This list may confirm what you know, or may surprise you.

UNITS OF MEASURE FOR EACH ITEMWhat is the answer? Solutions are discussed at http://Your.CO2List.org

Data from US, except when the following symbols appear:‡ Data are from UK

† Data are from Australia

1 - FOOD

Red meat 22 22 12

Chicken, fish, eggs 6 6 4 81% from production of feed & meatDairy 4 4 6 91% from production of feed & animals

Cereals, carbohydrates 3 3 1.5 75% from production of crops

Fruit, vegetables 2 2 4 74% from production of crops

Oils, sweets, condiments 2 2 0.5 74% from production of crops

Balanced Diet 1.7

and Davidson 2012 "Representative concentration pathways...") http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024005/article

http://icsu.org/

http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/

Potato chips‡ 2.2 2.2

Orange Juice (high)‡ 1.4 1.4

Orange Juice (low) 0.9 0.9

Bottled smoothie‡ 1.1 1.1Potato, Organic new‡ 0.29 0.29Potato, not organic‡ 0.24 0.24

Sources: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary

and Report CTC744.

2-Other Home Items Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Personal computer 61 61

Tires 4.4 4.4

Phone books 2.7 2.7

Textbooks 2.4 2.4

Newspapers 2.1 2.1

Magazines & bulk mail 1.9 1.9

Office paper 1.1 1.1

Corrugated cardboard 1.0 1.0

Sources: EPA 2006, p .24, column g, chapter 2 in

Shampoo‡ 0.592 0.6

Sweatshirt‡ 2.5 5.5Polo shirt‡ 1.1 2.4 per shirt

T-shirt‡ 0.6 1.3

Incandescent bulb, 100w‡ 0.6 1.2

Incandescent bulb, 60w‡ 0.3 0.7 per bulb

1.4 3.2

0.3 0.7

Tablet laundry detergent‡ 0.3 0.7

per wash

0.2 0.5

0.2 0.4

0.1 0.2

Sources: Carbon Trust, a UK nonprofit, has a summary

and Report CTC744.

House 340 70

House 68,000 150,000 per new house in US

House† 54,000 120,000 per new house in Australia

and 1.3 lb CO2 per 1997 dollar (Weber+Matthews).http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html

Car9,000 20,000 per Chevy Trailblazer SUV10,000 22,000 per Toyota Camry sedan12,000 26,000 per Ford F series pickup

3 - MATERIALS Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Iron & steel 1.6 3.6

Steel 4.0 4.0

Copper† 5.5 5.5Aluminum (low) 1.9

Aluminum (high) 9.2 9.2 Pounds CO2 per pound of product, or

Carpet 4.4 4.44.4 4.4

Acrylic paint† 3.4 3.42.5 2.5

2.0 2.0

2.3 2.3

Glass 0.6 0.6

Granite, imported† 0.8 0.8Granite, local† 0.33 0.33

Bricks† 0.14 0.14Concrete blocks† 0.08 0.08

Source of US data: EPA 2006, p .24, column g, chapter 2:

Info on kinds of plastic and recycling is at

800 1,400 Includes calcining, fuel, quarrying, suppliers, placement, etc.

Concrete, direct (high) 500 900

Concrete, direct (low) 200 400 DIRECT manufacturing only, including calcining

0.8 1.4

0.5 0.9

San Jose CA bid specifications;

Drywall/plasterboard 0.23568251 0.24

4 - WOOD Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Plywood† 0.57 0.57Particleboard† 0.44 0.44

Lumber, construction 0.19 0.19Hardwood, kiln dried† 0.11 0.11Hardwood, air dried† 0.03 0.03

Sources: Australian Government and design and construction industries.

5 - ROADS Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Full-depth asphalt road† 1,200,000 4,300,000

1,100,000 3,900,000

Plain concrete road† 900,000 3,300,000

900,000 3,300,000

800,000 2,900,000

800,000 2,900,000

500,000 1,900,000

300,000 900,000

Interstate highway 600,000 2,000,000Arterial road 400,000 1,500,000

Collector street 300,000 1,200,000Local urban street 300,000 900,000

Local rural street 200,000 700,000

6 - SERVICES Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Mail a postcard (USPS) 0.03 0.06

Mail a letter (USPS) 0.04 0.09

0.77221435 0.8

Government & defense 0.06 0.1

Government† 0.56 1.2 per AU $ taxes or fees

Finance or Insurance 0.11 0.2

Web bank account‡ 0.2 0.4 per bank account per year

General banking† 0.2 0.4 per AU $ interest or fees

Insurance† 0.2 0.3 per AU $ premiums or fees

Health, social work 0.3 0.6

Education 0.3 0.6

Real estate 0.4 0.8

Hotels, restaurants 0.5 1.0

Construction 0.6 1.3See graph & spreadsheet

Sources: Australian data are from Treloar.

Other industries for these same countries are compared in graph

Bake potatoes‡ 1.025 1.03

Microwave potatoes‡ 0.28 0.28

Boil potatoes‡ 0.24 0.24

Source: Carbon Trust Report CTC744.

Hot water

0.013 0.11

0.031 0.26

A "tempering valve" at the tank can achieve both goals.

