of 346
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(Biogas)
75/6 6 10400
1: 2553
500
ISBN 978-616-7148-83-0
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(Biogas)
200 .. 2549 2553
(Biogas) 2553
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-1
(Biogas)
-1 -1 -1
1. 1-1 2.
2.1 2-12.2 (Anaerobic Digestion) 2-2
2.2.1 2-32.2.2 2-52.2.3 2-9
3. 3.1 3-13.2 3-3
3.2.1 3-33.2.2 (Compressibility factor, Z) 3-43.2.3 3-53.2.4 3-83.2.5 (Flame velocity) 3-9
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-2
(Biogas)
3.2.6 (Flammability limit)
(Explosive limit) 3-10
3.2.7 ( Auto ignition) 3-13.2.8 (Flame temperature) 3-113.2.9 (Heating value and Combustion) 3-123.2.10 3-22
4. 4.1 4-1
4.1.1 ( Suspended growth) 4-24.1.2 ( Attached growth) 4-194.1.3- 4-234.1.4 4-30
4.2 4-314.2.1 4-314.2.2 4-324.2.3 4-33
5. 5.1 ( Start up)
5.1.1 5-15.1.2 5-25.1.3 (Nutrients) 5-25.1.4 (Hydraulic Retention Time: HRT)
( Solid Retention Time : SRT) 5-2
5.1.5 5-3
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-3
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5.2 ( Operation)
5.2.1 - (pH) 5-45.2.2 ( Alkalinity: Alk) 55.2.3 ( Volatile Fatty Acids: VFA) 5-55.2.4 5-65.2.5
(COD
)5-6
5.2.6 5-6 6.
6.1 6-16.1.1 6-26.1.2 6-106.1.3 6-11
6.2 6-126.2.1 6-12
6.2.2 -13
6.2.3 6-16
6.2.4 (Pressure drop/Head loss)
6-
18
6.2.5 6-20
6.2.6 -22
6.2.7 6-22
6.2.8 support
6.3 6-306.4 6-30
6.4.1 (Blower) 6-31
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-4
(Biogas)
6.4.2 (Blower) 6-336.4.3 6-34
6.5 6-356.5.1 6-366.5.2Back Pressure Check Valve 6-406.5.3
6-
406.5.4 6-416.5.5 (Flame Arrester) 6-466.5.6 6-50
6.6 (Flare system) 6-536.7 6-56
7. 7.1 7-17.2 7-3
7.2.1 7-37.2.2 7-5
7.3 (H2 S) 7.3.1 (Dry Process) 7-97.3.2 (Wet Process) 7-12
7.4 7-267.4.1 Water Scrubber Technology 7-267.4.2Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technology 7-287.4.3 Chemical Absorption Technology 7-297.4.4Membrane Separation Technology 7-31
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-5
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7.5 ( Siloxane)
7.5.1 Adsorption Technology 7.5.2Refrigeration Technology 7-397.5.3Liquid Absorption Technology 7-41
8. 8.1 8-1
8.1.1 ( Stoichiometric ratio)
8.1.2Equivalence Ratio 8-28.2 (Gas Train) 8-38.3 8-6
8.3.1 8-78.3.2 8-15
8.4 (Gas Flare) 8-338.5 8-358.6 -388.7 8-41
9. 9.1 9-1
9.1.1 (Hazardous Area) 9-19.1.2 (Explosion) 9-29.1.3 (Ignition Source) 9-39.1.4 9-59.1.5 9-9
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9.1.6 -20
9.2 -339.3 9-349.4 9-36
9.4.1 (LPZ) 9-379.4.2
-
379.4.3 9-38
9.5 9-409.6 9-41
9.6.1 9-419.6.2 9-429.6.3
9-45
9.6.4 9-499.7 9-51
9.7.1 (First Aid) 9-519.7.2 9-519.7.3 9-52
9.8
9-549.8.1 9-549.8.2 9-589.8.3 /
/ 9-59
9.8.4 (, ,
, , )
9-
60
9.9 9-61
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2.1 2-22.2 2-4
3.1 () 3-53.2 CO2
1 298 3-9
3.3 3-113.4
3-12
3.5 %
3-
133.6
3-23
4.1A Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR 4-34.1B Anaerobic contact; AC 4-44.2 UASB 4-64.3 (Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) 4-104.4 (Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) 4-124.5 (Baffle) Anaerobic Baffle Reactor 4-154.6 Channel Digester 4.7 A: (Anaerobic Filter) B:
(Anaerobic Fixed Film) 4-21
4.8 (Anaerobic fluidized bed) 4-23
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-3
(Biogas)
6.27 6-356.28 Over pressure relief device Water seal 6-366.29 Over pressure relief valve 6-376.30 Over pressure and Negative relief valve Water seal 6-386.31 Over pressure and Vacuum relief valve
over pressure (A) Vacuum pressure ( B) 6-39
6.32 Back Pressure Check Valve 6-406.33 6-406.34 Knock out Drum 6-416.35 Knock out Drum 6-426.36 (Mist Eliminator) 6-436.37 6-446.38 Tee U-tube 6-456.39 Auto Drain 56.40 6-466.41 6-476.42
6-49
6.43 6-506.44 Orifice Venturi 6-516.45 6-526.46 Online methane analyzer 6-526.47 (A) (B) 6-546.48 Flare 6-546.49 6-56
6.50 Manual 6-566.51 Blower 6-57
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-4
(Biogas)
6.52 6-587.1 -27.2
7-4
7.3 7-5
7.4 7-
9
7.5 7-107.6
7-13
7.7 Biofilter 7-157.8 Biotrickling filter 7-177.9 Bioscrubber 7-187.10
Water Scrubber Technology 7-27
7.11 Pressure Swing Adsorption 7-287.12 Chemical Absorption Technology 7-307.13A Membrane Technology 7-317.13B Hollow Fiber 7-337.14 SiO2Gas Engine 7-387.15 Temperature Swing Adsorption 7-397.16 Siloxane 1
7-40
8.1 8-2
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-5
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8.2 (Gas train) 8-38.3 (Gas train) 8-38.4 (Manual shut off valve) 8-48.5 8-48.6 Pressure regulator 8-5
8.7 Double solenoid valve 8-68.8 Gas train 98.9 8-98.10 Dual Burner 8-118.11 (Electro magnetic clutch) 8-118.12 8-13
(Rotary cup Combination burner)
8.13 (Rotary cup combination burner) 8-13
8.14 8-14
8.15 (Gas train) 8-16
8.16 -
168.17 8-238.18 8-248.19 8-268.20 8-268.21 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC)
8-30
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-6
(Biogas)
8.22 8-308.23 (Micro gas turbine) 8-318.24 -328.25
(kW) 8-33
8.26 (Gas train) 8-348.27 (Enclosure flare) 8-348.28 80 x 220 (2) 8-428.29
8-42
8.30 8-438.31 8-438.32 8-448.33 8-458.34 8-468.35 8-488.36 Gas Analyzer 8-508.37 Double Solenoid Valve Valve Proving Systems 8-518.38 Valve Proving Systems 8-528.39 Double Solenoid Valve 8-538.40 Double Solenoid Valve 8-538.41 Double Solenoid Valve 8-548.42 8-548.43 8-568.44 8-57
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-7
(Biogas)
8.45 Valve Proving Systems 8-578.46 8-58
8.47 Double Solenoid Valve 8-59
8.48 Valve Proving Systems (VPS)
VPS () 8-608.49 8-609.1 3 9-29.2 9-99.3 -209.4 -21
9.5 Hand Held Gas Detector 9-22
9.6 / (Fixed Roof) (Floating Roof) (Gas Storage) 9-23
9.7 / 9-24
9.8 /Cover lagoon 9-249.9
Ventilation
12 (Air change rate per hour) 9-26
9.10 Ventilation
12 (Air change rate per hour) 9-27
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-8
(Biogas)
9.11
Ventilation 12
9-28
9.12 9-28
9.13
9-29
9.14 Flame Arrester 9-299.15
manual 9-30
9.16
9-319.17 / manual 9-32
9.18 / 9-33
9.19 9-359.20
9-3
5
9.21 Potential Equalization -369.22 9-389.23 9-399.24 1 9-399.25 2 9-409.26 9-46
9.27 9-519.28 9-52
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-1
(Biogas)
2.1
2-12
3.1 3-1
3.2 3-2
3.3 (Regression coefficient) 3-9
3.4 3-10
3.5
3-14
3.6
101.3 () 3-16
3.7 (1-xw)
15.6 3-17
3.8 () 3-18
3.9 Wobbe Index 3-20
4.1 4-1
4.2 - 4-25
4.3 -28
4.4
4-29
4.5 4-30
5.1 5-8
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-2
(Biogas)
5.2 1 5-9
5.3 2 5-12
6.1 6-16.2 HDPE PE100 PE80 6-15
6.3 HDPE 6-15
6.4 6-176.5 Minor Loss Coefficient () 6-20
6.6 6-236.7 6-236.8 -246.9 Thermal Expansion 6-266.10 6-30
6.11 Knock out Drum 6-436.12 6-486.13 6-48
6.14 6-55
6.15 6-55
7.1 () ()
7-77.2 7-8
7.3 7-8
7.4 - (H2S) 7-20
7.5 7-24
7.6 7-24
7.7 -CO2 7-347.8 CO2 7-36
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1-1
(Biogas)
.. 2549
3 2 3
10,000
(Chemical Oxygen Demand : COD) 15 1
40 165 -
1,000 1
100
1
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1-2
(Biogas)
3
:
/
:
- (GTZ) (.
.)
.. 2540 .
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1-3
(Biogas)
(.)
12 4
(.)
