORIZED BY THE 2012 USAID/ZIMBABWE ECONOMIC GROWTH PERSUAP
Immediately
Ensure NO SUPPORT for insecticides containing the AIs Endosulfan,
Methomyl, Parathion, Monocrotophos, Aldicarb and Carbofuran
(insert extra rows if needed)
Ensure NO SUPPORT for aluminum phosphide or Methyl Bromide to
fumigate stored or export produce.
Fumigation is only to be done by teams of well-trained spray personnel using specialized canister filter breathing
apparatus and phosphine gas meters.
Distribute copies of the list of allowed products and/or of pesticide commercial
product names that cannot be supported with USAID funds, and
distribute to all project field extension staff & advise regarding the 1 Nov 2012
deadline for compliance
As soon as possible but not later than 1 November 2012
Assure that USAID-funded pesticide support is limited to ONLY PESTICIDES
APPROVED BY PERSUAP.
Continue verification throughout life-of-project
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Quarterly
Contact Zimbabwe pesticide registrar every 3 months to obtain up-to-date information on pesticide registration
changes; advise all field offices/sites of any changes to permitted list that result.
Pesticide technical assistance and use must be governed by a set of locally adapted, crop-and-pest specific IPM-based pest management plans.
By 15 December 2012
Starting from the information in PERSUAP Table 1 and drawing on PERSUAP Annex 1, adopt/develop
crop- and pest-specific IPM-based pest management plans (PMPs).
Note: sharing/collaboration among projects is encouraged
Translate PMPs into crop-specific field reference guides or posters for farmers
to anticipate and manage pests.
By 15 March 2013
Provide first-time training to appropriate project staff, partners and beneficiaries
in PMPs;
Provide refresher training annually.
From 15 March 2013
Require and enforce PMP implementation in situations where the project has direct control over pesticide
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
92
use
Require and enforce that field extension under direct project control be PMP-
based.
Where project control over extension or agricultural practice on the ground is
less than complete, promote and support to PMPs to the greatest
practicable extent.
Ongoing over Life of Project (LOP)
Modify PMPs over LOP based on ground-truthing/field experience.
As Zimbabwe registers them, test and promote commercially-available natural chemicals listed in Annex 4. (Note that upon registration, these chemicals are
approved by this PERSUAP.)
As indicated, field test alternative pest management measures, including
alternatives to the highly toxic pesticides whose use is denied by this PERSUAP.
Appropriate project staff & beneficiaries must be trained in safer pesticide use & pesticide first aid.
Develop a Training Plan for Pesticide Safe Practices and IPM for project staff
and beneficiaries, including at least
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
93
annual refresher training.*
Implement training plan, providing first-time training to all relevant staff and beneficiaries within 6 months.
Test and certify experienced pesticide users annually and test and certify new pesticide users on knowledge of human
safety and environmental protection.
Assure that each branch office prominently displays safety charts with the most common safety measures for
each of the toxicity groups in the Zimbabwe classification system. These should be given in English, Shona, and Ndebele, together with the appropriate pictograms associated with this class of
chemicals.
To the greatest degree practicable, projects must require use & maintenance of appropriate PPE – as well as safe pesticide purchase, handling, and disposal practices.
If carbamate or organophosphate-class pesticides are used extensively, as on a
commercial farm or a plaque management program, follow
procedures for baseline testing for cholinesterase inhibition, and establish
a periodic cholinesterase monitoring schedule when necessary.
Ensure that farmers use PPE and apply
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
94
pesticides early in the morning, or late afternoon.
Ensure that farmer associations have trained pesticide applicators, each have 1 or 2 sets of PPE; assign responsible
PPE caretakers
Require program managers to identify local option(s) for disposal provisions for
used pesticide containers – Follow GlobalGAP recommendations and see
PERSUAP Annex 12.
Ensure that implementing partners make sufficient PPE available at cost to
the applicators designated on each program assigned by USAID partners
and direct responsibility and accountability for the proper storage and
maintenance of this PPE according to this PERSUAP recommendation
Projects must be systematic in their pesticide related record-keeping and monitoring.
For all project-supported farmers, introduce pesticide record-keeping
concepts and tools for following GlobalGAP standards, where
applicable.
Require that project managers keep records and report on the
implementation of the recommendations found in the PERSUAP, including any
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
95
*Training should address, inter alia, the following important pesticide safety themes:
types and classes of pesticides;
human and environmental risk associated with pesticides (MSDSs, Annex 1)
use and maintenance of PPE (Annex 7);
understanding information on pesticide labels;
evidence of pesticide resistance development and report on the
implementation in Annual Reports, under a heading titled “Environmental
Compliance and Best Practices.”
Headquarters should hold laminated copies of MSDSs and pesticide labels
for each commercial pesticide that beneficiary farmers use; keep copies on
record at project field staff office sites and farm sites. Labels contain key
information for each a.i. e.g. toxicity classification, antidotes in cases of
poisoning, and environmental issues associated with a.i., for example its
hazard to bees. This critical information will be summarized on laminated sheets and held in each branch office for ease
of reference
Flow-down requirements
Prime contractors must write pesticide compliance requirements as set out
above into each grant or sub-contract that will involve support for pesticide
use.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
96
proper collection and disposal of pesticide rinsate and packaging (Annex 12)
the importance of keeping vulnerable individuals away from the field during and after spraying;
avoiding the use of pesticides in or near national parks or headwaters leading to rivers where endangered species are known to exist;
mitigation measures for reducing risks to critical environmental resources and biodiversity;
ensuring pesticide applicators notify beekeepers about spray activities;
use of pesticides early in the morning or late in the afternoon and when no heavy winds or rain are present;
basic first aid for pesticide poisoning (Annex 11);
awareness of pesticides (especially some herbicides) with high ground water contamination potential where water tables are high or easy
to reach (Annex 1)
IPM concepts, tactics and methodologies that can reduce or alternate pesticide use.
The use of the least toxic synthetic pesticides, green-label synthetic pesticides as well as natural pesticides (Annex 5).
Wherever practicable, invite farm store owners/operators to participate in pesticide safety training and stewardship.
Consider a training-of-trainers approach using either internal or 3rd
-party trainers to achieve training goals.
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Annex 1a. Environmental analyses of active ingredients in pesticides registered for use and imported
to Zimbabwe Key: WHO Acute Toxicity Classes: O = Obsolete; Ia = Extremely Hazardous; Ib = Highly Hazardous; II = Moderately Hazardous; III = Slightly Hazardous; U =
Unlikely to present acute hazard in normal use
EPA Acute Toxicity Classes: I = Extremely Toxic; II = Highly Toxic; III = Moderately Toxic; IV = Slightly Toxic
Chronic Human Toxicity: KC = Known Carcinogen; PC = Possible Carcinogen; ED = Endocrine Disruptor suspect; RD =
Reproductive & Development Toxin; P = Parkinson’s
Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Res
tricte
d U
se
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
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Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
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rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
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Pla
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ton
Insecticides
abamectin microbial extract yes some none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT
acephate organophospate yes no III III PC potential MT HT MT ST ST ST
acetamiprid chloro-nicotinyl yes No none III none no data NAT MT HT NAT
acrinathrin pyrethroid no U IV ED no data MT ST MT MT MT
Aldicarb carbamate yes yes Ia I ED known MT HT HT MT MT
allethrin (bio-allethrin) pyrethroid no III III ED no data VHT MT ST HT VHT HT
alphacypermethrin pyrethroid no none II, III PC no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT
Amitraz formamdine yes No III II PC, RD no data MT PNT ST ST NAT ST
azadirachtin botanical yes No II, III none no data MT MT MT VHT HT
azamethaphos organophospate no III III none no data MT HT HT VHT
azinphos methyl organophospate yes Yes Ib I none potential HT HT MT MT HT MT VHT VHT MT
Bacillus thuringiensis-
BT microbial yes No none III none no data PNT NAT NAT ST ST
bendiocarb carbamate no II II, III RD no data MT HT HT MT HT VHT
benfuracarb carbamate no II none none no data HT HT HT HT HT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
ce
an
s
Aq
ua
tic In
se
cts
Pla
nk
ton
Insecticides
beta cyfluthrin pyrethroid yes some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT ST VHT VHT
bifenthrin pyrethroid yes Yes II II, III
PC, ED,
RD no data VHT HT MT HT
bitertanol azole no U none no data MT PNT PNT PNT MT MT
buprofezin IGR yes No U II PC no data MT ST MT NAT MT
cadusafos organophospate no Ib none none no data HT HT HT HT HT HT
carbaryl carbamate yes No II III PC, ED potential MT HT PNT MT VHT ST HT HT MT
carbofuran carbamate yes Yes Ib I, II none potential MT HT HT ST MT MT HT HT VHT
carbosulfan carbamate no II II none no data HT HT HT HT HT
cartap hydrochloride nereistoxin no II II None MT MT
chinomethionat
(oxythioquinox) dithiocarbamate no III II, III KC, RD no data HT MT MT MT ST MT VHT
chlorantraniliprole yes No III
chlorfenapyr pyrazole yes No II III PC no data HT HT HT
chlorfenvinphos organophospate No Ib I, II none no data HT HT HT MT MT HT
chlorpyriphos (ethyl) organophospate yes Yes II II, III ED no data HT HT HT MT PNT MT VHT HT MT
chlorpyriphos
(methyl) organophospate yes No U I, III none no data MT HT MT MT VHT VHT MT
chlordane organochlorine no II II, III KC, ED no data HT HT HT MT HT HT MT VHT VHT
chlorobenzilate organochlorine no O II KC no data HT Mt ST MT ST HT MT
chloropicrin unclassified yes yes none II none potential VHT MT HT
clofentezine tetrazine yes No U III PC, ED no data ST PNT ST ST
cyfluthrin (beta) pyrethroid yes Some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT ST VHT VHT
cypermethrin pyrethroid no none II, III PC no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT VHT
cyromazine triazine yes No U III none known MT ST MT MT MT NAT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
ce
an
s
Aq
ua
tic In
se
cts
Pla
nk
ton
D-allethrin pyrethroid No III III ED no data VHT MT ST HT VHT HT
Insecticides
deltamethrin pyrethroid yes some II II, III none no data HT MT VHT NAT VHT VHT
demeton-S-methyl organophospate yes Yes Ib I
endocrin
disruptor no data MT HT HT MT VHT MT HT HT
diafenthiuron unclassified No U none none no data HT MT MT MT MT
diazinon organophospate yes some II III RD potential MT HT VHT MT MT MT HT HT HT
dichlorvos (DDVP) organophospate yes no Ib I PC, ED no data MT HT HT HT
dienochlor organochlorine no III O none no data HT ST MT
Diethyltoluamide Yes No III ST MT
diflubenzuron IGR-benzoyl urea yes some U III none no data ST NAT PNT NAT NAT NAT ST MT
dimethoate organophospate yes No II II PC potential ST VHT VHT HT MT VHT HT VHT MT
disulfoton organophospate No Ia I, II none potential MT MT HT MT HT
DNOC (Di Nitro
Creosol) Dinitro phenol No 1b 1 None No data HT MT HT MT MT MT
edifenphos organophospate no Ib none none no data MT MT HT
emamectin benzoate yes Yes
endosulfan organochlorine yes Yes II II ED no data VHT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT MT
esfenvalerate pyrethroid yes Yes II II, III ED no data VHT HT ST VHT ST HT
ethiofencarb carbamate no Ib II none no data MT MT MT
ethoprop(hos) organophosphate yes Yes Ia I KC potential MT MT HT MT MT
etrimfos organophospate no II none none no data ST HT MT
fatty acids
insecticidal soap fatty acids yes No None II, III none no data MT
fenbutatin oxide organotin yes Yes U III ED, RD no data VHT NAT MT MT HT VHT
fenitrothion organophospate yes No II II, III ED no data MT HT MT MT MT MT VHT HT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
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Wo
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Mo
llusk
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Cru
sta
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Aq
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
fenamiphos organophospate no Ib I none potential HT HT HT MT VHT MT
fenthion organophospate no II II none potential MT MT VHT VHT HT HT VHT VHT
fenvalerate pyrethroid no II III ED no data VHT HT ST HT VHT HT HT HT VHT
Insecticides
Fipronil pyrazole yes some II II, III PC, ED potential HT HT HT HT HT
flubendiamide phallic acid diamide yes No III
flucythrinate pyrethroid no Ib I, II, III ED no data VHT HT ST VHT VHT VHT
flufenoxuron benzoyl urea no U III none no data HT MT MT MT
Flumethrin Pyrethroid No
fluvalinate pyrethroid yes Yes U ED, RD no data VHT NAT ST VHT HT
formetanate
hydrochloride methyl carbamate yes No Ib I none potential MT HT HT ST HT MT
formothion organophospate no none II none potential ST MT ST ST
furathiocarb thiocarbamate no Ib II none no data HT HT MT HT
gamma BHC
(lindane) organochlorine No II II PC, ED potential HT HT ST MT MT MT MT VHT MT
hydramethylnon unclassified Yes No III III PC, RD no data HT MT MT MT
imidacloprid chloro-nicotinyl Yes No II II, III none potential NAT MT VHT
indoxacarb oxadiazine Yes No O III none no data MT HT HT NAT MT
iodofenphos organophospate No none none
insecticidal soap fatty acids Yes No O II, III none no data MT
isofenphos (methyl) organophospate No Ib II, III none no data MT HT HT MT HT VHT
lambda cyhalothrin pyrethroid Yes Some II II, III ED no data VHT HT PNT VHT VHT VHT VHT
Lindane organochlorine No II II PC, ED potential HT HT ST MT MT MT MT VHT MT
lufenuron benzoyl urea Yes No none III none no data MT ST MT MT HT ST
malathion organophospate Yes No III II, III PC, ED potential MT HT MT HT ST VHT MT VHT HT
methacriphos organophospate No II none none no data
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
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Mo
llusk
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Cru
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Aq
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Pla
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ton
methamidophos organophospate Yes yes Ib I none potential ST ST VHT MT
methidathion organophospate Yes yes Ib I, II PC potential MT ST HT ST ST HT VHT ST
methiocarb carbamate Yes some Ib I, III none potential HT HT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT
methomyl carbamate Yes yes Ib I, III ED potential MT HT HT ST HT ST HT VHT HT
Insecticides
methoprene IGR yes No III IV none no data ST ST NAT ST HT VHT MT
methyl isothiocyanate unclassified yes yes II I PC potential HT HT
mevinphos (Phosdrin) organophospate no Ia I ED potential HT HT HT MT HT VHT VHT
mineral oil petroleum yes No none III none no data NAT
monocrotophos organophospate no Ib I none no data ST HT HT MT MT MT HT
naled (dibrom) organophospate yes yes II I RD potential MT HT HT HT
novaluron IGR-benzoyl urea yes No none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT HT
omethoate organophospate no Ib none none no data ST NAT
oxydemeton methyl organophospate yes yes Ib I, II RD potential ST HT HT MT MT HT HT
parathion organophospate no Ia I, II PC, ED potential MT HT HT MT MT ST HT VHT HT
permethrin pyrethroid yes no II III PC, ED no data VHT VHT PNT ST ST ST VHT MT MT
petroleum oil mineral oil yes No none III none no data NAT
phenothrin pyrethroid yes yes U III ED no data VHT ST HT VHT VHT
Phoxim organophospate no II none none no data HT HT PNT MT VHT VHT
Piperonyl butoxide unclassified Yes No U III
pirimicarb carbamate No II II none no data NAT PNT ST MT
pirimiphos-methyl organophospate yes No III I,II,III none no data MT HT MT
profenofos organophospate yes yes II II, III none potential HT VHT VHT VHT
propetamphos organophospate yes no Ib II none no data MT HT HT
propoxur carbamate yes no II II, III PC no data MT HT VHT ST NAT ST HT ST MT
pymetrozine triazine yes no III III PC potential MT ST MT MT MT
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
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Cru
sta
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s
Aq
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
pyrethrins botanical extract yes yes II III PC no data HT HT ST MT HT
pyriproxyfen IGR (JH mimic) yes no U II, III none no data MT MT MT MT MT VHT
pyrometrozine pyridine azomethine yes no III
sodium fluocilicate inorganic no II none none no data NAT
spinosad microbial yes no U III none no data MT HT PNT ST HT MT
Spirodiclofen Keto-enol Yes No lll No data
Insecticides
sulprophos organophospate no II II RD potential ST HT ST ST HT HT VHT
Tartar emetic antimony No I I
teflubenzuron Benzoyl urea no U IV none no data ST MT ST ST HT HT HT HT HT
temephos organophospate yes no U II, III none no data ST MT MT NAT HT VHT HT
terbufos organophospate yes yes Ia I none no data VHT MT MT HT VHT VHT
tetrachlorvinphos organophospate yes no U III PC, ED no data MT MT MT MT HT
d-tetramethrin pyrethroid yes no U III PC, ED no data VHT HT NAT HT MT
thiacloprid neonicotinoid yes no II
thiamethoxam neonicotinoid yes no none III PC no data PNT HT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT
thiodicarb carbamate yes yes II II PC no data MT MT PNT MT VHT HT
thiofanox carbamate no Ib I MT HT HT MT
thiometon organophospate no Ib II none no data MT HT ST
trichlorfon organophospate yes no II II, III PC no data ST PNT HT ST ST MT MT MT ST
triflumuron IGR no U none no data VHT ST MT MT MT MT
vamidothion organophospate no Ib none no data NAT HT MT
Miticides/Acaricides
abamectin microbial extract yes some none II, III RD no data ST HT PNT HT VHT VHT
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
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ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
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ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
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oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
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Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
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Am
ph
ibia
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Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
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s
Aq
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tic In
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Pla
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ton
bifenazate
Hydrazine
carboxylate yes No III none no data HT MT MT MT MT
bromopropylate benzilate no III, U IV none no data MT ST MT MT MT MT MT
clofentezine tetrazine yes no U III PC, ED no data ST PNT ST ST
Dicofol organochlorine yes no III III PC, ED no data HT NAT ST MT MT HT MT MT
etoxazole IGR yes no III none no data MT MT MT MT HT
fenazaquin quinozolin yes no II
flubenzimine thiazolidine no O none none no data NAT
Miticides/Acaricides
Flumethrin pyrethroid no
milbemectin microbial extract yes yes III
oxythioquinox
(chinomethionat) dithiocarbamate no III II, III KC, RD no data HT MT MT MT ST MT VHT
propargite unclassified yes no III PC, RD no data HT PNT HT NAT HT
spirodiclofen Keto-enol Yes No lll No data
Spiromesifen Keto-enol Yes No III None No data NAT
tetradifon bridged diphenyl no U III none no data MT MT NAT MT NAT ST ST MT
triazophos organophospate no Ib none none no data HT MT HT MT HT
Fungicides
acibenzolar-s-methyl benzothiadiazole yes No III III none potential MT MT MT MT MT
anilazine triazine no none I ED, RD potential HT HT HT MT HT MT MT MT
azoxystrobin strobin yes No U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT VHT
benodanil anilide no O none none no data MT
benomyl/benlate benzimidazole no U III PC, ED no data HT PNT MT ST HT NAT ST
boscalid anilide yes No III none PC No data NAT
bupirimate pyrimidinol no U III none no data MT MT ST MT MT
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
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iste
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ted
Use
Pe
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ide
WH
O A
cu
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ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
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oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
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min
an
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Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
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Aq
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
captafol (cis isomer) thiopthalamide No Ia I, II, III KC no data HT MT NAT ST MT ST ST
captan thiopthalamide yes No none II, III KC no data HT NAT PNT MT MT NAT MT MT
carboxin carboxamide yes No U II, III RD no data MT MT ST MT NAT
carbendazim benzimidazole yes No U III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST ST ST HT
chloroneb
substituted
benzene yes No O III none no data MT NAT MT
chlorothalonil unclassified yes No none I, II, lll PC potential VHT HT ST VHT MT MT
copper ammonium
acetate inorganic yes No III none no data
Fungicides
copper Inorganic yes no none II, III none no data MT VHT HT HT MT HT
copper hydroxide inorganic yes no II I, II none no data HT MT MT MT HT NAT HT HT
copper oxychloride inorganic yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT
cymoxanil unclassified yes no III III none no data MT MT ST MT MT MT ST
cyproconazole azole yes no III III PC no data MT MT MT MT MT
dichlofluanid sulphamide no U none none no data HT MT NAT MT MT MT VHT
dicloran chlorophenyl yes no U II, III none potential ST MT MT MT MT MT
difenoconazole azole yes no III III PC no data MT MT ST MT MT HT
dimethomorph morpholine yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT ST
dinocap dinitrophenol no III III RD no data HT MT ST MT HT VHT
diphenylamine amine yes no none I, III none no data MT NAT
dodemorph morpholine no U none none no data MT MT
epoxiconazole triazole no none none PC no data MT MT MT MT
fenamidone yes no III
fenarimol pyrimidine yes no U III ED potential MT MT MT ST MT MT
Fenhexamid Hydroxyaniline Yes No U III None potential MT NAT MT
fenpropimorph morpholine no III I none no data MT MT MT MT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
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nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
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Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
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Mo
llusk
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tic In
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
fentin (triphenyltin)
acetate organotin no II none ED no data MT MT HT HT VHT HT ST VHT VHT
Fentin hydroxide organotin Yes Yes ll l KC,RD No data VHT NAT HT HT NAT VHT
fludioxonil phenylpyrrole yes No U III none potential MT MT MT MT MT
Fluopicolide Unclassified Yes No lll None potential ST
flusilazole azole no III III none no data MT MT MT MT MT
flutriafol unclassified yes No III none no data
fosetyl aluminum unclassified yes No none III none potential NAT ST ST MT NAT MT
imazalil imidazole yes No II I, II PC, RD no data MT NT PNT
imazalil sulfate azole yes No none I none no data
Fungicides
iprodione dicarboximide yes No U III PC potential MT NAT ST HT
iprovalicarb Carbamate No U KC No data NAT
kresoxim-methyl strobin yes no U III PC potential ST ST ST MT MT VHT
Lime sulphur Inorganic Yes No I I
Maneb Dithiocarbamate Yes No U III
KC,RD,D
T MT ST ST ST HT
mancozeb dithiocarbamate yes no U III
PC, ED,
RD no data MT MT ST HT NAT
metalaxyl benzanoid yes no III II, III none potential ST PNT PNT ST
metiram dithiocarbamate yes no U III PC, RD no data ST PNT ST MT MT MT
oxadixyl phenyl amide no III III PC potential ST ST ST MT ST
oxycarboxin carboxamide yes no U III none no data MT NAT MT ST MT
penconazole azole no U none no data MT MT MT MT MT
Pencycuron urea no U IV none no data HT MT MT MT MT
pentachlorophenol
(PCP) organochlorine YES YES Ib I KC, ED no data HT MT MT HT HT HT ST ST HT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
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Bee
s
Bird
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Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
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Cru
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Phosphoric Acid Yes No I
Potassium Phosphite
(phosphorus acid) inorganic Yes No lll III
prochloraz azole No III none PC no data MT NAT MT MT MT
prochloraz-
manganese complex azole No none none none no data
procymidone unclassified No U KC, ED no data MT NAT NAT MT MT ST MT
Propamocarb-HCl carbamate Yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT
propiconazole azole Yes no II II, III PC, RD potential MT MT ST MT MT
propineb dithiocarbamate Zn No U RD no data MT PNT PNT MT MT MT MT
pyraclostrobin strobilurin Yes no III
Fungicides
pyrazophos phosphorothiolate No II none none no data MT HT MT ST MT MT HT VHT
pyrimethanil anilinopyrimidine Yes no U III PC, ED no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT
quintozene (PCNB)
substituted
benzene Yes no III PC, ED no data MT VHT
Spiroxamine unclassified Yes no II III none no data MT MT MT MT MT
sulfur (sulphur) Inorganic Yes no U III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT NAT
tebuconazole azole Yes no III II, III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT HT
Thiabendazole azole Yes no II, III
Thiram (TMTD) carbamate Yes no III III ED, RD no data HT NAT PNT VHT HT NAT HT HT
Thiophanate methyl benzimidazole Yes no U III PC, RD potential MT PNT NAT ST
tolclofos-methyl chlorophenyl No no U III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT
triadimefon triazole Yes no III II, III PC, ED, potential MT MT PNT MT NAT
triadimenol triazole Yes no III II, III PC no data MT ST MT MT
trifloxystrobin strobin Yes no none III none no data ST ST MT MT
triforine piperazine Yes no U II, III RD no data NAT MT NAT MT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
107
Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
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Bee
s
Bird
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Am
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ibia
ns
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llusk
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ton
triticonazole azole Yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT MT
Nematicides
aldicarb carbamate Yes yes Ia I ED known MT HT HT MT MT
dazomet unclassified yes no III III none potential ST PNT ST MT HT HT
Ethylene dibromide
Halogenated
Organic No
fenamiphos organophospate No Ib I none potential HT HT HT MT VHT MT
D-D (1,3-
dichloroprop(a/e)ne) organochlorine yes yes none I, II KC known MT ST MT VHT MT MT MT
methyl bromide
halogenated
organic yes yes none I RD no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT MT MT
Nematicides
Metam sodium unclassified yes yes I KC, RD no data HT ST VHT HT
oxamyl carbamate yes yes Ib I none no data ST HT VHT HT ST MT
Fumigants
aluminium phosphide inorganic yes yes none I none no data HT HT HT MT
chloropicrin unclassified yes yes II none potential VHT MT HT
magnesium
phosphide inorganic yes yes I none no data MT HT MT
methyl bromide
halogenated
organic
yes yes none I RD no data MT PNT MT MT MT MT MT MT
Herbicides
2,4 D chlorophenoxy yes no II III PC, ED potential ST HT MT ST NAT NAT NAT ST ST
2,4 D amine chlorophenoxy no none none PC no data
Acetochlor chloroacetanilide yes yes III II, III KC, ED potential MT MT ST MT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
ce
an
s
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tic In
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
Acifluorfen nitro phenyl ether no III none KC no data MT NAT MT
alachlor chloroacetanilide yes yes III II, III
KC, ED,
RD known MT NAT NAT MT MT ST ST
ametryne triazine yes no III III ED potential ST MT NAT MT MT ST
aminotriazole
(amitrol) triazole yes yes U III KC, ED potential NAT MT NAT MT ST ST
atrazine triazine yes yes U III PC, ED known ST NAT PNT ST ST ST ST ST ST
bentazon benzothiazinone yes no III III none no data NAT MT MT MT ST MT
bifenox diphenyl ether no U III none no data MT NAT MT MT VHT
bromacil uracil yes no U
II, III,
IV PC, ED known NAT MT NAT ST ST
bromoxynil hydroxybenzonitrile yes no II II PC, RD no data ST MT MT MT MT VHT
butralin dinitroaniline yes no I I none no data HT MT NAT MT MT VHT
Herbicides
chlorimuron (ethyl) sulfonyl urea yes no U III none no data NAT ST NAT MT NAT MT
clethodim Cyclohexenone yes no none II, III none potential MT MT MT MT MT
clomazone isoxazolidinone yes no II III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT HT
cyanazine triazine no II II, III
PC, ED,
RD known ST MT MT MT ST MT HT
cycloxydim cyclohexanone no U none no data NAT MT MT MT MT
dalapon-sodium
halogenated
aliphatic no U II, III none no data NAT NAT NAT NAT
dicamba a benzoic acid yes no III II, III RD potential ST NAT NAT ST
diclofop-methyl phenoxypropionate yes yes III I, II PC, RD no data HT NAT ST
dimethametryn triazine no III II ED no data MT MT MT
dimethenamid chloroacetamide yes no none II, III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT MT
Dimethenamid-P chloroacetamide yes no none II, III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
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Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
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Cru
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tic In
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
diuron urea yes no U III KC known ST ST ST ST MT ST
EPTC + antidote thiocarbamate yes no III II, III RD potential MT HT MT ST ST
fenoxaprop-p-ethyl propionic acid yes no none II, III none no data MT ST PNT ST MT MT
