Fibrous– bones joined by dense regular connective tissue; no or limited movement (periodontal, sutures, interosseus)

Cartilaginous– bones joined by cartilage; some movement (costochondral, intervertebral, symphyses)

Synovial – fluid filled joint cavity separates articulatory surfaces of bones; extensive movement (temporomandibular, atlanto-occipital, atlantoaxial, vertebral articular process joints, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, glenohumeral, elbow, radiocarpal, coxal, knee, talocrural)

Types of Articulations/Joints

(Articular) Capsule – 2 layered con. tissueFibrous Layer – outer dense reg. con. tiss.

Synovial Membrane (synovium) – inner thin loose connective tissue

Synovial Fluid – plasma & secretions

Articular Cartilage – hyaline cartilage (lacks a perichondrium)

Synovial Joints

Articular Discs – discs of fibrocartilage between the articular cartilages [Menisci (sing. = meniscus) – C-shaped articular discs]

Extrinsic Ligaments – (outside) art. capsule

Intrinsic Extracapsular Ligaments – join bones; thickenings of articular capsule

Intrinsic Intracapsular Ligaments – join bones within the art. capsule

Synovial Joints

Bursae (sing. = bursa) – capsule containing synovial fluid, near but not part of joint; reduce friction

Tendon Sheath – an elongate bursa that envelopes tendons or ligaments; reduce friction.

Fat Pads – fill spaces around joints, can provide some limited protection.

Synovial Joints

Glenohumeral Joint

Elbow Joint

Coxal (Hip) Joint

Knee Joint

Temporomandibular &Sternoclavicular Joints

Muscular System

Muscle Classification

Cardiac Muscles = involuntary; myogenic; short, branched, uninucleate cells with striations.

Smooth Muscles = involuntary; myogenic; short, unbranched, uninucleate cells withOUT striations.

Skeletal Muscles = voluntary; neurogenic; long, unbranched multinucleate cells with striations.

Muscle ClassificationsSomatic Muscles = Superficial to

coelom (develop from myotome and/or somatic lateral plate).

Visceral Muscles = Deep to coelom (develop from splanchnic lateral plate).

Myogenic Muscles = contraction initiated in the muscle itself.

Neurogenic Muscles = contraction initiated by a nerve.

Skeletal Muscle Fiber TypesFast Glycolytic Fibers (“White”) =

rapid contraction; quick to fatigue; large diameter; low vascularization; little myoglobin; few mitochondria.

Slow Oxidative Fibers (“Red”) = slow contraction; slow to fatigue; narrow diameter; much vascularization; high myoglobin; many mitochondria.

Intermediate Fibers.

Muscle = muscle cells and the non-contractile supporting cells that together perform a single function.

Fascia = Connective tissue that surround muscle organs. (epimysium)

Tendon = Dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle organ to a bone. (connect to periosteum)

Aponeurosis = flat, sheet-like tendon

Skeletal Muscle Terms

Skeletal Muscle TermsBelly (gaster) = Fleshy part of muscle.

Origin = relatively fixed site of muscle attachment.

Insertion = relatively mobile site of muscle attachment.

Attachment = origin or insertion

LigamentsLigament = Dense connective tissue

that attaches a bone to a bone.

Biceps Muscle

tendon

belly

tendon

insertion

origin

Biceps & Triceps Muscles

Flex = decrease angle btw. two parts.

Extend = increase angle btw. two parts.

Adduct = move a part toward the central axis or “main part.”

Abduct = move a part away from the central axis or “main part.”

Muscle Actions

Depress = move a part “down.”

Levate = move a part “up.”

Constrict = close or restrict openings.

Dilate = open or enlarge openings.