214 ( )
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1-4
(Biogas)
()1. 72
2. 35
3. 16
4./ 16
5. // 42
6. 9
7. / /
24
214:
2553
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2-1
(Biogas)
2.1
(Biogas) 2 * (Acid forming bacteria) (Methane producing bacteria) (CH4) (CO2) (H2S) (NH3)
2.1
* (Volatile fatty acid)
22
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2-2
(Biogas)
2.1
2.2 (Anaerobic Digestion)
( Organic matter)
, ,
, ,
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2-3
(Biogas)
2.2.1 3
1 (Hydrolysis)
- (pH)
(Hydrolytic
bacteria) (Fermentative bacteria)
2 (Acidogenesis)
(Facultative bacteria)
(Volatile fatty acid) 5 (CH3COOH) (C2H5COOH)
(C3H7COOH) (C2H5OH) (H2) (CO2)
( Acid forming bacteria)
(Acetogenic bacteria)
(Hydrogen forming bacteria)
2
(Non-methanogenic bacteria)
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2-4
(Biogas)
2.2 : Breure, A.M.and Andel, J.G., 1987.
(Organic matter)Carbohydrates
Lipids
Protein
1 Hydrolysis (Simple organic compounds)
Monosaccharide, Fatty acids, Amino acids
2 Acidogenesis (Volatile fatty acids)
Acetic acid, Propionic acid, Butyric acid, etc.
Ethanol, CO2 , H2
Acetate, CO2, H
2
3 Methanogenesis (Biogas)
(CH4, CO
2, NH
3 H
2S)
Hydrolytic bacteria
Fermentative bacteria
Acid forming bacteria
Acetogenic bacteria
Methanogenic bacteria
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2-5
(Biogas)
3 (Methanogenesis)
(CH4) (NH3)
Acetophilic methanogen
CH3 COOH CH4 + CO2
Hydrogenophilic methanogen
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
(Methanogenic producing bacteria) Acetoclastic methanogenic bacteria (Acetophilic
methanogen) Hydrogenophilic methanogen
2.22.2.2
2
( Acid forming bacteria) (Methane producing
bacteria)
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2-6
(Biogas)
1) (Acid forming bacteria) Facultative anaerobic bacteria
-4.0-6.5
2
1.1)
(Facultative anaerobic bacteria)
1.2)
2
) Hydrogen producing acetogenic bacteria
C2H5OH + H2 O CH3COOH + 2H2
C2H5COOH + 2H2 O CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2
C3H7COOH + 2H2 O 2CH3COOH + 2H2
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2-7
(Biogas)
) Homoacetogenic bacteria 2 1) Autotroph 1
()
4H2 + 2CO2 CH3COOH + 2H2O
2) Heterotroph
3C6H12O6 4C2H5COOH + 2CH3COOH
+ 2CO2 + 2H2O
*:
-
2) (Methane producing bacteria)
2
2.1) Hydrogenotrophic methanogens Hydrogen utilizing chemolithotrophs
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
2
2.2) Acetotrophic methanogens Acetoclastic bacteria
CH3 COOH CH4 + CO2
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2-8
(Biogas)
2 3
Acetotrophic methanogens
Hydrogenotrophic methanogens
A. (Fermentative reactions) :
C6H12O6 + 2H2 O 2CH3COOH+ 2CO2 + 4H2
3C6H12O6 4C2H5COOH + 2CH3COOH+ 2CO2 + 2H2O
C6H12O6 C3H7COOH + 2CO2 + 2H2
C6H12O6 2C3H6O3
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2
B. (Syntrophic acetogenic reactions) :C3H8O3 + H2 O CH3COOH + 3H2 + CO2
CH3CHOHCOO-
+ 2H2 O CH3COO-
+ HCO3-
+ H+
+ 2H2
C2H5OH + H2 O CH3COOH + 2H2
C3H7COO-
+ 2H2 O 2CH3COO-
+ H+
+ 2H2
C2H5COOH + 2H2 O CH3COOH + CO2 + 3H2
2CO2 + 4H2 CH3COO-
+ H++ 2H2O
C. (Methanogenic reactions) :4CH3 OH 3CH4 + HCO3
-+ H
++ H2O
CH3OH + H2 CH4 + H2O
4H2 + HCO3-
+ H+
CH4 + 3H2O
CH3 COOH CH4 + CO2
CO2 + 4H2 CH4 + 2H2O
4HCOO-
+ H2O + H+
CH4 + 3HCO3-
HCOOH H2+CO2
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2-9
(Biogas)
D. (Sulfidogenic reactions) :2C3H6O3 + SO4
2-HS
-+ 2CH3COOH + CO2 + HCO3
-+ H2O
4H2 + SO42- + H+ 4H2O + HS-
CH3COOH + SO42-
HS-
+ CO2 + HCO3-
+ H2O
4C2H5COOH + 3 SO42-
4CH3COOH + 4HCO3-
+ 3HS-
+ H+
2.2.3
1)
3
) (Psychrophilic) 20 ) (Mesophilic) 20 45 ) (Thermophilic) 45
2
30
38 48
57 Thermophilic bacteria
Mesophilic bacteria
2) - (pH)-
-
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2-10
(Biogas)
6.67.4 -
- -
-
-
(Alkalinity)
-
3) (Alkalinity: Alk) (Buffering capacity)
-
-
-
1,000 3,000
CaCO3/ 1,000
CaCO3/ -
-
4) (Volatile fatty acids: VFA)
(> 2,000 /
) - - 6.5
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2-11
(Biogas)
-
4.5 5.0
2,000 / 0.3 0.4
-
( NaHCO3) ( NaOH) (Na2CO3) Ca(OH)2
5) (Organic loading rate: OLR)
(kg COD/m3
.) (Feeding rate)
2
) (Hydraulic retention time: HRT)
)
6) (Toxic substances)
( Inhibition)
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2-12
(Biogas)
(NH4
+)
2.1
(Ni) (Co) (Fe) (Zn) (Cu)
(trace element)
2.1
()
Cu
Zn
Cr6+
Cr3+
Total chromium (Cr)
Ni
Cd
S-
SO4
2-
Ammonia
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Mg2+
Acrylonitrile
1
5
5
2,000
5
2
0.02
100
500
1,500
3,500
2,50
2,500
1,000
5
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2-13
(Biogas)
2.1 ()
()
Benzene
CCl4
Chloroform
Pentachlorophenol
Cyanide
50
10
0.1
0.4
1
1. Breure, A.M.and Andel, J.G., 1987, Bioenvironmental Systems, CRC Press, Cambridge Scientific,
Florida, p.97.
2. , 2525, ,,89-121
: , 2525.
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3-1
(Biogas)
3.1
50-
70% 20-50% (NH3)
(H2O) (Siloxane) (Scum)
(H2S) 1% (10,000 part per million (ppm))
(SO2-) 3.1
3.1
CH4 50 - 70 %(v/v)CO2 20 - 50 %(v/v)
H2O (vapor) 0 -10 %(v/v)N
2 0 - 5 %(v/v)
O2 0 - 2 %(v/v)NH3 0 - 1 %(v/v)H2S 50 - 10,000 ppm
: PROFITING FROM THE USE OF BIOGASTHE PANVITA CASE, Roland Tusar, www.intering.si:
3
http://www.intering.si/http://www.intering.si/8/3/2019 - Bio Gas
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3-3
(Biogas)
3.2 ()CH4 CO2 H2S
Thermal conductivity (@ 1.013 , 0 )[/ ]
32.81 14.65 12.98
High Heating Value (@ 1.013 , 15.6 )[/..]
37.63 - 12
Lower Heating Value (@ 1.013 , 15 )[/..]
33.91 - -
Solubility in water (@ 1.013 , 2 ) vol/vol 0.054 1.7163 4.67Auto-ignition temperature [] 595 - 270
3.2 3.2.1
( 4 )
(Ideal gas)
P = ()
V = (..)
n = ()
R = (universal gas constant)
T = () ( =+273.75 )
: http://encyclopedia.airliquide.com
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3-4
(Biogas)
(Real gas)
(Compressibility factor, Z)
50
(500 ) (Ideal gas) Z=1
3.2.2 (Compressibility factor, Z) (Z)
Z 1 Z
Z 1
Z Z
(Reduced pressure, Pr) (Reduced temperature, Tr)
P T
Pc Tc
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3-5
(Biogas)
3.1 (): http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_(gases)
3.2.3
..(3.5)
= (/. )R(universal gas constant) = 8.314 x 105 (. - / )
T = ()
P = ()
M = (.)
MW=
1 22.4 1.013 0
25 1
Z
http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_(gases)http://en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_(gases)8/3/2019 - Bio Gas
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3-6
(Biogas)
1 1 1.013,0 22.4
16.04
16.04/22.4 = 0.716 / ..
Specific volume (@1.013,0) 1/0.716 = 1.3965 ../
25 24.45
16.04/24.45 = 0.656 / ..
Specific volume (@1.013,25)
1/0.656 = 1.5243 ../
[] []
i
yi
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3-7
(Biogas)
2
1 . 1.013
,
25
CH
4 64%
CO
236%
1 0.656 / .. (@1.013,
25)
1.7999 /.. (@1.013, 25)
yi
@1.013
, 25 []
CH4 0.64 0.656 0.4198
CO2 0.36 1.7999 0.6480
1 = 1.0678
1.0678./.. ( 1.013, 25)
( Specific Gravity, Sp.gr)
(3.7)
IUPAC: International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
IUPAC standard temperature and pressure (0 1.013),
1.2754./.. 25 1.013
1.19./..
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3-8
(Biogas)
Sp.gr. CH4 64% CO2 36% 1.013
25
Sp.gr. = 1.0678/1.19 = 0.8973
3.2.4
poise /.
