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© 2012 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill/Irwin Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Effective Groups and Teams
Chapter Nine
9-2
After reading the material in this chapter, you should be able to:
LO9.1 Describe the five stages of Tuckman’s theory of group development.
LO9.2 Contrast roles and norms, and specify four reasons norms are enforced in organizations.LO9.3 Describe four attributes of a team playerLO9.4 Explain three ways to build trust and three ways to repair trust.LO9.5 Describe self-managed teams and virtual teams.LO9.6 Describe groupthink, and identify at least four
of its symptoms.
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Fundamentals of Group Behavior
Group two or more freely interacting people who share
collective norms and goals and have a common identity
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Formal and Informal Groups
Formal group group is formed by a
manager to help the organization accomplish its goals.
Informal group exists when the
members’ overriding purpose of getting together is friendship
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Group Development Process
Stage 1: Forming
Group members tend to be uncertain and anxious about their roles, the people in charge and the group’s goals
Mutual trust is low
9-8
Group Development Process
Stage 2: Storming
Time of testing
Individuals try to determine how they fit into the power structure
Procrastination may occur
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Group Development Process
Stage 3: Norming
Questions about authority and power are resolved through unemotional, matter-of-fact group discussion
Group cohesiveness a “we feeling” binding group members together
9-10
Question?
A search committee has been created at ABC University to hire a new dean of College of Business. During which stage of the group development process would the search committee address role agreements and working as a team?A.Storming
B.Performing
C.Adjourning
D.Norming
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Group Development Process
Stage 4: Performing
Activity focused on solving task problems
Climate of open communication, strong cooperation, and lots of helping behavior
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Group Member Roles
Roles expected behaviors for a given position
Task roles Enable the group to define, clarify, and pursue
a common purpose
Maintenance roles Foster supportive and constructive
interpersonal relationships Keep the group together
9-15
Question?
Bob's role in his work group is to promote greater understanding through examples or explanation of implications. Bob's role can be described as a(n):A.Initiator
B.Elaborator
C.Coordinator
D.Energizer
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Norms
Norms an attitude, opinion, feeling, or action—shared
by two or more people— that guides their behavior
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How Norms are Developed
1. Explicit statements by supervisors or co-workers
2. Critical events in the group’s history
3. Primacy
4. Carryover behaviors from past situations
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Why Norms are Enforced
Help the group or organization survive
Clarify or simplify behavioral expectations
Help individuals avoid embarrassing situations
Clarify the group’s or organization’s central values and/or unique identity
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Teams
Team a small number of people with complementary
skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals, and approach for which they hold themselves mutually accountable
Task groups that have matured to the performing stage
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Teams
A group becomes a team when:1.Leadership becomes a shared activity2.Accountability shifts from strictly individual to both
individual and collective3.The group develops its own purpose or mission4.Problem solving becomes a way of life, not a part-
time activity5.Effectiveness is measured by the group’s
collective outcomes and products
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Team Building
Team building catchall term for a host of techniques aimed at
improving the internal functioning of work groups
Team-building workshops strive for greater cooperation, better communication, and less dysfunctional conflict.
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Question?
As the new Department Chair, Melvin wanted his faculty members to engage in more collaboration. He decided to start by taking everyone to a Paintball course. This is called ___________.A.Social loafing
B.Cohesiveness
C.Team building
D.Leadership
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Trust: A Key Ingredient of Teamwork
Trust reciprocal faith that the intentions and
behaviors of another will consider the implications for you.
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Three Forms of Trust
Contractual trust trust of character
Communication trust trust of disclosure
Competence trust trust of capability
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Question?
As quarterback at Alabama, Jay Barker won almost all of the games he started. When the team was in a tough situation, they trusted Barker to help them win. The team’s trust was built by Barker’s _______.A.Respect
B.Fairness
C.Predictability
D.Competence
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Self-Managed Teams
Self-managed teams groups of workers who are given administrative
oversight for their task domains.
Administrative oversight involves delegated activities such as planning, scheduling, monitoring, and staffing
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Teams
Cross-functionalism team made up of technical specialists from
different areas Common feature of self-managed teams
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Question?
The work team at More 4 Babies, Inc. is made up of technical specialists from different areas of the company. This feature of the work team at More 4 Babies is referred to asA.Cross-functionalism.
B.Administrative alignment.
C.Cohesiveness.
D.Groupthink.
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Are Self Managed Teams Effective?
Have a positive effect on productivity
Have a positive effect on specific attitudes relating to self-management
No significant effect on general attitudes
No significant effect on absenteeism or turnover
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Virtual Teams
Virtual team physically dispersed
task group that conducts its business through information communication technology (ICT).
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Research Insights
Benefits Reduced real-estate costs Ability to leverage diverse knowledge, skills,
and experience across geography Ability to share knowledge of diverse markets Can reduce work-life conflicts
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Threats to Effectiveness
Groupthink “a mode of thinking that people engage in when
they are deeply involved in a cohesive in-group, when members’ strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action”
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Social Loafing
Social Loafing tendency for
individual effort to decline as group size increases
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Reasons for Social Loafing
Equity of effort
Loss of personal accountability
Motivational loss due to sharing of rewards
Coordination loss as more people perform the task
9-39
Question?
The Organizational Behavior class has a project that counts for 50% of the class grade. Groups of 10 have been assigned to complete it. Duane thinks that he will not have to work very hard because the group is so large. This is called _______.
A.Groupthink
B.Cohesiveness
C.Social loafing
D.Collective groupthink
9-40
Video Case: Teamwork: Team Activities for Coworkers
What types of activities are being used today for team building and skills development? Why do these types of activities work?
Are companies able to justify sending employees to fun training programs? How?
Are corporate training programs such as those described in the video case growing in popularity?
What benefits do you think you would get from attending training programs like those described in the case?