Wisconsin has a calculator to estimate water heater fuel use at various temperatures.

Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Car0.50 1.8

0.35 1.2

Airplane 164 362+ +

3268 7206× (( × ((

1.0000791 1.000127

^km) -1) ^miles) -1)

Airplane

104 230+ +

0.34 1.20×km ×miles

Local bus 0.2 0.7 Empty on much of route; stop & go.Long distance bus 0.05 0.2 Routes are designed so buses are full

Commuter rail 0.11 0.4

based on Carnegie-Mellon 's Input-Output model of the US economy

including Toyota

and Environmental Defense Fund.

andWalking 0.19 0.69

Running 0.18 0.64

Bicycle 0.07 0.24

Rail freight 0.020 0.06Inland water 0.021 0.07

Ocean shipping, container 0.014 0.05

Ocean shipping, bulk 0.011 0.04Ocean shipping, tanker 0.007 0.02

Oil pipeline 0.016 0.05Gas pipeline 0.18 0.58 includes gas leaks (methane) from pipeline

Truck 0.18 0.58Air freight 0.7 2.2

TRANSPORT, Direct Fuel Kilos CO2 Pounds CO2

Power boat

3.4 12

1.7 6

There is a graph of mpg by speed for a variety of boats at

Commuter rail 0 .11 0.4National averages are nearly the same for local & long distance trainsDiesel trains (Amtrak) 0.12 0.4

Electric trains (Amtrak) 0.09 0.3

8 - FUELS

Electricity 230 1.8 per kilowatt hour delivered, US average

Electricity 230 18 per US $ 2008

Electricity na 20 per US $ 1997

Nuclear 40 0.3 per kilowatt-hour delivered

Prices by state are from EIA table 5.6.B.

Further discussion is at

17 0.13

16 0.13 58 pounds per square foot photovoltaic

Solar panel: ribbon silicon 14 0.11 42 pounds per square foot photovoltaic

8 0.06 20 pounds per square foot photovoltaic

Wind Turbine 13 0.11

134 1.1

per kilowatt-hour delivered446 3.5

1575 12

Further discussion is at

Anthracite coal 101 2.9Bituminous coal 104 2.9 per pound

Lignite 162 2.4

Natural gas 63 15 per 100 cubic feet or per therm

83 27 per gallon

Gasoline 83 24per gallon

http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990

European Union 2008 Well to Tank Report, pp.47-51,regularly updated.

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf

119 35

69 20

72 21

15 4

26 8

Biodiesel 15 4

Biodiesel 76 22

112 33

Deforestation is estimated from several sources, shown in spreadsheet.

and Davidson 2012 "Representative concentration pathways..." http://iopscience.iop.org/1748-9326/7/2/024005/articlehttp://icsu.org/

http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/

Propane, LPG 72 15"Residual" Fuel Oil 90 28 per gallon

81 25

75 21

77 27 per gallon

Petroleum coke 97 32

Lubricants 89 28 Omits production & deliveryButane 69 15

Tires, tire-derived fuel 82 3 per poundMunicipal solid waste 86 1.0

Crude oil 71 951 per barrel (42 gallons)Source: EIA Emission Coefficient

Kg CO2 per square meter

87 -105 18 -21 IF CLEARED

103 -122 21 -25

Seasonal Forests in Tropics52 -78 11 -16 If cleared65 -89 13 -18 If flooded

Dry Forests in Tropics34 -58 7 -12 If cleared43 -69 9 -14 If flooded33 -43 7 -9 If cleared

33 -40 7 -8 If flooded (Less methane in cold climates than in the tropics)

Sources: 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories,

Gibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks,"

Notes are at http://Your.CO2List.org and complete sources and calculations are at xls.CO2List.org Data from US, except:‡ Data are from UK† Data are from Australia

Conversion Factors Used kilos/pound 0.4536

sq.feet/sq.meter 10.7639 4.8824 convert lb/sf to kg/sq.mcubic yard/cubic meter 1.3080 0.5933 convert lb/cu.yd to kg/cu.meter

gallons/liter 0.2641721 0.1198 convert lb/gallon to kg/literkwh/megajoule 0.27777778 0.1260 convert lb/kwh to kg/megajoulemile/kilometer 0.6214 0.2818 convert lb/mi to kg/km

ton/tonne 1.1023 0.3107 convert lb/ton-mile to kg/tonne-km

The.CO2List.org - Amounts of CO2 Released when Making & Using Products

1 - Food2 - Other Home Items3 - Materials4 - Wood5 - Roads6 - Services7 - Transport8 - Fuels9 - Land Clearance

CO2 is not caused by others, it is caused by our choices: Heating & cooling; Buying products; Red meat versus chicken and grain; Cars and planes versus buses, trains, driving slowly and staying home. Read more below.

CO2LIST.ORG KIL OS OF C O2

POUNDS OF CO2

Home Complete sources and calculations are at xls.CO2List.org

Bold shows some int erest ing i te ms

(include s e ffe ct of other gre enhouse ga ses) (W e a nd mos t othe rs me asure C O 2 by weight .