: , (P)A,B,C : (regression coefficient)
T : ()
: , (P)MF
i: Mole fraction
: , (P)MW
i :
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3-9
(Biogas)
3.3 (regression coefficient) A B C Tmin Tmax 3.844 4.0112x10-1 -1.4303x10-4 91 850
11.8111 4.9838x10-1 -1.0851x10-4 195 1000 3.9314x10-8 1.0134 0 250 480
3.2.5 (Flame velocity)
(Laminar-burning velocity)
3.2
3.2 CO2 1298
(; R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, COMBUSTION AND FLAME, 1998)
CO2 0%
CO2 20%
CO2 33%
CO2 50%
CO2 60%
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4
Equivalence ratio
Laminar-BurningVelocity(cm/s)
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3-10
(Biogas)
3.2
Equivalence ratio
3.4
3.4 %CH4 : %CO2 100 : 0 80 : 20 67 : 33 50 : 50 40 : 60
(/)38.0 31.5 26.0 18.0 12.8
(; R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, COMBUSTION AND FLAME, 1998)3.2.6 (Flammability limit) (Explosive limit)
(Lower Flammability
Limit; LFL Lower Explosive Limit, LEL)
(Upper Flammability Limit; UFL Upper Explosive Limit, UEL) LFL LEL UFL
UEL 5-15 %( v/v)
3.3
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3-11
(Biogas)
5-15%
3.3 60% 9-20%
3.3 (;HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, 1988)
3.2.7 (Auto Ignition) 3
( ) (Ignition source)
(Auto IgnitionTemperature)
3.2
3.2.8 (Flame temperature)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
% Methane content,% by volume
BiogasinAir,%
UEL
LEL
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3-12
(Biogas)
3.4
3.4 (; HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, 1988)
3.2.9 (Heating Value and Combustion)
3.2.9.1 (Heating Value)
1.013 15.6 2
(Gross Heating Value High Heating Value, HHV)
(Net Heating Value Lower Heating Value, LHV)
0 mg/L H2O
50 mg/L H2O
1,600
1,650
1,700
1,750
1,800
1,850
1,900
1,950
2,000
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Methane content,% by volume
FlameTemperature(C)
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3-13
(Biogas)
HHV Calorimeter ( Chamber
) Cutler-Hammer type
(3.11)
16.04 2 x 18
1 .. ( 15.6o, 101.32 )
2.246 3,720
HHV LHV 3.5
LHV
3.5 %(15.6 o 101.32 )
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3-14
(Biogas)
3.5
3.5
% % ()CH4:CO2 ()
V/ V 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 250 300100:00 4.93 5.35 5.77 6.20 6.62 7.04 7.47 7.89 8.32 10.47 12.66
70:30 5.19 5.63 6.08 6.52 6.97 7.42 7.86 8.31 8.76 11.04 13.34
60:40 5.34 5.79 6.25 6.70 7.16 7.62 8.08 8.55 9.01 11.35 13.73
55:45 5.43 5.89 6.35 6.82 7.29 7.75 8.22 8.69 9.17 11.55 13.97
50:50 5.54 6.01 6.48 6.96 7.43 7.91 8.39 8.87 9.36 11.79 14.26
45:55 5.67 7.05 6.64 7.13 7.62 8.11 8.60 9.09 9.59 12.08 14.62
Ideal gas gross heating value ( Gas Processors
Association,1996)
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3-15
(Biogas)
()
...............................(3.12)
= Ideal gas gross heating value xi =
(Dry
basis) Ideal gas gross heating value (
)
..(3.13),
..(3.14)
= P = (,kPa)
3.6
(Dry gas) (Saturated gas)
Actual
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3-16
(Biogas)
3.6 101.3 ()
(o)
()
0 0.612 1.4
15.6 1.820 2.325 3.230 4.232 4.835 5.6
40 7.450 12.360 19.970 31.2
80 47.390 70.1
100 101.3
(1-xw)
3.13 (
15.6) 3.7
3.515.6 1.8
120
xw
= 1.8 / 120 = 0.015
(1-xw) = 1- xw = 1-0.015 = 0.985
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3-17
(Biogas)
3.7 (1-xw)15.6
( )
(1-xw)
99.9 0.9820101.3 0.9822103.0 0.9825110 0.9836
120 0.9850125 0.9856130 0.9862
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3-18
(Biogas)
1000 ./ 25o25 ( ~250 ) 125 %(v/v) CH4 64% CO2 36% ( 15.6 o 101.3 1.013)
1) 100% 37.6317 /.
3.8 ()
(A)
[/.*]
(B)
[/.*]
(C=AxB)CH4 0.64 37.6317 24.0842
CO2 0.36 0 0
1 24.0842
* 101.325 15.6o 100% 2
A B
C
2) () ( 15.6o 101.32
) 24.08 /. (15. 6o)
()3.415.6o 1.8
(1-xw) 0.9822 () (15.6o 101.32 )
24.08 x0.9822= 23.65 /.()
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3-19
(Biogas)
3.2.9.2 Wobbe Index (WI)Wobbe IndexWobbe Number
Burner Gas Injector
(Heating Value) Wobbe Index Nozzle
Injector Burner WI (3.15)
.....(3.15)
125
3) 1 .. (V1) 25o (T1)
125 (P1) 15.6o (T2)
101.32 (P2)
1 .. 25o125 (15.6o101.32 ) 1.19 ..
1000 ../ (25o 125) 1,190 ../
=1,190 x24.08 /.
= 28,655.2 / ()
= 1,190x23.65 /.
= 28,146.1 / ()
*
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3-20
(Biogas)
Nozzle Injection
Wobbe Index
Nozzle Injection
Wobbe Index
5% Wobbe Index
3.9 Wobbe Index Upper Index
(MJ/m3)
Lower Index(MJ/m
3)
48.23 40.65 53.28 47.91 68.19 62.47
81.07 74.54 53.71 48.52
LPG 86.84 79.94CO 12.8 12.8
:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbe_index
Wobbe Index LPG 3.9
Wobbe Index CH4 64% CO2 36%
25 1.013 Sp.Gr 0.8973
(HHV) () 29.0955
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3-21
(Biogas)
WI LPG Wobbe Index 64% (30.72 /.).
Nozzle LPG
Nozzle
Nozzle( ,2543)
...............................(3.16)
(H)
...............................(3.17)
WI 3.17
................................(3.18)
Q =
H = ()
C = Nozzle(Coefficient of discharge)
0.85-0.95
= Nozzle ()A = Nozzle()
3.18 % WI %
WI
% %
WI
%
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3-22
(Biogas)
3.2.10
(Dry
basis)
( Absolute Humidity) (./.. ) ( Specific Humidity)
1 (./. )
= (
) ................................(3.19)
(CH4 64% CO2 36% MW =26.11) 25o25 ( ~250 ) 125
3.6 25o 3.2
= ( ) = 0.018 ./. (CH4 64% CO2 36%) 25o101.3 1.068 ./..
(CH4 64% CO2 36%) 25o 125 1.068 x (125/101.3) = 1.318 ./..
25o 125 0.018 ./.
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3-23
(Biogas)
3.6
3.6
(Relative Humidity, %RH)
%RH = (3.17)
(Degree of Saturated)
()
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3-24
(Biogas)
0.018 x 1.318 =0.0237 ./..
12 o 3.6 1.4
= ( ) = 0.0078 ./.
25 o
= 0.0078 x 1.318 =0.0103 ./..
= 0.018-0.0078 = 0.0102./.
= 0.0102 x 1.318
=0.0134 ./.. 1 .
13.4 ( 100 ../.
1.34 /.)
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3-25
(Biogas)
STORAGE PRESSURE - DENSITY - ENERGY CONTENT @TEMPERATURE = 60oFCOMPRESSIBILITY DENSITY ENERGY CONTENT
PRESSURE FACTOR METHANE BIOGAS METHANE BIOGASPsi --------------lb/ft3----------- ------------BTU/ft3----------
14.7 (atm) 1.0 0.0423 0.0690 1,008 616
15 1.0 0.0432 0.0704 1,029 629
20 1.0 0.0575 0.0939 1,372 839
25 1.0 0.0719 0.117 1,715 1,049
30 1.0 0.0863 0.141 2,058 1,258
35 1.0 0.101 0.164 2,401 1,468
40 1.0 0.115 0.188 2,744 1,678
45 1.0 0.129 0.211 3,088 1,888
50 1.0 0.144 0.235 3,431 2,098
60 1.0 0.173 0.282 4,117 2,517
70 1.0 0.201 0.329 4,803 2,937
80 1.0 0.230 0.376 5,489 3,357
90 1.0 0.259 0.423 6,176 3,776
100 1.0 0.288 0.470 6,862 4,196
125 1.0 0.360 0.587 8,577 5,245
150 1.0 0.432 0.704 10,293 6,294
175 1.0 0.504 0.822 12,008 7,343
200 0.99 0.581 0.949 13,863 8,477
250 0.98 0.732 1.19 17,452 10,672
300 0.98 0.885 1.44 21,114 12,911
350 0.97 1.04 1.69 24,760 15,141
400 0.97 1.19 1.94 28,395 17,364
450 0.96 1.36 2.21 32,335 19,773
500 0.94 1.52 2.48 36,269 22,179
600 0.93 1.85 3.02 44,114 26,976
700 0.92 2.19 3.57 52,212 31,978
800 0.91 2.53 4.13 60,327 36,891900 0.89 2.91 4.75 69,393 42,435
1000 0.88 3.27 5.34 77,979 47,686
1500 0.82 5.26 8.59 125,528 76,762
2000 0.78 7.38 12.04 175,954 107,599
2500 0.79 9.11 14.86 217,158 132,796
3000 0.81 10.66 17.39 254,156 155,421
3500 0.84 11.99 19.56 285,925 174,848
4000 0.88 13.08 21.34 311,918 190,744
4500 0.92 14.07 22.97 335,651 205,257
5000 0.96 14.99 24.46 357,407 218,561
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3-26
(Biogas)
(GAS PROPERTIES)METHANE BIOGAS
COMPOSITION, by volume Methane -100% Methane - 60%Carbon Dioxide - 35%
Hydrogen Sulfide - 1.67%
Ammonia - 1.67%
Water Vapor - 1.67%
MOLECULAR WEIGHT, lbm/lb-mole 16.04 26.18SPECIFIC GRAVITY, air = 1 0.554 0.904DENSITY @ STP, lbm/ft3 0.0447 0.073HEAT VALUE, BTU/lbm 23,850. 8,937.ENERGY CONTENT @ STP, BTU/ft3 1,066. 652.GAS CONSTANT, ft-lbf/lbm-oR 96.3 59.0CRITICAL TEMPERATURE,oR 343.6 -CRITICAL PRESSURE, lbf/in2 673. -CRITICAL SPECIFIC VOLUME, ft3/lbm 0.099 -OCTANE RATING 130. -IGNITION TEMPERATURE,oF 1250. -AIR-TO-METHANE RATIO FORCOMPLETE COMBUSTION, by volume
10:1 -EXPLOSION LIMITS IN AIR, by volume 5% - 15% -; Methane Fuel Gas from Livestock WastesA Summary,Last Electronic Revision: March 14, 2001
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3-27
(Biogas)
:1. Roland Tusar, PROFITING FROM THE USE OF BIOGASTHE PANVITA
CASE, (http://www.intering.si)2.encyclopedia.airliquide.com3. R. STONE, A. CLARKE, P. BECKWITH, Correlations for the Laminar-Burning Velocity of
Methane/Diluent/Air Mixtures Obtained in Free-Fall Experiments, The Combustion Institute,
Elsevier Science Inc. , COMBUSTION AND FLAME 114:546555, 1998
4.James L Waish. Jr., P.E.Charles C. Ross., P.E. M i r h d S. Smith., Stephen R. Harper., W. Allen Wllklnr (1988) HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, U. S. Department of Energy
Southeastern Regional Biomass Energy Program, Tennessee Valley Authority Muscle Shoals,
Alabama.