fluazifop-p-butyl propionic acid yes no III II, III none no data MT ST PNT ST
flufenacet oxyacetamide yes No III III none no data MT NAT MT MT MT MT
flumetsulam triazolepyrimidine yes no U III none no data NAT MT ST ST NAT
Flumioxazin dicarboximide yes no none III none no data MT MT NAT MT MT
fluometuron urea yes no U II, III PC potential ST ST MT
fomesafen diphenyl ether yes no III I, II PC no data NAT MT NAT MT NAT ST
glufosinate
ammonium unclassified yes no none II, III none no data NAT NAT MT MT NAT ST
glyphosate phosphonoglycine yes no U II, III none potential ST ST NAT PNT MT ST
glyphosate isopropyl
amine salt phosphonoglycine yes no none II, III none potential ST ST NAT ST NAT NAT NAT
Herbicides
glyphosate trimesium phosphonoglycine no none none none potential NAT ST
halosulfuron-methyl pyrazole yes no U III none potential ST MT ST ST ST NAT
haloxyfop(-P-)methyl a propionic acid no none KC no data HT MT MT MT
hexazinone triazinone yes no III III none known NAT MT NAT NAT ST ST
imazamox imidazolinone yes no none III none no data NAT
imazapyr imidazolinone yes no U III none no data ST MT ST MT NAT
imazethapyr amidazolinone yes no U II, III none potential NAT HT NAT NAT NAT
isoxaben benzamide yes no U III PC potential MT MT MT MT MT MT
isoxaflutole isoxazole yes yes III KC no data ST MT ST MT MT MT
linuron urea yes no U III
KC, ED,
RD potential MT NAT MT MT ST MT ST MT
MCPA chlorophenoxy acid yes no II II, IIII PC no data ST PNT NAT ST ST NAT NAT ST
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
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ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
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Cru
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cts
Pla
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ton
metazachlor chloroacetanilide no U none no data MT MT MT MT
metolachlor chloroacetamide yes no III III PC, ED known MT ST MT MT MT
metribuzin triazinone yes no II II, III ED potential MT NAT MT MT ST ST
metsulfuron-methyl sulfonylurea yes no none II, III none no data MT MT MT MT MT
Mesotrione triketone yes no III none No data ST
MSMA organometal yes no III II, III KC potential ST MT ST MT ST
nicosulfuron sulfonylurea yes no U II, III none potential MT MT MT MT MT
norflurazon pyridazinone yes no U III PC known ST NAT ST MT MT MT
oxadiazon oxidiazole yes no U II, III KC, RD no data MT MT ST MT MT ST HT
oxyfluorfen diphenyl ether yes no U II, III PC no data HT PNT PNT HT HT HT
paraquat bipyridylium yes yes II II P potential ST NAT MT ST ST ST NAT ST
pebulate thiocarbamate no II II, III none potential MT MT NAT MT ST MT ST
pendimethalin dinitroaniline yes no III III PC, ED no data MT NAT ST MT MT
picloram pyridine carboxylic yes yes U III ED known ST MT MT NAT ST NAT ST ST
prometryn triazine yes no U III RD potential MT NAT PNT ST NAT NAT ST ST
Herbicides
propachlor chloroacetanilide yes no III I, II KC, RD no data HT ST HT MT MT MT
propanil anilide yes no III II, III PC potential MT NAT MT ST NAT ST ST ST
propaquizafop a propionic acid no U none no data
propyzamide benzamide yes no U IV PC, RD slight NAT NAT MT MT MT
Prosulfuron sulfonyl urea yes no III none No data NAT ST
quizalofop-p-ethyl a propionic acid yes no none III none no data MT MT MT MT MT
sethoxydim
(setoxidin) cyclohexadione yes no III II, III none potential ST MT ST MT MT ST ST ST
s-metolachlor (alpha) chloroacetanilide yes no none III PC, ED known MT ST MT MT MT
Simazine Triazine yes No III III RD yes ST ST ST NAT NAT NAT ST ST HT
sulfentrazone triazolinone yes no III none no data ST MT MT MT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
111
Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
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Aq
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tic In
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cts
Pla
nk
ton
Sulfodiazol
(ethidimuron) Urea no No III
Not
known
Not
known ST
Terbuthiuron Urea yes No III III RD potential NAT ST
terbuthylazine triazine yes no U III none no data MT MT MT MT MT HT
terbutryne triazine no U II, III PC potential MT NAT NAT MT MT
tribenuron methyl sulfonylurea yes no III PC no data ST MT ST MT
Trifloxysulfuron –
sodium sulfonyl urea yes no III ED potential ST
Trifluralin dinitroaniline yes No III II, III PC, ED
Not
known HT ST ST MT HT ST ST ST MT
topramezone yes no III
Rodenticides
brodifacoum Coumarin yes no Ia II, III none no data MT MT
bromadiolone Coumarin yes no Ia I, III none no data MT MT MT
Coumatetralyl Coumarin no Ib I none no data MT MT MT
difethialone Coumarin yes no Ia II, III none no data VHT HT MT HT
flocoumarfen Coumarin no Ia none none no data HT MT MT
scillirocide (Red
Squill) biological glycoside no O III none no data MT
warfarin coumarin yes no Ib II, III RD no data NAT MT NAT NAT
Avicides
fenthion OP No II II none potential MT MT VHT VHT HT HT VHT VHT
Molluscicides
metaldehyde aldehyde yes no II III PC potential NAT PNT MT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT PNT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
112
Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
h
Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
ph
ibia
ns
Wo
rms
Mo
llusk
s
Cru
sta
ce
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s
Aq
ua
tic In
se
cts
Pla
nk
ton
methiocarb carbamate Yes some Ib I, III none potential HT HT MT MT MT MT MT HT HT
niclosamide no U none none no data VHT VHT MT NAT
trifenmorph no none none none no data HT VHT HT
Growth Regulators
6-Benzyl adenine botanical yes no III PC, ED No data
Chlormequat chloride
Quaternary
ammonium
compound yes No III ED No data NAT NAT MT NAT ST
Chlorthal dimethyl Alkyl phthalate yes no III III PC, yes ST ST
NA
T ST
cyclanilide Unclassified yes no I, II none
No
data ST ST MT MT MT
Cyanamide Inorganic yes yes I PC, ED
Not
known ST ST MT MT .. MT
Daminozide Unclassified yes No III III KC, ED No data NAT NAT NAT
Ethephon Organophosphate yes no III I ED No data NAT MT MT MT NAT NAT NAT
Growth Regulators
Flumetralin dinitroaniline yes no I none No data VHT MT VHT
Gibberellic acid Botanical yes no III III PC, ED No data NAT
Indolyl butyric acid
(IBA) Botanical yes no III III ED No data ST
Naphthylacetamide Unclassified No III III PC, ED No data ST
Mepiquat chloride
Quaternary
ammonium
compound yes no III ED No data NAT NAT ST NAT
Naphthalene acetic Botanical yes No III III PC, ED No data ST
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
113
Active Ingredients Class
EP
A R
eg
iste
red
Re
stric
ted
Use
Pe
stic
ide
WH
O A
cu
te T
ox
icity
Cla
ss
EP
A A
cu
te T
oxic
ity
Cla
ss
es
Ch
ron
ic T
oxic
ity
Gro
un
dw
ate
r
co
nta
min
an
t
Toxicity
Fis
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Bee
s
Bird
s
Am
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ns
Wo
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Mo
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ton
acid
N-Decanol (N-
Decyl alcohol)
Long chain
alcohol yes no III none
No
data MT MT
Octanol
Long chain
alcohol yes no II none
No
data MT MT
thidiazuron Urea yes no III III ED No data ST NAT MT
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
114
Annex 1b. List of active ingredients and Trade Names of pesticides registered for use and imported
to Zimbabwe + indicates mixture
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D Soil Fumigant 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Ditrapex
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telone II 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telopic
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D 92 Soil Fumigant 4 (3-indolyl) Butyric Seradix B No. 1
6-benzyl adenine Promil 6-benzyl adenine Promalin
Abamectin Dynamec Abamectin Biomectin
Abamectin Agromectin Abamectin Abamectin 1.8 EC
Abamectin Abamec 1.8 EC Acephate Orthene 75 SP
Acephate Acephate 75 SP Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel
Acephate Acephate 75% SP Acephate Acephate 75 WP
Acephate Lancer Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel
Acetamiprid Mospilan 20 SP Acetamiprid Pilarmos 20 SP
Acetamiprid Acetamark 20 SP Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 50 WG
Acrinathrin* Rufast 15 EC Acrinathrin* Rufast 75 EW
Aldicarb Temik 15 G Aldicarb Temik 150 GR
Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb ZFC Aldicarb
Aldicarb Temik 5 G Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR
Aldicarb Sanacarb 15 G Aldicarb Temik 15 GD
Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin Cooper Super Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin Mortein Odourless Insect Killer
Alphacypermethrin Fastac 10 EC Alphacypermethrin Fendona 5 WP
Alphacypermethrin Bestseller 100 EC Alphacypermethrin Paracide
Alphacypermethrin Fendona 6 SC Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl Cenalpha pour on
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
115
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
butoxide
Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Powerpour Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide
Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Tablets
Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Tablets
Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Sachets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Pellets
Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex T
Aluminium Phosphide Celphos Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Tablets
Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide 560 GE
Aluminium Phosphide Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex B
Amitraz Ridac 20 Amitraz Red Spider Kill
Amitraz Mitac 20 Amitraz Amitraz 20 EC
Amitraz Bye Bye 20 EC Amitraz Amitic stock dip
Amitraz Tactic Cattle dip Amitraz Tactic Cattle spray
Amitraz Tactic 250 Amitraz Milbitraz Spray
Amitraz Triatix Amitraz Tickbuster
Amitraz Mitac 20 EC Anilazine Bayer Anilazine
Anilazine Dyrene 480 SC Anilazine Dyrene 75 WP
Azadirachtin Neem Extract Azamethaphos Alfacron 10 WP
Azamethaphos Alfacron 50 WP Azinphos-Methyl Gusathion 35 WP
Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Teknar Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel 2 X
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit HP WP Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel WP
Bendiocarb+ Ficam M WP Bendiocarb+ Tetramethrin+ Archer Surface Spray
Benfuracarb Benfran 30 EC Benfuracarb Oncol 10 G
Benfuracarb Oncol 20 EC Benfuracarb Shasha 20 EC
Benomyl Benlate Benomyl Spoton B
Benomyl Benomyl 50 WP Benomyl Agricura Special Fungicide
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
116
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Benomyl Benlate Fungicide Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 0.05% GR
Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 050 EC Beta-cyfluthrin+ imidacloprid Thunder
Bifenazate Floramite 240 EC Bifenthrin Talstar 10 EC
Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Target 5 Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mortein Mentholated Insect Killer
Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mentholated Insect Killer Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mortein 3
Bitertanol Baycor 300 EC Boscalid+ pyraclostrobin Bellis
Brodifacoum Klerat Brodifacoum Finale Meal Based Bait
Brodifacoum Mortein Rat Kill Brodifacoum Super Finale Rat and Mouse Pellets
Brodifacoum Klerat 5G Wax Blocks Brodifacoum Finale Rat and Mouse Killer
Brodifacoum Guard Rat Killer Bromadiolone Lanirat
Bromopropylate Neoron 500 EC Bromopropylate Bromopropylate 50 EC
Bupirimate Nimrod Buprofezin Applaud 50 WP
Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer Butralin Butramex 36 EC
Butralin Tabamex Plus Cadusafos Rugby 10 G
Captafol Captafol 80 WP Captafol+ Chinosol+ Steriseal
Captan Captan 50 FW Captan Captan 50 SC
Captan Captan 50 WP Captan Captan 50% Flo
Captan Captan 500 SC Captan Kaptan 50 WP
Captan Merpan 50 SC Captan Royalcap 800 WDG
Captan+ carbaryl+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug
Captan+ methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Captan+ Fenitrothion Kaptasan F Super
Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# Kaptasan F (15 MO)
Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# Kaptasan F (30 MO)
Carbaryl Carbaryl 85 WP Carbaryl Sevin 85 S
Carbaryl Ravyon 85 S Carbaryl Kombat Stalkborer 2.5%
Carbaryl Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl Carbaryl 50
Carbaryl Carbaryl 5 Dust Carbaryl Carbaryl 85
Carbaryl+ Copper Oxy+ Malathion Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Dusting Powder
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable
Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbendazim Bavistin 50 FL
Carbendazim Bavistin Carbendazim Carbendazim 50 SC
Carbendazim+ flutriafol Early Impact Carbendazim+ flusilazole Punch Xtra
Carbofuran Pilarfuran 10 GR Carbofuran Carbofuran 10 G
Carbofuran Carbofuran Carbofuran Curaterr 10 G
Carbofuran Furadan 10 G Carbosulfan Marshal 25 EC
Carbosulfan Marshal SuSCon Carboxin Anchor red
Carboxin Vitavax 75 Carboxin + Thiram Seedvax 20 EC
Carboxin + Thiram Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin + Thiram Vitavax Plus
Cartap hydrochloride Cartap Cartap hydrochloride Sunntap
Chinomethionat Morestan 25 WP Chlorantraniliprole Ampiglo 150 ZS
Chlordane Ridant Chlordane Dead Ant
Chlordane Dead Ant 30 Chlordane Ant Kill
Chlordane Chlordasol 30 Chlorfenapyr Hunter 36 SC
Chlorfenapyr Secure Chlorfenvinphos Cooper Maggot Spray
Chlorfenvinphos Maggot Spray Chlorfenvinphos Disnis
Chlorfenvinphos Supadip Chlormequat Chloride Chlormequat 40
Chlormequat Chloride Cycocel 40 Chlorobenzilate Akar 50 EC
Chloroneb Demosan Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide Methyl Bromide
Chloropicrin+ 1-3 dichloropropene Telopic Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide Brom-o-gas
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 720 SC Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil
Chlorothalonil Pilarich 50 SC Chlorothalonil Encore 500 FW
Chlorothalonil Conan 75 WP Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 500 SC
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 50 SC Chlorothalonil Chloroflo 500 SC
Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 SC
Chlorothalonil Balear 500 SC Chlorpyriphos Dursban 4 E
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Chlorpyriphos Suscon Green Chlorpyriphos Empire
Chlorpyrifos Gladiator TC Chlorpyrifos Guard
Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex 48 EC
Chlorpyrifos Chlorzan 48 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorban 48 EC
Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% EC
Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% E Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48 EC
Chlorpyrifos Barrier Chlorpyrifos+ Chlorpyrifos-methyl Tenure MTC 500 EC
Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Reldan 50 Chlorthal-Dimethyl Razor
Clofentezine Apollo 50 SC Copper Ammonium Acetate Liquicop
Copper Ammonium Acetate Copflo 32 SL Copper Ammonium Acetate Copper count N
Copper Hydroxide Funguran OH Copper Hydroxide Nordox
Copper Hydroxide Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide Champ Flowable
Copper Hydroxide Champion 77 WP Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85 WP
Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Oxicob 85 WP
Copper Oxychloride Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 60 FW
Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 85% WP
Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Q-Copper WP
Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion+ carbaryl +dinocap Guard N Care Coumatetralyl Racumin Bait Block
Coumatetralyl Racumin Liquid Coumatetralyl Racumin
Cyanamide Dormex Cyfluthrin Cylence
Cyfluthrin Responsar WP 10 Cyfluthrin Baythroid 5% SL
Cyfluthrin Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin Responsar EW 050
Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Residual spray
Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur Zap Roach Killer Cymoxanil +propineb Milraz
Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 25% EC Cypermethrin Ripcord 20 EC
Cypermethrin Nurelle Cypermethrin Cypermethrin
Cypermethrin Cyrux Cypermethrin Cyperkill 10 EC
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Cypermethrin Cymbush 3 ED Cypermethrin Cymbush 20 EC
Cypermethrin ZFC Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Barricade cattle dip
Cypermethrin Ectopour Cypermethrin Sentinel tick dressing
Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 20% EC Cyproconazole Alto 100 SL
Cyproconazole Alto G 34 Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton Altomix 7.75 G
Cyproconazole+ Sulphur Atemi-S cyromazine Cromazine 75 WP
Cyromazine Neporex 50 SP Cyromazine Larvadex
Cyromazine Trigard D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Mats
D-Allethrin Mortein Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Coils
Daminozide Alar Dazomet Basamid Granular
DDT Nova DDT 750 WP DDT Provoke 750 WP
DDVP see Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl Chikwapuro
Deltamethrin Patriot 2.5 SC Deltamethrin Glossinex 200 SC
Deltamethrin Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin K-Otab
Deltamethrin K-Othrin 250 WP Deltamethrin K-Othrin Dust
Deltamethrin Deltaguard 50 WP Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 25
Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 50 Deltamethrin Deltaguard 25 EC
Deltamethrin Crackdown SC Deltamethrin Crackdown 1% SC
Deltamethrin Cislin SC Deltamethrin Crackdown SC
Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 EC Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 FW
Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 SC Deltamethrin Coopers Tick Grease
Deltamethrin Decatix Deltamethrin Deltatick pour on
Deltamethrin Spoton Deltamethrin Deltapour
Deltamethrin Clout pour on Deltamethrin Decistab
Deltamethrin+ Target 5 Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Beta tick grease
Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Venton Wound oil Deltamethrin+ tar acids Exit wound Remedy
Deltamethrin+ Fenitrothion Shumba Super Deltamethrin+ Kadethrin Killem Knockout
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl Deltafos EC Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super
Demeton-S-Methyl Metasystox (i) 25 EC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 500 SC
Diafenthiuron Polo 500 SC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
Diazinon Diazinon 30 EC Diazinon Diazinon DFF
Diazinon Roach Kill Diazinon Diazinon 40 EC
Diazinon Diazinon 30% EW Diazinon Diazinon 30% EC
Diazinon Diazinon 30 Diazinon Diaz 30
Dichlofluanid Euparen 50 WP Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC
Dichlorvos Insectigas Dichlorvos Smash 100 EC
Dichlorvos Vapona 50 EC Dichlorvos Nogos 50 EC
Dichlorvos Nogos 100 EC Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC
Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 SP Dichlorvos Dedevap 1000
Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos Vortex
Dichlorvos Fly Bait Dichlorvos+ Carbaryl+ New Formula Roachitox
Dichlorvos+ Iodofenphos Di-Fli Bait Dichlorvos+ Propoxur Mortein Cockroach Insect Killer
Dichlorvos+ Tetramethrin Zap Insect Killer Dicloran Allisan 50 WP
Dicofol Kelthane EC Dicofol Mitigan 18.5 EC
Dicofol Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicofol 20 EC
Dicofol Dicofol 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicopac 18.5 EC
Dienochlor Pentac 50 WP Dienochlor Pentac 50 Aquaflow
Diethyltoluamide DEET Diethyltoluamide Wound Aerosol
Difenoconazole Score 250 EC Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25 EC
Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M Apron Star 42 WS Difethilalone Rattex
Diflubenzuron Dimilin 25 WP Diflubenzuron Dimilin
Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 EC Dimethoate Dimethoate 40
Dimethoate Dimethoate 40% EC Dimethoate Rogor CE
Dimethoate Rogor 40 EC Dimethoate Rogor
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 Dimethomorph+ mancozeb Acrobat MZ
Dinocap Karathane Dust Dinocap Karathane 2 Dust
Dinocap Karathane 20 WP Dinocap Dinocap
Dinocap+ malathion+ Cu oxy+ carbaryl Guard N Care Diphenylamine D.P.A. WP
Diphenyltoluamide Aeroguard Disulfoton Solvirex Super 10
Disulfoton Disulfogran Disulfoton Solvirex
Disulfoton Solvirex Super 100 Disulfoton Disyston 5 Gran
Disulfoton Disulfoton Disulfoton Disulfogran 5 G
Disulfoton Disyston 0.5 Gran Disulfoton+ Triadimenol Repulse 5.75 GR
thidiazuron Dropp DNOC Capsine DNOC
Dodemorph-acetate Meltatox D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Super Killem
D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin Mortein Flying Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ Target Insect Killer
D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Killem Regular D-Phenothrin+ Archer Insect Killer
D-Transallethrin Target Mosquito Coils Edifenphos Hinosan 500 EC
Emamectin benzoate Proclaim 05 SG Emamectin benzoate Prove
Endosulfan Thiodan Endosulfan Thionex 50 WP
Endosulfan Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan Thionex 1%
Endosulfan Endosulfan 35% EC Endosulfan Thioflo
Endosulfan Thionex Endosulfan Thioflo 50
Endosulfan Thioflo 47.5 SC Endosulfan Thiodan 50 WP
Endosulfan Thiodan 35 MO Endosulfan Thiodan 35 EC
Endosulfan Thiokil 35 EC Endosulfan Thiodan 30 MO
Endosulfan Thiodan 1 Gran Endosulfan Endosulfan 50 WP
Endosulfan Endocid 35% EC Endosulfan Endocid 35 EC
Endosulfan Endosulfan Epoxiconazole +Carbendazim Soprano C
Epoxiconazole +pyraclostrobin Opera Esfenvalerate Agrithrin Super 5 EC
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Ethephon 48 SL Ethrel Ethephon Applied Ethephon
Ethephon Ethephon 48 SL Ethephon Ethephon 480 SL
Ethephon+ Cyclanilide Finish Ethiofencarb Croneton 500 EC
Ethoprophos Mocap 10 G Ethylene Dibromide EDB Tech
Ethylene Dibromide Technical EDB Ethylene Dibromide Miscible EDB
Ethylene Dibromide Minifume EDB Ethylene Dibromide Micro EDB
Ethylene Dibromide Water Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide Agrifume EDB 4.5
Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide EDB EC
Ethylene Dibromide EDB 92 EC Ethylene Dibromide EDB 4.5
Ethylene Dibromide Edabrom Etoxazole Smite 100 SC
Etrimphos Satisfar 1 Dust Fatty Acids Naturell
fenamidone Noblight Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al Verita
Fenamiphos Fenamiphos 40 EC Fenamiphos Nemacur 10 Gran
Fenamiphos Nemacur 400 EC Fenarimol Rubigan EC
fenazaquin Pride Fenbutatin-oxide Torque
Fenbutatin-oxide Fenbutatin-oxide 55 SC fenhexamid Teldor
Fenitrothion Folithion 60 EC Fenitrothion Sumithion 40 WP
Fenitrothion Snipe Fenitrothion Reskol
Fenitrothion Folithion 60% EC Fenitrothion Folithion 1000 UL
Fenitrothion Croak Fenitrothion Cockroach, Ant & Flea Powder
Fenitrothion Cockroach Killer Fenitrothion Ant Poison
Fenitrothion Kontakil Fenitrothion+ Deltamethrin Shumba Super
fenpropimorph Corbel 750 EC Fenthion Lebaycid 50 EC
Fenthion Queletox 40 SC Fenthion Queletox 640 UL
Fentin Acetate Brestan Fentin Hydroxide Du-Ter Extra
Fenvalerate Agrithrin 20 EC Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate 200 EC
Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate Fenvalerate Fenkill 20 EC
Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20 EC Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20% EC
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Fenvalerate Fenvalerate Fenvalerate Pfumo 20 EC
Fenvalerate Sanvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate Sumifly
Fipronil Regent 200 SC Fipronil Regent 250 FS
Fipronil Regent 3 G Fipronil Regent 500 FS
Fipronil Regent 800 WG Fipronil Frontline
Fipronil Much Cockroach Bait Flocoumarfen Storm
flubendiamide Belt Flubenzimine Cropotex 500 WP
Flucythrinate Cybolt 100 E Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M Maxim XL 035 FS
Flufenoxuron Cascade Flufenoxuron Flufenoxuron
Flumethrin Bayticol Flumethrin Drastic Deadline pour on
Flumetralin Prime + Fluopicolide+ propamocarb HCL Infinito
Flusilazole Nustar 250 EC Flusilazole+ carbendazim Punch Xtra
Flutriafol Impact Flutriafol Armour G
Flutriafol+ carbendazim Early Impact Fluvalinate Mavrik 2E
Formetanate Hydrochloride Dicarzol Fosetyl-Al Aliette WG
Fosetyl-Al+ Mancozeb Mikal-M Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone Verita
Furathiocarb Deltanet 5 G Furathiocarb Promet 400 CS
Gamma BHC (LINDANE) Bedbug Kill Gamma BHC Bexadust "L"
Gamma BHC Gamatox House Spray Gamma BHC Multi Benhex
Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid Hydramethylnon Maxforce
Hydramethylnon Siege Gel Imazalil Sulphate Magnate Sulphate 75 SP
Imazalil Imazalil 800 EC Imazalil Magnate 800 EC
Imazalil Fungazil Imidacloprid Gaucho 70 WS
Imidacloprid Pilarking 35 SC Imidacloprid Pilarking 20 SL
Imidacloprid Pilarking 70 WS Imidacloprid Gaucho T45 WS
Imidacloprid Gaucho 600 FS Imidacloprid Confidor 5 GR
Imidacloprid Confidor 350 SC Imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL
Imidacloprid Confidor 75 WG Imidacloprid Imidacloprid 200 SL
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Imidacloprid Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid +Pencycuron+ Thiram Monceren GT 390 FS
Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin Thunder Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 1
Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 2 Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 3
Indoxacarb Avaunt 150 SC Iprodione Rovral 250 SC
Iprodione Iprodione 25 SC Iprodione Rovral Wettable Powder
Iprovalicarb+ Propineb Melody Duo Isofenphos Oftanol 50 EC
Kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin Volaton Cutworm Bait
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Knockout 5 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin Mortein Iconet Lambda-cyhalothrin Karate
Lambda-cyhalothrin Grenade Lambda-cyhalothrin Icon 2,5CS
Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid Blast 60 EC Lindane Gamma BHC
Lufenuron Match 50 EC Lufenuron Program
Lufenuron Lufenuron 5 EC Magnesium Phosphide Magtoxin
Malathion Malathion 25 WP Malathion Malathion 5 Dust
Malathion Malathion 50 EC Malathion Nhovo
Malathion Malathion 1 Dust Malathion Aphid Kill
Malathion Malathion 50% EC Malathion Malathion ULV
Malathion Malathion 50 WP Malathion Malathion 25 EC
Malathion Kudzivirira Mbesa Malathion Ingwe
Malathion +Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax ABC Powder Malathion+ Pyrethrins Pythion 21
Malathion+ Pyrethrins Special Pythion 2 l Malathion+ Pyrethrins Super Pythion
Mancozeb Mancozan 80 WP Mancozeb Vondozeb Flowable
Mancozeb Spoton-M Mancozeb Mancozeb
Mancozeb Mancozeb Flowable Mancozeb Mancozeb 800 WP
Mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP Mancozeb Mancozan 800 WP
Mancozeb Mancozeb 75 WP Mancozeb Dithane M.45
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Mancozeb Dithane M.45 WP Mancozeb Dithane DG
Mancozeb Agrizeb 80 WP Mancozeb Mancozan 75 WP
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Metalaxyl-M 72 WP
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Duet
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Crater MX 700 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M Unilax
Maneb+ Zinc oxide Trimangol SC Mepiquat Chloride Pix
Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 5 GR Metalaxyl Ridomil 5 G
Metalaxyl-M +difenoconazole +thiamethoxam Apron Star 42 WS Metalaxyl-M+ Copper Oxy Ridomil Plus
Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP
Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Duet Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Crater MX 700 WP
Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Unilax Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil Maxim XL 035 FS
Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metaldehyde Metason
Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Pellets Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Killer
Metam Sodium Metam Sodium Methacriphos Damfin 2P
Methamidophos Polaron 60 SL Methamidophos Citrimet 500 AL
Methamidophos Tamaron 600 SL Methamidophos Methamidophos 60 SC
Methamidophos Pilaron 60 SL Methamidophos Chematron
Methamidophos Methamidophos 600 SL Methidathion Ultracide 40 EC
Methiocarb Mesurol 80% WP Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait
Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Pellets Methomyl Lannate
Methomyl Methomyl Methomyl Methomyl 90 SP
Methomyl Lannate Methomyl Methomex 90 SP
Methomyl+ Tricosene Dyfly Methoprene Kabat
Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Brom-o-gas
Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Metabrom
Methyl Isothiocyanate+ Ditrapex Metiram Polyram Combi
Metiram Polyram DF Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Mevinphos Phosdrin Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC
Mevinphos Phosdrin 24 EC Milbemectin Milbeknock
Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Bac Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil Orchex Mineral Oil Mineral Oil Winspray
Mineral Oil Mineral Oil Mineral Oil Orchard Oil
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40% SL Monocrotophos Monocrotophos
Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSL Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSC
Monocrotophos Monostem SL Monocrotophos Monostem 40 SL
Monocrotophos Monofos Monocrotophos Monofos 40
Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSC Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40
Monocrotophos Azodrin 40 Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40
Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSL Monocrotophos Applied Monocrotophos
Monocrotophos Monocron 40 EC Monocrotophos Monocron 40 LC
Monocrotophos Monocron Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 36 SL
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 LC Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 WSC
Naled Migafos N-Decanol N-Decanol
N-Decanol ZFC Decanol N-Decanol Thekanol
N-Decanol Sukerkil N-Decanol ZFC Fair Tac
N-Decanol Deka N-Decanol Bac-Tac
N-Decanol Spraytak N-Decanol Royaltac M
Niclosamide Bayluscide 70 WP Novaluron Oscar 100 EC
Novaluron Rimon 10 EC Octanol Decanol ZFC Fair 85
Octanol+ Decanol Royaltac M Omethoate Folimat 80
Oxadixyl +Mancozeb Sandofan MS WP Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb Sandofan M8
Oxamyl Vydate 310 L Oxamyl Platoon SL
Oxamyl Nemat 310 L Oxamyl Oxamyl 31 SL
Oxamyl Oxamyl 31 SL.0 Oxamyl Oxamyl 10 G
Oxycarboxin Plantvax 20 EC Oxycarboxin Plantvax 75
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox (R) 25 EC Parathion Folidol 25 EC
Parathion Folidol 25 WP Parathion Folidol 50 EC
Parathion Parathion 25 EC Parathion Parathion 25 WP
Parathion Parathion 500 EC Penconazole Penconazole
Penconazole Topas 100EC Penconazole Penconazole 20 EW
Pencycuron+ Captan Monceren Combi Pencycuron+ Imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS
Pendimethalin Accotab Pendimethalin Agritop
Pendimethalin Prime Suckeride 33% EC Pendimethalin Toptab 33 EC
Pentachlorophenol Concentrated Wood preservative Pentachlorophenol Chematect Conc.