Its size vari es, so i t c an 't be m easured in volume. For other i te ms we pic k appropriat e

unit s, shown below.) France has data (in English) for many items, not yet incorporated here.

Contact us 16 March 2012

CO2 POUND S RELEASED WHILE MAKING PRODUCTS

KIL OS OF CO2

POUNDS OF CO2

Pounds of CO2 pe r

500 Calorie s

(t his is 1/4 of a da ily

2,000-Ca lorie die t)

Sweden labels individual food items

Pounds C O2 per pound of produc t, or Kilos of C O2 pe r kil o of produc t

92% from product ion of anima ls & thei r feed, including N2O & methane. R ema inde r is tra nsport of i nput s & mea t, and se ll ing. (inte rest ing art icl e by former Texas Ag Comm issione r htt p: // jimhightower.c om /node /6901)

USDA Food Guide : 53% ca rbohydrat e, 29% oil s, 18% prot ein (here prot ein is chic ke n, fish, eggs)

http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdfSource : Weber & Mat thews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Re la ti ve C limate Impact s of Food Choic es i n t he Unit ed St ate s" base d on C arnegie-Mellon's Input-Output mode l of the US ec onomy, e iolc a. ne t.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f

Farm produc ts (food, cloth, lea ther, biofue ls) re le ase greenhouse gase s from (a) e ne rgy used to ma nufac ture arti fici al fert il iz er, (b) fossil fuel i n making and running farm and tra nsport equipment, (c) fi xing N2 i n the soi l, a nd then rel easing som e a s N2 O, a gree nhouse gas (p. 61 of IEA 2004 B iofue ls for Transport

http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf

and C rut zen e t al . 2008 "N2 O R elease .. .", http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/389/2008/acp-8-389-2008.html

(d) metha ne (C H4 ) crea te d in a nimal stomac hs and int est ines, (e) de forest at ion whe n fie lds e xpand. Anothe r thorough di scussion i s IC SU's

2009 report on B iofue ls, part icul arly c ha pters 6 on la nd use and 5 on gre enhouse ga ses.

Most ly from growing crops : N 2O from nit rogen-fixing bac teri a, fue l

pounds CO 2 per pound of product The fi gure s i n the sect ion a bove are larger, and come from a much more comple te me thodology.

kilos CO2 per ki lo of product

http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html

http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744

US Orange juice i s from a Pepsi co study reported in t he NY Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22pepsi.html/

Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Pounds C O2 pe r pound of produc t, or Kilos of CO2 pe r ki lo of product

Anothe r 3 pounds rel eas ed i f ti res a re burne d at t he end of t he ir l ife . So 80 pounds CO2 t o make a 20-pound ti re , and 60 more pounds if it i s incinerat ed.

making 36 pages rel ease s 1 pound (9 shee ts of broadshee t pa pe r), printi ng i s a ddi ti onal

making 88 shee ts of 20# 8.5"x11" rel ease s 1 pound of C O 2, print ing addit ional

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf

"R aw m ate ria ls Ac qui sit ion and Manufacturing" in Sol id Wa ste Manage ment and Greenhouse Gas es: A L ife-C yc le Asse ssment of Emissions a nd Sinks . Inc ludes t ransport t o re ta il er & em issions abroa d. They analyz e re cycl ing, including average energy used to coll ec t & t ra ns port the re cycl able s a s wel l as to m ake product s from them. Re port gives pounds of Ca rbon equival ent, conve rted he re t o CO2.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html

The above figure s on paper m ay be overe stimates, si nc e pa pe r may seque ste r as much C O2 as it s ma nufac ture a nd di sposa l re le ase s, even counting the methane re le ased from s low dec omposit ion in la ndfil ls: NC ASI. 2007 "The Greenhouse Gas and C arbon Profil e of t he Global Forest Product s Indust ry" p.22

http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2952

Pounds C O2 pe r pound of produc t, or Kilos of CO2 pe r ki lo of product

Hot wa te r us es m uc h more ; shown a t the end of "Servic es," i n bright yellow below

Making & de live ring bulb, not use . C FL gives muc h le ss C O 2 per hour of us e: It last s 6 times as long & uses 1/4 t he powe rCompac t fl uore scent bulb,

20w‡

Compac t fl uore scent bulb, 11w‡

If you hea t the wate r, i t rel ease s m ore CO2 than ma king the de te rgent . A basi c (ht tp: //www1.e ere. energy. gov/fe mp/ te chnologies/ ee p_clothes_washers.html ) 3-c ubic foot washer uses 31 ga llons of wa te r. He at ing half this water (for wash c yc le ) to 140oF or 170oF (se e be low) would rel eas e 3 pounds CO2 from a gas wate r hea ter (6-8 pounds C O2 from e le ct ri c). Ei ther dwarfs the C O2 from det erge nt. The mos t e ffi ci ent washer use s 60% l ess wate r (12 ga llons), so 60% l ess energy and C O2, but st il l at le ast a pound of CO2, which i s more than m aking the det erge nt. Furthe r disc ussion is at htt p: //Your.C O2List .org

Powder la undry de te rgent‡

Liquid laundry de tergent : ca psul e or not‡

Super conc entra te d li quid laundry de tergent‡

http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.html

http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744

per square foot bui lt in US, per s quare me ter in US 1997 (This is for c onst ruc tion. Li fetime consumpt ion i s a lso signi fica nt.)

htt p: //www. nyt ime s.c om /2009/07/18/business /ene rgy-envi ronme nt /18codes.html

Construct ing a ve ra ge Aust ra li an house : 21% of CO 2 i s from C onc re te , 14% Steel , 14% Pla sti c, 10% Ma sonry, 8% C eramics (ti les ), 6% Pla ste r, 5% Glass and 22% othe r.