5.: en.citizendium.org/wiki/Compressibility_factor_(gases)6. , . LPG NG.
Petroleum Authority of Thailand, 2543
7.: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wobbe_index8.James C. Barker, Professor and Extension Specialist , Biological and Agricultural Engineering ,
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC , Last Electronic Revision: March 14, 2001
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4-1
(Biogas)
4.1
4.1
(
)
4.1
Suspended growth Attached growth
(
Solid waste )
Wet system Dry system
Mesophilic
(
20
45
oC)
Thermophilic
(45 - 60oC)
() Batch Continuous
Single-stage reactor Two-stage reactor
/ Single substrate Co-substrate
2
4
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4-2
(Biogas)
1) (Suspended growth)
2) (Attached growth)
4.1.1 (Suspended growth)
(Sludge profile)
1) (Hydraulic Retention Time,HRT)
2) (Solid Retention Time, SRT) (HRT)
3) (granule) (SRT) (HRT)
1) CSTR / AC
2) UASB
3) Anaerobic covered lagoon
4) Modified covered lagoon
5) ABR
6) Plug flow anaerobic digester
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4-3
(Biogas)
4.1.1.1 (Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR) Anaerobic Contact (AC)
Paddle
Impeller (Screw)
(Gas diffuser) ( Jet mixer)
(Completely
mixed)
4.1A (Continuously Stirred Tank
Reactor; CSTR) 4.1B Anaerobic Contact (AC)
4.1A ; Continuously Stirred Tank Reactor; CSTR
Gas
Gas Withdrawal
Inlet
Outlet
Active Zone
Mixing
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4-4
(Biogas)
4.1B ; Anaerobic contact; AC
Anaerobic contact
(High concentration) (High suspended solid content)
Solid digester,, , ( )
(Completely mixed) Dead zone
Anaerobic Contact (Solid Retention
Time; SRT) (Hydraulic
Inlet
Gas
Gas Withdrawal
ActiveZone
Mixing
Recycle
Waste
effluent
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4-5
(Biogas)
Retention Time; HRT)
10%TS ( 5%TS)
SRT HRT (Wash out) Anaerobic Contact; AC (4.1B) (Degasing)
Two-stage reactor CSRT (1ststage AD reactor)
Anaerobic Contact1)
2) 3)
4.1.1.2 (Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket, UASB)
Granule
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4-6
(Biogas)
(Upflow) ( 0.5-5
/ )
( Wash out)
-- (Gas-Liquid-Solid Separator 3 Phase
Separator)
4.2
4.2 UASB (; http://www.uasb.org/discover/agsb.htm)
UASB 4
1) (Sludge Bed)
2) (Sludge Blanket)
3)
(Gas-Liquid-Solid Separator; GLSS)
4) (Settlement Compartment)
UASB ( 3 4) 3 Phase Separator)
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4-7
(Biogas)
(Up flow) Sludge bed
(High setting velocity) 40-100 kg VSS/m3 Sludge blanket
Gas-Liquid-Solid Separator 3 Phase Separator Settlement
Compartment 45-
60 Settlement compartment
(/)
UASB (High rate anaerobic
digestion) 20 kgCOD/m3
/d
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4-8
(Biogas)
UASB ( Start up)
UASB 40-100 kgVSS/m3
(Wash Out)
Mass transfer resistance Shock load
(Pretreatment)
(High suspended solid content)
UASB 1,500 mg/l
/(Acid tank) UASB
UASB1)
2) 3)
(Methanogenic activity)
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4-9
(Biogas)
4) ()
4.1.1.3 (Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
6 PVC HDPE
()
PVC
HDPE
Seal
( )
4.3
(Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
Anaerobic Covered Lagoon 3-5
(Low rate anaerobic
digestion)
COD, SS, pH, (Volumetric shock load)
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4-10
(Biogas)
4.3 (Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
2
10-20
(Gas upflow velocity) Scum
(/)
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4-11
(Biogas)
COD, SS, pH
(Organic shock load)
()
()
(Organic loading rate) ()
Dead zone
( )
1)
()seal
2)
3)
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4-12
(Biogas)
4)
4.1.1.4 (Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) (Anaerobic
Covered Lagoon) / / (4.4)
- ( )
- ( )
-
-
4.4 (Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
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4-13
(Biogas)
(/)
COD, SS, pH
()
()
( )
1)
( )seal
2)
3)
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4-14
(Biogas)
4)
5)
4.1.1.5 (Anaerobic Baffle Reactor; ABR) (Baffle)
(Wash out)
Multi-stage anaerobic digestion
4.5
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4-15
(Biogas)
4.5 (Baffle) Anaerobic Baffle Reactor(/)
ABR (Wash out)
(Granule) (HRT)
(SRT) Sludge Gas ABR
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4-16
(Biogas)
COD, SS, pH (Volumetric shock load)
ABR1)
()seal
2)
3)
4) 5)
4.1.1.6 (Plug Flow Anaerobic Digester) Channel Digester
(Horizontal flow) ()
ABR
SRT HRT
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4-17
(Biogas)
PVC HDPE
4.6
4.6 Channel Digester (/)
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4-18
(Biogas)
(Wash out) (granule)
Sludge Gas (TS 10% )
( 1% )
COD, SS, pH
(Volumetric shock load) Equalization
1)
( )seal
2)
3)
4) 5)
6) SRT inert
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4-19
(Biogas)
4.1.2 (Attached growth) Yong McCarty
( )
2 1)
(Fixed Bed) 2) (Mobile Bed)
( Anaerobic Filter) ( Anaerobic Fixed Film)
4.1.2.1 (Anaerobic Filter; AF)/ (Anaerobic Fixed Film; AFF)
2
(Random packed)
2
(Clogging) (Short Circuit)
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4-20
(Biogas)
( Surface Attachment)
/ Glass bead, Red drain clay, Sand, , Needle punched polyesters, Polyurethane foam, Sintered glass, Waste tire
rubber, Poly (Acrylonitrile-acrylamide), Corrugated plastic
(Specific Surface Area) 90-300 m2/m3
(Up-flow) (Down-flow)
4.7 (Anaerobic
Filter) (Anaerobic Fixed Film)
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4-21
(Biogas)
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
GAS
INFLUENT
EFFLUENT
GAS
A: B:
4.7 A: (Anaerobic Filter) B: (Anaerobic Fixed Film)
(/)
(Anaerobic Filter; AF)/(Anaerobic Fixed Film; AFF)
( Toxicity resistance)
, pH,
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4-22
(Biogas)
Re-startup Recovery (Anaerobic Filter; AF)/ (Anaerobic Fixed Film; AFF)
/1)
2)3)
4)
4.1.2.2 (Anaerobic fluidized bed)
inert
4.8
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4-23
(Biogas)
4.8 (Anaerobic fluidized bed)4.1.3 -
4.2 4.3
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4-24
(Biogas)
2 4.4 40 6 7 11
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4-25
(Biogas)
4.2 -
1.
(Continuously Stirred
Tank Reactor; CSTR)
10%TS
2. (Upflow Anaerobic
Sludge Blanket,UASB)
(Start up)
/
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4-26
(Biogas)
4.2 ()
3.
(Anaerobic
Covered Lagoon)
Dead zone
4.
(Modified Anaerobic
Covered Lagoon)
5
(Anaerobic
Baffle Reactor; ABR)
(Granule)
HRTSRT
Sludge Gas
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4-27
(Biogas)
4.2 ()
6 (Plug Flow
Anaerobic Digester)
Channel Digester
7.
(Anaerobic Filter; AF)/
(Anaerobic Fixed Film;
AFF)
(Organic loading rate)
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4-28
(Biogas)
4.3
*
(CSTR) / /(UASB) /
(Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)
(Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) / / /(Anaerobic Baffle reactor) / /(Anaerobic Plug flow reactor) / / /
(Filtered bed / Fixed film Reactor) * (kg COD/m3 reactor /day) : < 2 kg COD/m3 reactor /day ; : 2 - 4 kg COD/m3 reactor /day ; : > 4 kg COD/m3 reactor /day ( 6 ) : 84 ../COD / :
;
:
: / ( ) : / : / Solidnoid valve
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4-29
(Biogas)
4.4
/
/
/
* (CSTR) 2 12 2 - 2 2 20
(UASB) 31-
6 15 26 7 85
(Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)10 2 - 1 1 - 14
(Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)9 6 3 - 2 2 22
(Anaerobic Baffle reactor)10 2 3 - 3 2 20
(Anaerobic Plug flow reactor)3 10 1 - 1 9 24
(Filtered bed / Fixed film Reactor)
7 1 - - 6 - 14
/ - 2 1 - 1 11 15
72 35 16 16 42 33 214 : 2553* 4 10 6 9 //
PTA
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4-30
(Biogas)
4.1.4 4.5
.. 2546-2553
( ) COD
85%
kg COD/m3day
4.5 (/..)