Pentachlorophenol Termite Poison Pentachlorophenol Wood Preservative
Pentachlorophenol Atlas AA 8.5 Permethrin+ pirimiphos methyl Chirindamatura Dust
Permethrin+ F-aerosol Permethrin Cooper Mosquito Larvicide
Permethrin Peripel 55 Permethrin Coopex
Permethrin Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin+ Allethrin New P 44
Petroleum oil Ximex "XL" Phenothrin+ Allethrin Mobil Insecticide
Phoxim Baythion 500 EC Phoxim Volaton Cutworm Bait
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Surface Piperonyl Butoxide+ Zap Insect Killer
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Archer Insect Killer
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Regular Piperonyl Butoxide+ Super Killem
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG
Pirimiphos-methyl Shumba 2 Dust Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic 50 EC
Pirimiphos-methyl Cooperfos Graingard Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard 50 EC
Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin Chirindamatura Dust
Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin Actellic Super Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin Chikwapuro
lime sulphur Lime Sulphur Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) Phosguard 40 SL
Potassium phosphite Phosphite 400 SL Pirimicarb Pirimor 5 ED
Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG Prochloraz manganese chloride Sporgon 50 WP
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Prochloraz Prochloraz 45 EC Procymidone Promislex 25 SC
Procymidone Sumisclex 50 WP Procymidone Procilix 25 SC
Profenofos Curacron 500 EC Profenofos Profenofos 50 EC
Propamocarb-HCL Previcur N 72 SL Propamocarb-HCL Propa-N 72 SL
Propargite Omite 30 WP Propargite Omite EC
Propargite Propargite 30 WP Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos Safrotin Aerosol
Propiconazole Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole New ZFC Bumper 25 EC
Propiconazole Propiconapac Propiconazole Propiconazole 25 EC
Propiconazole Propiconazole 250 EC Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC
Propineb Antracol 70 WP Propineb+ Cymoxanil Milraz 76 WP
Propineb+ Triadimefon Bayleton A Propoxur Baygon 1 Dust
Propoxur Baygon 20 EC Propoxur Baygon Fly Bait
Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Residual Spray
Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Esbiothrin Killem Surface
Prosuler Oxymatrine Levo 2.4 SL Pymetrozine Chess 50 WP
Pymetrozine Chess 25 WP Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid Bellis
Pyraclostrobin+ epoxiconazole Opera Pyrazophos Afugan 30 EC
Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Pyrethrum-Carbaryl Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Dusting Powder
Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Guard N Care
Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Aquapy Pyrethrins Coopermatic Aerosol
Pyrethrins Spar Knockdown Pyrethrins Mositox
Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Ready for Use
Pyrethrins Tobacco Tox Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Concentrate
Pyrethrins Flower Mosquito Coils Pyrethrins Bymo Insect Killer
Pyrethrins Baygon Insect Killer Pyrethrins 30-T
Pyrethrins G-17 Pyrethrins ABC Powder
Pyrethrins New Formula Roachitox Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Biomatic Fly Killer
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc Doom Mosquito Coils Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil 40 SC
Pyrimethanil Scala 40 SC Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC
Quintozene Quintozene 75 WP Scillirocide Silmurin
Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion Kaptasan F (15 MO) Spinosad Tracer 480 SC
Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 SC Spiromesifen Oberon
Spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC Sulphur Cosan Wettable Sulphur
Sulphur Dusting Sulphur Sulphur Kumulus DF
Sulphur Sulphur 80 WP Sulphur Thiovit Wettable Sulphur
Sulphur Thiovit Sulphur Vine Dusting Sulphur
Sulphur Wettable Sulphur Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Vegidust
Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Pedza Nhamo
Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion Agridust
Sulphur+ Mancozeb Flower Power Sulprophos Bolstar 720 EC
Tartar Emetic Tartox SP Tartar Emetic Tartox
Tartar Emetic Tartar Emetic Tebuconazole Folicur 250 EC
Tebuconazole Orius 250 EW Tebuconazole Supreme 25 EC
Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 EC Tebuconazole Folicur 25 WP
Tebuconazole +trifloxystrobin Nativo Teflubenzuron Nomolt
Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos-M 85 WP Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos 50 WP
Tolclofos-Methyl Rizolex 50 WP Temephos Abate 500 EC
Temephos Mostop Terbufos Counter FC 10 GR
Terbufos Counter FC 15 G Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona 50 WP
Tetrachlorvinphos+ Graingard 3 Dust Tetradifon Tetradifon 8 EC
Tetradifon Tetradifon EC Tetramethrin+ Mobil Insecticide
Tetramethrin+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Sanmex Supakill
Tetramethrin+ Super Killem Tetramethrin+ Target 5
Tetramethrin+ Target Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Killem Regular
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Thiabendazole Tecto Thiabendazole Tecto 500 SC
Thiacloprid Calypso 480 SC Thiamethoxam Actara 25 WG
Thiamethoxam Cruiser 350 FS Thiamethoxam Cruiser 70 WG
Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS
Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ difenoconazole Apron Star 42 WS
Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil +Metalaxyl-M Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS Thidiazuron+ Dropp Ultra
Thiodicarb Larvin 375 FW Thiodicarb Larvin 80 WG
Thiodicarb Carvin 375 FW Thiofanox Dacamox 5G
Thiometon Ekatin 25 EC Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 50 FW
Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 65 WP Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin Flo 48 SC
Thiourea Thiourea Thiram Thiram 80 WP
Thiram ZFC Kumeresa Thiram Thiram 80
Thiram Thiulin Thiram+ Lindane Agri Seed Dressing
TMTD+ pencycuron+ imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS Triadimefon Bayleton 25 WP
Triadimefon Bayleton 5 WP Triadimefon Bayleton 250 EC
Triadimenol Baytan 15 WP Triadimenol Shavit 25 EC
Triadimenol Bayfidan 1 G Triadimenol Triadimenol 25 EC
Triazophos Hostathion 40 EC Triazophos Triazophos 40 EC
Trichlorfon Flytac SC Trichlorfon Trichlorfon 950 SP
Trichlorfon Dipterex 95 SP Trichlorfon Dipterex 2.5 Gran
Trichlorfon Danex 95 SP Trichlorfon Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules
Trifenmorph Frescon Trifloxystrobin Flint 50 WG
Trifloxystrobin Twist 50 WG Trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole Nativo
Triflumuron Alsystin 480 SC Triforine Funginex
Triticonazole Premis 200 FS Vamidothion Kilval
Warfarin Dedrat Warfarin Ratkill
Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Super Rat Kill Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Norax Ready Mixed
Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Rat Poison
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HERBICIDES Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name
2,4 D Amine Hormotox 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 7.2
2,4 D Amine + MCPA U46 Combi Fluid 6 2,4 D Amine + Picloram Tordon 101
Acetochlor Relay Acetochlor Volcano Acetochlor 900
Acetochlor Pilarpass 90 EC Acetochlor Harness EC
Acetochlor Guardian S EC Acetochlor Acetochlor 900 EC
Acetochlor Wenner Acetochlor Diamant 700 S
Acifluorfen Blazer 2S Alachlor Alachlor
Alachlor Lasachlor Alachlor ZFC Alachlor
Alachlor Lasso Alachlor Lasso MT
Alachlor Lasso 480 EC Alachlor Lasso 48 EC
Alachlor Citchem Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor Alanex
Alachlor Alaklor 480 EC Alachlor Alachlor Herbicide
Alachlor Alachlor 480 EC Alachlor Alachlor 48 EC
Alachlor Alanex 480 EC Ametryn Ametryne 500 F
Ametryn Ametryn 50 SC Ametryn Gesapax 80 WG
Ametryn Gesapax 500 FW Ametryn Ametryne 80
Ametryn Ametryne 80 WP Ametryn Ametrex 50 SC
Ametryn Ametryn 500 F Ametryn Ametrex 80
Ametryn Ametrex 80 WP Ametryn Ametryn 500 SC
Ametryn Ametryn 80 WP Aminotriazole Bayer Amitrol
Atrazine Atrazine 500 FW Atrazine Mutsvairo 500 FW
Atrazine Gesaprim 500 FW Atrazine Atrazine 500 SC
Atrazine Atrazine 50 SC Atrazine Atrazine 50 Flowable
Atrazine Atrazine 5 GR Atrazine Atrazine 5 G
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Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name
Atrazine Atranex 50 SC Atrazine Atrazine 80 WP
Atrazine Atrazine 50 FW Atrazine + Metolachlor Prime Gold
Bentazon Lawn Weed Clear Bentazon Basagran
Bentazon Bentazon 48 EC Bifenox Modown
Bromacil Track Chemical X Bromacil Track X Granular
Bromacil Bromacil 80 WP Bromoxynil Bromotril 500 SC
Bromoxynil Bromoxynil Bromoxynil Buctril DS
Bromoxynil Buctril 21 Bromoxynil Bromotril
Bromoxynil Brominal Super Bromoxynil Bromoxynil 22.5 EC
Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine Terbo SE Butralin Tabamex
Butralin Butramex 36 EC Chlorimuron-ethyl Classic 25 DF
Chlorimuron-ethyl Extreme 50 WP Chlorimuron-ethyl Chlorimuron-E 25 WG
Chlorthal - dimethyl Razor Clethodim Select 240 EC
Clomazone Command 4 EC Clomazone Pilarmand 48 EC
Clomazone Command 480 EC Clomazone Clomazone 480 EC
Clomazone CMF Clomazone 48 EC Clomazone Kalif 48 EC
Clomazone Polazone 480 EC Clomazone Clomazone
Cyanazine Bladex 5 SC Cyanazine Prime Cottherb 5 SC
Cyanazine + Atrazine Blazine 5 Cyanazine/Atrazine Blazine 5 SC
Cycloxydim Focus Ultra Cycloxydim Focus
Dalapon Basfapon Dalapon Dalapon 85 S Systemic
Dalapon Dalapon Dalapon Grass Killer
Dalapon + Diuron Dalmex Dicamba Dicamba 480 SL
Dicamba Banvel Diclofop-methyl Hoelon 36 EC
Dimethametryn Dimepax Dimethenamid Frontier 900 EC
Dimethenamid - P Frontier Optima Diuron Diuron 80 WP
Diuron TSA Diuron Diuron Diuron 900 DF
Diuron Diuron 800 SC Diuron Diurex 80 WP
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Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name
Diuron Bayer Diuron 80 WP Diuron Bayer Diuron 80
Diuron Diuron 80 Wettable Powder EPTC Cypam
Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Puma Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Omerous Super 120 EC
Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Forte Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Super
Fluazifop-P-butyl Web Super 12.5 EC Flufenacet Tiara 60 WG
Flumetralin Prime Plus Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor Bateleur Gold 650 EC
Flumioxazin Vulcan 50 WP Fluometuron Cotoran 80 WP
Fluometuron Lentipur 80 WP Fluometuron Cottonex 50 SC
Fluometuron Cotoran 500 FW Fluometuron Cottonex 80 WP
Fomesafen Flex W Glufosinate-ammonium Basta 20 SL
Glyphosate trimesium Touchdown Glyphosate Glyphosate 180
Glyphosate Driveweeder Glyphosate Glifonex
Glyphosate Glyfonex Glyphosate Glyfotec
Glyphosate Glyphogan 480 SL Glyphosate Glyphon 360 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate 360 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SC
Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate
Glyphosate Glyphotox Glyphosate Mebrom Wipeout
Glyphosate Pathclear Glyphosate Roundup Biodry
Glyphosate Roundup Glyphosate Sanglypho L
Glyphosate Scat 360 SL Glyphosate Sting
Glyphosate Weedclear 360 Glyphosate Glyphonex
Halosulfuron - methyl Servian 75 WG Halosulfuron - methyl Halosulfuron - M 75 WG
Haloxyfop-ethoxy-ethyl Gallant 125 EE Haloxyfop-R-methyl ester Super Gallant
Hexazinone Velpar L Hexazinone Hexazinone 240 SL
Imazamox Lynx Imazapyr Arsenal
Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG Imazethapyr Pursuit
Imazethapyr Amplify Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG
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Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name
Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate
Actril DS Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate
Voltril
Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate
Escardar Isoxaben Flexidor
Isoxaflutole Merlin 750 WG Linuron Afalon 450 SC
Linuron Afalon 50 WP Linuron Linurex 50 WP
MCPA MCPA 50 SL MCPA-K Salt Weedkiller M
MCPA-K Salt Lawn Weeder MCPA-K Salt MCPA 40 SL
MCPA-K Salt MCPA 400 SL MCPA-K Salt MCPA Herbicide
Mesotrione + S-metolachlor + Terbuthylazine
Lumax 537.5 SE Metazachlor Butisan S
Metolachlor Metolachlor 720 EC Metolachlor Metolachlor 96 EC
Metolachlor Metolachlor 960 EC Metribuzin Metriphar 480 SC
Metribuzin Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC Metribuzin Sencor 480 SC
Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 EC Metribuzin Metriphar 48 SC
Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 480 SC
Metsulfuron-methyl Ally MSMA MSMA
MSMA Volcano MSMA N – Decanol N - Decanol
N - Decanol Thekanol N – Decanol Deka
N - Decanol Antak Nicosulfuron Accent
Nicosulfuron Accent 75 DF Nicosulfuron Nicosulfuron 75 WG
Nicosulfuron Sanson 4 SC Nicosulfuron Arrow 75 WDG
Norflurazon Solicam DF Norflurazon Zorial 80 WP
Oxadiazon Oxadiazon 25 EC Oxadiazon Ronstar EC
Oxadiazon Ronstar Flo Oxadiazon Ronstar
Oxyfluorfen Galigan 240 EC Oxyfluorfen Goal 24 EC
Paraquat Paraquat SL Paraquat Paraquat
Paraquat Paraquat S Paraquat Paraquat 24 SL
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Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name
Paraquat Paraquat 240 SL Paraquat Agroquat
Paraquat Gramoxone Paraquat Avi-paraquat
Paraquat Agriquat Paraquat Gramoxone
Pebulate Tillatox Pendimethalin Prowl
Pendimethalin Paragon 500 EC Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 50 EC
Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 500 EC Pendimethalin Polatab 330 EC Suckercide
Pendimethalin Prime Suckercide 33% EC Pendimethalin Accotab
Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 33% EC Pendimethalin Toptab 33 EC
Pendimethalin Agritop EC Picloram Tordon 22K
Prometryn Prometrex 50 SC Prometryn Prometryn 50 FW
Prometryn Prometryn 50 SC Prometryn Prometryn 500 SC
Prometryn Prometryn 80 WP Prometryn Gesagard 500 FW
Prometryn + Fluometuron Cottonex Super SC Prometryn + Fluometuron Cotogard 500 FW
Prometryn + S-metolachlor Codal® gold 412 DC Propachlor Ramrod SC
Propanil Surcopur 360 EC Propaquizafop Agil 100 EC
Propyzamide Kerb 50 WP Prosulfuron Peak 75 WG
Quizalofop-P-ethyl Pilot Super Quizalofop-P-ethyl Co-Pilot
Quizalofop-P-tefuryl Escourt 40 EC Sethoxydim Nabu
Simazine Simazine 80 WP S-metolachlor Dual Magnum
S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam Bateleur Gold 650 EC Sulfentrazone Authority 75 WG
Sulfentrazone Authority 480 SC Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 75 WG
Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 48 EC Sulfodiazol Ustilan 70 WP
Terbuthiuron Graslan 20 P Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine 50 SC
Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor Sorgomil Gold Terbutryn Terbutryn 50 SC
Terbutryn Terbutryne 50 SC Terbutryn Terbutrex 50 SC
Tribenuron methyl Granstar 75 DF Tribenuron methyl Tribenuron-M 75 WG
Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn
Krismat 75 WG Trifluralin Trifsan
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Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name Herbicide Active Ingredient Trade Name
Trifluralin Mebrom Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC
Trifluralin Trif 480 EC Trifluralin Trif
Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin Trifluralin
Trifluralin Triflurex Topramezone + dicamba Stellar
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Annex 1c. List of Trade Names and active ingredients of Zimbabwe
registered pesticides with type and USEPA registration status
INSECTICIDES, MITICIDES, NEMATICIDES AND FUNGICIDES
Guide to the tables in this annex
Type of Pesticide Registration Status
AVICIDE A
APPROVED A
ANIMAL HEALTH AH
HIGH TOXICITY (CLASS 1) HT(1)
FUMIGANT FM
NO US CROP REGISTRATION NCR
FUNGICIDE FN
NO USA REGISTRATION NR
GROWTH REGULATOR GR
RESTRICTED USE PRODUCT RUP
INSECTICIDE I MITICIDE/ACARICIDE M MOLLUSCICIDE MO NEMATICIDE N
+ indicates mixture
PUBLIC HEALTH PH RODENTICIDE R
Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
30-T Pyrethrins PH A
Abamec 1.8 EC Abamectin M A
Abamectin 1.8 EC Abamectin M A
Abate 500 EC Temephos I A
ABC Powder Malathion +Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax PH A
ABC Powder Pyrethrins PH A
Accotab Pendimethalin GR A
Acephate 75 SP Acephate I A
Acephate 75 WP Acephate I A
Acephate 75% SP Acephate I A
Acetamark 20 SP Acetamiprid I A
Acrobat MZ Dimethomorph+ mancozeb FN A
Actara 25 WG Thiamethoxam I A
Actellic 50 EC Pirimiphos-methyl I A
Actellic Super Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin I A
Actellic Super Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin I A
Admiral 10 EC Pyriproxyfen I A
Aeroguard Diphenyltoluamide PH NR
Afugan 30 EC Pyrazophos FN NR
Agri Seed Dressing Thiram+ Lindane FN NR
Agricura Special Fungicide Benomyl FN NR
Agridust Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion FN A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Agrifume EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Agrithrin 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR
Agrithrin Super 5 EC Esfenvalerate I RUP
Agritop Pendimethalin GR A
Agrizeb 80 WP Mancozeb FN A
Agromectin Abamectin M A
Akar 50 EC Chlorobenzilate MO NR
Alar Daminozide GR A
Alfacron 10 WP Azamethaphos I NR
Alfacron 50 WP Azamethaphos I NR
Aliette WG Fosetyl-Al FN A
Allisan 50 WP Dicloran FN A
Alsystin 480 SC Triflumuron I NR
Alto 100 SL Cyproconazole FN A
Alto G 34 Cyproconazole FN A
Altomix 7.75 G Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton FN A
Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Aluminium Phosphide 560 GE Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Aluminium Phosphide Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Amitic stock dip Amitraz AH A
Amitraz 20 EC Amitraz M A
Ampiglo 150 ZS Chlorantraniliprole I A
Anchor red Carboxin FN A
Ant Kill Chlordane I NR
Ant Poison Fenitrothion PH NCR
Antiracial 70 WP Propineb FN NR
Aphid Kill Malathion I A
Apollo 50 SC Clofentezine M A
Applaud 50 WP Buprofezin I A
Applied Ethephon Ethephon GR HT(1)
Applied Fenvalerate Fenvalerate I NR
Applied Fenvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate I NR
Applied Monocrotophos Monocrotophos I NR
Apron Star 42 WS Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M FN A
Apron Star 42 WS Metalaxyl-M +difenoconazole +thiamethoxam FN A
Apron Star 42 WS Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ difenoconazole I A
Aquapy Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide PH A
Archer Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ PH A
Archer Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Archer Surface Spray Bendiocarb+ Tetramethrin+ PH NR
Armour G Flutriafol FN A
Atemi-S Cyproconazole+ Sulphur FN A
Atlas AA 8.5 Pentachlorophenol PH RUP
Avaunt 150 SC Indoxacarb I A
Azodrin 40 Monocrotophos I NR
Bac Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) I A
Bac-Tac N-Decanol GR A
Balear 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Barricade cattle dip Cypermethrin AH NR
Barrier Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Basamid Granular Dazomet N A
Bavistin Carbendazim FN A
Bavistin 50 FL Carbendazim FN A
Baycor 300 EC Bitertanol FN NR
Bayer Anilazine Anilazine FN NR
Bayfidan 1 G Triadimenol FN A
Baygon 1 Dust Propoxur PH A
Baygon 20 EC Propoxur PH A
Baygon Fly Bait Propoxur PH A
Baygon Insect Killer Pyrethrins PH A
Baygon Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin PH NR
Baygon Mosquito Mats D-Allethrin PH NR
Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin PH A
Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin+ PH A
Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos PH A
Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos PH A
Baygon Residual spray Cyfluthrin+ PH A
Baygon Residual Spray Propoxur+ Dichlorvos PH A
Bayleton 25 WP Triadimefon FN A
Bayleton 250 EC Triadimefon FN A
Bayleton 5 WP Triadimefon FN A
Bayleton A Propineb+ Triadimefon FN NR
Bayluscide 70 WP Niclosamide MO NR
Baytan 15 WP Triadimenol FN A
Baythion 500 EC Phoxim I NR
Baythroid 5% SL Cyfluthrin I A
Bayticol Flumethrin AH NR
Bedbug Kill Gamma BHC (LINDANE) PH NR
Bellis Boscalid+ pyraclostrobin FN A
Bellis Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid FN A
Belt Flubendiamide I A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Benfran 30 EC Benfuracarb I NR
Benlate Benomyl FN NR
Benlate Fungicide Benomyl FN NR
Benomyl 50 WP Benomyl FN NR
Bestseller 100 EC Alphacypermethrin I NR
Beta tick grease Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids AH NR
Bexadust "L" Gamma BHC PH NR
Biobit Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A
Biobit HP WP Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A
Biomatic Fly Killer Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide PH A
Biomectin Abamectin M A
Bion 50 WG Acibenzolar-S-methyl FN A
Blast 60 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid I A
Bolstar 720 EC Sulprophos I NR
Bravo 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Bravo 500 Chlorothalonil FN A
Brestan Fentin Acetate FN NR
Brom-o-gas Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide FM RUP
Brom-o-gas Methyl Bromide FM RUP
Bromopropylate 50 EC Bromopropylate M NR
Bulldock 0.05% GR Beta-cyfluthrin I A
Bulldock 050 EC Beta-cyfluthrin I A
Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole FN A
Butramex 36 EC Butralin H HT(1)
Bye Bye 20 EC Amitraz M A
Bymo Insect Killer Pyrethrins PH A
Calypso 480 SC Thiacloprid I A
Capsine DNOC DNOC I NR
Captafol 80 WP Captafol FN NR
Captan 50 FW Captan FN A
Captan 50 SC Captan FN A
Captan 50 WP Captan FN A
Captan 50% Flo Captan FN A
Captan 500 SC Captan FN A
Carbaryl 5 Dust Carbaryl PH A
Carbaryl 50 Carbaryl I A
Carbaryl 85 Carbaryl I A
Carbaryl 85 WP Carbaryl I A
Carbendazim 50 SC Carbendazim FN NCR
Carbofuran Carbofuran I RUP
Carbofuran 10 G Carbofuran I RUP
Cartap Cartap hydrochloride I NR
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Carvin 375 FW Thiodicarb I RUP
Cascade Flufenoxuron I NR
Celphos Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Cenalpha pour on Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide AH NR
Champ Flowable Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)
Champion 77 WP Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)
Chematect Conc. Pentachlorophenol PH RUP
Chematron Methamidophos I RUP
Chess 25 WP Pymetrozine I A
Chess 50 WP Pymetrozine I A
Chikwapuro Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl I A
Chikwapuro Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin I A
Chirindamatura Dust Permethrin+ pirimiphos methyl PH A
Chirindamatura Dust Pirimiphos-methyl +permethrin I A
Chlorban 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Chlordasol 30 Chlordane I NR
Chlormequat 40 Chlormequat Chloride GR A
Chloroflo 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil FN A
Chlorothalonil 50 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Chlorothalonil 500 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Chlorothalonil 720 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Chlorpyrifos 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Chlorpyrifos 48% E Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Chlorpyrifos 48% EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Chlorzan 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Cislin SC Deltamethrin PH A
Citrimet 500 AL Methamidophos I RUP
Clout pour on Deltamethrin AH A
Cockroach Killer Fenitrothion PH NCR
Cockroach, Ant & Flea Powder Fenitrothion PH NCR
Conan 75 WP Chlorothalonil FN A
Concentrated Wood preservative Pentachlorophenol PH RUP
Confidor 200 SL Imidacloprid I A
Confidor 350 SC Imidacloprid I A
Confidor 5 GR Imidacloprid I A
Confidor 75 WG Imidacloprid I A
Cooper Maggot Spray Chlorfenvinphos PH NR
Cooper Mosquito Larvicide Permethrin PH A
Cooper Super Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin PH NR
Cooperfos Graingard Pirimiphos-methyl I A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Coopermatic Aerosol Pyrethrins PH A
Coopers Tick Grease Deltamethrin AH A
Coopex Permethrin PH A
Copflo 32 SL Copper Ammonium Acetate FN A
Copper count N Copper Ammonium Acetate FN A
Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride FN A
Copper Oxychloride 60 FW Copper Oxychloride FN A
Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride FN A
Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride FN A
Copper Oxychloride 85% WP Copper Oxychloride FN A
Corbel 750 EC Fenpropimorph FN NR
Cosan Wettable Sulphur Sulphur FN A
Counter FC 10 GR Terbufos I RUP
Counter FC 15 G Terbufos I RUP
Crackdown 1% SC Deltamethrin PH A
Crackdown SC Deltamethrin PH A
Crackdown SC Deltamethrin PH A
Crater MX 700 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A
Crater MX 700 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A
Croak Fenitrothion PH NCR
Cromazine 75 WP Cyromazine I A
Croneton 500 EC Ethiofencarb I NR
Cropotex 500 WP Flubenzimine M NR
Cruiser 350 FS Thiamethoxam I A
Cruiser 70 WG Thiamethoxam I A
Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M I A
Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil +Metalaxyl-M I A
Cupravit Copper Oxychloride FN A
Cupravit Copper Oxychloride FN A
Curacron 500 EC Profenofos I RUP
Curaterr 10 G Carbofuran I RUP
Cybolt 100 E Flucythrinate I NR
Cycocel 40 Chlormequat Chloride GR A
Cylence Cyfluthrin AH A
Cymbush 20 EC Cypermethrin I NR
Cymbush 3 ED Cypermethrin I NR
Cyperkill 10 EC Cypermethrin I NR
Cypermethrin Cypermethrin I NR
Cypermethrin 20% EC Cypermethrin I NR
Cypermethrin 25% EC Cypermethrin I NR
Cyrux Cypermethrin I NR
D.P.A. WP Diphenylamine I HT(1)
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Dacamox 5G Thiofanox I NR
Damfin 2P Methacriphos I NR
Danex 95 SP Trichlorfon I A
D-D 92 Soil Fumigant 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP
D-D Soil Fumigant 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP
DDVP 100 EC DDVP see Dichlorvos I
HT(1)
DDVP 100 EC Dichlorvos I
HT(1)
Dead Ant Chlordane I NR
Dead Ant 30 Chlordane I NR
Decatix Deltamethrin AH A
Decis 2.5 EC Deltamethrin I A
Decis 2.5 FW Deltamethrin I A
Decis 2.5 SC Deltamethrin I A
Decistab Deltamethrin I A
Dedevap 1000 Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Dedrat Warfarin R A
DEET Diethyltoluamide I A
Deka N-Decanol GR A
Deltafos EC Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl I A
Deltaguard 25 EC Deltamethrin PH A
Deltaguard 50 WP Deltamethrin PH A
Deltanet 5 G Furathiocarb I NR
Deltapour Deltamethrin AH A
Deltatick pour on Deltamethrin AH A
Demosan Chloroneb FN A
Detia-Gas-Ex B Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Detia-Gas-Ex T Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Diaz 30 Diazinon I RUP
Diazinon 30 Diazinon I RUP
Diazinon 30 EC Diazinon I RUP
Diazinon 30% EC Diazinon I RUP
Diazinon 30% EW Diazinon I RUP
Diazinon 40 EC Diazinon I RUP
Diazinon DFF Diazinon I RUP
Dicarzol Formetanate Hydrochloride I HT(1)
Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Dichlorvos 100 SP Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Dicofol 18.5 EC Dicofol M A
Dicofol 20 EC Dicofol M A
Dicopac 18.5 EC Dicofol M A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Difenoconazole 25 EC Difenoconazole FN A
Di-Fli Bait Dichlorvos+ Iodofenphos PH A
Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate I A
Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate I A
Dimethoate 40 EC Dimethoate I A
Dimethoate 40% EC Dimethoate I A
Dimilin Diflubenzuron I RUP
Dimilin 25 WP Diflubenzuron I RUP
Dinocap Dinocap FN NR
Dipel 2 X Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A
Dipel WP Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A
Dipterex 2.5 Gran Trichlorfon I A
Dipterex 95 SP Trichlorfon I A
Disnis Chlorfenvinphos AH NR
Disulfogran Disulfoton I RUP
Disulfogran 5 G Disulfoton I RUP
Disulfoton Disulfoton I RUP
Disyston 0.5 Gran Disulfoton I RUP
Disyston 5 Gran Disulfoton I RUP
Dithane DG Mancozeb FN A
Dithane M.45 Mancozeb FN A
Dithane M.45 WP Mancozeb FN A
Ditrapex 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP
Ditrapex Methyl Isothiocyanate+ I RUP
Doom Mosquito Coils Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc PH A
Dormex Cyanamide GR RUP
Drastic Deadline pour on Flumethrin PH NR
Dropp Thidiazuron GR A
Dropp Ultra Thidiazuron+ GR A
Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A
Duet Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A
Duet Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A
Dursban 4 E Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A
Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A
Dusting Sulphur Sulphur FN A
Du-Ter Extra Fentin Hydroxide FN NR
Dyfly Methomyl+ Tricosene PH A
Dynamec Abamectin M A
Dyrene 480 SC Anilazine FN NR
Dyrene 75 WP Anilazine FN NR
Early Impact Carbendazim+ flutriafol FN A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Early Impact Flutriafol+ carbendazim FN A
Ectopour Cypermethrin AH NR
Edabrom Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
EDB 92 EC Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
EDB EC Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
EDB Tech Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Ekatin 25 EC Thiometon I NR
Empire Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Encore 500 FW Chlorothalonil FN A
Endocid 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP
Endocid 35% EC Endosulfan I RUP
Endosulfan Endosulfan I RUP
Endosulfan 35% EC Endosulfan I RUP
Endosulfan 50 WP Endosulfan I RUP
Envidor 240 SC Spirodiclofen M A
Ethephon 48 SL Ethephon GR HT(1)
Ethephon 480 SL Ethephon GR HT(1)
Ethrel Ethephon 48 SL GR HT(1)
Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Euparen 50 WP Dichlofluanid FN NR
Exit wound Remedy Deltamethrin+ tar acids AH A
F-aerosol Permethrin+ PH A
Fastac 10 EC Alphacypermethrin I NR
Fenamiphos 40 EC Fenamiphos N NR
Fenbutatin-oxide 55 SC Fenbutatin-oxide I RUP
Fendona 5 WP Alphacypermethrin I NR
Fendona 6 SC Alphacypermethrin I NR
Fenkill 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR
Fenvalerate Fenvalerate I NR
Fenvalerate 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR
Fenvalerate 20% EC Fenvalerate I NR
Ficam M WP Bendiocarb+ PH NR
Finale Meal Based Bait Brodifacoum R A
Finale Rat and Mouse Killer Brodifacoum R A
Finish Ethephon+ Cyclanilide GR HT(1)
Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl PH A
Flint 50 WG Trifloxystrobin FN A
Floramite 240 EC Bifenazate m A
Flower Mosquito Coils Pyrethrins PH A
Flower Power Sulphur+ Mancozeb FN A
Flufenoxuron Flufenoxuron I NR
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Fly Bait Dichlorvos PH A
Flytac SC Trichlorfon I A
Folicur 25 WP Tebuconazole FN A
Folicur 250 EC Tebuconazole FN A
Folidol 25 EC Parathion I NR
Folidol 25 WP Parathion I NR
Folidol 50 EC Parathion I NR
Folimat 80 Omethoate I NR
Folithion 1000 UL Fenitrothion I NCR
Folithion 60 EC Fenitrothion I NCR
Folithion 60% EC Fenitrothion I NCR
Frescon Trifenmorph MO NR
Frontline Fipronil AH A
Fumigation Pellets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Fungazil Imazalil FN HT(1)
Funginex Triforine FN A
Funguran OH Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)
Furadan 10 G Carbofuran I RUP
G-17 Pyrethrins PH A
Gamatox House Spray Gamma BHC PH NR
Gamma BHC Lindane I NR
Garden and Vegetable Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A
Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A
Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A
Garden Insecticide Pyrethrins PH A
Garden Insecticide Concentrate Pyrethrins PH A
Garden Insecticide Ready for Use Pyrethrins PH A
Gardona 50 WP Tetrachlorvinphos I A
Gastoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Gastoxin Sachets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Gastoxin Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Gaucho 600 FS Imidacloprid I A
Gaucho 70 WS Imidacloprid I A
Gaucho T45 WS Imidacloprid I A
Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid GR A
Gladiator TC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Glossinex 200 SC Deltamethrin PH A
Graingard 3 Dust Tetrachlorvinphos+ I A
Grenade Lambda-cyhalothrin AH A
Guard Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Copper Oxy+ Malathion PH A
Guard N Care Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion+ carbaryl +dinocap FN NR
Guard N Care Dinocap+ malathion+ Cu oxy+ carbaryl PH NR
Guard N Care Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A
Guard Rat Killer Brodifacoum R A
Gusathion 35 WP Azinphos-Methyl I RUP
Hinosan 500 EC Edifenphos I NR
Hostathion 40 EC Triazophos M NR
Hunter 36 SC Chlorfenapyr I A
Icon 2,5CS Lambda-cyhalothrin I A
Imazalil 800 EC Imazalil FN HT(1)
Imidacloprid 200 SL Imidacloprid I A
Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid I A
Impact Flutriafol FN A
Infinito Fluopicolide+ propamocarb HCL FN A
Ingwe Malathion I A
Insectigas Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Iprodione 25 SC Iprodione FN A
Kabat Methoprene I A
Kaptan 50 WP Captan FN A
Kaptasan F (15 MO) Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# FN A
Kaptasan F (15 MO) Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion FN A
Kaptasan F (30 MO) Captan+ Fenitrothion+ Sodium Molybdate# FN A
Kaptasan F Super Captan+ Fenitrothion FN A
Karate Lambda-cyhalothrin I RUP
Karathane 2 Dust Dinocap FN NR
Karathane 20 WP Dinocap FN NR
Karathane Dust Dinocap FN NR
Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol M A
Kelthane EC Dicofol M A
Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin I A
Killem Knockout Deltamethrin+ Kadethrin PH A
Killem Regular D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide PH A
Killem Regular Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
Killem Regular Tetramethrin+ PH A
Killem Surface Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
Killem Surface Propoxur+ Esbiothrin PH A
Kilval Vamidothion I NR
Klerat Brodifacoum R A
Klerat 5G Wax Blocks Brodifacoum R A
Knockout 5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin I A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)
Kombat Stalkborer 2.5% Carbaryl I A
Kontakil Fenitrothion I NCR
K-Otab Deltamethrin PH A
K-Othrin 250 WP Deltamethrin PH A
K-Othrin Dust Deltamethrin PH A
K-Othrin WP 25 Deltamethrin PH A
K-Othrin WP 50 Deltamethrin PH A
Kudzivirira Mbesa Malathion I A
Kumulus DF Sulphur FN A
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin I A
Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin I A
Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin I A
Lancer Acephate I A
Lanirat Bromadiolone R A
Lannate Methomyl I RUP
Lannate Methomyl I RUP
Larvadex Cyromazine AH A
Larvin 375 FW Thiodicarb I RUP
Larvin 80 WG Thiodicarb I RUP
Lebaycid 50 EC Fenthion I NR
Levo 2.4 SL Prosuler Oxymatrine I NR
Lime Sulphur lime sulphur FN HT1
Liquicop Copper Ammonium Acetate FN A
Lufenuron 5 EC Lufenuron I A
Maggot Spray Chlorfenvinphos PH NR
Magnate 800 EC Imazalil FN HT(1)
Magnate Sulphate 75 SP Imazalil Sulphate FN HT(1)
Magtoxin Magnesium Phosphide FM RUP
Malathion 1 Dust Malathion I A
Malathion 25 EC Malathion I A
Malathion 25 WP Malathion I A
Malathion 5 Dust Malathion I A
Malathion 50 EC Malathion I A
Malathion 50 WP Malathion I A
Malathion 50% EC Malathion I A
Malathion ULV Malathion I A
Mancozan 75 WP Mancozeb FN A
Mancozan 80 WP Mancozeb FN A
Mancozan 800 WP Mancozeb FN A
Mancozeb Mancozeb FN A
Mancozeb 75 WP Mancozeb FN A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Mancozeb 80 WP Mancozeb FN A
Mancozeb 800 WP Mancozeb FN A
Mancozeb Flowable Mancozeb FN A
Marshal 25 EC Carbosulfan I NR
Marshal SuSCon Carbosulfan I NR
Match 50 EC Lufenuron I A
Mavrik 2E Fluvalinate I RUP
Maxforce Hydramethylnon I A
Maxim XL 035 FS Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M FN A
Maxim XL 035 FS Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil FN A
Melody Duo Iprovalicarb+ Propineb FN NR
Meltatox Dodemorph-acetate FN NR
Mentholated Insect Killer Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR
Merpan 50 SC Captan FN A
Mesurol 80% WP Methiocarb MO RUP
Mesurol Snail Bait Captan+ methiocarb MO RUP
Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb MO A
Mesurol Snail Pellets Methiocarb MO A
Metabrom Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin FM RUP
Metalaxyl 5 GR Metalaxyl FN A
Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A
Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A
Metam Sodium Metam Sodium N RUP
Metason Metaldehyde MO A
Metasystox (i) 25 EC Demeton-S-Methyl I RUP
Metasystox (R) 25 EC Oxydemeton-Methyl I RUP
Methamidophos 60 SC Methamidophos I RUP
Methamidophos 600 SL Methamidophos I RUP
Methomex 90 SP Methomyl I RUP
Methomyl Methomyl I RUP
Methomyl 90 SP Methomyl I RUP
Methyl Bromide Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide FM RUP
Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide FM RUP
Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin FM RUP
Mevinphos 24 EC Mevinphos I NR
Mevinphos 24 EC Mevinphos I NR
Micro EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Migafos Naled FM RUP
Mikal-M Fosetyl-Al+ Mancozeb FN A
Milbeknock Milbemectin M RUP
Milbitraz Spray Amitraz AH A
Milraz Cymoxanil +propineb FN NR
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Milraz 76 WP Propineb+ Cymoxanil FN NR
Mineral Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) I A
Mineral Oil Mineral Oil I A
Minifume EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Mitac 20 Amitraz M A
Mitac 20 EC Amitraz M A
Mitigan 18.5 EC Dicofol M A
Mobil Insecticide Phenothrin+ Allethrin PH A
Mobil Insecticide Tetramethrin+ PH A
Mocap 10 G Ethoprophos I RUP
Monceren Combi Pencycuron+ Captan FN NR
Monceren GT 390 FS Imidacloprid +Pencycuron+ Thiram FN NR
Monceren GT 390 FS Pencycuron+ Imidacloprid FN NR
Monceren GT 390 FS TMTD+ pencycuron+ imidacloprid FN NR
Monocron Monocrotophos I NR
Monocron 40 EC Monocrotophos I NR
Monocron 40 LC Monocrotophos I NR
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos I NR
Monocrotophos 36 SL Monocrotophos I NR
Monocrotophos 40 Monocrotophos I NR
Monocrotophos 40 LC Monocrotophos I NR
Monocrotophos 40 WSC Monocrotophos I NR
Monocrotophos 40% SL Monocrotophos I NR
Monofos Monocrotophos I NR
Monofos 40 Monocrotophos I NR
Monofos 40 WSC Monocrotophos I NR
Monofos 40 WSL Monocrotophos I NR
Monostem 40 SL Monocrotophos I NR
Monostem SL Monocrotophos I NR
Morestan 25 WP Chinomethionat FN NR
Mortein 3 Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR
Mortein Cockroach Insect Killer Dichlorvos+ Propoxur PH A
Mortein Flying Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin PH A
Mortein Iconet Lambda-cyhalothrin PH A
Mortein Mentholated Insect Killer Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR
Mortein Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin PH NR
Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin PH A
Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ PH A
Mortein Odourless Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin PH NR
Mortein Rat Kill Brodifacoum R A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Mositox Pyrethrins PH A
Mospilan 20 SP Acetamiprid I A
Mostop Temephos I A
Much Cockroach Bait Fipronil PH A
Multi Benhex Gamma BHC PH NR
Nativo Tebuconazole +trifloxystrobin FN A
Nativo Trifloxystrobin+ tebuconazole FN A
Naturell Fatty Acids I A
N-Decanol N-Decanol GR A
Neem Extract Azadirachtin I A
Nemacur 10 Gran Fenamiphos N NR
Nemacur 400 EC Fenamiphos N NR
Nemat 310 L Oxamyl N RUP
Neoron 500 EC Bromopropylate M NR
Neporex 50 SP Cyromazine I A
New Formula Roachitox Dichlorvos+ Carbaryl+ PH A
New Formula Roachitox Pyrethrins PH A
New P 44 Permethrin+ Allethrin PH A
New ZFC Bumper 25 EC Propiconazole FN A
Nhovo Malathion I A
Nimrod Bupirimate FN NR
Noblight Fenamidone FN A
Nogos 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Nogos 50 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Nomolt Teflubenzuron I NR
Norax Ready Mixed Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline R NR
Nordox Copper Hydroxide FN HT(1)
Nova DDT 750 WP DDT PH NR
Nurelle Cypermethrin I NR
Nustar 250 EC Flusilazole FN NR
Nuvacron 40 Monocrotophos I NR
Nuvacron 40 WSC Monocrotophos I NR
Nuvacron 40 WSL Monocrotophos I NR
Oberon Spiromesifen M A
Oftanol 50 EC Isofenphos I NR
Omite 30 WP Propargite M A
Omite EC Propargite M A
Oncol 10 G Benfuracarb I NR
Oncol 20 EC Benfuracarb I NR
Opera Epoxiconazole +pyraclostrobin FN NR
Opera Pyraclostrobin+ epoxiconazole FN NR
Orchard Oil Mineral Oil I A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Orchex Mineral Oil Mineral Oil I A
Orius 250 EW Tebuconazole FN A
Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate I A
Orthene 75 SP Acephate I A
Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate I A
Ortiva 250 SC Azoxystrobin FN A
Oscar 100 EC Novaluron I A
Oxamyl 10 G Oxamyl N RUP
Oxamyl 31 SL Oxamyl N RUP
Oxamyl 31 SL.0 Oxamyl N RUP
Oxicob 85 WP Copper Oxychloride FN A
Paracide Alphacypermethrin AH NR
Parathion 25 EC Parathion I NR
Parathion 25 WP Parathion I NR
Parathion 500 EC Parathion I NR
Patriot 2.5 SC Deltamethrin I A
Pedza Nhamo Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion FN A
Pegasus 250 SC Diafenthiuron I NR
Pegasus 500 SC Diafenthiuron I NR
Penconazole Penconazole FN NR
Penconazole 20 EW Penconazole FN NR
Pentac 50 Aquaflow Dienochlor I NR
Pentac 50 WP Dienochlor I NR
Peripel 55 Permethrin PH A
Pfumo 20 EC Fenvalerate I NR
Phosdrin Mevinphos I NR
Phosdrin 24 EC Mevinphos I NR
Phosguard 40 SL Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) FN A
Phosphite 400 SL Potassium phosphite FN A
Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Phostoxin Tablets Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Pilarfuran 10 GR Carbofuran I RUP
Pilarich 50 SC Chlorothalonil FN A
Pilarking 20 SL Imidacloprid I A
Pilarking 35 SC Imidacloprid I A
Pilarking 70 WS Imidacloprid I A
Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb N RUP
Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb N RUP
Pilarmos 20 SP Acetamiprid I A
Pilaron 60 SL Methamidophos I RUP
Pirimor 5 ED Pirimicarb I NR
Pirimor 50 DG Pirimicarb I NR
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Pirimor 50 DG Pirimicarb I NR
Pix Mepiquat Chloride GR A
Plantvax 20 EC Oxycarboxin FN A
Plantvax 75 Oxycarboxin FN NR
Platoon SL Oxamyl N RUP
Polaron 60 SL Methamidophos I RUP
Polo 500 SC Diafenthiuron I NR
Polyram Combi Metiram FN A
Polyram DF Metiram FN A
Powerpour Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide AH NR
Premis 200 FS Triticonazole FN A
Previcur N 72 SL Propamocarb-HCL FN A
Pride Fenazaquin M A
Prime + Flumetralin GR A
Prime Suckercide 33% EC Pendimethalin GR A
Prochloraz 45 EC Prochloraz FN NR
Procilix 25 SC Procymidone FN NR
Proclaim 05 SG Emamectin benzoate I RUP
Profenofos 50 EC Profenofos I RUP
Program Lufenuron AH A
Promalin 6-benzyl adenine GR A
Promet 400 CS Furathiocarb I NR
Promil 6-benzyl adenine GR A
Promislex 25 SC Procymidone FN NR
Propa-N 72 SL Propamocarb-HCL FN A
Propargite 30 WP Propargite M A
Propiconapac Propiconazole FN A
Propiconazole 25 EC Propiconazole FN A
Propiconazole 250 EC Propiconazole FN A
Prosper 500 EC Spiroxamine FN A
Prove Emamectin benzoate I RUP
Provoke 750 WP DDT PH NR
Punch Xtra Carbendazim+ flusilazole FN NR
Punch Xtra Flusilazole+ carbendazim FN NR
Pyrethrum-Carbaryl Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl PH A
Pyrimethanil 40 SC Pyrimethanil I A
Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Pyrinex 48 EC Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins PH A
Pythion 21 Malathion+ Pyrethrins PH A
Q-Copper WP Copper Oxychloride FN A
Queletox 40 SC Fenthion A NR
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Queletox 640 UL Fenthion A NR
Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide FM RUP
Quintozene 75 WP Quintozene FN A
Racumin Coumatetralyl R NR
Racumin Bait Block Coumatetralyl R NR
Racumin Liquid Coumatetralyl R NR
Rat Poison Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline R NR
Ratkill Warfarin R A
Rattex Difethilalone R A
Ravyon 85 S Carbaryl I A
Razor Chlorthal-Dimethyl H A
Red Spider Kill Amitraz M A
Regent 200 SC Fipronil I A
Regent 250 FS Fipronil I A
Regent 3 G Fipronil I A
Regent 500 FS Fipronil I A
Regent 800 WG Fipronil I A
Reldan 50 Chlorpyrifos-Methyl PH RUP
Repulse 5.75 GR Disulfoton+ Triadimenol I RUP
Reskol Fenitrothion I NCR
Responsar EW 050 Cyfluthrin PH A
Responsar WP 10 Cyfluthrin PH A
Ridac 20 Amitraz M A
Ridant Chlordane I NR
Ridomil 5 G Metalaxyl FN A
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A
Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A
Ridomil Plus Metalaxyl-M+ Copper Oxy FN A
Rimon 10 EC Novaluron I A
Ripcord 20 EC Cypermethrin I NR
Rizolex 50 WP Tolclofos-Methyl FN NR
Roach Kill Diazinon PH RUP
Rogor Dimethoate I A
Rogor 40 EC Dimethoate I A
Rogor CE Dimethoate I A
Rovral 250 SC Iprodione FN A
Rovral Wettable Powder Iprodione FN A
Royalcap 800 WDG Captan FN A
Royaltac M N-Decanol GR A
Royaltac M Octanol+ Decanol GR A
Rubigan EC Fenarimol FN A
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Rufast 15 EC Acrinathrin* I NR
Rufast 75 EW Acrinathrin* I NR
Rugby 10 G Cadusafos N NR
Safrotin Aerosol Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos PH A
Sanacarb 15 G Aldicarb N RUP
Sandofan M8 Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb FN NR
Sandofan MS WP Oxadixyl +Mancozeb FN NR
Sanmex Supakill Tetramethrin+ PH A
Sanvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate I NR
Satisfar 1 Dust Etrimphos I NR
Scala 40 SC Pyrimethanil FN A
Score 250 EC Difenoconazole FN A
Secure Chlorfenapyr I A
Seedvax 20 EC Carboxin + Thiram FN A
Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin + Thiram FN A
Sentinel tick dressing Cypermethrin AH NR
Seradix 1 Indolyl-Butyric Acid GR A
Seradix 2 Indolyl-Butyric Acid GR A
Seradix 3 Indolyl-Butyric Acid GR A
Seradix B No. 1 4 (3-indolyl) Butyric GR A
Sevin 85 S Carbaryl I A
Shasha 20 EC Benfuracarb I NR
Shavit 25 EC Triadimenol FN A
Shumba 2 Dust Pirimiphos-methyl I A
Shumba Super Deltamethrin+ Fenitrothion PH A
Shumba Super Fenitrothion+ Deltamethrin PH NCR
Siege Gel Hydramethylnon I A
Silmurin Scillirocide R NR
Smash 100 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Smite 100 SC Etoxazole M A
Snail and Slug Captan+ metaldehyde MO A
Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ carbaryl+ metaldehyde MO A
Snail and Slug Killer Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl MO A
Snail and Slug Pellets Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl MO A
Snipe Fenitrothion I NCR
Solvirex Disulfoton I RUP
Solvirex Super 10 Disulfoton I RUP
Solvirex Super 100 Disulfoton I RUP
Soprano C Epoxiconazole +Carbendazim FN NR
Spar Knockdown Pyrethrins PH A
Special Pythion 2 l Malathion+ Pyrethrins PH A
Sporgon 50 WP Prochloraz manganese chloride FN NR
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Spoton Deltamethrin AH A
Spoton B Benomyl FN NR
Spoton-M Mancozeb FN A
Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules Trichlorfon I A
Spraytak N-Decanol GR A
Steriseal Captafol+ Chinosol+ FN A
Storm Flocoumarfen R NR
Stroby WG Kresoxim-methyl FN A
Sukerkil N-Decanol GR A
Sulphur 80 WP Sulphur FN A
Sumifly Fenvalerate I NR
Sumisclex 50 WP Procymidone FN NR
Sumithion 40 WP Fenitrothion I NCR
Sunntap Cartap hydrochloride I NR
Supadip Chlorfenvinphos AH NR
Super Finale Rat and Mouse Pellets Brodifacoum R A
Super Killem D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide PH A
Super Killem Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
Super Killem Tetramethrin+ PH A
Super Pythion Malathion+ Pyrethrins PH A
Super Rat Kill Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline R NR
Superguard 50 EC Pirimiphos-methyl I A
Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl I A
Supreme 25 EC Tebuconazole FN A
Suscon Green Chlorpyrifos I RUP
Tabamex Plus Butralin H HT(1)
Tactic 250 Amitraz AH A
Tactic Cattle dip Amitraz AH A
Tactic Cattle spray Amitraz AH A
Talstar 10 EC Bifenthrin I RUP
Tamaron 600 SL Methamidophos I RUP
Target 5 Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ PH NR
Target 5 Deltamethrin+ PH A
Target 5 Tetramethrin+ PH A
Target Insect Killer Butoxide+ PH NR
Target Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ PH A
Target Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
Target Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ PH A
Target Mosquito Coils D-Transallethrin PH A
Tartar Emetic Tartar Emetic I NR
Tartox Tartar Emetic I NR
Tartox SP Tartar Emetic I NR
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Tebuconazole 25 EC Tebuconazole FN A
Technical EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Tecto Thiabendazole FN A
Tecto 500 SC Thiabendazole FN A
Teknar Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii I A
Teldor Fenhexamid FN A
Telone II 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP
Telopic 1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin FM RUP
Telopic Chloropicrin+ 1-3 dichloropropene FM RUP
Temik 15 G Aldicarb N RUP
Temik 15 GD Aldicarb N RUP
Temik 150 GR Aldicarb N RUP
Temik 5 G Aldicarb N RUP
Tenure MTC 500 EC Chlorpyrifos+ Chlorpyrifos-methyl PH RUP
Termite Poison Pentachlorophenol PH RUP
Tetradifon 8 EC Tetradifon M NR
Tetradifon EC Tetradifon M NR
Thekanol N-Decanol GR A
Thiodan Endosulfan I RUP
Thiodan 1 Gran Endosulfan I RUP
Thiodan 30 MO Endosulfan I RUP
Thiodan 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP
Thiodan 35 MO Endosulfan I RUP
Thiodan 50 WP Endosulfan I RUP
Thioflo Endosulfan I RUP
Thioflo 47.5 SC Endosulfan I RUP
Thioflo 50 Endosulfan I RUP
Thiokil 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP
Thionex Endosulfan I RUP
Thionex 1% Endosulfan I RUP
Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan I RUP
Thionex 50 WP Endosulfan I RUP
Thiourea Thiourea GR NR
Thiovit Sulphur FN A
Thiovit Wettable Sulphur Sulphur FN A
Thiram 80 Thiram FN A
Thiram 80 WP Thiram FN A
Thiulin Thiram FN A
Thunder Beta-cyfluthrin+ imidacloprid I A
Thunder Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin I A
Tickbuster Amitraz AH A
Tilt 250 EC Propiconazole FN A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
Tobacco Tox Pyrethrins PH A
Tolclofos 50 WP Tolclofos-methyl FN NR
Tolclofos-M 85 WP Tolclofos-methyl FN NR
Topas 100EC Penconazole FN NR
Topsin Flo 48 SC Thiophanate-Methyl FN A