Source s: US dat a ba sed on $67 per squa re foot a nd 2, 140 squa re fe et per new house sold (C ensus ), http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110Aus tral ia n da ta come from Gove rnme nt a nd de sign and c onst ruc tion indus trie s. Aust rali a report s unit s of energy, whic h we conve rt ed t o CO2 assuming a 3:1 ra ti o of natural gas to di esel i n generat ing the ene rgy.Treloar's st udy of Austra li an roa ds provide s an est ima te of CO 2 per unit of energy which would be 9% higher. http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf4, 7 & 5 pounds C O2 pe r pound of ve hi cl e, respec tively, or ki lo pe r

kil o. B uying a 40m pg c ar a nd stopping use of an old 30mpg c ar t akes 113,000 mi les to pa y ba ck the 22,000 pounds m anufa cturing C O2. You would save more C O2 by using the re st of the li fe of t he old c ar, whi le cutt ing mi le s per ye ar a nd s pe ed. Cutt ing mi le s 20% c uts CO2 20%. Cut ti ng s pe ed from 65m ph to 52m ph c ut s C O2 another 10% (ht tp: //Your.C O2L ist .org)

Source s: Ches ter, 2008, Life -c ycle Environmenta l Inventory of Pass enge r Transport at ion in the Uni te d Sta tes (ht tp: // re posi torie s.c dl ib .org/i ts/ ds/UCB -ITS-DS-2008-1) based on C arnegie -Me llon's Input-Output model of t he US ec onomy, e iolc a. ne t.

http://repositories.cdlib .org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1Consis tent figure s a re i n: Argonne Nat iona l Laboratory: Stodol sky, Vyas, Cue nc a a nd Ga ines 1995 "L ife-C yc le Ene rgy Sa vings Potenti al from Aluminum-Intensive Vehicl es"

http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/106.pdfand Sightl ine, a Sea tt le nonprofi t, Wi ll iam s-De rry 2007 "Inc reas es i n gre enhouse-gas emissions from highway-widening proj ec ts" http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads

Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 , not othe r greenhouse gases )

5.7 C anada, 6 .4 Mexico, 7 .2 China, 7 .8 Ja pan, 1 . 0 Korea , 5. 9 UK, 6.9 Germa ny, al l in pounds of co2 per 1997 US dol la r. Sourc e: C arnegie -Mel lon's Input-Output m odel of t he US e conom y, with compari sons to other c ountri es' Input -Output model s, W eber & Matthews 2007, "Em bodie d Envi ronme ntal Em issions in US Int erna tiona l Trade. " htt p: // pubs.a cs. org/doi/ ful l/ 10.1021/es0629110

0.28 pounds CO2 per 12 oz. a luminum c an Thi s ma y be a n undere stimate if t he y ass ume z ero emissions for hydropowe r, whic h is oft en use d for a luminum, and has emissions from c onst ruc tion & defore sta ti on.

Kilos C O2 per ki lo of productPVC/3\ plasti c†

Re cycl ing sa ve s 90% of t he C O 2 rel ea sed by making a luminum and plas ti c; 40% for glas s, ste el , pa pe r.

LDPE /4\ plasti c

HDPE /2\ plasti c 0.3 pounds C O2 per gal lon j ug for water or m ilk 0 . 5 for hea vier gallon jug for vinegar 0 .03 for di spos able groce ry ba g (0. 003 a ft er re cycl ing)

PE T/1\ plas ti c 0.15 pounds C O2 per 12 oz . pl ast ic bot tl e 0.8 pe r gallon j ug0.38 pounds C O2 per 12 oz . gl ass bot tl e 1. 8 per gal lon jug

180 pounds C O2 per 8' of c ounte rtop80 pounds CO2 per 8 ' of c ounte rtop

0.6 pounds C O2 per st andard bri ck

25 pounds CO2 per 8x8x16 block

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf

"R aw m ate ria ls Ac qui sit ion and Manufacturing" in Sol id Wa ste Manage ment and Greenhouse Gas es: A L ife-C yc le Asse ssment of Emissions a nd Sinks . Inc ludes t ransport t o re ta il er & em issions abroa d. They analyz e re cycl ing, including average energy used to coll ec t & t ra ns port the re cycl able s a s wel l as to m ake product s from them. Re port gives pounds of Ca rbon equival ent, conve rted he re t o CO2.

