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© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 8Electrical, Noise, Heat,
Radiation, Ergonomic, and Biological Hazards
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Plant-Specific Hazards
• Electricity and electrical equipment
• Bonding and grounding
• Noise, heat, and radiation
• Ergonomics
• Confined space entry
• Lifting
• Biological and blood-borne pathogens
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Electricity• The hazards include
• Sparks and arcs, static electricity, lightning, stray currents, energized equipment, and electric shock
• Because overtime is fairly abundant each technician should consider his or her limits as most accidental electrocutions occur during this time, when you are mentally and physically tired.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Bonding and Grounding
• Flammable liquid containers can build up static charges as material is pumped in.
• Bonding is described as physically connecting two objects together with a copper wire.
• Grounding is described as connecting an object to the earth with a copper wire and grounding rod.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Figure 8-1 Bonding and Grounding
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Heat and Radiation
• Heat exhaustion is a primary concern for chemical and refinery workers.
• High temperatures can result in heatstroke.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hearing Conservation and Industrial Noise
• When OSHA was enacted in 1970, federal regulations for controlling noise in the workplace were implemented.
• Reducing noise at is source is a technique that utilizes engineering controls and limits employee exposure to high noise areas.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
• After process technicians have experienced hearing loss due to industrial noise, it is unlikely they will ever recover.
• Noise over 140 decibels can cause permanent hearing loss in a single exposure.
• Hearing loss occurs through four categories: overall noise level, intensity of noise, duration of workday, and duration over a lifetime.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
• Hearing protection can be classified in three ways:
• Engineering noise abatement• Administrative noise abatement• Personal hearing protection
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Figure 8-2 Hearing Conservation
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Ergonomic Hazards
• Ergonomics is the science of how humans interact with their work environments
• Ergonomic stress can be initiated by the following:
• Repetitive or forceful work• Improper work technique• Poorly designed tools and workplaces
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hazards of Confined Spaces
• Confined space include:• Excavations• Opened vessels or equipment• Tank cars• Distillation columns• Reactors• Large tanks
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hazards of Lifting
Proper lifting techniques require a technician to keep the load close to the body:
• Bend at the knees and lift with the legs, keeping the heels on the ground.
• Keep the feet shoulder-width and turned out.• Avoid twisting by turning the entire body in the
direction you want to move.• Bend knees and squat down carefully when
setting down loads.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Biological Hazards
• Biological hazards include any living organism capable of causing disease in humans.
• Legionnaires’ disease is caused by inhaling Legionellae bacteria which can be found in cooling towers and heat exchangers.
© 2012 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Blood-Borne Pathogens
• The blood-borne pathogens standard became effective in March of 1992.
• HIV• HBV