# 3 events in childhood (3).ppt

8/20/2019 # 3 events in childhood (3).ppt

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Child

Development Theories


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Research has shown that early childhood may be themost important life stage for brain development.

A baby’s brain is about one quarter the size of anadults’.

Scientists have found that babies’ brains develop inresponse to stimulation.

Arouses senses such as sight, sound, touch, taste,and smell.

Babies who are stimulated develop more quicly andhave a more secure self!image.


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What is a theory?

A theory should allow us topredict and explain humanbehavior

•

It should be stated in such away that it can be shown tobe false

• It must be open to scientic

investigation


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Although researches don’t always agree,scienti"c researchers have agreed uponthe "ve following general rules.

#evelopment is similar for each individual #evelopment builds upon earlier learning.

#evelopment proceeds at an individual rate.

$he di%erent areas of development areinterrelated.

#evelopment is a lifelong process.


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sychoanalytic Theories!

"reud#s sychosexual Theory

ersonality has $ parts

There are % stages of psychosexual

development

&edipus complex allows child toidentify with same'sex parent

"ixation is an unresolved con(ict

during a stage of development


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Phallic

Stage

Child’spleasurefocuses on

genitals

Figure 2.1

Latency

Stage

Child

repressessexualinterest

and developssocial andintellectual

skills

Anal Stage

Child’spleasure

focuses onanus

enital

Stage

A ti!e ofsexual

rea"akening#source of sexual

pleasure$eco!es

so!eoneoutside of thefa!ily

%ral Stage

&nfant’spleasure

centers on!outh

Freudian Stages

' yrs topu$erty

(irth to1) yrs

1) to *yrs

Pu$ertyon"ard

* to 'years


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)ri*son#s sychosocial Theory!

There are + stages of psychosocialdevelopment

)ach has a uni,ue developmental tas*

Developmental change occurs throughoutlife span

-ey points of psychoanalytic theories!

)arly experiences and family relationshipsare very important to development

.nconscious aspects of the mind areconsidered

ersonality is best seen as adevelopmental process


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+rikson’s Stages ,evelop!ental Period

-rust vs istrust &nfancy /first year0Autono!y vs sha!e dou$t

&nfancy /1 to * years0

&nitiative vs guilt +arly childhood /* to

years0&ndustry vs inferiority iddle and late childhood

&dentity vs identityconfusion

Adolescence /13 to 23 years0

&nti!acy vs isolation +arly adulthood /23s4 *3s0enerativity vsstagnation

iddle adulthood /53s4 3s0

&ntegrity vs despair Late adulthood /'3s on"ard0

Figure 2.2

+rikson’s +ight Life6Span Stages


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Cognitive theories!

iaget#s cognitive developmentaltheory /tresses conscious mental processes

Cognitive processes are in(uenced bybiological maturation

"our stages of cognitive developmentin children

Assimilation and accommodation

underliehow children understand the world0adaptto it0 and organi1e their experiences


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Preoperational Stage7

-he child $egins to represent the "orld "ith "ordsand i!ages. -hese "ords and i!ages reflectincreased sy!$olic thinking and go $eyond theconnection of sensory infor!ation and physical action.

For!al %perational Stage

-he adolescent reasons in !ore a$stract idealisticand logical "ays.

Sensori!otor Stage7-he infant constructs an understanding of the "orld

$y coordinating sensory experiences "ith physicalactions7 progressing fro! reflexive4 instinctual actionat $irth to the $eginning of sy!$olic thought to"ardend of the stage.

Concrete %perational Stage7

-he child can no" reason logically a$out concrete

events and classify o$8ects into different sets.

Figure 2.*

1191 yearsof age

throughadulthood

(irth to 2years of age

2 to : yearsof age

: to 11 years

of age

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive ,evelop!ent


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2ygots*y#s sociocultural cognitivetheory Children actively construct their *nowledge

/ocial interaction and culture guidecognitive development

3earning is based upon inventions ofsociety

-nowledge is created through interactionswith other people and ob4ects in the culture

3ess s*illed persons learn from the mores*illed

Information'processing theory Compares computers to the human mind

Thin*ing is information processing


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&nfor!ationis taken into$rain

&nfor!ationgets processed4analy;ed4 andstored until use

%


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+nviron!entPerson/cognitive0

(ehavior

(andura’s Social Cognitive odel

Figure 2.5


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(andura’s odeling>&!itation

Child

o$servesso!eonead!ired

Child i!itates

$ehaviorthat see!sre"arded


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+xosyste! esosyste!s

acrosyste!

