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Chapter 4

Tissues and Membranes

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Tissues

• Tissues are groups of cells

• Epithelial tissue

• Connective tissue

• Muscle tissue

• Nervous tissue

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Epithelial TissueCovering and Lining

• Squamous epithelial cells

• Cuboidal epithelial cells

• Columnar epithelial cells

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Epithelial TissueGlandular and Secretory

• Endocrine gland cells

• Exocrine gland cells

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Animation – Exocrine and Endocrine Glands

Click Here to play Exocrine and Endocrine animation

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Connective Tissue Adipose

• Stores lipid

• Acts as filler tissue

• Cushions, supports, and insulates the body

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Connective Tissue Areolar (Loose)

• Elastin tissue

• Collagen

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Connective Tissue Dense Fibrous

• Ligaments

• Tendons

• Aponeuroses

• Fasciae

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Connective Tissue Supportive

• Osseous (bone) tissue

• Cartilage– Hyaline

– Fibrocartilage

– Elastic cartilage

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Connective Tissue Vascular (liquid blood tissue)

• Blood

• Lymph

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Muscle Tissue

• Cardiac

• Skeletal (striated voluntary)

• Smooth (nonstriated involuntary)

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Nervous Tissue

• Irritability

• Conductivity

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Effects of Aging on Tissue

• Cells become larger and less able to divide and reproduce

• Increase in pigments and lipids inside cell

• Waste products accumulate in the tissue– Cell membranes change and carbon dioxide and wastes have

difficulty getting out

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Effects of Aging on Tissue

• Lipofusion collects

• Connective tissue becomes progressively stiff

• Increased difficulty receiving oxygen and nutrients

• Many tissues lose mass and atrophy

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Membranes

• Two thin layers of tissue together form a membrane

• Epithelial membranes

• Connective membranes

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Epithelial Membranes

• Mucous membranes– Respiratory mucosa

– Gastric mucosa

– Intestinal mucosa

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Epithelial Membranes

• Serous membranes (parietal and visceral)– Pleural membrane

– Pericardial membrane

– Peritoneal membrane

• Cutaneous membranes

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Connective Membranes

• Synovial membrane– Two layers of connective tissue

• Lines joint cavities

• Secrete synovial fluid which prevents friction inside the joint cavity

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Organs

• An organ is tissues grouped together to form a specific function

• Organs coordinate their activities to form a complete functional organism

• Organ system– Group of organs that act together to perform a specific, related

function

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Organ Systems

• Skeletal

• Muscular

• Digestive

• Respiratory

• Circulatory

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Organ Systems

• Excretory

• Nervous

• Endocrine

• Reproductive

• Integumentary

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Tissue and Organ Transplant

• Blood transfusions are an example of a tissue transplant

• All transplants (tissue and organs) must be cross-matched so recipient’s immune system won’t attack the donated organ

• Rejection is main problem in organ transplants

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Disease and Injury to Tissue

• Infection

• Inflammation

• Trauma

• Abnormal growth of cells

• Birth defects

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Tissue Repair

• Primary repair

• Secondary repair