9 1

(Cardiovascular system I)

“ ”(transport)

30

10%

(ischemia) (dysfunction)

(persistent ischemia) (infarction) (necrosis) (impairment)

(William Harvey) “”

1628 (propel) (circulatory

pattern)

340

(tidal manner)

9.1 (1 1578 – 3 1657) : Famous Scientists, 2015)

(circulatory system) (tidal system)

(cardiovascular dysfunction)

(primary cardiovasculardysfunction) (hemorrhage)

(myocarditis)

(congenital) (acquired) (acquiredcardiovascular disease) (congenital cardiovascular diseases) (defective heart valves)

(heart failure) (pump failure) (exercise intolerance)

(Dirofilaria immitis) (right ventricle) (pulmonary artery)

341

(bloodworm; Strongylus vulgaris) (mesentericarteries) (

) (colic)

(secondarycardiovascular dysfunctions)

)

(cardiac arrhythmias) ( )

(water logging) (edema) (pulmonary edema)

(aveoli)

(shock-lung syndrome)

(hemorrhagic shock) (cardiogenic shock)

(septic shock) (bacteremia) (endotoxic shock)

(endotoxin) (intestinal mucosa)

( )

(renal failure) (respiratory failure)

(barbiturates)

342

(

)

9.2 ( : Popovic, 2011)

( 1)

(diabetic coma) ( ) (adrenal medulla)

(glycogenolysis) (piloerection)

343

:

(bulk flow)

(aorta) 10

(hydrostatic pressure)

2 (perfusion pressure difference) (perfusion pressure)

(perfusion)

(transmural pressuredifference transmural pressure) transmural

( (inside pressure)

)

(distending pressure)

9.3 : Veterian Key, 2016)

344

(diffusion)

(interstitial fluid)

(capillaries)

(intercellular space) 2

(passive transport) (active transport)

2

(bulkflow transport)

(alveolar capillaries) (1 )

300 130 .2

) (pulmonarycapillaries)

( 125 ./ 10 )

1

100 . 20 . 1.5% 98.5%

345

9.4 : Veterian Key, 2016)

100 100 1-5

2-3 .

(thrombus)

(cerebral infarction) (stroke)

( )

40

1 1

346

(coronary arteries)

2-3 .

(myocardial ischemia) (myocardial

infarction) (heart attack) (coronary artery disease) (cerebrovascular

disease) (cardiac disease)

(left ventricle) (arteries)

(parallel) (venules)

(vena cava) () (systemic circulation)

(pulmonary artery) (arteries) (lung capillary)

(pulmonaryvein)

9.5 ( : Medina, 2011)

347

(pulmonary circulation) (central circulation)

(systemic circuit)

9.6 : Othman, 2009)

1. (splanchnic circulation) (gastric) (splenic) (mesenteric capillaries)

(portal vein) (splanchnic veins) 2

(portal system) (splanchnic portal system)

(hepatic artery) 2. (renal artery)

2 (glomerular and tubular)

(glomerular capillaries) (peritubular capillaries)

(renal portal system)

348

9.7 (portal system) : Veterian Key, 2016)

9.8 ( : Prin, Bakker Wagener, 2015)

349

9.9 ( : Macmillan Learning, n.d.)

3) (pituitarygland/hypophysis)

(portal vessels) (anterior pituitary gland/adenohypophysis)

(hypothalamic capillaries)

(hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system) (cardiac output)

()

1 1 2 1

(cardiac output) 3 / 2

1 2 2.5

20% 20% 20% 15% 3%

350

9.10 : Verilenler, 2016 )

(perfusion pressure)

(aortic pressure) (systolic pressure) 120 (mmHg)

(diastolic pressure) 80 (mean aortic pressure) 98

(potential energy)

( ) 3 98-3 =

95 20 ( ) 8 (

) 13 5 8 (13-5 )

(systemic vessels) (frictionforce)

(high-pressure, high-resistance side) (low-

pressure, low-resistance side)

351

9.11 ( : Berne Levy, 1993)

98 98

(brachial artery)

(factor) 1 1.36 .