(/..)(CSTR) 5,400-8,000 2 5
(UASB) 4,000-30,000 4 6
(Anaerobic Covered Lagoon) 190-400 0.6 1.3
(Modified Anaerobic Covered Lagoon)250-1,300 0.9 3
(Anaerobic Baffle reactor)
1,700-2,500 2 4
(Anaerobic Plug flow reactor) 1,900-4,200 0.5 3
(Filtered bed / Fixed film Reactor)3,200-5,400 2- 3.8
:UASB 30,000
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4-31
(Biogas)
4.2
/
4.2.1 1) COD ( % COD)2) (% )
H2S3) 4) ()
5)() 1) 2) COD
COD ( COD ) COD
COD (
) (Shock Load)
( )
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4-32
(Biogas)
/
1
6
5
4.2.2 1) / 2) 3) 4) 5)
COD COD 2,000mg/l COD 4,000mg/l
(AnarobicCovered Lagoon) LPG
H2S
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4-33
(Biogas)
4.2.3 1) (
)2)
()3)
3 4
/
/ / ( / )
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4-34
(Biogas)
1)
/
2) /
3) /
4)
5) 6) 7)
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5-1
(Biogas)
(Start up) (Operation)
5.1 (Start up)5.1.1
5
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5-2
(Biogas)
5.1.2
5.1.3 (Nutrients)
(N) (P) (Trace element)
(Ni)
(Co) (Fe) (Zn) (Cu) (Mg) (Ca) (B) (Se) (S) (K) (Mo)
5.1.4 (Hydraulic Retention Time: HRT) (Solid Retention time: SRT)
(Feeding Rate)
HRT () = (m3)
(m3/)
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5-3
(Biogas)
(Solid Retention Time: SRT)
SRT 10
SRT
.
.
5.1.5
2
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5-4
(Biogas)
2
(CO2)
-
5.2 (Operation)
5.2.1 - (pH)-
-
2 -
- -
6.6-7.4 -
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5-5
(Biogas)
5.2.2 (Alkalinity: Alk) (CaCO3)/
-
-
1,000-3,000
CaCO3/
(/) ( CaCO3/)
. 0.4
. 0.8
-
0.3-0.4
5.2.3 (Volatile Fatty Acids: VFA)
- - 6.6
8/3/2019 - Bio Gas
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5-6
(Biogas)
-
( NaHCO3)
(NaOH) (Na2CO3) Ca(OH)2
5.2.4
60-65%
35 0.35 /
5.2.5 (COD)
70
85
5.2.6
1 2 5.1
5.2
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5-7
(Biogas)
1)- (pH)2) (Alkalinity)3) (Volatile fatty acids)4) (COD)5)6)7)
Total Solids (TS), Total Volatile Solids
(TVS)Suspended Solids (SS), Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)
1) - (pH )2) (Alkalinity)
(Volatile fatty acids)
3) (COD)4) 5) 5.1
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5-8
(Biogas)
5.1
(C) 30-35 25-40
pH 6.8-7.2 6.6-7.4
(. CaCO3/.)2000-3000 1000-4000
(
./
.)
50-500 2000
( COD) >85% 75-85%
(VFA/Alk ratio) < 0.3 0.03-0.3
%CH4 60-65 55-60
H2S (ppm) < 30 < 200
(C : N ratio)
40-50 < 100
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5-9
(Biogas)
5.2 1 .................................... .. .................
(C) pH
(./.)
(.CaCO
3/.)
VFA/Alk
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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5-10
(Biogas)
5.2 1()
(C) pH
(./.)
(.CaCO
3/.)
VFA/Alk
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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5-11
(Biogas)
5.2 1()
(C) pH
(./.)
(.CaCO
3/.)
VFA/Alk
26
27
28
29
30
31
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5-12
(Biogas)
5.3 2 .................................... .. .................
COD (./.)
(3/)
(%)
H2S(3/)
H2S(3/)
H2S
(%)
CH4 CO2 H2S CH4 CO2 H2S
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
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5-13
(Biogas)
5.3 2 ()
COD (./.)
(3/)
(%)
H2S(3/)
H2S(3/)
H2S
(%)
CH4 CO2 H2S CH4 CO2 H2S
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
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5-14
(Biogas)
5.3 2 ()
COD (./.)
(3/)
(%)
H2S(3/)
H2S(3/)
H2S
(%)
CH4 CO2 H2S CH4 CO2 H2S
26
27
28
29
30
31
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6-1
(Biogas)
6.1
/
(FlareSystem)
/
6.1
6.1 ()
(..) 0.05 5 10 -5000
10-50 2 -100
5 -20 1 -100
200-300
0.1 0.5
: Biogas from waste and Renewable Resources Settler
6
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6-2
(Biogas)
6.1.1 (0.05 50 )
/ /
6.1.1.1 (Fixed Covered) /
/ / (Fixed Dome)
6.1 (Water Seal) 6.2 6.3
6.1
6.2
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6-3
(Biogas)
: Pressure
& Vacuum Relief
6.3 UASB .
(Floating Dome) 6.4
6.4
50
Level switch ( )
Pressure switch ()
/
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6-4
(Biogas)
6.1.1.2 (Balloon Covered)
High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Polyvinylchloride (PVC) Ultra Violet(UV) /
(Reinforce)
(Fatigue) 0.05 - 5 10 -
5000 ..
)
PVC ( PVC) 6.5
6.5 PVC PVC
PVC
PVC
PVC PVC
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6-5
(Biogas)
5 .
:
10
Pressure Relief
PVC
5 ( 5
.)
)
HDPE HDPE 6.6
HDPE
HDPE HDPE
6.6
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6-6
(Biogas)
) ( PVC
acrylate) (Anchor ring) (Bag)
6.7
100 - 5,000 .. 12.7
6.7
( 6.8 )
(6.8 )
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6-7
(Biogas)
6.8
6.1.1.3 HDPE PVC
HDPE (Melting point) 140o.
(Extruded) 200o.
HDPE 2
) (Dual hot wedgewelding)
) (HDPE extrusion welding) HDPE
400o. 5o.
85 6.9
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6-9
(Biogas)
6.10 ( EXTRUSION WELDING) ( :10 Welding of HDPE Geomembranes)
Extruder
HDPE 350 20o.
40 .
:
(LFL)
/
400o.
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6-10
(Biogas)
6.1.2 (5-20 ) (200-300 )
6.11
(Compressed Natural Gas,
CNG)
..2550
.2333, ISO 15501,ECER 110 ANSI/CSA NGV 2
()
* :
ISO:
ECER:
ANSI/CSA: /
6.11
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6-11
(Biogas)
6.1.3 (
7) (CNG) 200-250
3
(stages) 4
6.12 Lille-Marquette
4 (5) 0-
0.02 4 2 13.5
(1) CO2 H2S spray CO2 H2S ()
CO2
H2S stripping (3) stripping
CO2 H2S H2S Bio-filters
H2S CO2 H2S CO2 H2S
CO2 H2S 54.5 3
4 250 (2) (
) (4)
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6-12
(Biogas)
6.12 ( : Lille-Marquette biogas plant)
6.2 6.2.1
50o. (
Thermophillic )
Blower
Blower
()
(6.1)
k = Cp/Cv (biogas =1.3)T1 = Blower()
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6-13
(Biogas)
T2 = Blower ()
P1 = Blower ()
P2 = Blower ()
1.5 6.13
(oC) Blower ()
6.13 Blower6.2.2
680 ( 680 .)
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6-14
(Biogas)
PN ( 20o.)
PN 2.5-
max pressure 2.5 barPN4 -max pressure4 barPN 6 -max pressure 6 barPN 10 - max pressure 10 barPN 16 - max pressure 16 bar
(Schedule number) Standard
Diameter Ratio (SDR) Pressure Nominal (PN)Standard Dimension Ratio, SDR
.............................................(6.2) OD = ()
t = ()
( )
HDPE CPVC UPVC
HDPE
PE80
4
pressure
rating 6.2
HDPE PE100 PE 80
PN6
40o. 6.3 HDPE
SDR
SDR
11-17
SDR
17
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6-16
(Biogas)
: . ()6.2.3
1.3 1.1
Spitzglass 68
( )
(6.3)
Q = (../.)
Sp.grgas =
h1-h2 = () 1 2 ( )
d = ()
1.5
1 24
Blower, Flame Arrester
1.1 1
24
( gas detector)
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6-17
(Biogas)
L = ()
(
) 10% Blower 6.4
6.4
HDPE (SDR11)() (../.) 100
Blower 250 mbar 12 mbar 23 mbar 32 mbar2 39 54 63
3 127 176 207
4 300 414 488
6 910 1,258 1,483
8 1,875 2,594 3,058
10 3,358 4,645 5,476
12 5,553 7,681 9,055
16 11,699 16,185 19,078
5 10 / 10 15 / sonic 357 /
(Vent) Blower
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6-18
(Biogas)
6.2.4 (Pressure drop/Head lose)
(Major loss) Spitzglass (hf )
( ) (6.4)
hf 0.025
6.14
(Minor loss)
.(6.5) hf = Head loss ( )
v = (/)
g = = 9.8 (/2)
K = Minor loss coefficient
(6.5 K )
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6-19
(Biogas)
6.14
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6-20
(Biogas)
6.5 Minor Loss Coefficient ()Fitting K Fitting K
Valves: Elbows: Globe, fully open 10 Regular 90, flanged 0.3
Angle, fully open 2 Regular 90, threaded 1.5
Gate, fully open 0.15 Long radius 90, flanged 0.2
Gate 1/4 closed 0.26 Long radius 90, threaded 0.7
Gate, 1/2 closed 2.1 Long radius 45, threaded 0.2
Gate, 3/4 closed 17 Regular 45, threaded 0.4
Swing check, forward flow 2
Swing check, backward flow Infinity Tees:Line flow, flanged 0.2
180 o return bends: Line flow, threaded 0.9
Flanged 0.2 Branch flow, flanged 1.0
Threaded 1.5 Branch flow, threaded 2.0
Suddenly enlargement 0.16-0.92 Suddenly Contraction 0.18-0.49
: www.lmnoeng.com/surface.htm
6.2.5 /
50 . (Foam) (scum)
6.15
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6-21
(Biogas)
6.15 (scum)/ 6.16
5 mbar 5 .