Muscle Actions

Combination of origin and insertion names. (origin-insertion)coracomandibularis, puboischiofemoris

Combinations of attachments, homologies, position, or actions.adductor mandibulae, superficial constrictor

Descriptors of size, shape, or perceived similarity.trapezius (table), pectoralis major (big pectoral)

Muscle Names

Muscles form from mesoderm; obvious exception = the iris (ectodermal)

splanchnic lateral plate mesoderm visceral smooth & cardiac muscles

somatic lateral plate mesoderm some skeletal muscles

myotomal mesoderm (somitomeres and somites) most skeletal muscles

prechordal mesoderm (in front of notochord) 3 extrinsic eye muscles

Muscle Development

Vertebrate Neurula (section)

gut

notochord

coelom

somite

inter-mediatemeso-derm

lateralplate mesoderm

Vertebrate Embryo (section)

gut

dermatome

sclerotome

myotome

splanchnicmesoderm

somaticmesoderm

neuralcrestcells

coelom

Vertebrate Embryo (section)

gut

coelom

neuralcrestcells

dermatome

sclerotome

myotome

Vertebrate Embryo (section)

gut

coelom

neuralcrestcells

dermatome

vertebra

myotome

gut

Gnathostome Embryo (section)

myotome

myotome

coelom

vertebra

developingskin

dermis

epidermis

neural crest

horizontalseptum

Somitomeres = head mesoderm segments

Somites = postcranial mesoderm segments

Horizontal septum = divides myotome of somite into dorsal (epaxial) & ventral (hypaxial) portions (in Gnathostomes).

Spinal nerves have epaxial and hypaxial innervating branches.

Prechordal mesoderm = median tissue under brain in front of notochord (not segmented)

Muscle Development

Axial Musculature

Branchiomeric musculature = muscles of the pharyngeal & mandibular arches;

derived from somitomeres with some lateral plate mesoderm

Hypobranchial musculature = muscles extending under the pharynyx;

derived from ventral myotome of anterior somites migrating anteriorly

Head/Neck Muscle Development

Head/Neck Muscle Development

Generalized Vertebrate

Generalized Vertebrate

somitomeres somites

mandibulararch

hyoidarch

1st branchialarch

arch 1musc.

arch 2musc.

arch 3musc.

extrinsiceye muscles

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4

Extrinsic Eye Muscles (6)Extrinsic Eye Muscles

move the eye within the orbit, three muscles formed from somitomeres (sm) 1, 2, 3, & 5.three formed from prechordal mesoderm.

sm 1&2 sm 5sm 3

Superficial Facial Musculature

of epicranius

occipitalisof epicranius

levator labii superioris

temporalis

mentalis

Neck (Under Chin) Musculature

Neck Musculature

Opening – Sternohyoid, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid, & Omohyoid contract (pull hyoid inferiorly); Digastric & Mylohyoid contract.

Closing – Temporalis, Masseter, & Pterygoideus contract (origin = palatine, pterygoid process of sphenoid, & greater wing of sphenoid; insertion = medial coronoid process of mandible)

Swallowing – Styloglossus contracts (pulls tongue back); Mylohyoid contracts (raises floor of mouth); Anterior Digastric and Stylohyoid contract (pulls hyoid superiorly)

Mouth Opening & Closing

Human Neck Muscles

Thoracic Musculature

Thoracic (Back) Musculature

Thoracic Musculature

pectoralismajor

serratusanterior

Thoracic (Back) Musculature

trapezius

latissimusdorsi

Abdominal Musculature

rectusabdominis

externalobliques

Scapular Movement MusculatureTrapezius & levatorscapulae – move scapulas superiorlyand/or medially or extend head

Rhomboideus (Minor& Major) – move scapulas medially

Serratus Anterior – move scapulas laterally and anteriorly/ventrally(pectoralisminor too)

Abdominal Musculature

obliques – flex abdomen

rectus abdominis – flex abdomen

Deep Back Musculature

Erector spinae – extends vertebral column

Intervertebral Musculature

rotatores

interspinales intertransversarius

Pelvic Floor Musculature

levator ani *external anal sphincter

penis or clitoris

labia majora or scrotum

anus

medianconnect.