(type of blood vessels) 25%

75% 20% (arteries) (arterioles)

(capillaries) (blood reservoirs) (high-pressure conduits)

(capillary bed)

(diffusional exchange)

352

9.12 ( : PubMed Health, 2014)

9.1 30

( ) 2))

) )1 20 3.1 40 13.0 98

)45,000 0.14 6.9 1.5 6.0 90

20,000,000 0.030 140.0 0.2 0.3 60

1,700,000,000

0.008 830.0 0.05 0.05 18

130,000,000 0.020 420.0 0.1 0.1 12

)73,000 0.27 42.0 1.5 1.0 6

2 24.0 9.0 34.0 4.5 3

9.1

1 45,000 400 1

80 1

(13 ./ ) 10

353

1 0.5 .

9.13 Albaugh, 2015)

(bulk flow)

1

1

20 2

30

(plasma) 93% 5-7%

(globulin) (albumin) (fibrinogen)

354

9.14 ( Irene, 2016)

(coagulate) (coagulation) (anticoagulant)

(heparin) (citrate)

(HCO3-)

(O2, CO2 N2) (dissolved O2)

99% (oxyhemoglobin) 1%

(carbamino compounds)

355

(the cellular component of blood) 30-60%

(hematocrit, Hct)

(pack) (pack cell volume)

(erythrocytes, red blood cells or RBCs) (leukocytes; white blood cells or WBCs)

(buffy coat) 1,000

(neutrophils) (lymphocytes) (monocytes) (eosinophils) (basophils)

(differential white blood cell count) (mitosis)

(differentiation) (progenitor cells) (pluripotent stem cells)

9.15 : Irene, 2016)

356

(platelets orthrombocytes) (precursor cells) (megakaryocytes)

(hemostasis) (coagulation) (clotting) (platelet aggregation)

(clottingfactors)

9.16 (fibrinolytic) ( : Irene, 2016)

9.17 ( : Irene, 2016)

357

(coagulation cascade) (thrombin)

(prothrombin time, PT) (partial thromboplastin time, PTT)

(serum)

9.18 : Jain, 2016)

(erythrocyte sedimentation rate; ESR)

9.19 : Conley Schwartz, 2007)

358

(manual scanning) (automated scanning) ( 1 .) (whole blood)

9.2

(106) g/dl

%

1

.(103) (103)

% % %

% % %

( ) ( )

%

% %

% % %

% % %

5.2-8.0612.4-19.129.8-57.5

62.7-72

22.2-25.4

34-36.6160-5255.4-15.3

51-840-10-90-1

8-381-9

10-504-913-607-26

0.6-1.479-1265.8-7.92.6-4.02.2-4.5

0-0.7125-30020-200

220-10700-600

146-1563.8-5.1

109-1229.6-11.62.5-6.2

4.95-10.538.5-14.4

25.8-41.836-50

12.2-16.8

32.4-35.2160-660

3.8-1934-84

0-10-120-2

7-600-5

10-5013-753-61

10-300.8-2.063-1326.1-8.82.6-4.32.6-5.0

0-0.695-13020-100

400-15900-600

151-1613.5-5.1

117-1299.3-11.72.9-7.7

20 . (oxygenated blood) 100 . 1.5%(0.3 .) 98.5%

359

(oxygenated hemoglobin or oxyhemoglobin;HbO2) (reducedhemoglobin; Hb)

( ) (bluish; cyanosis)

(dL) 15 . 1.34 . 20 .

(hemoglobininopathies) (NO)

15 ./ . 6 . 25 (pg):

(15 g of hemoglobin/dL of blood) ÷ (6 x 106 RBCs/ mcl of blood) = 25x10-12 g of Hb/RBC

1 (meancorpuscular hemoglobin, MCH)

15 ./ . 50% 30 ./ .