Topsin-M 50 FW Thiophanate-Methyl FN A
Topsin-M 65 WP Thiophanate-Methyl FN A
Toptab 33 EC Pendimethalin GR A
Torque Fenbutatin-oxide I RUP
Tracer 480 SC Spinosad M A
Triadimenol 25 EC Triadimenol FN A
Triatix Amitraz AH A
Triazophos 40 EC Triazophos M NR
Trichlorfon 950 SP Trichlorfon I A
Trigard Cyromazine I A
Trimangol SC Maneb+ Zinc oxide FN A
Twist 50 WG Trifloxystrobin FN A
Ultracide 40 EC Methidathion I RUP
Unilax Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl-M FN A
Unilax Metalaxyl-M+ Mancozeb FN A
Vapona 50 EC Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Vegidust Sulphur +Copper Oxychloride +Malathion FN A
Venton Wound oil Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids AH NR
Verita Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al FN A
Verita Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone FN A
Vine Dusting Sulphur Sulphur FN A
Vitavax 75 Carboxin FN A
Vitavax Plus Carboxin + Thiram FN A
Volaton Cutworm Bait Lambda-cyhalothrin I A
Volaton Cutworm Bait Phoxim I NR
Vondozeb Flowable Mancozeb FN A
Vortex Dichlorvos I HT(1)
Vydate 310 L Oxamyl N RUP
Water Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide FM NR
Wettable Sulphur Sulphur FN A
Winspray Mineral Oil I A
Wood Preservative Pentachlorophenol PH RUP
Wound Aerosol Diethyltoluamide AH A
Ximex "XL" Petroleum oil I A
Zap Insect Killer Dichlorvos+ Tetramethrin PH RUP
Zap Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ PH A
Zap Roach Killer Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur PH A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient type status
ZFC Aldicarb Aldicarb N RUP
ZFC Cypermethrin Cypermethrin I NR
ZFC Decanol N-Decanol GR A
ZFC Fair 85 Octanol Decanol GR A
ZFC Fair Tac N-Decanol GR A
ZFC Kumeresa Thiram FN A
HERBICIDES Trade Name Active Ingredient Code 2,4 D Amine 7.2 2,4 D Amine NR
Accent Nicosulfuron A
Accent 75 DF Nicosulfuron A
Accotab Pendimethalin A
Acetochlor 900 EC Acetochlor RUP
Actril DS Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate NR
Afalon 450 SC Linuron A
Afalon 50 WP Linuron A
Agil 100 EC Propaquizafop NR
Agriquat Paraquat RUP
Agritop EC Pendimethalin A
Agroquat Paraquat RUP
Alachlor Alachlor RUP
Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor RUP
Alachlor 480 EC Alachlor RUP
Alachlor Herbicide Alachlor RUP
Alaklor 480 EC Alachlor RUP
Alanex Alachlor RUP
Alanex 480 EC Alachlor RUP
Ally Metsulfuron-methyl A
Ametrex 50 SC Ametryn A
Ametrex 80 Ametryn A
Ametrex 80 WP Ametryn A
Ametryn 50 SC Ametryn A
Ametryn 500 F Ametryn A
Ametryn 500 SC Ametryn A
Ametryn 80 WP Ametryn A
Ametryne 500 F Ametryn A
Ametryne 80 Ametryn A
Ametryne 80 WP Ametryn A
Amplify Imazethapyr A
Antak N – Decanol A
Arrow 75 WDG Nicosulfuron A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Arsenal Imazapyr A
Atranex 50 SC Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 5 G Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 5 GR Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 50 Flowable Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 50 FW Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 50 SC Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 500 FW Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 500 SC Atrazine RUP
Atrazine 80 WP Atrazine RUP
Authority 480 SC Sulfentrazone A
Authority 75 WG Sulfentrazone A
Avi-paraquat Paraquat RUP
Banvel Dicamba A
Basagran Bentazon A
Basfapon Dalapon NR
Basta 20 SL Glufosinate-ammonium A
Bateleur Gold 650 EC Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor A
Bateleur Gold 650 EC S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam A
Bayer Amitrol Aminotriazole RUP
Bayer Diuron 80 Diuron A
Bayer Diuron 80 WP Diuron A
Bentazon 48 EC Bentazon A
Bladex 5 SC Cyanazine NR
Blazer 2S Acifluorfen NR
Blazine 5 Cyanazine + Atrazine NR
Blazine 5 SC Cyanazine/Atrazine NR
Bromacil 80 WP Bromacil A
Brominal Super Bromoxynil A
Bromotril Bromoxynil A
Bromotril 500 SC Bromoxynil A
Bromoxynil Bromoxynil A
Bromoxynil 22.5 EC Bromoxynil A
Buctril 21 Bromoxynil A
Buctril DS Bromoxynil A
Butisan S Metazachlor NR
Butramex 36 EC Butralin HT(1)
Chlorimuron-E 25 WG Chlorimuron-ethyl A
Citchem Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor RUP
Classic 25 DF Chlorimuron-ethyl A
Clomazone Clomazone A
Clomazone 480 EC Clomazone A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient Code CMF Clomazone 48 EC Clomazone A
Codal® gold 412 DC Prometryn + S-metolachlor A
Command 4 EC Clomazone A
Command 480 EC Clomazone A
Co-Pilot Quizalofop-P-ethyl A
Cotogard 500 FW Prometryn + Fluometuron A
Cotoran 500 FW Fluometuron A
Cotoran 80 WP Fluometuron A
Cottonex 50 SC Fluometuron A
Cottonex 80 WP Fluometuron A
Cottonex Super SC Prometryn + Fluometuron A
Cypam EPTC A
Dalapon Dalapon NR
Dalapon 85 S Systemic Dalapon NR
Dalmex Dalapon + Diuron NR
Deka N – Decanol A
Diamant 700 S Acetochlor RUP
Dicamba 480 SL Dicamba A
Dimepax Dimethametryn NR
Diurex 80 WP Diuron A
Diuron 80 Wettable Powder Diuron A
Diuron 80 WP Diuron A
Diuron 800 SC Diuron A
Diuron 900 DF Diuron A
Driveweeder Glyphosate A
Dual Magnum S-metolachlor A
Escardar Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate NR
Escourt 40 EC Quizalofop-P-tefuryl NR
Extreme 50 WP Chlorimuron-ethyl A
Flex W Fomesafen A
Flexidor Isoxaben A
Focus Cycloxydim NR
Focus Ultra Cycloxydim NR
Frontier 900 EC Dimethenamid A
Frontier Optima Dimethenamid - P A
Fusilade Forte Fluazifop-P-butyl A
Fusilade Super Fluazifop-P-butyl A
Galigan 240 EC Oxyfluorfen A
Gallant 125 EE Haloxyfop-ethoxy-ethyl NR
Gesagard 500 FW Prometryn A
Gesapax 500 FW Ametryn A
Gesapax 80 WG Ametryn A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Gesaprim 500 FW Atrazine RUP
Glifonex Glyphosate A
Glyfonex Glyphosate A
Glyfotec Glyphosate A
Glyphogan 480 SL Glyphosate A
Glyphon 360 SL Glyphosate A
Glyphonex Glyphosate A
Glyphosate Glyphosate A
Glyphosate 180 Glyphosate A
Glyphosate 360 SL Glyphosate A
Glyphosate 41 SC Glyphosate A
Glyphosate 41 SL Glyphosate A
Glyphotox Glyphosate A
Goal 24 EC Oxyfluorfen A
Gramoxone Paraquat RUP
Gramoxone Paraquat RUP
Granstar 75 DF Tribenuron methyl A
Graslan 20 P Terbuthiuron A
Grass Killer Dalapon NR
Guardian S EC Acetochlor RUP
Halosulfuron - M 75 WG Halosulfuron - methyl A
Harness EC Acetochlor RUP
Hexazinone 240 SL Hexazinone A
Hoelon 36 EC Diclofop-methyl RUP
Hormotox 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine NR
Imazethapyr 70 WG Imazethapyr A
Imazethapyr 70 WG Imazethapyr A
Kalif 48 EC Clomazone A
Kerb 50 WP Propyzamide A
Krismat 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn A
Lasachlor Alachlor RUP
Lasso Alachlor RUP
Lasso 48 EC Alachlor RUP
Lasso 480 EC Alachlor RUP
Lasso MT Alachlor RUP
Lawn Weed Clear Bentazon A
Lawn Weeder MCPA-K Salt A
Lentipur 80 WP Fluometuron A
Linurex 50 WP Linuron A
Lumax 537.5 SE Mesotrione + S-metolachlor + Terbuthylazine A
Lynx Imazamox A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient Code MCPA 40 SL MCPA-K Salt A
MCPA 400 SL MCPA-K Salt A
MCPA 50 SL MCPA A
MCPA Herbicide MCPA-K Salt A
Mebrom Trifluralin Trifluralin A
Mebrom Wipeout Glyphosate A
Merlin 750 WG Isoxaflutole A
Metolachlor 720 EC Metolachlor A
Metolachlor 96 EC Metolachlor A
Metolachlor 960 EC Metolachlor A
Metribuzin 48 EC Metribuzin A
Metribuzin 48 SC Metribuzin A
Metribuzin 480 SC Metribuzin A
Metriphar 48 SC Metribuzin A
Metriphar 480 SC Metribuzin A
Modown Bifenox NR
MSMA MSMA A
Mutsvairo 500 FW Atrazine RUP
N - Decanol N – Decanol A
Nabu Sethoxydim A
Nicosulfuron 75 WG Nicosulfuron A
Omerous Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl A
Oxadiazon 25 EC Oxadiazon A
Paragon 500 EC Pendimethalin A
Paraquat Paraquat RUP
Paraquat 24 SL Paraquat RUP
Paraquat 240 SL Paraquat RUP
Paraquat S Paraquat RUP
Paraquat SL Paraquat RUP
Pathclear Glyphosate A
Peak 75 WG Prosulfuron A
Pendimethalin 33% EC Pendimethalin A
Pendimethalin 50 EC Pendimethalin A
Pendimethalin 500 EC Pendimethalin A
Pilarmand 48 EC Clomazone A
Pilarpass 90 EC Acetochlor RUP
Pilot Super Quizalofop-P-ethyl A
Polatab 330 EC Suckercide Pendimethalin A
Polazone 480 EC Clomazone A
Prime Cottherb 5 SC Cyanazine NR
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Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Prime Gold Atrazine + Metolachlor RUP
Prime Plus Flumetralin A
Prime Suckercide 33% EC Pendimethalin A
Prometrex 50 SC Prometryn A
Prometryn 50 FW Prometryn A
Prometryn 50 SC Prometryn A
Prometryn 500 SC Prometryn A
Prometryn 80 WP Prometryn A
Prowl Pendimethalin A
Puma Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl A
Pursuit Imazethapyr A
Ramrod SC Propachlor NR
Razor Chlorthal - dimethyl A
Relay Acetochlor RUP
Ronstar Oxadiazon A
Ronstar EC Oxadiazon A
Ronstar Flo Oxadiazon A
Roundup Glyphosate A
Roundup Biodry Glyphosate A
Sanglypho L Glyphosate A
Sanson 4 SC Nicosulfuron A
Scat 360 SL Glyphosate A
Select 240 EC Clethodim A
Sencor 480 SC Metribuzin A
Servian 75 WG Halosulfuron - methyl A
Simazine 80 WP Simazine A
Solicam DF Norflurazon A
Sorgomil Gold Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor A
Stellar Topramezone + dicamba A
Sting Glyphosate A
Sulfentrazone 48 EC Sulfentrazone A
Sulfentrazone 75 WG Sulfentrazone A
Super Gallant Haloxyfop-R-methyl ester NR
Surcopur 360 EC Propanil A
Tabamex Butralin HT(1)
Terbo SE Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine A
Terbuthylazine 50 SC Terbuthylazine A
Terbutrex 50 SC Terbutryn NR
Terbutryn 50 SC Terbutryn NR
Terbutryne 50 SC Terbutryn NR
Thekanol N – Decanol A
Tiara 60 WG Flufenacet A
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Trade Name Active Ingredient Code Tillatox Pebulate NR
Toptab 33 EC Pendimethalin A
Tordon 101 2,4 D Amine + Picloram NR
Tordon 22K Picloram RUP
Touchdown Glyphosate trimesium NR
Track Chemical X Bromacil A
Track X Granular Bromacil A
Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin A
Tribenuron-M 75 WG Tribenuron methyl A
Trif Trifluralin A
Trif 480 EC Trifluralin A
Trifluralin Trifluralin A
Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin A
Triflurex Trifluralin A
Trifsan Trifluralin A
TSA Diuron Diuron A
U46 Combi Fluid 6 2,4 D Amine + MCPA NR
Ustilan 70 WP Sulfodiazol NR
Velpar L Hexazinone A
Volcano Acetochlor 900 Acetochlor RUP
Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC Metribuzin A
Volcano MSMA MSMA A
Voltril Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate NR
Vulcan 50 WP Flumioxazin A
Web Super 12.5 EC Fluazifop-P-butyl A
Weedclear 360 Glyphosate A
Weedkiller M MCPA-K Salt A
Wenner Acetochlor RUP
ZFC Alachlor Alachlor RUP
Zorial 80 WP Norflurazon A
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Annex 2. Pesticide Active Ingredients not to be used on
USAID/Zimbabwe-Supported Projects These lists include all pesticides registered in Zimbabwe which contain active
ingredients (AIs) that are not registered by the US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), those which are Restricted Use Products (RUP), those which
are registered and not RUP but are high toxicity (class 1), or are on POPS or
PIC lists.
For clarity, those which are excluded for any one of the above reasons are not
included in any other lists.
PESTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
AVICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Fenthion Queletox 40 SC Fenthion Queletox 640 UL
FUNGICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Anilazine Bayer Anilazine Anilazine Dyrene 480 SC
Anilazine Dyrene 75 WP Benomyl Benlate
Benomyl Spoton B Benomyl Benomyl 50 WP
Benomyl Agricura Special Fungicide Benomyl Benlate Fungicide
Bitertanol Baycor 300 EC Bupirimate Nimrod
Captafol Captafol 80 WP Carbendazim+ flusilazole Punch Xtra
Chinomethionat Morestan 25 WP
Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion+ carbaryl+ dinocap Guard N Care
Cymoxanil+ propineb Milraz Dichlofluanid Euparen 50 WP
Dinocap Karathane Dust Dinocap Karathane 2 Dust
Dinocap Karathane 20 WP Dinocap Dinocap
Dodemorph-acetate Meltatox Epoxiconazole +Carbendazim Soprano C
Epoxiconazole +pyraclostrobin Opera fenpropimorph Corbel 750 EC
Fentin Acetate Brestan Flusilazole +carbendazim Punch Xtra
Flusilazole Nustar 250 EC Iprovalicarb+ Propineb Melody Duo
Imidacloprid+ Pencycuron+ Thiram Monceren GT 390 FS Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb Sandofan M8
Oxadixyl+ Mancozeb Sandofan MS WP Penconazole Topas 100EC
Penconazole Penconazole Pencycuron+ Captan Monceren Combi
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Penconazole Penconazole 20 EW Prochloraz Prochloraz 45 EC
Pencycuron+ Imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS Procymidone Promislex 25 SC
Prochloraz manganese chloride Sporgon 50 WP Procymidone Procilix 25 SC
Procymidone Sumisclex 50 WP Propineb+ Cymoxanil Milraz 76 WP
Propineb Antracol 70 WP Pyraclostrobin+ epoxiconazole Opera
Propineb+ Triadimefon Bayleton A Thiram#/Lindane# Agri Seed Dressing
Pyrazophos Afugan 30 EC Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos-M 85 WP
TMTD+ pencycuron+ imidacloprid Monceren GT 390 FS Tolclofos-Methyl Rizolex 50 WP
Tolclofos-methyl Tolclofos 50 WP
FUMIGANTS NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Ethylene Dibromide EDB Tech Ethylene Dibromide Technical EDB
Ethylene Dibromide Miscible EDB Ethylene Dibromide Minifume EDB
Ethylene Dibromide Micro EDB Ethylene Dibromide Water Miscible EDB
Ethylene Dibromide Agrifume EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide Ethylene Dibromide
Ethylene Dibromide EDB EC Ethylene Dibromide EDB 92 EC
Ethylene Dibromide EDB 4.5 Ethylene Dibromide Edabrom
GROWTH REGULATORS NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name
Thiourea Thiourea
INSECTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Acrinathrin Rufast 15 EC Acrinathrin Rufast 75 EW
Alphacypermethrin Fastac 10 EC Alphacypermethrin Fendona 5 WP
Alphacypermethrin Bestseller 100 EC Alphacypermethrin Fendona 6 SC
Azamethaphos Alfacron 10 WP Azamethaphos Alfacron 50 WP
Benfuracarb Benfran 30 EC Benfuracarb Oncol 10 G
Benfuracarb Oncol 20 EC Benfuracarb Shasha 20 EC
Carbosulfan Marshal 25 EC Carbosulfan Marshal Suscon
Cartap hydrochloride Cartap Cartap hydrochloride Sunntap
Chlordane Ridant Chlordane Dead Ant
Chlordane Dead Ant 30 Chlordane Ant Kill
Chlordane Chlordasol 30 Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 25% EC
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Cypermethrin Ripcord 20 EC Cypermethrin Nurelle
Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Cypermethrin Cyrux
Cypermethrin Cyperkill 10 EC Cypermethrin Cymbush 3 ED
Cypermethrin Cymbush 20 EC Cypermethrin ZFC Cypermethrin
Cypermethrin Cypermethrin 20% EC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 500 SC
Diafenthiuron Polo 500 SC Diafenthiuron Pegasus 250 SC
Dienochlor Pentac 50 WP Dienochlor Pentac 50 Aquaflow
DNOC Capsine DNOC Edifenphos Hinosan 500 EC
Ethiofencarb Croneton 500 EC Etrimphos Satisfar 1 Dust
Fenthion Lebaycid 50 EC Fenvalerate Agrithrin 20 EC
Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate 200 EC Fenvalerate Applied Fenvalerate
Fenvalerate Fenkill 20 EC Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20 EC
Fenvalerate Fenvalerate 20% EC Fenvalerate Fenvalerate
Fenvalerate Pfumo 20 EC Fenvalerate Sanvalerate 200 EC
Fenvalerate Sumifly Flucythrinate Cybolt 100 E
Flufenoxuron Cascade Flufenoxuron Flufenoxuron
Furathiocarb Deltanet 5 G Furathiocarb Promet 400 CS
Isofenphos Oftanol 50 EC Lindane Gamma BHC
Methacriphos Damfin 2P Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC
Mevinphos Phosdrin Mevinphos Mevinphos 24 EC
Mevinphos Phosdrin 24 EC Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40% SL
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSL
Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 WSC Monocrotophos Monostem SL
Monocrotophos Monostem 40 SL Monocrotophos Monofos
Monocrotophos Monofos 40 Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSC
Monocrotophos Nuvacron 40 Monocrotophos Azodrin 40
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 Monocrotophos Monofos 40 WSL
Monocrotophos Applied Monocrotophos Monocrotophos Monocron 40 EC
Monocrotophos Monocron 40 LC Monocrotophos Monocron
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 36 SL Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 LC
Monocrotophos Monocrotophos 40 WSC Omethoate Folimat 80
Parathion Folidol 25 EC Parathion Folidol 25 WP
Parathion Folidol 50 EC Parathion Parathion 25 EC
Parathion Parathion 25 WP Parathion Parathion 500 EC
Phoxim Baythion 500 EC Phoxim Volaton Cutworm Bait
Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG Pirimicarb Pirimor 5 ED
Pirimicarb Pirimor 50 DG Prosuler Oxymatrine Levo 2.4 SL
Sulprophos Bolstar 720 EC Tartar Emetic Tartox SP
Tartar Emetic Tartox Tartar Emetic Tartar Emetic
Teflubenzuron Nomolt Thiofanox Dacamox 5G
Thiometon Ekatin 25 EC Triflumuron Alsystin 480 SC
Vamidothion Kilval
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PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin Cooper Super Insect Killer Allethrin+ D-Phenothrin
Mortein Odourless Insect Killer
Bendiocarb+ Ficam M WP Bendiocarb+ Tetramethrin+ Archer Surface Spray
Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Target 5
Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+
Mortein Mentholated Insect Killer
Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mentholated Insect Killer
Bioallethrin+ D-Phenothrin+ Mortein 3
Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer Chlorfenvinphos Cooper Maggot Spray
Chlorfenvinphos Maggot Spray D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Mats
D-Allethrin Mortein Mosquito Coils D-Allethrin Baygon Mosquito Coils
DDT Nova DDT 750 WP DDT Provoke 750 WP
Dinocap+ malathion+ Cu oxy +carbaryl Guard N Care Diphenyltoluamide Aeroguard
Flumethrin Drastic Deadline pour on Gamma BHC Bexadust "L"
Gamma BHC Gamatox House Spray Gamma BHC Multi Benhex
Gamma BHC (LINDANE) Bedbug Kill
ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Alphacypermethrin Paracide Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Cenalpha pour on
Chlorfenvinphos Disnis Chlorfenvinphos Supadip
Cypermethrin Barricade cattle dip Cypermethrin Ectopour
Cypermethrin Sentinel tick dressing
Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Beta tick grease
Deltamethrin+ chlorfenvinphos +tar acids Venton Wound oil Flumethrin Bayticol
Alphacypermethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Powerpour
MITICIDES/ACARICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Bromopropylate Neoron 500 EC Bromopropylate Bromopropylate 50 EC
Flubenzimine Cropotex 500 WP Tetradifon Tetradifon 8 EC
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Tetradifon Tetradifon EC Triazophos Hostathion 40 EC
Triazophos Triazophos 40 EC Chlorobenzilate Akar 50 EC
MOLLUSCICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Trifenmorph Frescon Niclosamide Bayluscide 70 WP
NEMATICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Cadusafos Rugby 10 G Fenamiphos Fenamiphos 40 EC
Fenamiphos Nemacur 10 Gran Fenamiphos Nemacur 400 EC
RODENTICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Coumatetralyl Racumin Bait Block Coumatetralyl Racumin Liquid
Coumatetralyl Racumin Flocoumarfen Storm
Scillirocide Silmurin Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Super Rat Kill
Warfarin+ Sulfaquinoxaline Norax Ready Mixed
Warfarin +Sulfaquinoxaline Rat Poison
HERBICIDES NOT EPA REGISTERED
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
2,4 D Amine Hormotox 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 2,4 D Amine 7.2
2,4 D Amine + MCPA U46 Combi Fluid 6 2,4 D Amine + Picloram Tordon 101
Acifluorfen Blazer 2S Bifenox Modown
Cyanazine Bladex 5 SC Cyanazine Prime Cottherb 5 SC
Cyanazine + Atrazine Blazine 5 Cyanazine/Atrazine Blazine 5 SC
Cycloxydim Focus Ultra Cycloxydim Focus
Dalapon Basfapon Dalapon Dalapon 85 S Systemic
Dalapon Dalapon Dalapon Grass Killer
Dalapon + Diuron Dalmex Dimethametryn Dimepax
Glyphosate trimesium Touchdown Haloxyfop-ethoxy-ethyl Gallant 125 EE
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Haloxyfop-R-methyl ester
Super Gallant Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate
Actril DS
Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate
Voltril Iso-octyl 2,4 D + Ioxynil Octanoate
Escardar
Metazachlor Butisan S Pebulate Tillatox
Propachlor Ramrod SC Propaquizafop Agil 100 EC
Quizalofop-P-tefuryl Escourt 40 EC Sulfodiazol Ustilan 70 WP
Terbutryn Terbutryn 50 SC Terbutryn Terbutryne 50 SC
Terbutryn Terbutrex 50 SC
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RESTRICTED USE PESTICIDES RESTRICTED USE FUNGICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name
Fentin Hydroxide Du-Ter Extra
RESTRICTED USE FUMIGANTS
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D Soil Fumigant
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Ditrapex
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telone II
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin Telopic
1.3 Dichloropropene+ chloropicrin D-D 92 Soil Fumigant Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide
Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Tablets
Aluminium Phosphide Phostoxin Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Tablets
Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Sachets Aluminium Phosphide Gastoxin Pellets
Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Pellets Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex T
Aluminium Phosphide Celphos Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Tablets
Aluminium Phosphide Aluminium Phosphide Fumigation Tablets Aluminium Phosphide
Aluminium Phosphide 560 GE
Aluminium Phosphide Quickphos Aluminium Phosphide Detia-Gas-Ex B
Chloropicrin +1-3 dichloropropene Telopic
Chloropicrin+ methyl bromide Methyl Bromide
Chloropicrin +methyl bromide Brom-o-gas Magnesium Phosphide Magtoxin
Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Methyl Bromide Brom-o-gas
Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Methyl Bromide
Methyl Bromide+ chloropicrin Metabrom
Naled Migafos
RESTRICTED USE GROWTH REGULATORS
Active Ingredient Trade Name
Cyanamide Dormex
RESTRICTED USE INSECTICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Azinphos-Methyl Gusathion 35 WP Bifenthrin Talstar 10 EC
Carbofuran Pilarfuran 10 GR Carbofuran Carbofuran 10 G
Carbofuran Carbofuran Carbofuran Curaterr 10 G
Carbofuran Furadan 10 G Chlorpyrifos Dursban 4 E
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Chlorpyrifos Suscon Green Chlorpyrifos Empire
Chlorpyrifos Gladiator TC Chlorpyrifos Guard
Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex Chlorpyrifos Pyrinex 48 EC
Chlorpyrifos Chlorzan 48 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorban 48 EC
Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 480 EC Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% EC
Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48% E Chlorpyrifos Chlorpyrifos 48 EC
Chlorpyrifos Barrier DDVP see Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC
Demeton-S-Methyl Metasystox (i) 25 EC Diazinon Diazinon 30 EC
Diazinon Diazinon DFF Diazinon Diazinon 40 EC
Diazinon Diazinon 30% EW Diazinon Diazinon 30% EC
Diazinon Diazinon 30 Diazinon Diaz 30
Diflubenzuron Dimilin Diflubenzuron Dimilin 25 WP
Disulfoton Disulfogran Disulfoton Solvirex Super 10
Disulfoton Solvirex Super 100 Disulfoton Solvirex
Disulfoton Disulfoton Disulfoton Disyston 5 Gran
Disulfoton Disyston 0.5 Gran Disulfoton Disulfogran 5 G
Emamectin benzoate Proclaim 05 SG
Disulfoton+ Triadimenol Repulse 5.75 GR
Endosulfan Thiodan Emamectin benzoate Prove
Endosulfan Thionex 35 EC Endosulfan Thionex 50 WP
Endosulfan Endosulfan 35% EC Endosulfan Thionex 1%
Endosulfan Thionex Endosulfan Thioflo
Endosulfan Thioflo 47.5 SC Endosulfan Thioflo 50
Endosulfan Thiodan 35 MO Endosulfan Thiodan 50 WP
Endosulfan Thiokil 35 EC Endosulfan Thiodan 35 EC
Endosulfan Thiodan 1 Gran Endosulfan Thiodan 30 MO
Endosulfan Endocid 35% EC Endosulfan Endosulfan 50 WP
Endosulfan Endosulfan Endosulfan Endocid 35 EC
Ethoprophos Mocap 10 G Esfenvalerate Agrithrin Super 5 EC
Fenbutatin-oxide Fenbutatin-oxide 55 SC Fenbutatin-oxide Torque
Lambda-cyhalothrin Karate Fluvalinate Mavrik 2E
Methamidophos Citrimet 500 AL Methamidophos Polaron 60 SL
Methamidophos Methamidophos 60 SC Methamidophos Tamaron 600 SL
Methamidophos Chematron Methamidophos Pilaron 60 SL
Methidathion Ultracide 40 EC Methamidophos Methamidophos 600 SL
Methomyl Methomyl Methomyl Lannate
Methomyl Lannate Methomyl Methomyl 90 SP
Methyl Isothiocyanate+ Ditrapex Methomyl Methomex 90 SP
Profenofos Curacron 500 EC Oxydemeton-Methyl Metasystox (R) 25 EC
Terbufos Counter FC 10 GR Profenofos Profenofos 50 EC
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Thiodicarb Larvin 375 FW Terbufos Counter FC 15 G
Thiodicarb Carvin 375 FW Thiodicarb Larvin 80 WG
RESTRICTED USE PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Chlorpyrifos+ Chlorpyrifos-methyl Tenure MTC 500 EC Chlorpyrifos-Methyl Reldan 50
Diazinon Roach Kill Dichlorvos Fly Bait
Dichlorvos+ Carbaryl+ New Formula Roachitox Dichlorvos+ Iodofenphos Di-Fli Bait
Dichlorvos+ Propoxur Mortein Cockroach Insect Killer
Dichlorvos+ Tetramethrin Zap Insect Killer
Pentachlorophenol Concentrated Wood preservative Pentachlorophenol Chematect Conc.