tissue

deeptransverseperineus

bulbospongiosus

ischiocavernosus

superficialtransverseperineus

Pelvic Floor Musculature (Male)

ischiocavernosus

bulbospongiosus

superficialtransverseperineus

external anal sphincter

levator ani

deeptransverseperineus

Pelvic Floor Musculature (Female)

ischiocavernosus

bulbospongiosus

superficialtransverseperineus

external anal sphincter

levator ani

deeptransverseperineus

externalurethralsphincter

Head/Neck Muscle Development

Shark-like Vertebrate

Shark-like Vertebrate

somitomeres1-7

somites1-4

mandibulararch

hyoidarch

1st branchialarch

Branchiomeric – Gill Arch

constrictorsadductor

dorsal branchiallevators

ventral branchials

Mandibular & Hyoid

adductormandibulae

intermandibularis,ventral constrictor

levator palatoquadrati,dorsal constrictor

levator hyomandibulae,dorsal constrictor

interhyoideus,ventral constrictor

Innervated by trigeminal nerve ( V ).

Mandibular Arch Muscles

shark

amphibianor reptile

mammal

Adductor D. Constrictor Ventral

adductormandibulae

adductormandibulae

masseter,temporalis,

pterygoideus

levatorpalatoquadrati

levatorpterygoidei

ABSENT

inter-mandibularis

inter-mandibularis

mylohyoid,anteriordigastric

Adductor Mandibulae

“turtle” mammalshark

t = temporalism = masseterp = pterygoideus

adductor mandibulae

t

m p

Mandibular Arch Muscles

Mandibular Arch Muscles

Innervated by facial nerve ( VII ).

Hyoid Arch Muscles

shark

amphibianor reptile

mammal

V. Constrictor Ventral

levatorhyomandibuli

stapedius

ABSENT

ventralhyoid

constrictor

sphinctercoli

platysma,facial

muscles

inter-hyoideus

inter-hyoideus

stylohyoid,posteriordigastric

D. Constrictor

Hyoid Arch Muscles

Branchiomeric Muscles

Lissamphibia & non-Avian Repilia origin – coracoid; insert - humerusAdducts ventrally, like pectoralis

Mammalia (Supraspinatus & Infraspinatus)

origin – scapular blade; insert - humerusAbducts (supraspinatus) limb superiorly or adducts (infraspinatus) linbinferiorly

Aves origin – sternum; insert - humerusAbducts limb (elevates) contra pectoralis

Supracoracoideus

Amphibian Pectoral MusclesVENTRAL VIEW

pectoralis

supracoracoideus

Lizard Pectoral Muscles

scapula

coracoid

sternum

humerus

scapula

coracoid

pectoralis

supra-coracoideus

SCHEMATIC ANTERIOR VIEW

Bird Pectoral Muscles

scapula

coracoid

sternum

Mammal Pectoral Muscles

humeruspectoralis

SCHEMATIC ANTERIOR

VIEW

sternum

supra-spinatus

or. = Origin

ins. = insert

Sm. # = Originates from somite #

Smtm. # = Originates from somitomere #

- Roman Numeral (e.g., -III or -IV) = Innervated by cranial nerve # (cranial nerves are numbered in roman numerals)

- Nerve Name (e.g., -sciatic nerve or –phrenic nerve) = Innervated by named nerve

Musculature Ref. - Abbreviations

Masseter – or. = zygomatic arch; ins. = lateral surface of posterior mandible; elevates mandible, Smtm. 4 - V

Temporalis – or. = frontal, parietal, & temporal; ins. = coronoid process of mandible; elevates mandible, Smtm. 4 - V

Pterygoideus – or. = maxilla, palatines, & pterygoid processes; ins. = medial mandible; elevates mandible, Smtm. 4 - V