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/reports.html

Also E PA 2002. Source of Aust ral ia n da ta , m arked †, Aust ra li an Government and design a nd cons truction indust rie s (ht tp: //www. yourhome. gov.a u/ te chnic al/ fs52. html ). Info on kinds of pla sti c and rec yc ling i s a t Earth911.com/

http://www.nrc-recycle.org/Data/Sites/1/Climate%20Change/EPAStudySolidWasteandGHG.pdf

Source of Austral ia n dat a, marked †, Aust ral ia n Government and design and construct ion indus trie s (htt p: //www.yourhom e.gov. au/t ec hnical /fs52.html ). Info on kinds of pla sti c a nd re cycl ing i s at E arth911. com/

http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.htmlhttp://Earth911.com/

Conc re te , dire ct and indire ct

per c ubic yard, including indire ct e ffe ct s, kg per c ubic me te r

per c ubic yard, de pe nds on s trength, kg per cubic me ter

Port la nd C em ent, direc t (high) pounds CO2 pe r pound of c eme nt or ki los C O2

per kil o of ce ment (60% of this is from chem ica l proce ss; 40% from energy used)Port la nd C em ent, direc t

(l ow) Source s: Data wi th i ndi rect e ffe ct s come from C he ste r, 2008, Li fe -cycl e Environme ntal Inve ntory of Passe nger Transport ati on in t he Unit ed St at es based on C arnegie -Me llon 's Input-Output model of the US e conomy, eiol ca .net .

http://repositories.cdlib .org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1Direc t effect s of c eme nt m anufa cture come from Port la nd C em ent Associ ati on Tec hnical B rie f http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx

and from Alt shuler 2007 "Lowering the C arbon Footprint When Using the Waffle matTM Syst em for C onc rete Sl ab Foundat ions" http://www.pacifichousingsystems.com/images/Lowering_CO2_with_Wafflemat_Whitepaper.pdfPort la nd c eme nt i s m ade by hea ting Ca lcium C arbona te, C aC O3, t o bre ak i t into Ca O (major ingre di ent of ce ment) and CO2 (rel ea sed). T hi s hea ting and chem ica l bre akdown i s ca ll ed c al cining, and i s i nc luded here. Dire ct effec ts of concret e m anufa cture use t he C O2 es timate for ce ment along wi th t he st rength and ce ment proport ions of c oncre te from several sources : p . 88 of Portl and Ce ment Associ at ion 1988 Design & C ont rol of C oncre te Mixtures;

http://www.sanjoseca.gov/publicWorks/Details_Specs/documents/Section_90_Portland_Cement_Concrete_000.pdf

and Treloar, Love & Cra wford, 2004, "Hybrid Life -C ycle Inventory for R oad Construct ion and Use " http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf

Pounds C O2 pe r pound of produc t, or Kilos of CO2 pe r ki lo of product

12 pounds CO2 per 4x8x ha lf i nch shee t. Ba sed on: Sura ce 2007 "How Green Is Your Drywall ?"

http://cleantech.com/news/1704/how-green-is-your-drywallSame res ul t from Aust ra li an Government and design a nd const ruc tion indus trie shttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html

Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

pounds CO 2 per pound of product 23 pounds CO2 per 4x8x ha lf i nch shee t

kilos CO2 per ki lo of product1.8 pounds C O2 per 2x4x8'

http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.htmlUS dat a from E PA 2006, p . 24, column g, chapte r 2: "Ra w ma te ri al s Acquisi ti on a nd Ma nufac turing" http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdf

The above figure s ma y be overes timates, sinc e wood may se ques ter as m uc h CO2 a s i ts manufa cture and e ve ntual disposal rel eas es: NCASI. 2007 "T he Greenhouse Gas and C arbon Profil e of t he Global Forest Product s Indust ry" p.22

http://www.ncasi.org/Publications/Detail.aspx?id=2952

Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Pounds per l ane mil e (40 yea rs e xpec te d li fe. Defini ti ons give n in s ource .), or Ki los pe r la ne -kilome te r

0.06 pound CO2 per pas senge r mi le

Continuously re inforc ed concr ete road†

0.05 pound CO2 per pas senge r mi le , a t 5, 000 t ri ps per l ane per day

C omposit e, as phal t, a nd concret e roa d†

Deep-st re ngth asphal t roa d†

0.04 pound CO2 per pas senge r mi le , a t 5, 000 t ri ps per l ane per dayDee p-st re ngth asphal t on bounded subbase road†

Aspha lt ic concret e on bounded subbase road† 0.05 pound CO2 per pas senge r mi le

Gra nular road (thin asphal t over compacted

ea rth)†

Pounds of C O2 per l ane mil e (20 yea rs expect ed l ife ), or kg/km 0.02 pound CO2 per pas senge r mi le

Source s: Treloa r, L ove & Crawford, 2004, "Hybrid L ife-C ycle Inve ntory for Roa d Construct ion and Use" http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf

See higher e stimates for Korea n roa ds: Pa rk, Hwang, Se o and Seo 2003, "Quanti ta ti ve Asse ssment of Environme ntal Impac ts on Life C yc le of Highways"

http://www.lcarc.re.kr/Korean/staff%20list/papers/ASCE_2003.pdf

Pounds of C O2 per l ane mil e (Include s ca lc ining of concret e; paveme nt widths give n in s ource ), or kg/km

