❊ Ecology❊ The study of the interaction of populations of living

organisms with other populations and with the environment

❊ Population❊A group of individuals, all of the same species

❊ Community❊A group of different populations

❊ Abiotic factors ❊Oxygen concentration, salinity, temperature,

rainfall, etc.

❊The major types are ,

, , and relationships

❊ Symbiosis❊A relationship between two species❊Usually involves close physical contact

mutualismcommensalism parasitismpredator-prey

Symbiotic Relationships

•Open the text on your desk to page 86•Read about the different levels of the rain forest•Create ONE table that includes

•2 abiotic factors•2 biotic factors•1 symbiotic relationship – you must explain the type of symbiosis

❊ Mutualism❊A symbiotic relationship between two species

in which both species benefit

EXAMPLE:❊ Microbes in the stomach of cattle

are responsible for the digestion of cellulose (fiber in grass & hay)

❊ The cattle benefit because they use the glucose from the cellulose digestion

❊ The microbes benefit because they get a warm, moist, protected place to live and all they food they need

Symbiotic Relationships

❊ Commensalism❊A symbiotic relationship between two species❊ In which one species benefits, and the other species is

neither helped nor harmed

EXAMPLE:❊ The worms benefit because they get to

travel through nutrient-rich waters as the sea turtle swims around (worms attached to the docks are stuck there)

❊ There is no direct benefit to the turtle having worms stuck on its back, nor does there seem to be any harm done

Loggerhead turtle & sea worms

Symbiotic Relationships

❊ Parasitism❊A symbiotic relationship between two species❊ In which one species benefits, and the other

species is harmed❊The species that benefits is called a parasite,

and is typically much smaller than the other species (the host)

❊Example: ❊ microorganisms that cause

disease in humans, animals, and plants

Symbiotic Relationships

❊ Predator-prey❊A symbiotic relationship between two species❊ In which one species captures & kills the other

species for food❊The species are generally about equal in size❊The term is usually applied to animal species (or

certain types of protozoan species)

❊Example: ❊ Lions and

wildebeests, Owl and mouse

Symbiotic Relationships

Do First

1. List the following terms in ecological order from least complex to most

– Population– Ecosystem– Biosphere– Organism

2. Which of the following are abiotic:

Chewing gum, a slug, skin cells

Last Class Levels of ecological organization Symbiotic Relationships

Whiteboards

Commensalism: one benefits, one is unaffected

Cattle with cattle egretsCattle stir up insects as they eat grass

What do the cattle get?

What do the egrets get?

Mutualism: both benefit

Moray Eel with Cleaner

FishWhat does the Moray Eel get?

What does the Cleaner Fish get?

What does the human get? What does the worm get?

Taenia worm in human eyeWorm infects human blood stream

Human may go blind

Parasitism: one benefits and the other is harmed

Clown fish with anemone

Clown fish gets protection Anemone is

unaffected

Commensalism

Antelope with Oxbird

Antelope gets rid of parasites Oxbird gets a

meal

Mutualism

A baby hippopotamus that survived the tsunami waves on the Kenyan coast has formed a strong bond with a giant male tortoise.

The hippopotamus, nicknamed Owen and weighing about 300 kilograms (650 pounds), was swept down Sabaki River into the Indian Ocean, then forced back to shore when tsunami waves struck the Kenyan coast on December 26, 2005 before wildlife rangers rescued him.

A-less-than-a-year-old hippo has adopted a male tortoise, about a century old, and the tortoise seems to be very happy with being a 'mother'," ecologist Paula Kahumbu

“It is incredible…

"After it was swept and lost its mother, the hippo was traumatized. It had to look for something to be a surrogate mother. Fortunately, it landed on the tortoise and established a strong bond. They swim, eat and sleep together," the ecologist added.

The hippo follows the tortoise exactly the way it follows its mother. If somebody approaches the tortoise, the hippo becomes aggressive, as if protecting its biological mother," Kahumbu added.

Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away.

What type of relationship do the hippo and the tortoise have?Explain your answer.

Guided Reading

DYL Identify the symbiotic relationship:

1. A flea feeds on a mouse’s blood to the mouse’s detriment.

2. Silverfish live and hunt with army ants and share the prey. They neither help or harm the ants.