Buccinator – or. = body of mandible and maxilla; ins. = fascia of orbicularis oris; compresses cheeks, Smtm. 6 - VII

Head Musculature - Reference

Mylohyoid – or. = medial mandible; ins. = median conn. tissue; elevates floor of mouth, depresses mandible, or elevates hyoid, Smtm. 4 - V

Digastric – or. = mastoid process of temporal; central tendon loops to hyoid; ins. = medial chin; elevates hyoid or depresses mandible

Anterior digastric - Smtm. 4 - V

Posterior digastric - Smtm. 6 – VII

Stylohyoid – or. = stylod process; ins. = hyoid; elevates hyoid, Smtm. 6 - VII

Head Musculature - Reference

Frontalis of epicranius – or. = frontal; ins. = epicranial aponeurosis; wrinkles forehead, raises eyebrows, Smtm. 6 - VII

Occipitalis of epicranius – or. = occipital; ins. = epicranial aponeurosis; pulls scalp back, Smtm. 6 - VII

Orbicularis oculi – sphincter - , encircles eye; closes eye, constricts eye, Smtm. 6 - VII

Orbicularis oris – sphincter - , encircles mouth; puckers lips, constricts mouth, Smtm. 6 - VII

Head Musculature - Reference

Nasalis – or. = maxilla; ins. = midline of nose; flattens or flares nose, Smtm. 6 - VII

Zygomaticus minor & major – or. = zygomatic arch; ins. = skin at corner of mouth; “smile”, Smtm. 6 - VII

Risorius – or. = masseter fascia; ins. = skin at corner of mouth; “smile”, Smtm. 6 - VII

Depressor anguli oris – or. = lateral mandible; ins. = skin at corner of mouth; “frown”, Smtm. 6 - VII

Head Musculature - Reference

Levator labii superioris – or. = zygomatic arch; ins. = skin at top of mouth; “sneer” or “Elvis lip”, Smtm. 6 - VII

Depressor labii inferioris – or. = mandible lateral to midline; ins. = skin at bottom of mouth; “pout lip”, Smtm. 6 - VII

Mentalis – or. = median mandible; ins. = skin under mouth; “pout lip”, Smtm. 6 - VII

Platysma – or. = deltoid & pectorialis fascia + acromion; ins. = skin of cheek & mandible; tenses neck skin, Smtm. 6 - VII

Head Musculature - Reference

Stylopharyngeus – or. = styloid process; ins. = thyroid cart.; elevates larynx, Smtm.7-IX

Palatoglossus – or. = soft palate; ins. = side of tongue; elevates tongue, Sm. 1 - X

Sternocleidomastoid – or. = manubrium and clavicle; ins. = mastoid process; neck flexion, Sm. 1-4 - IX

Trapezius – or. = occipital and spinous processes or thoracic vertebrae; ins. = lateral clavicle and scapular spine; move scapula, Sm. 1-4 - IX

Head/Neck Musc. - Reference

Sm. 1-4 - IX

Styloglossus– or.= styloid process; ins.= lat. & inferior tongue; retracts tongue, Sm.1-3 -XII

Hyoglossus – or. = hyoid; ins. = lateral tongue; retracts tongue, Sm. 1-3 – XII

Genioglossus – or. = medial mandible; ins. = inferior tongue; protracts tongue, Sm. 1-3 – XII

Thyrohyoid – or. = thyroid cart.; ins. = hyoid; pulls hyoid and thyroid cart. together

Cricothyroid – origin = cricoid cart.; insertion = thyroid cart.; pulls cricoid cart. and thyroid cart. together

Head/Neck Musc. - Reference

Sternohyoid – or. = manubrium; ins. = hyoid; depresses hyoid

Sternothyroid – or. = manubrium; ins. = thyroid; depresses thyroid cartilage

Omohyoid – or. = superior edge of scapula; ins. = hyoid; depresses hyoid

Scalene muscles – or. = transverse processes of cervical vert. II-VII; ins. = 1st and 2nd ribs; elevates ribs 1 and 2

