27
5
5-1. (filtration)
(filtering medium)
. ,
.
, (filter aid)
.
.
. , ,
. (gravity filter)
, , .
(pressure filter) () (vacuum filter).
. (discontinuous filter)
.
1.
, (gravity filter), (vacuum filter), (pressure filter),
(compression filter), (centrifugal filter) .
(gravity filter)
. (vacuum filter)
. (pressure filter) 1
0.55 . (comp
ression filter) 300600 .
(centrifugal filter) .
(cake filter), (clarifying filter)
(clossflow filter) .
.
. .
.
, , . (ultrafilter)
5-1. : (a) cake filter (b) clarifying filter (c) crossflow filter
(a)(b)
(c)
(macromolecule)
, .
5-2. (membrane seperation)
, , , ,
.
.
, , , ,
. ,
.
1. (membrane)
,
.
.
2.
(macroporous membrane), (microporous membrane) , (non-
porous membrane) . 0.110m
, .
. 50500
(Knudsen) .
10
.
. , ,
.
, .
5-1. , ,
(nm)
1000 - 10000
300 - 10000
100 - 1000
30 - 300
(, M.W.104-106) 2 - 10
(M.W. 104-10
5) 2 - 5
(M.W. 300-1000) 0.6 - 1.2
(M.W. 100-500) 0.4 - 0.8
(M.W. 10-100) 0.2 - 0.4
(M.W. 18) 0.2
3.
, , , , , ,
(, , ) . , , ,
, ,
, sintering, track etching . (sheet),
(hollow fiber) .
.
1. (retention efficiency)
2. (permeability)
3. (dirt handling capacity)
4. (chemical resistance)
5. (temperature limit)
6. (mechanical strength)
7. (cleanliness)
.
bubble point
.
bubble point . Young-Laplace
.
PPB=4cos
d (5-1)
d :
P P B : bubble point
:
:
, , , , /
.
.
100-1000
. ,
.
4.
(1)
(2) .
5-3.
. ,
(P)
0.5 5 0.110 ,
2 10 1nm0.1m
, ,
10100 10 ,
, .
(microfiltration)
0.110 .
(ultrafiltration) 1nm0.1m
. (reverse osmosis) 10
.
5-2.
1. (microfiltration)
1)
0.110
0.0110.
1926 .
. 50 psia (3bar)
.
(, amorphous) .
(fermentation), (medical), (electronics)
.
2)
dead-end flow
(crossflow) .
.
Darcys law .
Jv=1A
dVdt
=P
(Rm+R c)(5-2)
J v : flux
V :
A :
t :
p :
o :
Rm : ( )
RC : cake (cake )
3)
, (filteration capacity), (removal
efficiency) 3 .
.
, . bubble point
.
. r m
.
P=-2cos
r m
(5-3)
P :
:
:
r m :
scanning electron microscope (SEM) transmission electron microscrope
(TEM) .
- 7 -
NH4F-HF
5-2.
0.2-0.3MPa .
.
.
(latex) .
.
(latex)
.
4)
, , ,
. , , ,
.
.
.
.
, , , ,
.
2. (ultrafiltration)
1)
.
10500 1nm0.1m
, , , .
(symmetric) (asymmetric)
.
.
.
2)
Hagen-Poiseuille .
. n
J v Hagen-Poiseuille .
Jv=(n d 4
128)
pl
(5-4)
J v :
n :
d :
l :
:
p :
4 .
.
(concentration polarization)
.
.
F
L
U
X
5-3.
(fouling)
(limiting permeate flux) .
Jv
k .
k=Jv
CAi-CA(5-5)
4 .
c f ( ) cw( ) .
.
Jv(c-c p)=-Ddcdx
(5-6)
, .
Jv=kln [(cw-c p)/(c f-c p)] (5-7)
5-4. crossflow
C
w
Cf
Feed
flow
(Cp)
()
( )
k(= D/) .
c f cw .
cw
. c p
.
Jvg=kln(c g/c f) (5-8)
(5-8) c g k
. -
, , , .
k (Sherwood number, Sh)
. (Reynolds number, Re)
(Schmidt number, Sc) .
Sh =kdD
=aRe b Sc c (5-9)
a, b, c ( )
Re=dv/ , Sc= /D e . (5-9) k
.
3)
.
. 2
.
5-2.
polysulfone -alumina / -alumina
polyethersulfone borosilicate glass
cellulose acetate pyrolized carbon
regenerated cellulose zirconia / stainless steel
polyacrylonitrilezirconia / carbon
polyamides
, , track etching
.
, (hollow-fiber)
.
, , ,
.