Fa!ilySchool classroo!

?eligion

groups

Peergroup

Chronosyste!

School syste!

Political philosophy

= a t i o

n a l

c u s t o

! s

+ c o n

o ! i c p a t t e r n s

S o c i a l c

o n d i t i o

n sC u l t u

r a l v a l u

e s

C o !

! u n i t

y

. a s s !

e d i a

. e d i c a

l i n s t i t

u t i o

n s

Figure 2.

(ronfen$renner’s

+cological -heory

of ,evelop!ent


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roup 2 -i!eplaying

videoga!es7' hours

each day

oreaggressive

andantisocial

oreplayful

andsocia$le

-i!eplaying

videoga!es72 hours

each day

roup 1


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&a'or social institution found in all humansocieties

(sual image) woring father * housewifemother * dependent children

Reality) $his is becoming less and lesscommon as more + more mothers woroutside the home. Also because of risingdivorce rates.


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ohabiting couples -with or withoutchildren

Single parent family -because of teen

pregnancy, divorce or abandonment /Blended0 family

1omose2ual couples e.g. 3etherlandshas legalised homose2ual marriages


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4unctions)

ompanionship -/marry for love0

Se2 and reproduction

Socialisation of children

Social support -especially during crises 5conomic cooperation


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3uclear family) 4ather, mother and ids

52tended family) $he above plusgrandparents

/4amily life cycle0 6 structure of anindividual family changes over time


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$he 4amily is hanging $he 4amily is hanging

hanging roles -role 7 /e2pected behaviour0hanging roles -role 7 /e2pected behaviour0that goes with a social positionthat goes with a social position

8eople marry later, have fewer ids, and also8eople marry later, have fewer ids, and alsohave them laterhave them later

&ore divorces&ore divorces

Single parent families -these are more lielySingle parent families -these are more lielyto be poorto be poor


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$he 4amily is hanging $he 4amily is hanging

&ore woring mothers and /latchey&ore woring mothers and /latchey

ids0ids0

hildren may be unsupervised andhildren may be unsupervised and

feel neglected and unlovedfeel neglected and unloved

9oring mothers are stressed9oring mothers are stressed

-/Supermom Syndrome0 and /#ouble-/Supermom Syndrome0 and /#ouble

Burden of 9omen0Burden of 9omen0


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Stressed 9oring &othersStressed 9oring &others

52amples)52amples)

4emale nurses with children4emale nurses with children

4emale doctors with children4emale doctors with children

Role con:ict) Being a good doctor toRole con:ict) Being a good doctor to

one’s patients versus being a goodone’s patients versus being a goodmother to one’s idsmother to one’s ids


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5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth5%ects of 4amily on 1ealth

; 5%ects on ehovah’s 9itness


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? 5%ects on patients with long term? 5%ects on patients with long term

illness)illness)

@uality of care provided by family@uality of care provided by family

members -female relatives as caremembers -female relatives as care

providers for ids, husbands, in!lawsproviders for ids, husbands, in!laws

and elderly parentsand elderly parents


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4amily and social networs promote 4amily and social networs promote

health)health)

Socially isolated have poorer mentalSocially isolated have poorer mental

health recover slower from sicnesshealth recover slower from sicness


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$he #ysfunctional 4amily $he #ysfunctional 4amily

// $roubled family that has a negative $roubled family that has a negative

e%ect on the physical ore%ect on the physical or

psychological well!being of itspsychological well!being of its

individual family members0individual family members0


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C #ysfunctional families and poor parenting)C #ysfunctional families and poor parenting)

hild abuse 6 neglect, physical abuse,hild abuse 6 neglect, physical abuse,

verbal abuse, se2ual abuseverbal abuse, se2ual abuse DverindulgenceDverindulgence

#omestic violence#omestic violence

Alcoholism and substance!abuse in theAlcoholism and substance!abuse in thefamilyfamily

Eambling problemsEambling problems


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3D$5 FF3D$5 FF

4amilies with divorced parents are 3D$4amilies with divorced parents are 3D$

355SSAR


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ultural and &ediaultural and &edia

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# 3 events in childhood (3).ppt

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