Head Musculature - Reference

Splenius and capitis muscles – or. = Spinous or transverse processes of C1-T4 (or the median overlying dense connective tissue, the ligamentum nuchae); ins. = mastoid process of temporal occipital bone or transverse processes of the atlas; extend and rotate head (antagonistic to sternocleidomastoid)

Levator scapulae – or. = transverse processes of C1-C4; ins. = superior/medial margin of scapula; elevates scapula

Neck Musculature - Reference

Erector spinae – or. = ilium, posterior sacrum, & lumbar spinous processes; ins. = ribs, cervical transverse processes, mastoid processes; extends vertebral column

Transversospinalis – or. = posterior (dorsal) transverse processes of C1-S1; ins. = spinous processes; extends, rotates or laterally flexes vertebral column

Thoracic Musculature – Ref.(epaxial musculature)

Pectoralis major – or. = inferior medial clavicle, sternum, sternal portion of ribs 2-6; ins. = humerus (intertubercular); pulls arm anteriorly (ventrally)

Pectoralis minor – or. = ribs 3-5; ins. = coracoid process of scapula; pulls scapula anteriorly (ventrally)

Serratus anterior – or. = lat. surfaces of ribs 1-8; ins. = medial inferior margin of blade of scapula; pulls scapula anterior and inferiorly

Intercostals (external & internal) – attachments = adjacent ribs; elevate or depress ribs

Thoracic Musculature – Ref.

Trapezius – or. = occipital bone, median connective tissue above C1-C6, and spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12; ins. = lateral clavicle, acromion, and scapular spine; elevate, depress, and/or move scapula medially

Rhomboid (minor & major) – or. = spinous processes of C7-T5; ins. = medial margin of blade of scapula; moves scapula medially

Latissimus dorsi – or. = spinous processes of vertebrae T7-T12, ribs 8-12, ilium; ins. = intertubercular groove of humerus; extends arm

Thoracic Musculature – Ref.

Supraspinatus – or. = dorsal superior scapular blade; ins. = greater tubercle (humerus); abducts & rotates arm

Infraspinatus – or. = dorsal middle scapular blade; ins. = greater tubercle (humerus); adducts & rotates arm

Teres minor – or. = dorsal middle scapular blade; ins. = greater tubercle (humerus); adducts & rotates arm

Teres major – or. = dorsal inferior scapular blade; ins. = lesser tubercle (humerus); extends, adducts & rotates arm

Thoracic Musculature – Ref.

Subscapularis – or. = ventral/anterior scapular blade; ins. = lesser tubercle (humerus); rotates arm

Coracobrachialis – or. = coracoid process of scapula; ins. = medial humerus shaft; flexes & adducts arm

Deltoid – or. = lateral clavicle & acromion process of scapula; ins. = lateral humerus; abducts and extends arm

Thoracic Musculature – Ref.

Biceps brachii – or. = superior glenoid fossa rim & coracoid process; ins. = radial tuberosity; flexes arm & forearm

Triceps brachii – or. = inferior glenoid fossa rim & posterior humerus; ins. = olecranon process; extends arm & forearm

Brachialis – or. = anterior shaft of humerus; ins. = coranoid process of ulna; flexes forearm

Brachioradialis – or. = lateral humerus; ins. = styloid proc. of radius; flexes forearm

Brachial Musculature – Ref.

Rectus abdominis – or. = pubis; ins. = xiphisternum and anterior (ventral) ribs 5-7; flexes vertebral column

Obliques (External & Internal) – or. = inferior ribs 5-12, ilium and lumbar fascia; ins. = linea alba or pelvis; flexes vertebral column

Transversus abdominis – or. = ilium, inferior ribs 5-12; ins. = linea alba and pubis; extends, flexes vertebral column

Abdominal Musculature- Ref.