.
. ,
.
Track etching
Track etching (radiation)
(etching)
.
,
. (etching bath)
. Track etching .
, , . (Al, Zr)
, , -
. slip-casting
-alumina -alumina .
silica(SiO2).
, , . 800
,
. pH
. .
.
4)
. (module)
(tubular type) (spir
al-
wound type), (plate-and-frame type) (hollow-fiber type)
.
(plate-and-frame type)
.
, cleaning .
channel ,
.
(hollow-fiber type)
(capillary-fiber) .
.
(sprial-wound type)
.
. .
.
(tubular type)
.
5)
, , , ,
, ,
. .
, , .
. pyrogen-free water
.
pyrogen-free water
( )
pyrogen . pyrogen
pyrogen
pyrogen pyrogen
.
pyrogen pyrogen
- lipopolysaccharide. pyrogen 99%
99.99%
.
.
pyrogen-free water
5-7. pyrogen
(affinity - membrane)
(antibody) (libosome)
(affinity carrier)
.
.
+
5-8.
Protein
3. (reverse osmosis)
1)
10-100
. .
.
.
.
.
, , , ,
, .
2)
(osmosis)
.
,
(reverse osmosis) .
(a) (c)
(b)
5-9.
.
.
=RT/V (5-10)
=
=
=
=
R =
T =
V =
.
.
J=A(p-) (5-11)
Js=BC (5-12)
J : (water flux)
, , ,
glycerin NaCl ,
, , , , ,
/, , , , ,
, , ,
, ,
A :
P :
:
B :
C :
.
3)
10
, , , .
, , ,
. 5-3
.
5-3.
.
UV
Ion
I o n
5-10. flow chart
bed10
1
A ()
0.4
5-4.
. (porous membrane) (nonporous membrane)
, , ,
.
1.
.
1950 ,
. 1980
, , .
.
1) (porous membrane)
. (mean free path)
Knudsen
. Knudsen
.
.
A ,
M .
DA = 9700r (TMA
) 0.5
(5-13)
DA : A Knudsen (cm2/s)
r : (cm)
T : (K)
MA : A
A
.
JA = DA(CAZ
) = DA(PA/RT
Z) (5-14)
Permeate
PA2
PB2
PA1 = PB1
5-14.
PA1, PB1 A B , PA2, PB2 A B
.
2) (nonporous membrane)
.
.
.
. Henry
. - - bulk
. A .
JA = -DA (dCAdz
) = DA(CA1 - CA2
Z)
(5-15)
DA A , CA A , Z .
S (mol/cm 3-atm) .
CA = PASA, CB = PBSB
(5-16)
,
JA =PASA(PA1 - PA2)
Z
(5-17)
PB1
PA1
CA1
CA2
CA
C
B
PA2
PB2
Z
5-12.
CB2
, (volatile
organic compound) .
.
.
2.
, , .
1) (pervaporation)
(1)
(pervaporation) (permeation) (evaporation)
.
.
. .
1950 American Oil Binning, Lee
. 1980
.
. 1970
.
(2)
,
, .
.
.
.
i= i RTlna i (5-18)
i , ai , R
T .
i .
a i=p ipi
(5-19)
pi i P i .
.
a i= ixi (5-20)
Fick .
.
Ji=-D idc idl
(5-21)
J i flux, D i , ci l .
D i=D ioexp(A ic i) (5-22)
D i , Ai
. .
Ai 0 .
D i=D io(1+A ic i) (5-23)
5-22 5-21 .
Ji=D ioA il
[ exp(A ic if )- exp(A ic ip)] (5-24)
cif cip (feed) (permeate)
. cip 0 .
.
Ji=D ioA il
[ exp(A ic if )-1] (5-25)
- D io, Ai l
. .
.
() .
A/B =YA/YBX A/X B
(5-26)
XA, XB () , YA, YB () .
(3)
5-15%
(water-selective membrane) .
. 5-10%
95.6wt%
.
(solvent
selective membrane) . rubbery
polymer, silicone rubber, polydimethylsiloxane, polybutadiene, natural rubber, polyether
copolymers. benzene, 1,1,2-trichloroethane chloroform
.
.
2) (dialysis)
(1)
.
.
.
(electrodialysis).
, .
(2)
. 13
.
Z
CA1
CB1CA21
CB2
Cc
5-13.
CA CB ,
CC = 0.
( , ,
) .
JA = KA(CA1 - CA2)
(5-27)
1KA
=1
K1A+
1KmA
+1
K2A
(5-28)
K1A , K2A , , ,
Km De , Z .
(2)
. ,
.
.
.
, .