Pentachlorophenol Termite Poison Pentachlorophenol Wood Preservative
Pentachlorophenol Atlas AA 8.5
RESTRICTED USE MITICIDES/ACARICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name
Milbemectin Milbeknock
RESTRICTED USE MOLLUSCICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Captan+ methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb Mesurol 80% WP
RESTRICTED USE NEMATICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Aldicarb Temik 15 G Aldicarb Temik 5 G
Aldicarb Temik 150 GR Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR
Aldicarb Pilarmik 15 GR Aldicarb Sanacarb 15 G
Aldicarb ZFC Aldicarb Aldicarb Temik 15 GD
Metam Sodium Metam Sodium Oxamyl Nemat 310 L
Oxamyl Vydate 310 L Oxamyl Oxamyl 31 SL
Oxamyl Platoon SL Oxamyl Oxamyl 10G
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RESTRICTED USE HERBICIDES
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Acetochlor Relay Acetochlor Volcano Acetochlor 900
Acetochlor Pilarpass 90 EC Acetochlor Harness EC
Acetochlor Guardian S EC Acetochlor Acetochlor 900 EC
Acetochlor Wenner Acetochlor Diamant 700 S
Alachlor Alachlor Alachlor Lasachlor
Alachlor ZFC Alachlor Alachlor Lasso
Alachlor Lasso MT Alachlor Lasso 480 EC
Alachlor Lasso 48 EC Alachlor Citchem Alachlor 48 EC
Alachlor Alanex Alachlor Alaklor 480 EC
Alachlor Alachlor Herbicide Alachlor Alachlor 480 EC
Alachlor Alachlor 48 EC Alachlor Alanex 480 EC
Aminotriazole Bayer Amitrol Atrazine Atrazine 500 FW
Atrazine Mutsvairo 500 FW Atrazine Gesaprim 500 FW
Atrazine Atrazine 500 SC Atrazine Atrazine 50 SC
Atrazine Atrazine 50 Flowable Atrazine Atrazine 5 GR
Atrazine Atrazine 5 G Atrazine Atranex 50 SC
Atrazine Atrazine 80 WP Atrazine Atrazine 50 FW
Atrazine + Metolachlor Prime Gold Diclofop-methyl Hoelon 36 EC
Paraquat Paraquat SL Paraquat Paraquat
Paraquat Paraquat S Paraquat Paraquat 24 SL
Paraquat Paraquat 240 SL Paraquat Agroquat
Paraquat Gramoxone Paraquat Avi-paraquat
Paraquat Agriquat Paraquat Gramoxone
Picloram Tordon 22K
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HIGH TOXICITY PESTICIDES
HIGH TOXICITY FUNGICIDES (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b) AND NOT
RUP
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Copper Hydroxide Funguran OH Copper Hydroxide Nordox
Copper Hydroxide Kocide 101 Copper Hydroxide Champ Flowable
Copper Hydroxide Champion 77 WP Imazalil Imazalil 800 EC
Imazalil Magnate 800 EC Imazalil Fungazil
Imazalil Sulphate Magnate Sulphate 75 SP lime sulphur Lime Sulphur
HIGH TOXICITY GROWTH REGULANTS (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b)
AND NOT RUP
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Ethephon Applied Ethephon Ethephon Ethephon 48 SL
Ethephon Ethephon 480 SL Ethephon 48 SL Ethrel
Ethephon+ Cyclanilide Finish
HIGH TOXICITY INSECTICIDES (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b) AND
NOT RUP
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Dichlorvos DDVP 100 EC Dichlorvos Insectigas
Dichlorvos Smash 100 EC Dichlorvos Vapona 50 EC
Dichlorvos Nogos 50 EC Dichlorvos Nogos 100 EC
Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 SP
Dichlorvos Dedevap 1000 Dichlorvos Dichlorvos 100 EC
Dichlorvos Vortex Fenitrothion Folithion 60 EC
Fenitrothion Sumithion 40 WP Fenitrothion Folithion 60% EC
Fenitrothion Snipe Fenitrothion Folithion 1000 UL
Fenitrothion Reskol Fenitrothion Kontakil
Formetanate Hydrochloride Dicarzol Diphenylamine D.P.A. WP
HIGH TOXICITY PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a
OR 1b) AND NOT RUP
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Fenitrothion Croak Fenitrothion Ant Poison
Fenitrothion Cockroach, Ant & Flea Powder
Fenitrothion+ Deltamethrin Shumba Super
Fenitrothion Cockroach Killer
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HIGH TOXICITY HERBICIDES (EPA Class I or WHO CLASS 1a OR 1b) AND NOT
RUP
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Butralin Tabamex Butralin Butramex 36 EC
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ANNEX 3a. Pesticides Approved for use on USAID/Zimbabwe-
Supported Projects
FUNGICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Acibenzolar-S-methyl Bion 50 WG Azoxystrobin Ortiva 250 SC
Boscalid+pyraclostrobin Bellis Captafol+Chinosol+ Steriseal
Captan Captan 50 FW Captan Captan 50 SC
Captan Captan 50 WP Captan Captan 50% Flo
Captan Captan 500 SC Captan Kaptan 50 WP
Captan Merpan 50 SC Captan Royalcap 800 WDG
Carboxin+Thiram Seedvax 20 SC Carboxin+Thiram Seedvax 20 EC
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil Carboxin+Thiram Vitavax Plus
Chlorothalonil Encore 500 FW Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 720 SC
Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 500 SC Chlorothalonil Pilarich 50 SC
Chlorothalonil Chloroflo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Conan 75 WP
Chlorothalonil Bravo 500 SC Chlorothalonil Chlorothalonil 50 SC
Copper Ammonium Acetate Liquicop Chlorothalonil Bravo 500
Copper Ammonium Acetate Copper count N Chlorothalonil Balear 500 SC
Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Ammonium Acetate Copflo 32 SL
Copper Oxychloride Copper Fungicide Copper Oxychloride
Copper Oxychloride 85 WP
Copper Oxychloride
Copper Oxychloride 85 WP Copper Oxychloride Oxicob 85 WP
Copper Oxychloride Cupravit Copper Oxychloride Copper Oxychloride 60 FW
Cyproconazole Alto 100 SL Copper Oxychloride
Copper Oxychloride 85% WP
Cyproconazole+ Disulfoton Altomix 7.75 G Copper Oxychloride Q-Copper WP
Dicloran Allisan 50 WP Cyproconazole Alto G 34
Difenoconazole Difenoconazole 25 EC Cyproconazole+ Sulphur Atemi-S
Dimethomorph+ mancozeb Acrobat MZ Difenoconazole Score 250 EC
Fenamidone + Fosetyl-Al Verita Difenoconazole+ thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M Apron Star 42 WS
Fenhexamid Teldor fenamidone Noblight
Fluopicolide +propamocarb HCL Infinito Fenarimol Rubigan EC
Flutriafol Armour G Fludioxonil+ metalaxyl M Maxim XL 035 FS
Fosetyl-Al Aliette WG Flutriafol Impact
Fosetyl-Al+Mancozeb Mikal-M Flutriafol+ carbendazim Early Impact
Iprodione Iprodione 25 SC Fosetyl-Al+ fenamidone Verita
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Kresoxim-methyl Stroby WG Iprodione Rovral 250 SC
Mancozeb Vondozeb Flowable Iprodione
Rovral Wettable Powder
Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozeb Mancozan 80 WP
Mancozeb Mancozeb 800 WP Mancozeb Spoton-M
Mancozeb Mancozan 800 WP Mancozeb
Mancozeb Flowable
Mancozeb Dithane M.45 Mancozeb Mancozeb 80 WP
Mancozeb Dithane DG Mancozeb Mancozeb 75 WP
Mancozeb Mancozan 75 WP Mancozeb Dithane M.45 WP
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Mancozeb Agrizeb 80 WP
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Duet Mancozeb +Metalaxyl Duet
Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Unilax Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP
Metalaxyl Metalaxyl 5 GR Mancozeb+ Metalaxyl Crater MX 700 WP
Metalaxyl+Copper Oxy Ridomil Plus Maneb+Zinc oxide Trimangol SC
Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Metalaxyl-M 72 WP Metalaxyl Ridomil 5 G
Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Duet Metalaxyl+ difenconazole+ thiamethoxam Apron Star 42 WS
Metalaxyl+Mancozeb Unilax Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WP
Metalaxyl-M+Mancozeb Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG Metalaxyl+ Mancozeb Crater MX 700 WP
Metiram Polyram DF Metalaxyl-M+ fludioxonil Maxim XL 035 FS
Oxycarboxin Plantvax 75 Metiram Polyram Combi
Potassium phosphite (phosphorus acid) Phosguard 40 SL Oxycarboxin Plantvax 20 EC
Propamocarb-HCL Propa-N 72 SL Potassium phosphite Phosphite 400 SL
Propiconazole New ZFC Bumper 25 EC Propamocarb-HCL Previcur N 72 SL
Propiconazole Propiconazole 25 EC Propiconazole Bumper 25 EC
Propiconazole Tilt 250 EC Propiconazole Propiconapac
Pyrimethanil Scala 40 SC Propiconazole Propiconazole 250 EC
Sodium Molybdate+ captan + fenitrothion
Kaptasan F (15 MO) Pyraclostrobin+ boscalid Bellis
Sulphur Cosan Wettable Sulphur Quintozene Quintozene 75 WP
Sulphur Kumulus DF Spiroxamine Prosper 500 EC
Sulphur Thiovit Wettable Sulphur Sulphur Dusting Sulphur
Sulphur Vine Dusting Sulphur Sulphur Sulphur 80 WP
Sulphur+Copper Oxychloride+Malathion Vegidust Sulphur Thiovit
Sulphur+Copper Oxychloride+Malathion Agridust Sulphur Wettable Sulphur
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Tebuconazole Folicur 250 EC Sulphur+Copper Oxychloride+Malathion Pedza Nhamo
Tebuconazole Supreme 25 EC Sulphur+Mancozeb Flower Power
Tebuconazole Folicur 25 WP Tebuconazole Orius 250 EW
Thiabendazole Tecto Tebuconazole Tebuconazole 25 EC
Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 50 FW Tebuconazole+ trifloxistrobin Nativo
Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin Flo 48 SC Thiabendazole Tecto 500 SC
Thiram ZFC Kumeresa Thiophanate-Methyl Topsin-M 65 WP
Thiram Thiulin Thiram Thiram 80 WP
Triademifon Bayleton 5 WP Thiram Thiram 80
Triadimenol Baytan 15 WP Triademifon Bayleton 25 WP
Triadimenol Bayfidan 1 G Triademifon Bayleton 250 EC
Trifloxystrobin Flint 50 WG Triadimenol Shavit 25 EC
Trifloxystrobin#/tebuconazole Nativo Triadimenol Triadimenol 25 EC
Triticonazole Premis 200 FS Trifloxystrobin Twist 50 WG
Triforine Funginex
GROWTH REGULATORS APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
4 (3-indolyl) Butyric Seradix B No. 1 6-benzyl adenine Promil
6-benzyl adenine Promalin Chlormequat Chloride Chlormequat 40
Chlormequat Chloride Cycocel 40 Daminozide Alar
Gibberellic Acid Gibberellic Acid Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 1
Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 2 Indolyl-Butyric Acid Seradix 3
Thidiazuron Dropp Mepiquat Chloride Pix
Thidiazuron+ Dropp Ultra
INSECTICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Acephate Orthene 75 SP Acephate Acephate 75 SP
Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acephate Acephate 75% SP
Acephate Acephate 75 WP Acephate Lancer
Acephate Orthene Ultra-pel Acetamiprid Mospilan 20 SP
Acetamiprid Pilarmos 20 SP Acetamiprid Acetamark 20 SP
Azadirachtin Neem Extract Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Teknar
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel 2 X
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Biobit HP WP
Bacillus thuringiensis var. Kurstakii Dipel WP
Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 0.05% GR Beta-cyfluthrin Bulldock 050 EC
Beta-cyfluthrin+ Thunder Buprofezin Applaud 50 WP
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
imidacloprid
Carbaryl Carbaryl 85 WP Carbaryl Sevin 85 S
Carbaryl Ravyon 85 S Carbaryl Kombat Stalkborer 2.5%
Carbaryl Carbaryl 50 Carbaryl Carbaryl 85
Chlorantraniliprole Ampiglo 150 ZS Chlorfenapyr Hunter 36 SC
Chlorfenapyr Secure Cyfluthrin Baythroid 5% SL
Cyromazine Cromazine 75 WP Cyromazine Neporex 50 SP
Cyromazine Trigard Deltamethrin Patriot 2.5 SC
Deltamethrin Keshet 2.5 EC Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 EC
Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 FW Deltamethrin Decis 2.5 SC
Deltamethrin Decistab Deltamethrin+ pirimifos -methyl Chikwapuro
Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl Deltafos EC
Deltamethrin+ Pirimiphos-methyl+ Permethrin Actellic Super
Diethyltoluamide DEET Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 EC
Dimethoate Dimethoate 40 Dimethoate Dimethoate 40% EC
Dimethoate Rogor CE Dimethoate Rogor 40 EC
Dimethoate Rogor Dimethoate Dimethoate 40
Fatty Acids Naturell Fipronil Regent 200 SC
Fipronil Regent 250 FS Fipronil Regent 3 G
Fipronil Regent 500 FS Fipronil Regent 800 WG
Flubendiamide Belt Hydramethylnon Maxforce
Hydramethylnon Siege Gel Imidacloprid Gaucho 70 WS
Imidacloprid Pilarking 35 SC Imidacloprid Pilarking 20 SL
Imidacloprid Pilarking 70 WS Imidacloprid Gaucho T45 WS
Imidacloprid Gaucho 600 FS Imidacloprid Confidor 5 GR
Imidacloprid Confidor 350 SC Imidacloprid Confidor 200 SL
Imidacloprid Confidor 75 WG Imidacloprid Imidacloprid 200 SL
Imidacloprid Imidaking 200 SL Imidacloprid+ Betacyfluthrin Thunder
Indoxacarb Avaunt 150 SC Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 5 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin 2.5 EC Lambda-cyhalothrin Volaton Cutworm Bait
Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Lambda-cyhalothrin Knockout 5 EC
Lambda-cyhalothrin Icon 2,5CS Lambda-cyhalothrin + Acetamiprid Blast 60 EC
Lufenuron Match 50 EC Lufenuron Lufenuron 5 EC
Malathion Malathion 25 WP Malathion Malathion 5 Dust
Malathion Malathion 50 EC Malathion Nhovo
Malathion Malathion 1 Dust Malathion Aphid Kill
Malathion Malathion 50% EC Malathion Malathion ULV
Malathion Malathion 50 WP Malathion Malathion 25 EC
Malathion Kudzivirira Mbesa Malathion Ingwe
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Methoprene Kabat Mineral Oil Orchex Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil Winspray Mineral Oil Mineral Oil
Mineral Oil Orchard Oil Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Bac Oil
Mineral Oil (heavy oil) Mineral Oil Novaluron Oscar 100 EC
Novaluron Rimon 10 EC Petroleum oil Ximex "XL"
Pirimiphos-methyl Shumba 2 Dust Pirimiphos-methyl Actellic 50 EC
Pirimiphos-methyl Cooperfos Graingard Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard 50 EC
Pirimiphos-methyl Superguard Dust Pirimiphos-methyl+ deltamethrin Chikwapuro
Pirimiphos-methyl+ permethrin Chirindamatura Dust
Pirimiphos-methyl+ permethrin Actellic Super
Pymetrozine Chess 50 WP Pymetrozine Chess 25 WP
Pyrimethanil Pyrimethanil 40 SC Pyriproxyfen Admiral 10 EC
Temephos Abate 500 EC Temephos Mostop
Tetrachlorvinphos Gardona 50 WP Tetrachlorvinphos+ Graingard 3 Dust
Thiacloprid Calypso 480 SC Thiamethoxam Actara 25 WG
Thiamethoxam Cruiser 350 FS Thiamethoxam Cruiser 70 WG
Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M
Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS
Thiamethoxam+ fludioxonil+ Metalaxyl-M
Cruiser Extra Cotton 362 FS
Thiamethoxam+ metalaxyl-M+ difenoconazole Apron Star 42 WS Trichlorfon Flytac SC
Trichlorfon Trichlorfon 950 SP Trichlorfon Dipterex 95 SP
Trichlorfon Dipterex 2.5 Gran Trichlorfon Danex 95 SP
Trichlorfon Sprayquip Stalkborer 2.5 Granules
PUBLIC HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED Note: public health products have been listed separately as many products which are RUP for
agricultural use are not categorized as such for public health uses.
Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Carbaryl Flea and Tick Kill Carbaryl Carbaryl 5 Dust
Carbaryl+ Copper Oxychloride+ Malathion Guard N Care Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Dusting Powder
Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins Garden and Vegetable
Carbaryl+ Pyrethrins
Pyspray Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Cyfluthrin Responsar WP 10
Cyfluthrin Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin Responsar EW 050
Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Multipurpose Cyfluthrin+ Baygon Residual spray
Cyfluthrin+ Propoxur Zap Roach Killer Deltamethrin Glossinex 200 SC
Deltamethrin K-Otab Deltamethrin K-Othrin 250 WP
Deltamethrin K-Othrin Dust Deltamethrin Deltaguard 50 WP
Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 25 Deltamethrin K-Othrin WP 50
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Deltamethrin Deltaguard 25 EC Deltamethrin Crackdown SC
Deltamethrin Crackdown 1% SC Deltamethrin Cislin SC
Deltamethrin Crackdown SC Deltamethrin+ Target 5
Deltamethrin+ Fenitrothion Shumba Super Deltamethrin+ Kadethrin Killem Knockout
D-Phenothrin+ Target Insect Killer D-Phenothrin+ Archer Insect Killer
D-Phenothrin+ d-tetramethrin
Mortein Flying Insect Killer
D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin+ piperonyl butoxide Super Killem
D-Phenothrin+ tetramethrin +piperonyl butoxide Killem Regular D-Transallethrin Target Mosquito Coils
Fipronil Much Cockroach Bait Lambda-cyhalothrin Mortein Iconet
Malathion+ Carbaryl+ pyrethrins+ borax ABC Powder Malathion+ Pyrethrins Pythion 21
Malathion+ Pyrethrins Special Pythion 2 l Malathion+ Pyrethrins Super Pythion
Methomyl+ Tricosene Dyfly Permethrin Cooper Mosquito Larvicide
Permethrin Peripel 55 Permethrin Coopex
Permethrin Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Permethrin+ F-aerosol
Permethrin+ Allethrin New P 44 Permethrin+ pirimiphos methyl Chirindamatura Dust
Phenothrin+ Allethrin Mobil Insecticide Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Surface
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Zap Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Archer Insect Killer Piperonyl Butoxide+ Killem Regular
Piperonyl Butoxide+ Super Killem Piperonyl Butoxide+ Target Insect Killer
Propetamphos+ Dichlorvos Safrotin Aerosol Propoxur Baygon 1 Dust
Propoxur Baygon 20 EC Propoxur Baygon Fly Bait
Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Residual Spray
Propoxur+ Dichlorvos Baygon Multipurpose Propoxur+ Esbiothrin Killem Surface
Pyrethrins Coopermatic Aerosol Pyrethrins Spar Knockdown
Pyrethrins Mositox Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide
Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Ready for Use Pyrethrins Tobacco Tox
Pyrethrins Garden Insecticide Concentrate Pyrethrins Flower Mosquito Coils
Pyrethrins Bymo Insect Killer Pyrethrins Baygon Insect Killer
Pyrethrins 30-T Pyrethrins G-17
Pyrethrins ABC Powder Pyrethrins New Formula Roachitox
Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Pyrethrum-Carbaryl Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Dusting Powder
Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Garden and Vegetable Dusting Powder Pyrethrins+ Carbaryl Guard N Care
Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Aquapy
Pyrethrins+ Piperonyl Butoxide Biomatic Fly Killer
Pyrethrins+ Pyrethrinmarc Doom Mosquito Coils Tetramethrin+ Mobil Insecticide
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Tetramethrin+ Mortein Multipurpose Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Sanmex Supakill
Tetramethrin+ Super Killem Tetramethrin+ Target 5
Tetramethrin+ Target Insect Killer Tetramethrin+ Killem Regular
ANIMAL HEALTH PRODUCTS APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Amitraz Amitic stock dip Amitraz Tactic Cattle dip
Amitraz Tactic Cattle spray Amitraz Tactic 250
Amitraz Milbitraz Spray Amitraz Triatix
Amitraz Tickbuster Cyfluthrin Cylence
Cyromazine Larvadex Deltamethrin Coopers Tick Grease
Deltamethrin Decatix Deltamethrin Deltatick pour on
Deltamethrin Spoton Deltamethrin Deltapour
Deltamethrin Clout pour on Deltamethrin+ tar acids Exit wound Remedy
Diethyltoluamide Wound Aerosol Fipronil Frontline
Lambda-cyhalothrin Grenade Lufenuron Program
MITICIDES/ACARICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Abamectin Dynamec Abamectin Biomectin
Abamectin Agromectin Abamectin Abamectin 1.8 EC
Abamectin Abamec 1.8 EC Amitraz Ridac 20
Amitraz Red Spider Kill Amitraz Mitac 20
Amitraz Amitraz 20 EC Amitraz Bye Bye 20 EC
Amitraz Mitac 20 EC Bifenazate Floramite 240 EC
Clofentezine * Apollo 50 SC Dicofol Mitigan 18.5 EC
Dicofol Kelthane EC Dicofol Dicofol 20 EC
Dicofol Kelthane 18.5 EC Dicofol Dicopac 18.5 EC
Dicofol Dicofol 18.5 EC fenazaquin Pride
Etoxazole Smite 100 SC Propargite Omite EC
Propargite Omite 30 WP Spinosad Tracer 480 SC
Propargite Propargite 30 WP Spiromesifen Oberon
Spirodiclofen Envidor 240 SC
*Note: widespread pest resistance to clofentezine in Zimbabwe
MOLLUSCICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Captan+ carbaryl+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug Killer Captan+ metaldehyde Snail and Slug
Metaldehyde Metason
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Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Pellets Metaldehyde+ Carbaryl Snail and Slug Killer
Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Bait Methiocarb Mesurol Snail Pellets
NEMATICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Dazomet Basamid Granular
RODENTICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Brodifacoum Klerat Brodifacoum Finale Meal Based Bait
Brodifacoum Mortein Rat Kill Brodifacoum Super Finale Rat and Mouse Pellets
Brodifacoum Klerat 5G Wax Blocks Brodifacoum Finale Rat and Mouse Killer
Brodifacoum Guard Rat Killer Bromadiolone Lanirat
Difethilalone Rattex Warfarin Dedrat
Warfarin Ratkill
HERBICIDES APPROVED Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Ametryn Ametryne 500 F Ametryn Ametryn 50 SC
Ametryn Gesapax 80 WG Ametryn Gesapax 500 FW
Ametryn Ametryne 80 Ametryn Ametryne 80 WP
Ametryn Ametrex 50 SC Ametryn Ametryn 500 F
Ametryn Ametrex 80 Ametryn Ametrex 80 WP
Ametryn Ametryn 500 SC Ametryn Ametryn 80 WP
Bentazon Lawn Weed Clear Bentazon Basagran
Bentazon Bentazon 48 EC Bromacil Track Chemical X
Bromacil Track X Granular Bromacil Bromacil 80 WP
Bromoxynil Bromotril 500 SC Bromoxynil Bromoxynil
Bromoxynil Buctril DS Bromoxynil Buctril 21
Bromoxynil Bromotril Bromoxynil Brominal Super
Bromoxynil Bromoxynil 22.5 EC Bromoxynil + Terbuthylazine
Terbo SE
Chlorimuron-ethyl Classic 25 DF Chlorimuron-ethyl Extreme 50 WP
Chlorimuron-ethyl Chlorimuron-E 25 WG Chlorthal - dimethyl Razor
Clethodim Select 240 EC Clomazone Command 4 EC
Clomazone Pilarmand 48 EC Clomazone Command 480 EC
Clomazone Clomazone 480 EC Clomazone CMF Clomazone 48 EC
Clomazone Kalif 48 EC Clomazone Polazone 480 EC
Clomazone Clomazone Dicamba Dicamba 480 SL
Dicamba Banvel Dimethenamid Frontier 900 EC
Dimethenamid - P Frontier Optima Diuron Diuron 80 WP
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
Diuron TSA Diuron Diuron Diuron 900 DF
Diuron Diuron 800 SC Diuron Diurex 80 WP
Diuron Bayer Diuron 80 WP Diuron Bayer Diuron 80
Diuron Diuron 80 W P EPTC Cypam
Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Puma Super 120 EC Fenoxaprop-P-ethyl Omerous Super 120 EC
Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Forte Fluazifop-P-butyl Fusilade Super
Fluazifop-P-butyl Web Super 12.5 EC Flufenacet Tiara 60 WG
Flumetralin Prime Plus Flumetsulam + S-metolachlor
Bateleur Gold 650 EC
Flumioxazin Vulcan 50 WP Fluometuron Cotoran 80 WP
Fluometuron Lentipur 80 WP Fluometuron Cottonex 50 SC
Fluometuron Cotoran 500 FW Fluometuron Cottonex 80 WP
Fomesafen Flex W Glufosinate-ammonium Basta 20 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate 180 Glyphosate Driveweeder
Glyphosate Glifonex Glyphosate Glyfonex
Glyphosate Glyfotec Glyphosate Glyphogan 480 SL
Glyphosate Glyphon 360 SL Glyphosate Glyphosate 360 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SC Glyphosate Glyphosate 41 SL
Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphosate Glyphotox
Glyphosate Mebrom Wipeout Glyphosate Pathclear
Glyphosate Roundup Biodry Glyphosate Roundup
Glyphosate Sanglypho L Glyphosate Scat 360 SL
Glyphosate Sting Glyphosate Weedclear 360
Glyphosate Glyphonex Halosulfuron - methyl Servian 75 WG
Halosulfuron - methyl Halosulfuron - M 75 WG Hexazinone Velpar L
Hexazinone Hexazinone 240 SL Imazamox Lynx
Imazapyr Arsenal Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG
Imazethapyr Pursuit Imazethapyr Amplify
Imazethapyr Imazethapyr 70 WG Isoxaben Flexidor
Isoxaflutole Merlin 750 WG Linuron Afalon 450 SC
Linuron Afalon 50 WP Linuron Linurex 50 WP
MCPA MCPA 50 SL MCPA-K Salt Weedkiller M
MCPA-K Salt Lawn Weeder MCPA-K Salt MCPA 40 SL
MCPA-K Salt MCPA 400 SL MCPA-K Salt MCPA Herbicide
Mesotrione + S-metolachlor + Terbuthylazine
Lumax 537.5 SE Metolachlor Metolachlor 720 EC
Metolachlor Metolachlor 96 EC Metolachlor Metolachlor 960 EC
Metribuzin Metriphar 480 SC Metribuzin Volcano Metribuzin 480 SC
Metribuzin Sencor 480 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 EC
Metribuzin Metriphar 48 SC Metribuzin Metribuzin 48 SC
Metribuzin Metribuzin 480 SC Metsulfuron-methyl Ally
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Active Ingredient Trade Name Active Ingredient Trade Name
MSMA MSMA MSMA Volcano MSMA
N – Decanol N - Decanol N - Decanol Thekanol
N – Decanol Deka N - Decanol Antak
Nicosulfuron Accent Nicosulfuron Accent 75 DF
Nicosulfuron Nicosulfuron 75 WG Nicosulfuron Sanson 4 SC
Nicosulfuron Arrow 75 WDG Norflurazon Solicam DF
Norflurazon Zorial 80 WP Oxadiazon Oxadiazon 25 EC
Oxadiazon Ronstar EC Oxadiazon Ronstar Flo
Oxadiazon Ronstar Oxyfluorfen Galigan 240 EC
Oxyfluorfen Goal 24 EC Pendimethalin Prowl
Pendimethalin Paragon 500 EC Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 50 EC
Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 500 EC Pendimethalin Polatab 330 EC Suckercide
Pendimethalin Prime Suckercide 33% EC
Pendimethalin Accotab
Pendimethalin Pendimethalin 33% EC Pendimethalin Toptab 33 EC
Pendimethalin Agritop EC Prometryn Prometrex 50 SC
Prometryn Prometryn 50 FW Prometryn Prometryn 50 SC
Prometryn Prometryn 500 SC Prometryn Prometryn 80 WP
Prometryn Gesagard 500 FW Prometryn + Fluometuron
Cottonex Super SC
Prometryn + Fluometuron
Cotogard 500 FW Prometryn + S-metolachlor
Codal® gold 412 DC
Propanil Surcopur 360 EC Propyzamide Kerb 50 WP
Prosulfuron Peak 75 WG Quizalofop-P-ethyl Pilot Super
Quizalofop-P-ethyl Co-Pilot Sethoxydim Nabu
Simazine Simazine 80 WP S-metolachlor Dual Magnum
S-metolachlor + Flumetsulam
Bateleur Gold 650 EC Sulfentrazone Authority 75 WG
Sulfentrazone Authority 480 SC Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 75 WG
Sulfentrazone Sulfentrazone 48 EC Terbuthiuron Graslan 20 P
Terbuthylazine Terbuthylazine 50 SC Terbuthylazine + S-metolachlor
Sorgomil Gold
Topramezone + dicamba Stellar Tribenuron methyl Granstar 75 DF
Tribenuron methyl Tribenuron-M 75 WG Trifloxysulfuron sodium + Ametryn
Krismat 75 WG
Trifluralin Trifsan Trifluralin Mebrom Trifluralin
Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC Trifluralin Trif 480 EC
Trifluralin Trif Trifluralin Trifluralin 48 EC
Trifluralin Trifluralin Trifluralin Triflurex
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ANNEX 3b. History of IPM in Zimbabwe. Like all countries, Zimbabwe has had a history of pest and disease problems which it
has to combat with swiftness and precision to mitigate losses. Some of the crises are
listed below:
Grey leaf spot on maize, 1995-96, was addressed in the short term by the trialing
and recommendation of triazole + benzimidazole fungicide sprays, scouting and
cultural control measures aimed at minimizing the level of crop residue carried over
to the next season. Within 2 years, resistant cultivars were available and within 5 – 7
years the need for fungicide sprays was drastically reduced.
IPM comprises of many strategies, one of which is resistance management, or
planning to avoid the occurrence of resistance. To this end, crop chemicals have
periods when they can be used, and periods when non SPs must be used. In the
1970s, guidelines were adopted by the pesticide industry to preserve the activity of
SPs.
1) Guidelines for the use of SPs in Zimbabwe on specific crops:
Cotton: SPs must not be applied before 1 February in all growing areas
outside the South East Lowveld. Before that date, non SPs e.g., carbaryl
must be used. In the Lowveld, SPs can only be used between the dates 25
December and 1 March.
Maize: A single spray of SPs is allowed for cutworm, snout beetle or
armyworm. If they are used for stalkborer or Heliothis, (babycorn,
sweetcorn) SP use must comply with the cotton usage time.
Vegetables: SPs are only used for cutworm sprays.
Soyabeans: SPs only used for cutworm and subsequently only after first
flowering or 1st February.
Groundnuts: SPs only used for cutworm and then subsequently not
permitted until 1 February.
Citrus: No sprays of SPs are allowed.
Winter Crops: (wheat and barley) No SP sprays are permitted on any crop
between 1 June and 31 August.
Locusts, Mosquitoes, Tsetse Flies and other public health pests: the
amount of SPs used in relation to the area treated is considered to be
minimal, so no restrictions apply.
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Crop Destruction Dates:
In order to prevent carry-over of insect disease vectors from one season to another,
a crop free period is stipulated for many crops. This practice denies the host insect a
crop on which to survive during the winter. Of relevance is the regulations applying to
paprika (SI 238 of 1995, amended by SI 341 of 1995) and relating to peppers in
general.
Seedbeds: all pepper seedbeds must be destroyed by 1 January.
Standing crops: all must be destroyed by 30 June
Planting: Seedlings and direct sown crops may not be planted out in the lands
before 1 September
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ANNEX 3c. Pesticides Approval and Registration in Zimbabwe Pesticide Registration is administered through the Zimbabwe Ministry of Agriculture,
Mechanization and Irrigation Development, Plant Protection Research Institute
(PPRI)
The Fertilizer, Farm Feeds and Remedies Act (Chapter18:12) applies
These were amended several times; in 1977 it became law that “no person shall sell
any pesticide unless the label is securely fixed to the container, and clearly and
indelibly marked in English. That label has to contain not only all the efficacy
information, directions for use etc., but all the safety information as well, including
Symptoms of Poisoning, First Aid and Note to Physician.
It is an offence under the Pesticide Regulations and Hazardous Substances and
Articles Act to import, store or sell agrochemicals / pesticides without permission of
the PPRI
PPRI has a Pesticides Inspectorate Office that is empowered to inspect warehouses,
shops and distribution points to check compliance with the law, especially on product
labeling and safe storage. The Inspectorate has been active in the last 3 years, is
provided with resources such as vehicles, and have confiscated improperly labeled
product. The Inspectorate is also active at ports of entry.
The Regulations were amended in 1997 to require that every import of a pesticide
had to be covered by an import permit. Thus every consignment has to be cleared at
port of entry with an import permit. One of the requirements for obtaining the Import
Permit is to submit the original registration certificate the importing company has for
that product.
Fines of up to $50,000 can be imposed, as well as prison terms, for contravening the
regulations.
The environmental and safety aspects of the Act are presently administered by the
Environmental Management Agency, part of the Ministry of Environment and
Tourism, who also have an Inspectorate.
It is the view of the Consultant that the Pesticide Registration system is administered
in such a way as to deter illegal imports of pesticides, although this is always
possible on a small scale.
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ANNEX 3d. Products available In the Region, but not available in
Zimbabwe Amicarbazone (sugar, maize herbicide)
Bromuconazole (Fungicide)
Carfentrazone – ethyl (herbicide, orchards)
Dichlorofen (Fungicide)
Diclosulam (groundnut herbicide)
Diflufenicam (herbicide)
Dithianon (Fungicide)
Fentin hydroxide (Fungicide)
Flurochloridone (herbicide, potatoes)
Fluroxypyr (herbicide)
Furfural (nematicide)
Mesotrione (maize herbicide)
Metham – potassium (Fumigant)
Methyl Iodide (Fumigant)
Myclobutanil (Fungicide)
Rimsulfuron (herbicide, potatoes)
Tembotrione (maize herbicide)
Zoxamide (Fungicide)
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Annex 4. Natural pesticides that have been commercialized Insecticides Azadirachtin—component in neem oil - botanical extract Bacillus thuringiensis-BT - microbial Beauveria basiana microbial buprofezin IGR (Chitin Synthesis inhibitor) chili pepper - botanical extract (spice) d-limonene - citrus extract (spice) emamectin benzoate - botanical extract (RUP) garlic extract/allicin - botanical extract (spice) harpin protein plant induced resistance elicitor kaolin clay - inorganic mineral Lumbriconereis heterodopa (marine worm) - cartap hydrochloride extract Metarhizium anisopliae - microbial narrow range dormant oil - paraffin oil neem oil - botanical extract nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) - microbial Paecilomyces fumosoroseus - microbial Paecilomyces lilacinus - microbial prosuler oxymatrine – Levo 2.4 SL (nerve centre inhibitor)
pyrethrin - botanical extract (RUP) pyrethrum - botanical extract (RUP) pyriproxyfen IGR (Juvenile Hormone mimic) ryania - botanical extract soap (insecticidal) - fatty acids spinosad - microbial extract Fungicides Bacillus subtilis - microbial Bordeaux mix inorganic (Bordeaux ingredients EPA registered) copper - inorganic copper hydroxide - inorganic copper oxychloride - inorganic copper sulfate - inorganic harpin protein - plant induced resistance elicitor sulfur - inorganic Trichoderma spp. - microbial Nematicides Myrothecium verrucaria - microbial tomatillo oil + thyme oil extracts (Promax5) botanical + spice extracts—soil biopesticide, Molluscicide iron phosphate - inorganic 5 http://www.bhn.name/humagro/biopesticides.html
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Annex 5. Botanical pesticides, repellents and baits regulated by USEPA Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA
Tracking Number
Allium sativum Garlic Repels insects Low 128827
Allyl isothiocyanate Oil of Mustard Kills & repels insects
Questionable 004901
Anise Oil Repels vertebrates
Low 004301
4-allyl anisole Estragole Kills beetles Low 062150
Azadirachtin Azadirachta indica
Neem tree extract
Kills & repels insects
Low, IV 121701
Bergamot Repels vertebrates
129029
Canola Brassica Napus B. Campestris
Oil Kills many insects
Low 011332
Capsaicin Capsicum frutescans
Repels vertebrates
Low, III 070701
Castor Oil Repels vertebrates
Low 031608
Cedar wood Oil
Repels moth larvae
Low 040505
Cinnamaldehyde *
Ceylon and Chinese cinnamon oils
Kills insects, fungi &repels vertebrates
Low 040506
Citronella Oil Repels insects & vertebrates
Low 021901
Cloves, Crushed Low 128895
Dihydroazadirachtin
Neem tree extract Azadirachta indica
Kills & repels insects
III-IV 121702
Eucalyptus Oil Low 040503
Repels insects, mites fleas &
Low 040503
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Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking Number
mosquitoes
Eugenol
Oil of cloves Kills insects** Low 102701
Geraniol
Oil of rose isomeric w/ linalool
Repels vertebrates**
Low 597501
Geranium Oil Low 597500
Indole from all plants Trap bait: corn rootworm beetles
Low 25000-
Jasmine Oil Low 040501
Jojoba Oil
Kills & repels whitefly kills powdery mildew
Low 067200
Lavandin Oil Repels clothes moth
Low 040500
Lemongrass Repels vertebrates
Low 040502
Linalool Oil of Ceylon isomeric w/geraniol
Repels insects, ticks, mites & spiders
Low 128838
Maple lactone Roach trap bait Low 004049
Methyl salicylate
Oil of wintergreen Repels moths, beetle & vertebrates
May be Toxic in Large quantity
76601
Mint Herb Kills aphids Low 128892
Mint Oil Kills aphids Low 128800
Mustard Oil
Repels insects, spiders & vertebrates
Low 004901
Neem Oil Kills whitefly, aphids
Low 025006
1-Octen-3-ol
From clover, alfalfa
Trap bait: mosquitoes
Low 69037-
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Name Other Names Use Toxicity EPA Tracking Number
p-Methane-3,8 diol Eucalyptus sp. Repels biting flies, Mosquitoes
Low
Orange
Repels vertebrates
Low 040517
2-Phenylethylpropionate
From peanuts Kills insects, ticks, mites & spiders
Low 102601
Pyrethrum
Chrysanthemum sp.
Stored products use
III
Red pepper
Chili Repels insects Low 070703
Rosemary Herb Low 128893
Rotenone
Derris sp., Tephrosia
Controls ticks lll
Ryania Ryania speciosa Kills thrips, codling moth, corn borers
Sabadilla Schoenocaulon sp. III
Sesame Oil Sesamum indicum Pyrethroid synergist
Low
Soybean Oil Soja Kills insects, mites Low 031605
Thyme Herb Controls aphids Low 128894
1,2,4 Trimethoxybenzene
From squash Trap bait: corn rootworm, cucumber beetles
Low
40515-
Verbenone From pine trees Repels bark beetles
Low 128986
* attracts corn rootworm beetles ** attracts Japanese beetles. Not all plant extracts are listed. More detailed information available for most of the oils: http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/reregistration/status.htm.
Natural Source: Only one or a few sources are listed. Most of these chemicals are found in many different plants.
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Annex 6. Zimbabwe GAPs and IPM tools and tactics GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? Soil nutrient, texture and pH testing
NO. Small holder farmers in all areas have very minimum knowledge on the benefits of having their soils analyzed. For pH, the use of lime is being practiced in some areas on a very low scale. All USAID projects will include soil and pH testing on which to base fertilizer recommendations
Pest resistant/tolerant seed/plant or livestock variety
YES. For row crops such as maize, the use of hybrid seed with a high pest and disease resistance package is very high. NO. Horticulture production still relies heavily on open pollinated varieties with a very poor pest and disease resistance package, as well as retained seed or planting material. This is because these varieties are affordable as compared to those with a high pest and disease tolerance package.
Use of locally-adapted plant or livestock varieties
YES. Use is very high Livestock in the country is mainly made up of breeds that have adapted to local conditions over a long period.
Enhance or provide shade for shade-grown crops
NO. Most crop production done by small holder farmers is under full sun. Shade grown crops are not popular.
Assign crop-free (fallow) periods to help soil recover and crop-specific pests to diminish
NO. Land is left fallow by default e.g. as a result of inadequate inputs at times. Where inputs are not a problem, land is not left fallow. The concept of crop-free periods has not yet been adopted in most areas.
Use measures to reduce soil erosion, like low-till, terracing, mulching, drip irrigation, minimum tillage, no-till, planting trees/grass on margins
Limited. Being done on a small percentage of the total tilled area. However, some USAID projects have introduced conservation farming technology through SAT, for example draught animal powered ripping and hand hoe made basin methods to minimize turning of the soil, use of stover and grass as mulch to improve water infiltration at the same time reducing soil erosion. Terracing and vetiver grass planting is practiced extensively in Manicaland in the higher rainfall areas.
Seed treatment with pesticides
YES. Normally commercially available maize seed is already treated when it is purchased. Farmers do not do it themselves
Use recommended planting density and crop thinning
YES. Being practiced by horticulture and row crop farmers in most irrigation schemes
Soil moisture measurements NO. No instruments to measure. Farmers use traditional methods to estimate soil moisture by assessing rainfall and physically handling the soil /testing whether field capacity is reached. Consultations with neighbors and extension agents complete the assessment process.
Raised bed production YES. This is being done by horticulture farmers in areas prone to waterlogging
Flood irrigation using stream or pond water
YES, in some areas in Manicaland extensive use is made of water piped from streams
Drip irrigation using deep well water
NO. Insignificant, due to cost and complexity.
Use of natural fertilizers (manure, compost)
YES. With the concept of conservation farming taking place the use of natural fertilizers is increasingly gaining momentum, particularly in horticultural systems. Use of manure and compost at permanent stations will be introduced so that soil fertility and structure builds up over time.
Use of purchased mineral fertilizers
YES. High usage. Inorganic fertilizers are used as basal and top dressing but at lower rates than large scale cropping
Combinations of organic and mineral fertilizers
YES. Still on the lower side though and mainly practiced by those who have adopted conservation farming, and horticulture
Crop rotation Most farmers practice some form of crop rotation. As maize
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? takes up to 50% of the land area, in addition to other grain crops (sorghum, finger millet, pearl millet) there is no perfect crop rotation practiced. Sections of the farm remain monocropped
Use of green manure crops NO, for most crops. Farmer’s resources too limited.
Early/late plantings/harvestings to avoid pests
YES. For crops such as tomatoes, beans and carrots, farmers have traditional planting periods to ensure a pest and disease free cropping period and also to avoid adverse conditions like frost and excessive rainfall. This is mainly done for small scale horticulture production. For row crops, early or timely planting with the first effective rains will be one of the key principles of conservation farming where planting stations are prepared during the dry season.
Use of trap crops to trap and destroy pests
NO. Concept awareness required. Farmers do not allocate land and resources to unproductive crops.
Pruning and sanitation (removal) of diseased plants or tree parts
YES. Those small holder farmers practicing horticulture on a commercial scale remove diseased plants from the field. Citrus growers often remove diseased fruit to control false codling moth.
Disinfect tools when cutting out diseased plants or plant parts
NO. Normally the removal of diseased plants is done by hand. Where tools are used, usually no disinfection is carried out.
Planting parasite-attracting flowering plants on field margins
NO. Small holder farmers are not aware of this concept
Farmer ability to correctly identify pests, pest damage, predators and parasites
Limited to some horticultural growers. Farmers will be trained on correct pest identification, economic threshold and spraying threshold levels at demo plots set up for specific crops in each area
Purchase and use of parasitoids or predators to attack major pests
NO. Concept not known amongst small holder farmers.
Use of pheromone traps to monitor moth levels
No. To be introduced into citrus for fruit fly control
Use of pheromone traps to reduce overall moth or beetle levels
No. To be introduced into citrus for fruit fly control
Use of pheromone inundation to confuse pest mating
NO
Use of baits with small amounts of pesticide added (a bait containing slug killer iron phosphate is commercially available, as are others)
YES. Used by horticultural growers but not common practice. There is a snail and slug bait that is commonly used by growers especially when they plant fine beans during the rainy season.
Use of pesticides derived from bacteria or containing bacteria (Spinosad, Abamectin, Bacillus thuringiensis-BT, metarhizium species, Beauveria basiana, Trichoderma species)
Some. Not being used, consciously. Farmers need awareness on such pesticides. However, spinosad, abamectin and BT are registered and used in Zimbabwe. Prohibitive cost usually precludes small scale farmers from using them in preference to cheaper, more toxic products
Use of pesticides derived from oils or minerals (mineral and vegetable oils, soaps,
YES
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? sulfur, copper compounds, kaolin clay) Use of artisanal pesticides derived from extracts of plants or spices (neem oil, pyrethroids from Chrysanthemums, rotenone, oil extracts of citronella, chili pepper or garlic)
Limited
Use of repellent chemicals or extracts to repel pests from crop
Limited
Weekly field scouting to assess pest levels/damage, use of pest threshold levels to make control decisions
Scouting is done routinely by horticultural producers to assess the need to spray. Training will be done to establish threshold levels.
Mulching with organic materials (straw) or plastic to control weeds and conserve soil moisture
Yes. Practice done on Horticulture sites and communal gardens. It is being promoted on all crops and is a fairly common practice in bananas. Farmers are seeing large benefits in drought tolerance, but this is counteracted by the effort needed to move the mulch on site. Plastic mulches are not used due to cost
Mechanical weed control by machine cultivation, hoe, or by hand, if plots are sufficiently small
YES. Extensively practiced. Timely weeding by hoe before weeds can flower to reduce the seed bank is a key practice in all small scale farming systems
Exclude insect pests and extend growing season by using greenhouses and microtunnels
NO. Not practiced. Experimental tunnel being assessed for flower production. Cost is prohibitive
Mechanical insect control by hand picking larvae, pupae or adults
SOME. Not being practiced widely on row crops due to scale, but is used in horticultural plots for some larger visible pests.
Destruction/sanitation or composting of crop stalks, residue and dropped fruit at end of season
YES. Cotton and tobacco mandatory destruction dates are enforced where practicable. This is also practiced by horticulturalists, esp. composting of non-edible residues
Any soil, water, energy, or biodiversity conservation practices used
Some. For row crops, conservation farming where minimum turning of the soil results in less erosion. In horticultural crops and paprika, use of mulch to conserve moisture. Contour ridges pegged by Agritex and maintained by farmers
Inter-planting crops with aromatic herbs (celery, cilantro, parsley, dill, oregano) that repel pests
NO. Not being practiced. Small holder farmers require awareness on this concept Some horticultural farmers intercrop onions with vegetables to repel pests.
