Date post: | 01-Jan-2016 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | dana-garrison |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cancer
• Regulatory genes Genes that control cell specialization,
replication, DNA repair, tumor suppression
• Oncogenes Faulty regulatory genes believed to
activate the development of cancer
• Proto-oncogenes Normal regulatory genes that may become
oncogenes
Cell regulation problem causing abnormal cell growth
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Oncogene Formation
• Three mechanisms: Genetic mutations
Miscopying of genes during cell division Viral infections
HIV HPV
Carcinogens
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
The Cancerous Cell
•Characteristics: Infinite life expectancy due to telomerase Lacks contact inhibition Spreads to distant sites via metastasis Commands the circulatory system to
provide additional blood supply (angiogenesis)
Benign tumors do not spread but can be dangerous if they crowd out normal tissues
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Staging Cancer
• TNM staging system T = extent of primary tumor N = whether or not it has progressed to
regional lymph nodes M = presence or absence of metastasis
• A numerical system tracks extent of cancer spread I = In situ II = Local III = Regional IV = Distant
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Types of Cancer• Carcinomas: 85% of all cancers (organs,
skin, nerves, membranes)• Sarcomas: Bone, blood, connective tissue • Lymphomas: Immune tissues/system • Leukemia: Blood and blood forming tissues • Melanoma: Sun exposure affecting the
melanin of the skin• Neuroblastoma: Originates in the CNS • Adenocarcinoma: Cells of the endocrine
glands• Hepatoma: Originates in the cells of the liver
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Skin Cancer
• Risk factors Severe sunburn during childhood, chronic
sun exposure during young adulthood• Prevention
Reduce exposure to sun’s rays, use sunscreens, avoid tanning booths
• Early detection Self-examination (see next slide)
• Treatment Surgery, chemotherapy, interleukin-2
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Normal Mole versus Malignant Melanoma
Melanoma characteristics:•A is for asymmetry•B is for border irregularity•C is for color (change)•D is for diameter > 6 mm
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Lung Cancer
• Risk factors Smoking Environmental pollutants (radon) Genetic predisposition
• Prevention Don’t smoke and avoid environmental tobacco
smoke
• Treatment (low success rate) Surgery Radiation Chemotherapy Medications
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Colorectal Cancer
• Risk factors Genetic susceptibility Dietary habits Smoking, alcohol consumption
• Prevention Removal of polyps, exercise, dietary changes
• Early detection Rectal exams, stool tests, sigmoidoscopy,
colonoscopy
• Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Breast Cancer
• Risk factors Early onset of menstruation, late menopause Having no children or first child later in life Use of hormone replacement therapy Specific genetic mutations
BRCA1 BRCA2
Family history Obesity, sedentary lifestyle High degree of breast density
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Breast Cancer
• Prevention Dietary choices, limit on alcohol use Activity levels Pregnancy and breastfeeding decisions Avoidance of occupational toxins New medications Prophylactic mastectomy (for some women at very
high risk)
• Early detection Breast self-examination Mammography
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Breast Cancer
• Treatment Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation therapy Hormone therapy Targeted therapy
Herceptin Gleevac Avastin
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prostate Cancer
Location of the Prostate Gland within the Male Reproductive System
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Prostate Cancer
• Risk factors Age, African American ethnicity, family history,
dietary fat intake
• Prevention Moderation of fat intake, increased intake of
vitamin E and selenium, drug therapy
• Early detection Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) tests, ultrasound
rectal exam
• Treatment Surgery, radiation, brachytherapy (radioactive
seeds)
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Testicular Cancer
• Risk factors Family history, environmental factors,
undescended testicles
• Prevention Self-exams, correction of undescended
testicles in children
• Early detection Self-exams, awareness of symptoms
• Treatment Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Cervical Cancer
• Risk factors HPV infection Smoking, socioeconomic factors
• Prevention Sexual abstinence Careful selection of sexual partners
• Early detection of precancerous cellular changes Pap tests
• Treatment Surgery (minor or major) Radiation/chemotherapy
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Uterine Cancer
• Risk factors Early menarche, late menopause, infertility, never
having given birth, use of estrogen replacement therapy or tamoxifen, obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer
• Prevention Minimize high levels of estrogen, regular
gynecological care
• Treatment Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone
treatment
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Vaginal Cancer
• Risk factors Prenatal exposure to DES
• Early detection Pap test
• Treatment Surgery
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Ovarian Cancer
• Prevention Similar to what is recommended for breast cancer Prophylactic oophorectomy
• Early detection (“silent”) Annual pelvic exams Awareness of potential symptoms Tests
OvaSura, CA125, and HE4 Genetic screenings
• Treatment Surgery, chemotherapy, drug therapy
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Pancreatic Cancer
• Risk factors Male gender, smoking, high-fat diet, high alcohol
consumption
• Prevention Abstaining from tobacco and alcohol, exercise,
weight management
• Early detection (no early symptoms) CAT scan
• Treatment No effective treatment at this time Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Lymphatic Cancer
• Risk factors Reduction of immune system protection,
exposure to pollutants, viral infections
• Prevention Limit exposure to chemicals
• Early detection Enlarged lymph nodes, fever, weight loss
• Treatment Radiation, chemotherapy, stem cell
transplant
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
CChange in bowel/bladder habits
AA sore that does not heal
UUnusual bleeding or discharge
TThickening of tissues (schlerotic change)
IIndigestion or difficulty swallowing
OObvious change in a wart/mole
NNagging cough
Preventive Measures:Cancer Warning Signals
© 2011 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved.
Preventive Measures
• Know your family history• Select and monitor your occupation carefully• Do not use tobacco products• Monitor environmental exposure to
carcinogens• Follow a sound diet• Control your body weight• Exercise regularly• Limit your exposure to the sun• Consume alcohol in moderation, if at all