Blower
Blower
( Blower) 5 ( 5 .)
1-2 /
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6-22
(Biogas)
6.16 6.2.6
HDPE CPVC
6.2.7
"Biogas"
6
6.6
:- PVC UV
- HDPE PVC - Blower (Blower)
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6-24
(Biogas)
(Hangers) /
6.8
6.17 Support 6.8
()
() PVC (37o.) HDPE (SDR11)
1/2-3/4 2.5 1.3 0.7
1 - 2 3.5 1.6 1.0
4 4.5 2 1.8
6 5.9 2.4 2.2
8 7.3 2.9 2.5
10 8.4 No data 2.8
12 9.0 No data 3.0
14 10.4 No data 3.2
16 11.1 No data 3.4
: Plastic Piping Handbook www.engineeringtoolbox.com
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6-25
(Biogas)
6.18
6.18 6.2.7.1
(Expansion joint)
(Flexible joint)
(NBR)
6.19 6.20
Blower
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6-26
(Biogas)
6.9 HDPE
10 o 100
12 . Expansion joint Axial
6.9 Thermal Expansion / (./100 ) 10o
PVC 50HDPE 120CPVC 79
Stainless steel 17.8CPVC: Chlorinated polyvinyl chloride
6.19 Expansion joint
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6-27
(Biogas)
6.20 Expansion jointBlower 6.2.7.2
Sheet pile
(Soft soil)
150. 90%
200 .6.21
Embedment
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6-28
(Biogas)
300 .
300 .
6.21 6.22
6.22
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6-29
(Biogas)
(Pipe guard)
/ Blower Compressor
(Flexible joint) (Expansion joint)
Expansion loop
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6-30
(Biogas)
6.3 Manual valve (on/off)
6.10
6.10
Gate valve
Globe valve Gate valve
- Gate valve
Butterfly valve -
Ball valve -
45
:ESCAP 19806.4
Blower ( 1 100 )
Compressed Biogas
( ) Blower
Adiabatic
Blower
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6-31
(Biogas)
6.4.1 BlowerBlower 3
6.4.1.1Root BlowerRoot Blower Blower Positive displacement2
6.23
6.23 Root Blower6.4.1.2Ring Regenerative Blower
Ring Regenerative Blower ( 6.24)
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6-32
(Biogas)
6.24 Ring Blower6.4.1.3 Centrifugal Blower
Centrifugal Blower(6.25)
multistage
6.25 Centrifugal Blower
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6-33
(Biogas)
6.26 Blower Root Blower
Ring Blower
Single stage Centrifugal
Blower Multistage Centrifugal Blower ()
Root Blower
Root Blower Blower
6.26 Blower 6.4.2 Blower
Blower Adiabatic Adiabatic
(kW)
1
p
pQp
1-k
kW
k
1-k
1
21hp (6.6)
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6-34
(Biogas)
Q = (../)
p1 = ()
p2 = ()
50% Blower
Bhp [kW] = 2 x Whp
6.4.3 Blower Root Blower Blower
(Housing) Blower (Slip volume, Vs)
5.0
1
s
pkbV
(6.7)
= kb = Blower
=
Vs Flow Rate
(Displacement Volume)
90 50 ../ RootBlower Blower 1.34 Blower 0.049 ../( =1.068 ./..) Blower
( )
= 12.3 ./
Root Blower =50+12.3= 62.3 ../
Root Blower = 62.3 / 0.049
= 1270
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6-35
(Biogas)
6.5 6.27
6.27
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6-36
(Biogas)
6.5.1 6.5.1.1 (Over pressure reliefDevice )
1)Water Seal
6.28
6.28 Over pressure reliefDevice Water seal
( 0.3 )
Blower
2)Over pressure relief valve
6.29
water seal Sight glass
8/3/2019 - Bio Gas
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6-37
(Biogas)
6.29 Over pressure relief valve /
Blower
6.5.1.2 Over Pressure and Negative relief valve
(Negative pressure)
Blower
1)Water Seal
6.30
- (Valve openingpressure) (Valve set pressure) 0.9
- Relief valve
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6-38
(Biogas)
6.30 Over pressure and Negative relief valve Water seal
2) Over pressure and Vacuum relief valve
6.31
- -
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6-39
(Biogas)
6.31Over pressure and Vacuum relief valve over pressure (A) Vacuum pressure ( B)
( Valve opening
pressure) 2.5 70
(Valve opening pressure)
70
800
- (Valve openingpressure) ( Valve set pressure) 0.9 Flame arrester
- Relief valve
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6-40
(Biogas)
6.5.2 Back Pressure Check Valve
() Blower
6.32
6.32 Back Pressure Check Valve
6.5.3
( 0.1 1
)
6.33 (Pressure gauge)
6.33
6.33
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6-41
(Biogas)
6.5.4
(Mist)
6.5.4.1 2
1) Knock out Drum
6.34
6.34Knock out Drum.
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6-42
(Biogas)
.................................(6.8)
= (/) = = 998 ./. = = 1.0678 ./.K = ( 0.03 0.152)
( ) 2.3 /
6.35
6.36 (Mist Eliminator) Knock out Drum 6.11
Knock out Drum
6.35 Knock out Drum
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6-43
(Biogas)
6.36 (Mist Eliminator) 6.11 Knock out Drum
(../.)
()
50 0.20
100 0.3
200 0.40
500 0.65
1000 0.90
2000 1.25
Knock out drum
Blower
( )
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6-44
(Biogas)
2)
6.37
6.37
6.5.4.2 Manual
1) T U
50
( T)
Manual U
U 20
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6-45
(Biogas)
20 .6.38 T
U
6.38 T U2) (Auto DrainValve)
6.39
6.39 Auto DrainValve
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6-46
(Biogas)
6.5.5 (Flame Arrester)
(in-line)
30 6.40
6.40
Auto drain bypass Auto drain
Auto Drain Bypass Bypass Auto Drain bypass
Drain
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6-47
(Biogas)
6.41
(housing) element
element
element
6.41
element
IIA D 6.12
6.13
cell element Maximum Experimental Safe Gap (MESG) IIA > 0.9 mm D > 0.75
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6-48
(Biogas)
6.12 Gas
Group
MESG(mm)
Test Gas Test Gas
Concentration(x % in air)
Typical Gases
IIA >0.90 Propane 4.2 Methane, alkanes, alcohols,
acetone, benzene
IIB3 0.65 Ethylene 6.5 Ethylene, ethylene ether
IIB 0.50 Hydrogen 45.0 Ethylene oxide, Butadiene
IIC 0.75 Methane, alkanes, alcohols,
acetone, benzene
C >0.45 Ethylene, ethylene oxide
B 0.45 Hydrogen
A - Acetylene
6.42
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6-49
(Biogas)
6.42 element
()
element
element
sealelement
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6-50
(Biogas)
6.5.6 6.5.6.1
6.5.6.1.1 2 1) 6.13
6.43 2) 6.44Orifice Venturi Pitot
tube
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6-51
(Biogas)
6.44Orifice Venturi6.5.6.1.2 (Thermal Mass Flow meter) 6.45
(Cp)
(Calibrate)
(Temperature
compensated)
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6-52
(Biogas)
6.45 6.5.6.2
6.46
( )
4% (v/v)
()
500 ppm
6.46 Online methane analyzer
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6-53
(Biogas)
6.6 (Flare system)
(Open Flare system)
6.47 A
Maximum Heat Intensity 500 BTU/ft2-hr
6.48
Flare
Flare
(: Guide for Pressure-Relieving and Depressurizing Systems, Refining Department, APIRecommendedPractice 521, Second Edition, September 1982.)
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6-54
(Biogas)
6.47 (A) (B)
6.48 Flare
8/3/2019 - Bio Gas
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6-55
(Biogas)
(Closed Flare System )
(6.47 B)
Residence time
6.14
6.14
:Topic report of the IEA Bioenergy Agreement Task 24 - Biological conversion of municipal solid waste 6.15
200 ./. 6
6.15
20-70%
6-10
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6-56
(Biogas)
Gas Train6.49
6.49 6.7
()
Manual
Bypass 6.50
6.50 Manual
8/3/2019 - Bio Gas
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6-57
(Biogas)
Blower (
6.51) High pressure switch Blower
Pressure transmitter
Blower Blower 6.51
PIC
HPA
6.51 Blower Blower Root Blower
Blower Pressure
transmitter
Blower
Pressure transmitter
Blower Pressure relief valve 6.52
Blower Blower
Pressure relief valve Blower
Pressure relief valve
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6-58
(Biogas)
6.52 Blower 20 High temperature protection
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7-1
(Biogas)
7.1
45 70 25 50 / ()
() (Foam) (Scum) 5 10
1.(Burner)
2. (LPG) (CNG)
(Specification)
7
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7-2
(Biogas)
(H2CO3)
(hydrosulphuric acid)
7.1
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7-3
(Biogas)
7.2
2
Indirect Heat Exchanger: (Chiller) Direct Heat Exchanger:
(Refrigerant)
7.2.1 3
1) (Condenser)
2) (Chiller)
3) 10-12o.
12-
15o.
Chiller Chiller
Condenser 7.2
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7-4
(Biogas)
7.2 7.2.2
2 1) 2)
shell
12-15o.