(15 g of hemoglobin/dL of blood) ÷ (0.5 dL of RBCs/dL of blood) = 30 g of Hb/dL of RBCs

(meancorpuscular hemoglobin concentration; MCHC)

MCHC = [Hb] ÷ Hematocrit

()

(watering down)

( ) 1.5 ( )

40% 2 50%

360

(polycythemia) 20 ./ . ( )

(anemia)

20 .

1 40-50%

(electrical activity of the heart)

(venous blood) 2

1) 2) 50-150

(contractile sequence)

(myofibrils) 2-3

0.1 . 10

(gap) (synchrony)

361

1 (functional syncytium)

2 (nexus) (gap junction) 2

9.20 ( : OpenStax, 2015)

1

(depolarizedspontaneously) (pacemaker cells)

1

(venae cavae)

()

2 (denervated heart) ( )

362

9.3

()

)

( ) ( )

(sinoatrial (SA) node)

(atrioventricular(AV) node) (AV bundle) (bundle of His)

363

(very slowconduction) 50-150

(AV junction)

9.21 : OpenStax, 2015)

( ) (

) 2 (bundle branches)

(ventricular apex) (Purkinje fibers) 2

(inner walls subendocardial layers)

- -> - -> 2

(specialized conduction system of the heart)

2

364

0 (t= 0) 1

0.1 2

t = 0.04 ( )

t = 0.17 0.17-0.04 - -> 0.13

2 (ventricular excitation) t = 0.22

2

9.22 : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

365

9.23 (1) (2) (3)

100 (4)

(moderator band) (5) (6) : OpenStax, 2015)

2 1)

2)

3) 1-2

100 (100-250 )

3

366

-70 -85 ( )

9.24 ( ) ( ) ) : miracoli, 2014)

(cytosol) 1

-80

367

0 )

( 1)

(prolong plateau of the depolarization) 200 ( 2)

(plateau ofthe cardiac action potential)

2 1)

2)

200

9.25 ( 3)

( : Cunningham Klein, 2012) ( 4)

(slow Ca2+ channels)

( ) 2-3 ( )

200 ( )

368

(fast Na+

channels)

(calcium-triggered calcium release) 0.1 100

2 (electrochemical gradient)

( 9.26 )

9.26 : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

(inactive)

2

(refractory) 1 (absolute refractory period or refractory period)

1-2 100-250

369

9.26 3 2

3 2 3

(plateau phase) ()

( )

9.26

(contractile tension)

1-2

1 (temporal summation) (fuse)

1

370

(pacemaker potential) 0

(rapid phase depolarization)

(spontaneous depolarization) (rounded actionpotential)

(voltage-gated fast Na+) (funny Na+ channels)

0

(slow actionpotentials)

371

0 (fast action

potentials) ( )

(beta-adrenergic receptors)

(spontaneous depolarization)

(heart rate)

(muscariniccholinergic receptors)

(adrenal gland)

9.28

( ) : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

140

372

( 90 ) ( 55 )

( )

(defense alarm reaction)

9.29 : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

9.30 : Physiology Plus, 2016)

2 (partially active)

( 90 ) 175 )

373

2 ( )

(atrioventricular node)

(pacemaker activity) (slow action potential)

9.31 ( : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

(spontaneous depolarization)

(auxiliary pacemaker function)

30-40 90

(emergency pacemaker)

374

(circling back) 9.4 3 4

(auxiliary pacemaker)

(AV delay)

9.4 (electrical characteristics of the AV node)

( ) * **

(

)

- -

)

()

()

(

)

( ) ( )

()

() )

**

375

2 (plateau: phase 2)

( )

(amplitude)

(trigger Ca2+)

()

1) 2)

3)

(beta-adrenergic agonist)

(isoproterenol) (beta-adrenergic

antagonist) (propranolol) (atenolol)

376

9.32 : Wolsey, 2010)

(antisympathetic influence)

( ) () (supraventricular cells)

(muscarinic cholinergic agonist) (muscarine) (muscarinic cholinergic antagonist) (atropine)

377

(cardiac arrhythmias)

(sinus arrest)