Source : Chest er, 2008, Lif e-cy cle E nv ironme ntal Inv entory of P ass enge r Transportat ion in t he Uni ted Stat es bas ed on Ca rne gie-Mel lon 's Input -Output mode l of the US ec onomy, e iolc a. ne t

http://repositories.cdlib .org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1

CO2 POUNDS RE L EASE D B Y DAILY OPE RATIONS

Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations

Pounds of C O2 per postc ardPounds of C O2 per l et te r Get ti ng 11 l et te rs pe r month rel ea ses a pound of C O 2

Mail a package (USPS) Pounds of C O2 per pound of pac ka ge ma il ed or kil os pe r kil o

Get ti ng a 21-ounce pa ckage rele ase s a pound of CO 2 (freight, buildings, et c. )

Source : Logi sti cs Manageme nt Inst it ut e, C anes " 2001 GHG Emissions of t he US Posta l Service ." (copy in l ink at l eft). US Post al Servic e (USPS) paid for thi s st udy of C O2 primaril y from bui ldings, de li very and long dist ance tra nsport, from 1985-2001.

http://Your.CO2List.org

Pounds of C O2 per US $ 1997 (only CO 2, not other gree nhous e gas es)

0.8 C anada, 0 .2 Mexico, 1 .3 China, 0 .5 Ja pan, 0 . 2 Korea , 0. 4 UK, 0.5 Germa ny, al l in pounds of C O 2 per US $ 1997 at purc ha sing powe r parit ie s (PPP).

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 ,)

0 .5 C anada, 0 .2 Mexico, 0 .8 China, 0 .2 Ja pan, 0 . 1 Korea , 0. 2 UK, 0.2 Germa ny

Inc ludes CO2 rel eas ed by bank bui ldings, insura nc e offic es, si te visi ts, et c.

For example 5% int erest on $200,000 = $10, 000 int eres t pe r ye ar, rel ease s 4,000 pounds CO 2

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 ,) 0 .5 C anada, 0 .3 Mexico, 1 .5 China, 0 .6 Ja pan, 0 . 3 Korea , 0. 3 UK, 0.4 Germa ny

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 ,) 0 .7 C anada, na Mexic o, 1 .5 C hina, 0 .3 Ja pa n, 0 .1 Korea , 0 .3 UK, 0.4 Germa ny, Inc ludes C O2 rel eas ed by school buildings, buses, et c.

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 ,) 0 .4 C anada, 0 .2 Mexico, 0 .8 China, 0 .1 Ja pan, 0 . 1 Korea , 0. 1 UK, 0.1 Germa ny

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 ,) 1 .0 C anada, 0 .3 Mexico, 1 .0 China, 0 .7 Ja pan, 0 . 2 Korea , 0. 3 UK, 0.8 Germa ny

per US $ 1997 (only C O2 ,)1 .6 C anada, 1 .8 Mexico, 2 .9 China, 1 .1 Ja pan, 0 . 4 Korea , 0. 3 UK, 0.9 Germa ny

http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdfUS & others a re from We be r & Ma tthe ws 2007, "Embodied Envi ronme ntal Emissions i n US Inte rna tional T ra de " (ht tp: // pubs.ac s.org/doi /full /10.1021/es0629110) base d on Ca rnegie-Mel lon's EIOLC A.net model of the US ec onomy, wi th comparisons t o other c ountri es' Input-Output m odel s.

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110http://co2list.org/files/industries.htm

and spreadshee t (bottom of "C ountri es" ta b). In the EIOLC A.net model, Weber re ports in a 16Ap'09 em ai l t hat , " 1) Proce ss C O2 emissions [from ca lc ining concret e] a re i ncluded. 2) pipeline l ea ka ge m etha ne i s, but hydro rese rvoirs are not due to the aggrega te el ec tric it y sec tor. 3) a ir t ravel i s C O2 only due to the unce rtainty i n contrai l effect . 4) LUC [Land Use Cha nge] not include d due to lac k of data (but i t can be i nc luded in suc h a mode l; t he US inventory just doe sn 't all ow us t o do i t with any resolut ion). 5) gas fl aring i s include d. "

http://xls.co2list.org/

Pounds of C O2 per pound of pot atoe s or kil os per kil o

Ba king anything genera ll y take s more wa tt s & more m inutes than boi li ng or m ic rowaving. Both est ima te s here involve c ooking about 2 pounds of pot atoe s (just cook, not grow or del iver, which a re i n Food, sec ti on 1 above ).

htt p: //www. ca rbontrust. co.uk/Publ ic sit es/cSc ape. CT. Publ ic at ions Ordering/Publi ca ti onAudi t. aspx?id=C TC 744

Pounds of C O2 per gal lon, ga s hea ter, kg/ li te r Hea t wa te r from te mpe rature of pipes in t he ground (50oF, 10C) to 105oF (40C ). E ach 5-minute s hower wi th a water-sa ving 2. 2gpm (8 li te r/min) shower he ad (ht tp: //www1.e ere. energy. gov/fe mp/proc urem ent/ ee p_showe rhe ad.htm l) rel ease s 1-3 pounds (0. 5-1.4kg) CO2 plus wha teve r it t ook to coll ec t, tre at & de live r the water.

