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Amending the Constitution
Allowed by Article 5 of the Constitution Amendments may be proposed by:
› Congress (2/3 in both houses) National Convention (requested by 2/3 of
state legislatures) Amendments may be ratified:
› ¾ of all state legislatures special state convention in ¾ of all states
Bill of Rights
Introduced by James Madison in 1789 by the request of Anti-federalists
Came into effect in 1791 after ratified by ¾ of the states
Also known as the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution
Amendment I
Freedom of Religion (No gov’t establishment of & free exercise)
Freedom of Speech Freedom of Assembly (to meet) Freedom of the Press Freedom to Petition the
Government for redress of grievances
Amendment IV
Right to be free of search and seizure
You may only be search or arrested if the police have a warrant
Reinforced by the Exclusionary Ruledeveloped by the Supreme Court, disallowing as evidence anything obtained through a violation of the 4th amendment
Amendment V
Cannot be tried for a serious federal crime without indictment from a Grand Jury No double jeopardy Right to remain silent (no self-
incrimination) Cannot be deprived of life, liberty or
property without due process Private property cannot be taken by
government without just compensation (eminent domain)
Amendment VI
Right of the accused to a speedy and public trial before an impartial jury
Accused must be informed of charges andhave the right to cross-examine hostile witnesses
Right to require testimony of favorable witnesses (subpoena)
Right to be represented by an attorney at every stage of the criminal process
Amendment VII
Right to a trial by jury in civil cases in Federal court if the amount of money exceeds $20.
Right to a jury trial can be waived by both parties (bench trial—tried before a judge)
Amendment IX
Unenumerated rights The fact that many civil rights are
expressly set forth in the Constitution does not mean that there are not others retained by the people.
Amendment X
Powers reserved for the people All powers the Constitution does not
grant to the federal gov’t & not expressly forbidden to the States belong to the the States and people of each State
Amendment XI -1795
States cannot be sued by another State or foreign country or by citizens of otherStates or by its own residents.
Repealed part of Article III section II ofthe Constitution
Amendment XII -1804
Election of the President and Vice President
Changes part of Article II section 1 Each elector in the Electoral College
caststwo ballots now: one for President andone for Vice President.
(Before, the person with the 2nd highest number of votes was elected Vice President)
Amendment XIII -1865
Forbids slavery or involuntary servitude inthe United States
-except as punishmentfor a crime.
Amendment XIV -1868
Defines citizenship › Any person who is born or naturalized in the U.S.› You are a citizen in the state where you live.
No State shall deprive a U.S. Citizen of life,liberty or property, without due process of law.
No State shall deny to any person equal protection of the laws.› Removes the 3/5 clause from Article I Section II
Amendment XV -1870
No one can be denied the right to votebecause of race, color or “previouscondition of servitude.”
Amendment XVI -1913
Creates federal Income Tax› Before this amendment, only the states could tax an individual’s income
Amendment XVII -1913
Senators elected by popular vote instead of by State legislatures
If vacancy occurs, governor must call aspecial election.› The governor may appoint a replacement
for the remainder of the term if the state legislature authorizes that step.
Amendment XVIII -1919
Prohibition of the production, possession, sale, distribution and importation of intoxicating liquors
Later repealed by the 21st amendment
Only amendment to be repealed
Amendment XX -1933
Changes date for start President’s/VP’sterm to Jan 20th
Moved start of Congress’ term to January 3rd
Lame Duck Amendment
Amendment XXII -1951
Two term limit for President If President succeeded to the
Presidency in the last half of the previous presidency, maximum term limit 10 years.
Amendment XXIII -1961
Added Presidential Electors for the District of Columbia –Washington D.C.
Maximum the same number of Electors for the least populous State (3)
Amendment XXIV -1964
No one may be denied the right to vote in any federal election for not paying any poll tax or other tax.
Amendment XXV -1967
Provision for presidential succession Provided for the replacement of the V.P. when
there is a vacancy. (President nominates, subject to majority
vote of both Houses of Congress President can make written declaration to
Senate pro tem and Speaker of the Housethat he is incapacitated, temporarilyrelieved by Vice President until he deliversrescindment letter.