(sinussyndrome) (sick sinus syndrome)

(bradycardia)

9.33 ( Malmivuo, 1995)

9.34 ( : Malmivuo, 1995)

378

9.35 ( : Winter, 2016)

(intrinsic control) () 9.5

140 90

140 /

80 30

80

30 80

9.5

) )140 8090 30140 80

Cunningham Klein, 2012)

(artificial cardiac pacemaker) (electric shocks)

(pacemaker electrodes) (jugular vein)

379

(battery-powered electrical stimulator)

(AV node block)

30-40 3

3(third-degree AV node block)

2(second-degree AV node block) 2

2

2 3 (decremental conduction)

(amplitude)

(die out) (fading)

1 (first-degree block)

1

1 (cardiac trauma) (toxins)

(viral or bacterial infection) (ischemia) (congenital heart defect) (cardiac fibrosis)

(ventricular septal defect)

380

9.36 3 ( : Malmivuo, 1995)

381

(cardiac tachyarrhythmias) (tachyarrhythmias) (atrial

tachycardia) (ventricular tachycardia) (extra atrial or ventricular beat) ( )

(precontraction beat) ( ) (premature beat)

(tachycardia)

(ectopicpacemaker) (cardiac infection)

(trauma) (reaction to drug or toxin) (electrolyte imbalance) (myocardial ischemia)

(myocardial infarction)

9.37 ( ) ( ) ( ): Malmivuo, 1995)

382

( 160)

- (sinus tachycardia)

- (atrial tachycardia)

9.38 ( : Moffatt, n.d.)

- (junctional tachycardia)

9.39 : Malmivuo, 1995)

- (supraventricular tachycardia)

- (ventricular tachycardia) (ectopic ventricular pacemaker)

(atrialprecontractions)

383

9.40 ( : Malmivuo, 1995)

9.41 : Moffatt, n.d.)

(atrial flutter) (ventricular flutter)

9.42 : Malmivuo, 1995)

(atrial fibrillation)

(ventricular fibrillation V-fib)

384

9.43 ) ( ): Malmivuo, 1995)

(sudden cardiac death)

(electrical defibrillation)

(defibrillation) (stimulating electrode) (paddles) 2

(twin properties) 2 9.44

385

2 (self-

perpetuating cycle)

(reentrant action potential) (extra beat)

(non-conducting center) (circus movement)

(circular conductingpathway)

(re-entry of cardiac action potential) ) (precontractions) (continuous tachycardia)

(re-entrant arrhythmia)

9.44 ( ) 6 ( )

( ) 1 2. 2

3. 4.

5. 2 6.

2 4-6 : Cunningham Klein, 2012)

386

(common antiarrhythmic drugs)

(electrical defibrillation)

1. (local anesthetics) (quinidine) (lidocaine)

(Na+ channel blockers) (procaine Novocain) (local anesthetics) (sensory

neurons)

2. (calcium channel blockers)(veramil) (diltiazem) (nifedipine)

2 ( ) ( )

(extra actionpotentials)

(persistent atrial flutter fibrillation)

(die out)

(trigger Ca2+)

387

3. (cardiac glycosides) (digitalis) 3

(antiport carrier)

(Na+ -Ca2+ antiporter)

1.

(remain inactivated)

2.

3.

4. (beta-adrenergic antagonists)(propranolol) 4

4 3

(electrocardiogram)

2

2

388

2

1 . . . .

2. . . (congenital). .

3. .

10 . (hydrostatic pressure). (cardiac contraction).

4. . 100 1-5 . 98.5% . 2-3 . . 100 . 20 .

5. 2 1

. 1 ( ). 3

389

. 20% 15%

6. . . . .

7. . . . .

8. . . (oxygenated hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin: HbO2) .

. (reducedhemoglobin: Hb) 9.

. 1

.

.

.

10. . . . .

11. . . . .

12. . . . .

13. . . . . 30-40

14. . . . .

15. . . . .

390

16. . ( )

( ) . ( )

.

.

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