7.3
Chiller
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7-5
(Biogas)
7.3
1)
2)
3) 4)
5) 6)
6
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7-6
(Biogas)
Blower
Static head
Blower
1) (Chiller)
2) 3)
1)
2)
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7-7
(Biogas)
7.1 () ()
1.
(Chiller)
2.
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7-8
(Biogas)
7.2 *
(/..)
(/..)
0.021-0.033 0.10-0.15
0.016-0.028 0.08-0.12
* 5 300/
()
7.3
: : < 2 ./ 100 .. /.
: > 2 ./ 100 .. /.
: () ()
/
: ()
/ /
: : / / ( )
: /
: /
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7-9
(Biogas)
7.3 (H2S)(H2S) 7.4
7.4 7.3.1 (Dry process)
(Adsorption) (Adsorbent)
(pore)
7.3.1.1 (H2S Adsorption)
Column (Packed Bed)
(Upflow) (Downflow) 7.5
Iron oxide (Fe2O3) (Pellet) Fe2O3
Hydrate Lime
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7-10
(Biogas)
1 1 .. 1.1o.
pH >7
Zeolite Activated Carbon
(Regenerate)
Fe2O3 +3 H2SFe2S3 + 3 H2O
2 Fe2S3 +3 O2 2Fe2O3 + 6 S
0.65 / H2S
H2S
5.8 H2S
7.5
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7-11
(Biogas)
H2S Adsorption
( )
( ) 2-3
(Fe2S3) ()
(
Iron oxide)
Activated carbon (pore)
Activated carbon Activated carbon
Activated carbon
7.3.2 (Wet Process) (Absorption)
(Absorbent)
(Chemical reaction)
(Biological reaction)
7.3.2.1 Absorption H2S H2S
(pH) (8 pH
10) (Absorption column) Column
(Pack column) (Upflow) (Bubble
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7-12
(Biogas)
column)
(mass transfer) pH
NaOH + H2S NaHS + H2O
2NaOH + H2S Na2S + 2H2O
pH
pH pH >8
pH pH 8
7.6
Monoethanolamine (MEA, R-NH2) H2S
(Regenerate) H2S
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7-13
(Biogas)
: 2(R-NH2) + H2S (RNH3)2S : (RNH3)2S 2 (R-NH2) + H2S
7.3.2.2 H2S H2S Sulphide
Oxidizing Bacteria H2S (S0)
H2S
HS-
+ O2 + H+
S0
+ H2O H2S + 2 O2 SO4
2-+ 2 H
+ H2S
Biofilter Biotrickling Filter Bioscrubber
(1) H2S
H2S
3%(v/v)
Sulphide Oxidizing Bacteria
H2S
(2) Biofilter Technology
H2S
(Random packed)
(Upflow) (Down flow)
Sulphide Oxidizing Bacteria
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7-14
(Biogas)
7.7 Biofilter Biofilter
H2S
Biofilter 7.7
(3) Biotrickling Filter Technology
H2S
pH
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7-15
(Biogas)
(Absorption column) Column Plastic packing
(Upflow) Cross flowColumn
Sulphide Oxidizing Bacteria H2S
3%(v/v)
Biotrickling filter 7.8
7.8 Biotrickling filter(4) Bioscrubber Technology
H2S
pH
(Absorption column) Column
plastic packing (Upflow)
Sulphide Oxidizing Bacteria
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7-16
(Biogas)
Biotrickling filter
(DO) 0 1
./ Bioscrubber 7.9
7.9 Bioscrubber
H2S (Wet process)
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7-17
(Biogas)
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7-17
(Biogas)
7.4
(H2S Adsorption)
Absorption H2S
H2S
H2SBiofilter Technology
H2S BiotricklingFilter Technology
H2S BioscrubberTechnology
1.
2. 3. 3% (v/v) (Oxygen Detector)
4.
4. / /
4 / /
4./ /
4 / /
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7-18
(Biogas)
7.4 ()
(H2S Adsorption)
Absorption H2S
H2S
H2SBiofilter Technology
H2S BiotricklingFilter Technology
H2S BioscrubberTechnology
5 8 . (Regenerate)
5
pH
pH
5.
5
5
6.
6 pH pH( pH 7-8)
6. (Dissolved oxygen)DO probe DO0 1 ./
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7.4 ()
(H2S Adsorption)
Absorption H2S
H2S
H2SBiofilter Technology
H2S BiotricklingFilter Technology
H2S BioscrubberTechnology
7. pH
pH>8
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7.5 - (H2S)
1.
(Adsorption) H2S
()
()
()
Fe2O3
pH
2.
(Absorption) H2S
()
pH
pH
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(Biogas)
7.5 ()
3. H2S
3.1
(
H2S
)
H2S
LEL UEL
Oxygen detector
Sulphide Oxidizing Bacteria
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(Biogas)
7.5 ()
3.2 Biofilter
(
)
()
oxygen detector
3.3
Biotrickling filter
(
)
Biofilter
Oxygen detector
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(Biogas)
7.5 ()
3.4
Bioscrubber
(
)
Biofilter
Biotrickling filter
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(Biogas)
7.6 *(/..)
Adsorption H2S () 0.03-0.05
Absorption H2S 0.5 1
H2S 0.1 0.2
Biofilter
0.05 0.1
Biotrickling filter
0.05 0.1
Bioscrubber
0.1 0.2
* 5 300/
( )
7.7
Adsorption H2S
Absorption H2S
Biofilter
Biotrickling filter
Bioscrubber /
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(Biogas)
(empty bed residence time) : : 2.5 .. /100 .. /.
() : : 2 ../100 ../.
: : () : ()
: ()
: : / / ( )
: / : /
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(Biogas)
highfire
7.4
(
)
3
Water Scrubber Technology Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
Technology
Chemical Adsorption Technology Membrane Separation Technology ()
7.4.1 Water Scrubber Technology
2
Stripper
()
7.10
13
() (10oC) CO2
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(Biogas)
Water Scrubber
Technology 7.10
7.10Water Scrubber Technology
(Single pass)
330 ../ 50
/
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(Biogas)
7.4.2 Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Technology
Adsorption 4 (Activated carbon)
Zeolite 7.11
7.11 Pressure Swing Adsorption
( 10-25 )
Adsorption
97% Volatile Organic
Compounds (VOCs)
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(Biogas)
7.12 Chemical Absorption technology
2
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(Biogas)
(Selective Permeation)
() (Driving force)
CO 2 H2S CH 4 N2 O2
7.4.4 Membrane Separation Technology
Dense polyimide membrane (Affinity) 6-10
(Selective Permeation) 7.13A
7.13A Membrane Technology
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(Biogas)
( Hollow
fiber) Hollow fiber CO2 H2SCH4 N2 O2 Hollow fiber
Hollow fiber ( ) CO2
7.13B Hollow fiber
7.13B Hollow Fiber : forum.europarl.europa.eu/jiveforums/servlet/JiveServlet/download/22-475-798-265/Biomethan.pdf
: / H
2S
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7-24
(Biogas)
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(Biogas)
7.8 Water Scrubber Technology Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
TechnologyChemical Absorption Technology Membrane Separation Technology
1. 2.
3.
pH
3
3 /
/
3.
4
/
/
4.
(Regenerate)
4. pH
pH >8
4.
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7.8 ()Water Scrubber Technology Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
TechnologyChemical Absorption Technology Membrane Separation Technology
5
5. regenerate
5.
6
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7.9-CO2
1. Water Scrubber
Technology
(
)
yield
2. Pressure Swing
Adsorption (PSA) (
CO2
)
>97% CH4 (Yield )
3. Chemical Absorption
Technology
(
Amine)
Yields
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(Biogas)
7.9() 4. Membrane Separation
Technology
()
Moving parts 10-15 ()
(H2S (operate))
yield
*Yield :
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7.10 CO2 *
(/..)
(/..)
Yield %
Water scrubber technology 0.88 3.64 94
Pressure Swing Adsorption 2.28 6.38 91
Chemical Absorption technology 1.24 4.48 90
Membrane Separation technology 0.92 3.28 78
* 10 98% 89.5% 1 =40
Yield :
7.11CO2
Water scrubber technology Pressure Swing Adsorption Chemical Absorption technology Membrane Separation technology () * (empty bed residence time) :
: 5 ./100 .. /.
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(Biogas)
R2SiO R H (CH-) : en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloxane
: : ()
: ()
: ()
: : / / ( )
: / : /
7.5 (Siloxane)
(Detergent)
3-140 /..