Pounds of C O2 per gal lon, e le ct ric he at er, kg/ li te rSource : CO2 e miss ions from fue l da ta below. 105oF (40C ) i s a typic al

te mperature of the mixe d (hot+c old) water for a showe r or ha ndwas hing. OSHA Te chnica l Ma nua l re comme nds 140oF (60C) in t he hea te r to ki ll Le gione ll a, and 122oF (50C ) at t he hot wa te r fauce ts to minimize Le gione ll a growth in t he pipes whi le a lso minimizing scalding (Tec hnica l Ma nual Se c.III Ch. 7 subse ction V.C .3.a).

http://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_iii/otm_iii_7.html#5http://www.google.com/products?q=%22tempering+valve%22Washing m achine t emperature s a re di scussed wi th Appli ance s. T he 140oF

(60C ) washing ma chine te mperature disc us sed the re c an be achi eved by bypass ing the te mpering valve .

http://Your.CO2List.org

http://www.doa.state.wi.us/docs_view2.asp?docid=2249

7-Transport, T otal CO2 Includes manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, fuel, stations, roads, airports, ports, pipelines. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation

Pounds of C O2 per mi le a t 17 mpg, or kg per km a t 7 kpl (14 l it ers/100km )

Note it would be ha lf a s much (per pa ssenger mi le ) with 2 people in c ar, or 1/4 as much wi th 4 people i n ca r. In ei ther cas e, cutt ing mi le s 20% cuts C O2 20%. C ut ti ng speed from 65mph to 52mph cuts CO2 a nothe r 10% . Furthe r di scussion is at htt p: //Your.C O2List .orgPounds of C O2 per mi le a t 28 mpg, or kg per

km a t 12 kpl (8 l it ers/100km )

Pounds or kil os of CO 2 per pa ssenger, pe r fli ght Note exponent ial formula, whic h corre ct ly i ncrea ses emissions for long

fli ght s whic h ha ve to ca rry a l ot of fue l. It works out to362 pounds for ta xi ing, ta ke off & la nding in a short fli ght . It a dds 0. 9 pounds pe r mi le for short fli ghts , but 1. 2 pounds pe r mi le for a 4 ,000-m il e fl ight or 3 .3 pounds per mi le for a 17,000-mi le fl ight . Theory is at :

Num be r on this row is ra ise d to a power (mi le s or km ): c reat ing an exponenti al mul ti pl ie r which a djusts emissions t o t he l ength of the fli ght

http://co2list.org/files/exp.htm

Pounds or kil os of CO 2 per pa ssenger, pe r fli ght

This is a simpler l inea r approxim ation, wi th a sma ll er c onst ant pe r ta ke off, but more pe r mi le , t han the expone nt ia l formula above.

Pounds of C O2 per pass enge r mi le or kg pe r passe nger-kilom ete r Would be higher than dire ct me asure below, but this commute r rai l

study covers only a few sys tem s, wi th ve ry high ri de rship, s o low emissions pe r passe nger mil e

Source s: Ches ter, 2008, Life -c ycle Environmenta l Inventory of Pass enge r Transport at ion in the Uni te d Sta tes http://repositories.cdlib .org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1

http://eiolca.net

For cars, t he e stimates include manufacture , re fri gerant le aks, roa ds, e tc. We sli ght ly c orrec t the CO2 from fuel t o match EIA figures of 19. 6 pounds CO2 per gal lon of gas. The spre adshe et c ompa re s othe r source s wi th surpri singly consist ent result s,

http://xls.co2list.org/

http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_2_185/ai_n12937459

http://www.edf.org/documents/3986_CAAutoCarbonBurden.pdf

For ai r, C he ste r report s s mal l, medium and l arge pl anes, typic al ly used on short , m edium a nd long trips. We add effec ts of NOX, water va por & contrai ls, a nd fi t an equat ion to show how em issions va ry pe r mi le . T he spre adshee t c om pa res our es timates to se ve ral other sources.

http://xls.co2list.org/

An effec t not include d he re i s t hat contrai ls reduc e the da ily te mperature range a bout 2oF by c ooling the da ys and warming the night s. It i s not cl ear how or whether t hi s a ffe ct s global warming.

http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v418/n6898/abs/418601a.html

http://facstaff.uww.edu/travisd/pdf/jetcontrailsrecentresearch.pdfPounds of C O2 per mi le a t 2-4 mph, or kg/km at 3-6 kph Inc ludes food to supply c alorie s burne d, a nd e mis sions from

manufacturing shoe s whic h la st 400 mi le s. Walking includes bui lding side wa lks for 50% of m il es wa lked. Running doe s not i nclude any parti cula r surfa ce .