Tensor facia latae – or. = lateral iliac crest; ins. = tibia via ileotibeal band; abducts thigh

Gluteus maximus – or. = posterior iliac crest, sacrum, & coccyx; ins. = femur; extends thigh

Gluteus medius & minimus – or. = ilium (crest = medius; blade = minimus); ins. = greater trochanter (femur); abducts thigh

Piriformis – or. = lateral sacrum; ins. = greater trochanter (femur); rotates thigh

Pelvic Musculature- Ref.

Psoas major – or. = ant. T12 & L1-5 vertebrae; ins. = lesser trochanter (femur); flexes thigh

Iliacus – or. = anterior ileum; ins. = lesser trochanter (femur); flexes thigh

Pectineus – or. = pubis; ins. = proximal medial femur; adducts thigh

Adductor brevis & longus – or. = pubis; ins. = middle medial femur; adducts thigh

Adductor magnus – or. = pubis & ischium; ins. = medial femur; adducts thigh

Pelvic Musculature- Ref.

Rectus femoris (quadriceps) – or. = ant. ischial spine; ins. = patellar tendon/patella to tibial tuberosity; flexes thigh, extends leg

Vastus lateralis, intermedius, & medialis (quadriceps) – or. = proximal femur (greater trochanter = lateralis; anterior femur = intermedius;

medial base of neck of femur = medialis); ins. = patellar tendon/patella to tibial tuberosity; extends leg

Sartorius – or. = ant. iliac spine; ins. = medial tibial tuberosity; flexes and rotates thigh, extends leg

Thigh Musculature- Ref.

Biceps femoris – or. = ischial tuberosity and proximal femur; ins. = head of fibula; extends thigh, flexes leg, lat. rotates leg

Semimembranosus – or. = ischial tuberosity; ins. = posterior medial condyle of tibia; extends thigh, flexes leg, medially rotates leg

Semitendinosus – or. = ischial tuberosity; ins. = proximal medial tibia; extends thigh & flexes leg, medially rotates leg

Gracilis – or. = pubis; ins. = proximal medial tibia; adducts thigh, flexes leg

Thigh Musculature- Ref.

Tibialis anterior – or. = lateral condyle and proximal anterior shaft of tibia; ins. = dorsal metatarsal 1 & cuneiform 1; dorsiflexes foot

Gastrocnemius – or. = condyles of distal femur; ins. = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon; flexes leg & plantar flexes foot

Soleus – or. = proximal posterior shafts of tibia & fibula; ins. = calcaneus via calcaneal tendon; plantar flexes foot

Fibularis longus – or. = lateral head of fibula and lat. condyle of tibia; ins. = lateral metatarsal 5, everts foot

Leg Musculature- Ref.

Ischiocavernosus – or. = ischium; ins. = pubis and conn. tissue of penis or clitoris; assists penile and clitoral erection

Bulbospongiosus – or. = conn. tissue of penis or clitoris; ins. = median perineal conn. tissue; assists penile and clitoral erection, narrows vagina

External anal sphincter – sphincter around anus (attached to perineal conn. tissue); closes anal opening

Pelvic Floor Musculature-Ref

Levator ani – or. = pubis and ischium; ins. = coccyx and median perineal conn. tissue; supports pelvic viscera and can slightly levate the anus

Superficial transverse perineal – or. = ischium; ins. = median perineal conn. tissue; supports pelvic viscera

Deep transverse perineal – or. = pubis & ischium; ins. = median perineal conn. tissue; supports pelvic viscera

Pelvic Floor Musculature-Ref

Intercostals (external & internal) – attachments = adjacent ribs; elevate or depress ribs

Interspinales – attachments = adjacent spinous processes; extend vertebral column

Intertransversarius – attachments = transverse processes; lateral flexion of vertebral column

Rotatores – attachments = transverse processes & neural arch; lateral flexion and rotation of vertebral column

Intervert./Rib Musculature –Ref.