Install wind-breaks and buffer zones on wind-ward side of field (fast-growing trees like eucalyptus or bamboo) to reduce movement of small migratory pests like aphids, whiteflies, thrips, mites, leafhoppers
Some. Farmers have other varieties of bushes or trees that they are using as windbreaks like jatropha, sesbania, rubber hedge etc. as well as eucalyptus; however the aim is to reduce access by animals rather than insect pests.
Does the farmer have a site growing history or record-keeping system for his/her farm?
Very Limited. Physical records seldom found but mental records are common and unreliable. Training will emphasize a business approach that entails record keeping
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? Are farm and premises clear of litter and waste—both of which increase food safety risks?
NO not generally practiced
Do any farmers have traceability and recall mechanisms in place?
NO. Not at all for small holder farmers
Do farmers have pesticide competence and knowledge?
NO. Very Limited knowledge. However, project’s training is ongoing to reinforce the farmers' knowledge
Do farmers avoid use of internationally- or nationally banned (POPs) or restricted (PIC) pesticides?
Limited. Farmers do not know about these chemicals because the information is not available. However, these chemicals are not widely available in rural areas. However, some farmers use unregistered chemicals procured from neighboring countries like Zambia, South Africa.
Use spot (versus entire field) treatment of pest hotspots with insecticides, miticides or fungicides
Limited. Farmers are sometimes forced to do this because of limited financial resources. Full cover sprays are done on most fields when pests are seen if the farmer can afford it.
Use of insecticides, miticides or nematicides for insect, mite and nematode control
YES
Use of fungicides for control of fungi
YES
Use of herbicides for weed control
Limited. Mostly manual weeding. Adoption of chemical weed control is essential for commercialization of small scale farmers
Use of rodenticides for rat or mouse control
NO
Use of avicides for Quelea or bird control
NO, farmers chase the birds from fields.
Farmer use of a locked and placarded (with warning signs) shed or restricted area for safe pesticide storage?
SOME . A few farmers put chemicals under lock and key, but do not place warning signs up. This will be encouraged when training in safe use of pesticides. Hort Farmers previously trained in Global GAP are aware of the necessity, row crop farmers are not
Does farmer have or have access to Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) appropriate for pesticides used?
Limited. Some spray operators have own PPE but it is not generally used correctly. Local agro dealers do not stock PPE and farmers perceive it as expensive and unnecessary. Pesticide safe use training will change this perception.
Do farmers with PPE use it? YES
Is there a record of farmer training and certification in health, safety and hygiene related to pesticides and food safety?
Some. Only those small scale farmers who once worked on or supplied commercial farms with produce before land reform might have the records from previous training. The public extension service, Agritex uses a module on Safe Use of Pesticides to train farmers under the Master Farmer Training Program.
Do nearby health clinics have first aid experience dealing with pesticide poisoning?
Limited. Some health clinics do have first aid experience to deal with pesticides poisoning. Patients are usually referred to Central hospitals.
Are pesticides, fertilizers, animal feed and harvested crops stored separately?
YES
Testing of irrigation water for heavy metals, pesticides and human pathogens?
NO This is supposed to be done by Zinwa, Zimbabwe National Water Authority but is not carried out in practice.
Are pesticides applied by farmers appropriate for target pests as recommended on
NO. (With respect to small holder farmers). Most of them know a very limited range of chemicals and the chemical that will be at their disposal is what they will use.
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GAP/IPM Tools Used by farmers in target areas? product labels? Do farmers use only pesticides legally registered by their National government for use?
Generally yes, however most farmers do not know which pesticides are registered and which are not. That information is not available to them. Some import unregistered pesticides
Do farmers understand and use recommended Re-Entry Intervals (REI), Pre-Harvest Intervals (PHI) and Maximum Residue Levels (MRL)?
YES/NO. Pre –Harvest Intervals are well understood and used by horticultural growers. Small holder farmers generally have no idea of the concept of MRLs; however those who have grown export crops are aware of it.
Do farmers triple rinse and dispose of (instead of re-use) empty pesticide containers properly (puncture and bury)?
Limited. This practice is not widely used and this is one area that is stressed during Pesticide safe use and handling training.
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Annex 7. EPA recommended worker protection standards PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT (PPE) FOR WORKER PROTECTION – STANDARD PRODUCTS Route of Exposure
Toxicity Category by Route of Exposure of End-Use Product I DANGER
II WARNING III CAUTION IV CAUTION
Dermal Toxicity or Skin Irritation Potential1
Coveralls worn over longsleeved shirt and long pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical resistant gloves2
Coveralls worn over short-sleeved shirt and short pants Socks Chemical-resistant footwear Chemical-resistant gloves2
Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes Chemical resistant gloves2
Long-sleeved shirt and long pants Socks Shoes No minimum4
Inhalation Toxicity
Respiratory protection device3
Respiratory protection device3
No minimum4 No minimum4
Eye Irritation Potential
Protective eyewear5
Protective eyewear5
No minimum4 No minimum4
1 If dermal toxicity and skin irritation toxicity categories are different, PPE shall be determined by the more severe toxicity category of the two. If dermal toxicity or skin irritation is category I or II, refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine if additional PPE is required beyond that specified in the Table. 2 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of chemical-resistant glove. 3 Refer to the pesticide label/MSDS to determine the specific type of respiratory protection. 4 Although no minimum PPE is required for these toxicity categories and routes of exposure, some specific products may require PPE. Read pesticide label/MSDS. 5 “Protective eyewear” is used instead of “goggles” and/or “face shield” and/or “shielded safety glasses” and similar terms to describe eye protection. Eye glasses and sunglasses are not sufficient eye protection. The following sites identify recommended PPE for pesticides:
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/safety/workers/equip.htm (all types of PPE)
http://www.cdc.gov/nasd/docs/d001701-d001800/d001797/d001797.html (respiratory PPE)
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Annex 8. General mitigation of potential pesticides dangers and
general measures to ensure safe use
If there are no feasible alternatives to pesticides, the following measures are recommended to mitigate and reduce their risks to human health and the environment. Note that risk is a function of both toxicity and exposure. Reducing risk means (1) selecting less toxic pesticides and (2) selecting pesticides that will lead to the least human exposure before, during and after use. REDUCE EXPOSURE TIME OR THE DEGREE OF EXPOSURE BEFORE USING BEFORE PURCHASE, TRANSPORT, STORAGE, OR USE
Provide appropriate training to all relevant parties
Training should be continuous
Training should identify level and audiences: distributors, farmers, transporters, etc. Packaging:
Follow international and national norms and guidelines
Use packaging (small containers) adapted to local needs
Eliminate re-use of packaging materials Transport:
Understand pesticide-specific risks and conditions to avoid prior to transport – understand
constraints on package label
Separate pesticides from other materials being transported
Secure containers in transport vehicles to prevent loss, leakage, or damage
Avoid intense exposure to sunlight for extended periods – see pesticide-specific guidance Storing:
Develop strict guidelines for village-level storage
Ensure permanent, well-marked labeling
Follow and respect national norms
Use appropriate language (English, Shona) and approved pictograms Formulating:
Use appropriate type and concentration
Use appropriate personal protective equipment BEFORE USE
Ensure evacuation of non-essential personnel, especially children and pregnant women
Ensure that appropriate environmental conditions for application exist – see pesticide-specific
guidance (e.g., avoid windy or rainy conditions) DURING USE Use proper application equipment:
Should be adapted to user needs and possibilities
Should assure maintenance and availability of parts and service Use protective equipment and clothing:
Should be adapted to local climatic conditions
Should be adapted to user needs and resource possibilities
Should eliminate exposure rather than just reduce it, if at all possible Focus on “buffer zones” around the following:
Housing
Environment: water, sensitive areas
Children’s play areas AFTER USING Know, enforce, respect exclusion or reentry periods after application Assure proper cleaning and rinsing off of:
Applicators’ preparation and application equipment
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Applicators’ clothing
Storage containers Develop a workable monitoring and evaluation system for:
Adherence to national and international policies regarding pest management and pesticides
Health effects on applicators, the local population, and domestic animals
Efficacy on target pests
Impacts on environment: residuals in and/or manifest damage/degradation to above- and below-ground water, soils, air, non-targeted environment, biodiversity
Build-up of residual levels leading to resistance by targeted pests
Elimination/minimization of pesticide leftovers and proper disposal of containers Reference: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13
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Annex 9. International PIC & POPs Lists Updated PIC Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals (http://www.pic.int)
Annex III PIC Chemicals (43 chemicals: 32 pesticides, 4 severely hazardous
pesticide formulations and 11 industrial chemicals)
2,4,5-T and its salts and esters
Alachlor
aldicarb
aldrin
binapacryl
Benomyl dusts >6.9% a.i.
carbofuran dusts > 9.9% a.i.
Thiram dusts >14.9% a.i.
mixtures of benomyl, carbofuran and Thiram (sold
as Granox TBC & Spinox T, which are risk-prone
seed treatments manufactured and used in West
Asia)
captafol
chlordane
chlordimeform
chlorobenzilate
DDT* Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloroethane
dieldrin
Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC) and its salts
dinoseb & its salts and esters
EDB (1,2-dibromoethane)
Endosulfan
ethylene dichloride
ethylene oxide
fluoroacetamide
HCH (mixed isomers)
heptachlor
hexachlorobenzene
lindane
mercury compounds
methamidophos (liquids >600g/l ai)
methyl-parathion (EC>19.4% a.i & dusts > 1.5%
a.i)
monocrotophos (2002)
parathion
pentachlorophenol
toxaphene (Camphechlor)
tributyl tin compounds
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Updated POPs Pesticides and Chemicals (http://www.pops.int)
Pesticides
Aldrin
Chlordane
Chlordecone
Dieldrin
Endosulfan (technical) and its related isomers
Endrin – not on PIC list
Heptachlor
Hexachlorobenzene
Alpha hexachlorocyclohexane
Beta hexachlorocyclohexane
Lindane
Mirex – not on PIC list
Pentachlorobenzene
toxaphene
Industrial Chemical
Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs)
Tetrabromodiphenyl ether
Pentabromodiphenyl ether
Combustion Products
Dioxins – not on PIC list (formed by burning
chlorine-based hydrocarbon chemical
compounds, like any of the above chemicals
)Furans – not on PIC list (formed by burning
pentose compounds, especially plastics)
* DDT may continue to be used for malaria control in interior residual spraying (IRS)
STOCKHOLM – POPs, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) was adopted
in 2001 and entered into force in 2004, 151 Signatories, 110 Parties; U.S. is a signatory and supports
POPs but has not yet ratified it. Governments will take measures to eliminate or reduce the
production, sale and use of POPs
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Annex 10. Routes of Pesticide Exposure and Mitigation of Risks
Kind of exposure to
avoid
Means of avoiding overexposure
Dermal (skin)
exposure
Check the label for special instructions or warnings regarding dermal exposure
Use recommended protective clothing and other equipment as listed on the label
Do not re-enter the area until deposit has dried or re-entry interval is past
Oral (mouth)
exposure
Check the label for special instructions or warnings regarding oral exposure
Never eat, drink, or smoke, chew tobacco while working with any pesticide
Wash thoroughly with soap and water before eating, drinking, smoking, or chewing
tobacco
Do not touch lips to contaminated objects (such as nozzles)
Do not wipe mouth with contaminated hands or clothing
Do not expose food, beverages, drinking vessels, or cigarettes to pesticides
Wear a face shield when handling concentrated pesticides
Respiratory (lungs)
exposure
Read the label to find out if respiratory protection is required
If respiratory protection is required, use only an approved respiratory device
Stay upwind during application
Eye exposure Read the label to find out if eye protection is required
If eye protection is required, use goggles to protect eyes or a face shield to protect
eyes and face
Keep pesticide container below eye level when pouring
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Annex 11. Basic First Aid for Pesticide overexposure Get medical advice quickly if any spray workers have unusual or unexplained
symptoms during work or later the same day. Do not let anyone get dangerously
sick before calling a physician or going to a hospital. It is better to be too cautious
than too late.
First aid is the initial effort to help a victim while medical help is on the way. If the
victim is alone, make sure they are breathing and not being further exposed to the
poison before calling for emergency help. Apply artificial respiration if the victim is
not breathing.
Read the first aid instructions on the pesticide label, if possible, and follow them. Do
not become exposed to poisoning yourself while you are trying to help. Take the
pesticide container (or the label) to the physician. Do not carry the pesticide
container in the passenger space of a car or truck.
Poison on skin Act quickly
Remove contaminated clothing and drench skin with water
Cleanse skin and hair thoroughly with detergent and water
Dry victim and wrap in blanket.
Chemical burn on
skin
Wash with large quantities of running water
Remove contaminated clothing
Cover burned area immediately with loose, clean, soft cloth
Do not apply ointments, greases, powders, or other drugs in
first aid treatment of burns
Poison in eye Wash eye quickly but gently
Hold eyelid open and wash with gentle stream of clean
running water
Wash for 15 minutes or more
Do not use chemicals or drugs in the wash water; they may
increase the extent of injury
Inhaled poison Carry victim to fresh air immediately
Open all doors and windows so no one else will be poisoned
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Loosen tight clothing
Apply artificial respiration if breathing has stopped or if the
victim’s skin is blue. If patient is in an enclosed area, do not
enter without proper protective clothing and equipment. If
proper protection is not available, call for emergency
equipment
Poison in mouth or
swallowed
Rinse mouth with plenty of water
Give victim large amounts (up to 1 quart) of milk or water to
drink
Induce vomiting only if instructions to do so are on the label
Procedure for
inducing vomiting
Position victim face down or kneeling forward, Do not allow
victim to lie on their back, because the vomit could enter the
lungs and do additional damage
Put finger or the blunt end of a spoon at the back of victim’s
throat or give syrup of ipecac
Collect some of the vomit for the physician if you do not know
what the poison is
Do not use salt solutions to induce vomiting
When not to induce
vomiting
If the victim is unconscious or is having convulsions
If the victim has swallowed a corrosive poison. A corrosive
poison is a strong acid or alkali. It will burn the throat and
mouth as severely coming up as it did going down. It may
get into the lungs and burn there also
If the victim has swallowed an emulsifiable concentrate or oil
solution. Emulsifiable concentrates and oil solutions may
cause severe damage to the lungs if inhaled during vomiting
Web site: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADK154.pdf, Chapter 13.
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Annex 12. Pesticide Disposal Options Pesticide Disposal
If excess pesticide concentrate is left over at the end of spraying, dilute it as directed
on the label; then apply it to an area listed on the label. Do not apply more than is
recommended. Leftover pesticide can be stored until it can be disposed of safely.
An “empty” pesticide container is not clean; a significant amount of pesticide residue
can remain inside of it. Triple-rinse an empty container of liquid pesticide before
disposal.
Procedure:
1 drain the pesticide residue in the container into your spray tank for at least
30 seconds.
2 Fill the empty container one quarter full of water and rinse thoroughly.
3 Pour this rinse water into the sprayer. If the dilution rate allows you to
pour all the rinse water into the sprayer, drain it into the sprayer for at least
30 seconds.
4 Follow the procedure in Steps 2 and 3 two more times.
5 Spray the pesticide mixture on areas listed on the label. Do not exceed
the label’s application rate.
Container Disposal
All empty pesticide containers must be returned to the distributor, recycled by a
qualified party, or destroyed, but never re-used for any other purpose than pesticide
containment. Recycling by the distributor/manufacturer should be the first choice, if
feasible. It is extremely dangerous to use them for anything else. Consult the
pesticide label, the manufacturer, or the manufacturer’s representative for specific
recommendations regarding container cleanup and disposal. The following are
general guidelines. There are two basic methods for cleaning pesticide containers
prior to disposal. Both require that the container be turned upside down and allowed
to drain into the spray tank for at least 30 seconds, followed by adding water to the
container and rotating it well to wet all surfaces, then draining it again into the spray
tank as an additional diluent.
Triple Rinse Method: Add a measured amount of water or other specified diluent so
that the container is one-quarter full. Rinse container thoroughly, pour into a tank,
and allow it to drain for 30 seconds. Repeat three times. The water rinsate can be
used to mix with or dilute more of the same pesticides or it can be sprayed on the
target crop.
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Pesticide Neutralization Method: Empty organophosphate and carbamate containers
can be neutralized by adding alkaline substances. The following procedure is
recommended for 200-liter barrels. Use proportionally less material for smaller
containers.
Add 20 liters of water, 250 milliliters of detergent, and one kilogram of flake
lye or sodium hydroxide.
Close the barrel and rotate to wet all surfaces.
Let stand for 15 minutes.
Drain completely and rinse twice with water. The rinsate should be drained into a
shallow pit in the ground located far away from wells, surface water, or inhabited
areas.
Containers cleaned by any of the above methods are still not safe to use for any
other purpose. Glass containers should be broken and plastic or metal containers
punctured or crushed. Containers can then be buried in an isolated area at least 50
cm below ground surface.
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Container Type Disposal Statements
Metal Containers
(non-aerosol)
Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or
reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of container in a
sanitary landfill, or by other procedures approved by state and
local authorities.
Paper and Plastic
Bags
Completely empty bag into application equipment. Then
dispose of empty bag in a sanitary landfill or by incineration,
or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by burning. If
burned, stay out of smoke.
Glass Containers Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then dispose of in a sanitary
landfill or by other approved state and local procedures.
Fiber Drums with
Liners
Completely empty liner by shaking and tapping sides and
bottom to loosen clinging particles. Empty residue into
application equipment. Then dispose of liner in a sanitary
landfill or by incineration if allowed by state and local
authorities. If drum is contaminated and cannot be reused,
dispose of it in the manner required for its liner.
Plastic Containers Triple rinse (or equivalent). Then offer for recycling or
reconditioning, or puncture and dispose of in a sanitary landfill,
or incineration, or, if allowed by state and local authorities, by
burning. If burned, stay out of smoke.
Compressed Gas
Cylinders
Return empty cylinder to supplier for reuse.
Foil outer pouches
of water soluble
packets (WSP)
Dispose of the empty outer foil pouch in the trash, as long as
WSP is unbroken.
Website: http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/labeling/lrm/chap-13.htm
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Annex 13. Guidelines for pest management plans (PMP) for USAID
funded crops and beneficiaries Plans for USAID projects crops and beneficiaries
The following is a PMP guideline produced by analyzing and combining the best
pieces of PMPs produced by universities and the U.S. Department of Agriculture
(USDA) in the United States, national crop protection services of other countries, and
international groups. Almost universally, actionable PMPs are crop-specific, with no
more than one crop per PMP. Each PMP is designed primarily to be used as a
seasonal planning and field decision-making (management) tool for farmers and
farm managers who produce the crop.
The PMP is outlined roughly into four parts: Justification and Users of PMP, Crop-
Specific Information, Pest-Specific Prevention and Management Information, and
Pesticide-Specific Information. The last two sections, especially, are to be used and
turned into field decision-making tools. PMPs can also be turned into checklists for
actionable items, targeting needs and organization of monitoring, record-keeping,
and reporting.
What is a PMP?
Pest Management Plans or Guides provide field crop or livestock production
decision-makers – farmers and farm managers – with best production practices
recommendations, usually adapted by region, crop phenology and seasons. The
aims of PMPs are to reduce the risks to production from pests by using a
combination of best practices, including IPM, Integrated Vector Management (IVM)
and Integrated Weed Management (IWM), that maximize crop or livestock health,
and thus resilience to or tolerance of pests, and without an over-reliance on
pesticides when best practices are not followed. Thus, prevention of pests plays a
strongly pivotal role in the PMP, followed closely by management of pests when
prevention alone is not adequate for the level of control needed or desired.
Who are the PMPs intended audiences and users?
Farm land preparation and crop production decision-makers
Farmers
Farm managers
Why is a PMP being done?
The objectives of a PMP are:
Prevent or reduce pest damage risk to agricultural production
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Protect the health of farmers, farm family members, laborers, and community
members from pesticide risks
Maintain economically sound practices
Reduce environmental pollution and degradation risks
Enhance the overall quality and quantity of biodiversity on the sustainable
farm work environment
Respond to foreign market demand for the use of agriculture sector best
management practice standards, also called Good Agriculture Practices
(GAPs) – which include IPM measures – to achieve farm and produce
certification
Comply with local, regional, donor and international laws, conventions, and
regulations
Organization of the PMP
The following pieces of crop- or livestock-specific background information are used
to build a PMP base
General information on the crop/livestock
Crop/livestock common/species names
Crop/livestock developmental stages
Production regions and how they differ by soil type, pH, fertility, etc.
Overall concerns and priorities for crop/livestock production
Crop/livestock cultural best practices
Crop/livestock Good Agriculture Practices including some IPM (see
PERSUAP section on GAPS and IPM) recommendations
Invertebrate (Insects, Mites, Slugs/Snails, Nematodes) Pest Prevention and
Management
First, identify overall priorities for invertebrate prevention and management in the
target crop or livestock.
Next, identify individual invertebrate pest species noting the type of feeding:
chewing, sucking, or rasping; part of plant fed upon: roots/rhizomes/tubers,
stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or stored); or if livestock, animal
part fed upon: face, eyes, neck, hide, hooves, internal, other.
To best understand how to manage a pest, one needs to understand how, where,
when, and on what the pest parts of the plant or animal feeds. For field pests and
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stored grain/food pests, many PMPs are designed and outlined as follows containing
the following information, for each major species of pest (insects, mites, slugs/snails,
nematodes):
Photographs of each pest
Photographs of plant damage
Description of the pest, life cycle and survival strategies6
Description of damage symptoms
Best Prevention Practices
o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM
o Country or region-specific information
Best Management Practices
o Focus on prevention (above)
o Country or region-specific information
Diseases (Fungi, Bacteria, Viruses, Other) Prevention and Management
First, identify overall priorities for disease prevention and management in the target
crop or livestock.
Next, identify individual disease pest species noting the type of transmission: soil-
borne, mechanical, or wind-borne; what part of plant or livestock is damaged – for
plants: roots, stem, leaves, florescence, or seed; for livestock: face, eyes, neck, hide,
hooves, internal, or other.
To best understand how to manage a disease organism, one needs to understand
how, where, when, and which parts of the plant the disease infects. For field
diseases and stored grain/food diseases, many PMPs are designed and outlined as
follows containing the following information, for each major species of disease
(fungal, bacterial, viral, and other):
Photographs of indicative disease infection appearance
Description of the disease and its life cycle throughout the planting and
overwintering season as well as any special survival strategies
Description of disease infection symptoms
Best Prevention Practices 6 Survival strategies: All pests have survival strategies that allow them to live and breed in each crop’s farming systems. Knowing the
survival strategies, including overwintering habit and alternate host plants, that are employed by the pest can help with decision making at the farming systems-level (e.g. choice of rotation crops) and also can help to anticipate pest outbreaks.
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o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM
o Country or region-specific information
Best Management Practices
o Focus on prevention (above)
o Country or region-specific information
Weeds (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves, sedges,
others) Prevention and Management
First, identify overall priorities for weed prevention and management in the target
crop or livestock (some weeds are toxic to livestock).
Next, if possible, identify major weed type noting any information on transmission:
wind-borne, forceful expulsion, soil-borne, stuck to animals, other); if any parts of
crop plants are damaged: roots, stem, leaves, florescence, or seed; or for livestock
the risk of intoxication or poisoning.
To best understand how to manage a type of weed, one needs to understand how,
where, when and which parts of the field the weed prefers. For weeds, many PMPs
are designed and outlined as follows containing the following information, for each
major type of weed (annual grasses, broadleaves, perennial grasses, broadleaves,
sedges, others):
Photographs of major types or, if needed species of weeds
Description of the weed types and their life cycles throughout the planting and
overwintering season as well as any special survival strategies
Description of weed appearance and favored habitat
Best Prevention Practices
o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM
o Country or region-specific information
Best Management Practices
o Focus on prevention (above)
o Country or region-specific information
Vertebrates (birds, rodents, other) Pest Prevention and Management
First, identify overall priorities for rodent prevention and management in the target
crop or livestock (as vectors, certain vertebrate pests also bring the risk of disease to
livestock or working animals as well as to humans).
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Next, if possible identify major rodents, noting any information on the part of plant fed
upon: roots/rhizomes/tubers, stems/stalks, leaves, florescence, or seeds (field or
stored); or if livestock: animal diseases vectored.
To best understand how to manage a rodent or bird species, one needs to
understand how, where, when, and which parts of the field the vertebrate infests,
and the amount of crop damage done. For rodents and birds, many PMPs are
designed and outlined as follows containing the following information, for each major
type of vertebrate, be it rodent or bird:
Photographs of each species of birds or rodents
Photographs of plant damage or livestock disease symptoms
Description of the vertebrate, their life cycles throughout the planting and
overwintering season as well as any special survival strategies
Description of weed appearance, favored habitat and damage incurred
Best Prevention Practices
o Use any and all of the above GAPs including IPM
o Country or region-specific information
Best Management Practices
o Focus on prevention (above)
o Country or region-specific information
Information on recommended pesticides
Information needed for each pesticide referenced in the above PMP, by pest (so the
farmer/farm manager has the information at his fingertips and does not need to refer
to other documents and tables to find it):
Pesticide essential information needed
Active Ingredient name
Product Trade names (with EPA and WHO Acute Toxicity Classifications in
parenthesis)
Amounts to use per hectare
Pre-harvest interval (PHI)
Special comments on best application methods and frequency
Specialized training/certification of operators
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Any resistance management strategies needed
Pesticide application record sheet
Guidelines for reducing spray drift
Re-entry interval (REI): field safe re-entry period after spraying
Maximum residue levels (MRL) permitted by markets
Pesticide precautions with use including: Reading the label
Legal responsibilities and permitted registration uses
Permit requirements for possession and use
Recommended and obligated use of PPE and best practices
First aid and antidotes
Transportation best practices
Storage best practices
Safe use best practices
Container disposal best practices
Leftover pesticide disposal best practices
Protection of non-pest animals, plants, endangered species and water body
quality
Protect natural enemies & honeybees:
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/r584310111.html
Posting signage in treated fields
Some chemicals not permitted on processed crops
Potential for phytotoxicity (crop injury) on some crops
Documentation and record-keeping on farms
Information needed on Natural Enemies of Pests
Common Names of Predators and Parasitoids effective against above pests: For a
list of common natural enemies of crop pests, see
http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/NE/index.html. Genera will likely be the same
around the world, with different species in different continents, filling similar niches.
Additional Information Needed
Zimbabwe Economic Growth Portfolio PERSUAP 2012
218
Will there be an IPM Coordinator, an IPM Advisory Committee, education and
licensing for applicators, currency and approval of the PMP?