Gas turbine
( 7.14) SiO2
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA) Temperature Swing
Adsorption (TSA) (Refrigeration) Liquid Absorption
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(Biogas)
7.14SiO2Gas Engine ( : www.quadrogen.com/whitepaper.html)
7.5.1 Adsorption Technology
(Affinity)
Pressure Swing Adsorption (PSA)
(Temperature Swing
Adsorption) Adsorption
Adsorption
Siloxane
7.15
Temperature Swing Adsorption
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7-40
(Biogas)
7.15 Temperature Swing Adsorption
7.5.2 Refrigeration Technology
(|Rossel
(2003) 80-90% -30oC) : M.Jhar (2010)
1 (7.16)
0oC
Condensing units
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7-41
(Biogas)
7.16Siloxane 1 (: M.Jhar (2010))
7.5.3 Liquid Absorption Technology
7.12
SelexolTM
pH >10
7.12
: M. Schweigkofler, (2001)
L2, D3, L3, D4,L4,D5 siloxane
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(Biogas)
7.13 ()Temperature Swing Adsorption Refrigeration Technology Liquid Absorption Technology
6
6
7
7
7.14-
1. AdsorptionTechnology (emission)
2. RefrigerationTechnology
3. Liquid AbsorptionTechnology
CO2
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(Biogas)
:1. forum.europarl.europa.eu/jiveforums/servlet/JiveServlet/download/22-475-798-
265/Biomethan.pdf
2. en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siloxane3. www.quadrogen.com/whitepaper.html
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8-2
(Biogas)
8.1.2 Equivalence Ratio
() (Stoichiometric)
Fuel Equivalent Ratio, Fuel =
stoiyy
yy
airfuel
airfuel
)/(
/=
stoiairfuel
airfuel
)/(
/
(8.2)
= Volume basis, = mole basis
Equivalence ratio
0.105 1 mole CH4 /(2 mole O2/(21%O2 in Air
/100%))
Equivalence ratio0.105
8.1
50 mg/L H2O
0 mg/L H2O
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Methane content,% by volume
Airto
Fuel
ratio
8.1 (; HANDBOOK ON BIOGAS UTILIZATION, 1988)
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8-4
(Biogas)
1)- (Manual shut off valve)
-
8.4- (Manual shut off valve)(; www. Alloy-valves.com)
2) (Filter)
8.5 (; Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)
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8-5
(Biogas)
3) (Pressure regulator)
(Burner) 30-70 mbar Air-gas ratioregulator Ratio regulator
(Mixer) () (Positive) (Negative) Zero governor
8.6 Pressure regulator (;Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)
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8-6
(Biogas)
4)(Double solenoid valves Double safety shut off valves)-
1 3,000 kW (Proving system)
8.7 Double solenoid valve (;Weishaupt GmbH , 1997)8.3
2
8.1
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8-7
(Biogas)
8.1
- H2S < 1000 ppm, 80-250 mbar,, CH4>50%
- H2S < 10 ppm 8-25 mbar
H
2S < 100 ppm, 8-25 mbar , siloxanes
(Otto cycle engines H2S diesel engines)
(Microturbines)
> 350 BTU/scf 5.20 bar siloxanes
(Fuel Cells)
PEM: CO < 10 ppm, H2S
PAFC: H2S < 20 ppm, CO < 10 ppm, Halogens< 4 ppm
MCFC: H2S < 10 ppm in fuel (H
2S < 0.5 ppm to stack),
Halogens < 1 ppm
SOFC: H2S < 1 ppm, Halogens < 1 ppm
Stirling Engines H2S 10-140 mbar
H2
S < 4 ppm, CH4
> 95%, CO2
< 2 % by volume,
H2O < 1 x 10
-4
kg/MMscf, siloxanes and particulates
> 30 bar;Steven McKinsey Zicari, 20038.3.1
(Burner)
1) 2)
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8-8
(Biogas)
3)
(Burner) 8.1
(Gas Train)
1,000 ppm 60%
50% 3
(Biogas burner) (Dual burner)
(Combination burner)
8.3.1.1 (Biogas burner)
Nozzle
(Baffles) Nozzle
( Swirl flame)
Gas train 8.8 8.9
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8-10
(Biogas)
( )
8.3.1.2 (Dual Burner) 2 1)
2)
(Rotational velocity)
Baffle (Swirl)
8.10 8.11
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8-11
(Biogas)
8.10 Dual Burner (; Wieshaupt Corporation, 2004)
8.11 (Electro magnetic clutch)(;Wieshaupt Corporation, 2004)
Dual Burner
8.3.1.3 (Combination Fuel Burner) 3
1) 2) 3)
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8-12
(Biogas)
2
(Rotary cup combination burner)
Turn-down
Baffle
30%
70%
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8-13
(Biogas)
8.12 (Rotary cup combination burner)(; RAY il- und Gasbrenner GmbH, 2001-2002)
8.13 (Rotary cup combination burner)
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8-14
(Biogas)
8.14
(CO)
8.5
595C
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8-16
(Biogas)
(Mixer)(Actuator) Sensor
8.15 (Gas train) (; www.gti-altronicinc.com)
8.16 4 (>500 kW)
(Pre-compression) Turbocharger
(Anti-knock)
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8-17
(Biogas)
(Compression ratio)
11 12.5 1-2% (
11) (Leanburn range) 1.3
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8-18
(Biogas)
8.2 Jenbacher Deutz Caterpillar Waukesha
0.5% CH
4(v/v) 30
14.4 MJ/Nm3
15.7-23.6 MJ/Nm3
15.73 MJ/Nm
3
( Total S) 2,000 mg/Nm3 CH4()
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8-19
(Biogas)
8.2 () Jenbacher Deutz Caterpillar Waukesha
(sum of Cl+F)
Cl F 100-400mg/Nm
3CH
4
Cl F = 400 mg/Nm3 CH4
; : Cl F =0 mg/Nm
3CH
4
(Si) 3:20 mg/Nm
3CH
4)
400 mg/Nm
3CH
4
5:0 mg/Nm3 CH
4
5:0 mg/Nm
3CH
4
( ):0 mg/Nm
3CH
4
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8-20
(Biogas)
8.2 () Jenbacher Deutz Caterpillar Waukesha
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8-21
(Biogas)
8.2 () Jenbacher Deutz Caterpillar Waukesha
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8-22
(Biogas)
8.3.2.2 (Stirling engine)
8.17 8.18
8.17 (; http://www.stirlingengine.com/faq)
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8-23
(Biogas)
8.18 (; Jeff VanVoorhis, 2004)
/
24-38%
250-300. 150 kWe (kWe
)
150 kWe kW
1,600
(; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and
Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.3.2.3 (Fuel cell) -
1-3
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8-24
(Biogas)
(; http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/) 8.19
1) (Anode)
H2 ==> 2H+
+ 2e-
2) (Cathode)
O2 + 4H
++ 4e
-==> 2H2O
3) (Electrolyte) (Protonexchange membrane)
4) (Catalyst)
CO Reforming
H2S
8.3
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8-25
(Biogas)
8.19 (; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.20 Reforming
Converting
8.20 (; Patikorn Saensing, Energy from Biological Conversion of Organic Waste, 2005)
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8-26
(Biogas)
8
.3
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8-27
(Biogas)
8.3(
)
(;DieterDeubleinandAngelikaSteinhauser,BiogasfromWas
teandRenewableResources,20
08)
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8-28
(Biogas)
8.3
AFC PEM 80.
PAFC
MCFC
40% 600 -
700. Reforming
CO-GENERATION 8.21 MCFC
SOFC 750-1000 . Reforming (; biogas HANDBOOK, 2008)
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8-29
(Biogas)
8.21 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) (; Biogas HANDBOOK, 2008)
8.3.2.4 (Gas turbine)
8.22
8.22 (Compressor)
(Combustor)
(Gas Turbine)
(Power turbine)
25-35%
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8-30
(Biogas)
(Micro gas turbine)
30 kWe 200 kWe
15 25% 400 600.
50%8.23
(; Jeff VanVoorhis, Biogas Handling & Use, 2004 Dieter Deublein and AngelikaSteinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)
8.23 (Micro gas turbine)(; Jeff VanVoorhis, Biogas Handling & Use, 2004)
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8-31
(Biogas)
8.24
8.25
8.24 (; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)
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8-32
(Biogas)
8.25 (kW)
(; Dieter Deublein and Angelika Steinhauser, Biogas from Waste and Renewable Resources, 2008)8.4 (Gas Flare System)
(Safety relief valve Pressure relief valve)
(Open flare)
(Enclosure flare)
(Enclosure flaresystem)
(Open flare system)
(Isolating valve) - (Emergency shut-off valve)
(Flame arrester)
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8-33
(Biogas)
(Burner controller) (Pilot lamp)
(Ignition transformer) (Flame
detector) 8.26 (Gas Train) 8.27
(Enclosure Flare)
8.26 (Gas train)
8.27 (Enclosure flare)
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8-34
(Biogas)
4 6
(Dangerous classification area)
8.5
8.4
8.4
(Water drain, Trap,
Dip Trap)
-
-
- (Safety Valve,
Pressure and
Vacuum relief valve)
-
-
(Water Seal Tank)
(Flame Arrester)
-(Manual Shut off
valve)
- -
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8-35
(Biogas)
8.4 ()
(Blower)
- 6
- (Gas train)
-
(Pressure
regulator
and Automatic
Shut off valve)
-
-
-
-
-
-
(Back pressure
check valve)
- - /
- -
-
- -
- - -
-
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8-36
(Biogas)
8.4 ()
- - -
- - 2 1
(Air compressor)
- -
15
--
-
-
-
Thermostat
-
(Gas analyzer)
Thermostat
-
-
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8-37
(Biogas)
8.6
(Biogas) (http://www2.diw.go.th/safety/)
(Biogas)
8.5
8.5 1.
( Pre purge)
-
- Valve Proving System Double Solenoid Valve
-Pressure switch
-Temperature switch
2.
( Pre purge)
-
-
- LEL UEL
- Ignition
Source
-Flame Detector
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8-38
(Biogas)
8.5 ()
3. - Blower
Blower
- Pilot Burner
Pilot Burner
-
LEL UEL
- High Fire
4. -
5.
High Fire
- Pilot Burner
Pilot Burner
-
LEL UEL
-
High Fire
6.
- Valve proving system
Double solenoid valve
; (Biogas) 2551
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8-39
(Biogas)
8.6
CH4
CO2
-
Back fire Furnace explosion
- Biogas CH4 CO2
CO2
- Valve proving system
Burner - (Mechanical trap)
Burner
Back fire Furnace explosion
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8-40
(Biogas)
H2S Biogas
H2S
Biogas
Biogas
CO2 Biogas CH4 CO2
(Access Door)
8.7
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8-41
(Biogas)
8.7.1 1 1
8.28 80 x 220 (2)
1) 2)3) 1.0
8.29
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8-42
(Biogas)
1) 2)
3
Burner (Biogas) 3) 3 (Gas station)
4) Biogas 3
3 2 100,000
5) (Expansion joint) Blower
8.30
1) (Expansion joint) 4
Blower Blower
8.31
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8-43
(Biogas)
2) 1
3)
8.32
1)
Blower
2) Blower
3) O2, H2CO3, H2SO4 (CO2)(H2S) Biogas
(Ignition Source)1)
2) Blower 1.20