Pounds of C O2 per mi le a t 6-11 mph, or kg/km at 10-18 kph

Pounds of C O2 per mi le (at 10-20 mph, or 30 mph in e le ct ri c bi cycl e), or kg/km (at 16-32 kph, or 48kph e le ct ri c)

Inc ludes CO2 from bui lding bike la nes for 10% of dis tanc e t ravel ed. Inc ludes food to supply c alorie s burne d, a nd e mis sions from produc ing bike lane and bike (whose pa rts la st we ighte d average of 20, 000 mi le s or 32, 000 km). E le ct ri c bike a ssumes 1, 000 wa tt s and 20% re charging loss.

Pounds of C O2 per t on mil e, or kg pe r tonne -kilome te r

Source : Weber & Mat thews 2008 "Food-Miles and the Re la ti ve C limate Impact s of Food Choic es i n t he Unit ed St ate s" ba sed on C arnegie -Me llon 's Input-Output m odel of t he US e conom y, eiolca .net

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f

Omits manufacture & maintenance of vehicles, stations, railroads. Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation

Pounds of C O2 per mi le a t 2 mpg, or kg/km at . 85 kpl

Pounds of C O2 per mi le a t 4 mpg, or kg/km at 1 .7 kpl

Source : Boat s ra nge from le ss t ha n ha lf a m il e per ga llon to 11 mi les per gallon. 2 - 4 m pg i s a fai rly c om mon leve l. http://fuel.boatwakes.org/

http://boatwakes.org/files/graph.htm

Pounds of C O2 per pass enge r mi le , or kg/km

Source: M.J . Bradley & Associates 2007 for American Bus Association, Table 1.1 "Comparison of Energy Use & CO2 Emissions From Different Transportation Modes"

http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pdf

Gram s CO2 per

Megajoule

Pounds CO 2 per unit

shown below

Grams pe r me ga joule (MJ) are often use d int ernat iona lly t o compare CO 2 for t he sa me energy of different fuels . A MJ i s sma ll , just ove r a qua rte r of a kil owa tt -hour (0.28). Divide t he gram s shown here by 126 to get pounds per kWh. Divide by 454 t o ge t pounds pe r MJ. Divide by 1, 000 t o get ki los pe r MJ.

Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculations.Figures i nclude produc tion, deli very losse s, and de fore sta ti on, exce pt where not ed. Hydro, biofuels , wind & coa l a ll rel ease C O2 by defore sta ti on. Sola r can avoid defore sta ti on if pla ce d on roofs and dese rts. Elec tric ity e mit s higher C O2 for the same ene rgy (per MJ) t han other fuel s, be ca use of l osse s i n generat ing & tra nsm it ti ng.

Inc ludes CO2 from fos sil fuels , hydroel ec tric it y , nucl ear, wind, sol ar. Further disc ussion and othe r count ri es are at htt p:/ /Your. CO2List.org

2008 price s & 2004 product ion methods, sam e sources as "per kWh" data a bove

11 Ca na da , 13 Me xico, 15 C hina, 9 Ja pa n, 7 Korea, 7 UK, 15 Germany, al l i n pounds of C O2 per US $ 1997 at purc ha sing power parit i es (PPP). E xc ludes deforest at ion and nucle ar wa ste .

Wil l rise when growth requi res mining & enric hing lower grade ore s. We added $1 bi l lion/yea r for 1, 000 yea rs of prot ect ion of radioa ct ive wast e (a dds 1. 4g/MJ ). Further di scussion i s a t Your.C O2List .org

Source s: Ba sic dat a are from B at te ll e 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, De ru and Torce ll ini "Source E ne rgy a nd E mis sion Fac tors." http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990

http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_b.html1997 dat a a re from C arnegie -Me llon 's EIOLCA. ne t mode l of t he US ec onomy, wi th c om pa risons t o other countrie s' Input -Output mode ls, We be r & Ma tthe ws 2007, "Embodied E nvi ronmental Emissions i n US Inte rna tional Trade"

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110Nuc le ar dat a are from Storm van L eeuwen 2008 "Nuc le ar Power - the Energy Ba la nc e" and inc lude a sma ll a ll owa nc e to mine a ca ve rn for pe rm anent storage.

http://www.stormsmith.nl/http://Your.CO2List.org

Solar pane l: monocrysta ll ine sil ic on

per kil owa tt -hour del ivered, if i t produc es el ec tric it y for 30 yea rs

64 pounds CO2 per square foot photovolt aic

Sola r pa nel: mul ti crysta ll ine sil ic on

Solar pa ne l: ca dmium te ll uride

Source : Brookhaven Na tiona l L abora tory, C olumbia & Ut recht Universi ti es, Fthena ki s, Kim and Alse ma 2008 "Em issions from Photovol ta ic Li fe Cycles. " Most C O2 emissions are from e nergy use d during ma nufac ture, and the y ca n be reduce d by using sol ar ele ct rici ty i nste ad of grid e lec tri ci ty .

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es071763q

per kil owa tt -hour del ivered, if i t produc es el ec tric it y for 20 yea rs

11, 000,000 pounds pe r 1 .8 me ga wat t t urbine . W indm il ls ta ke ene rgy to manufacture t he st ee l s tructure, c oncre te base, a nd t ransmission wire s. If la nd is cle ared to al low wind to rea ch the st ruc ture, tha t a lso re le ases CO 2. Also kil ls birds & ba ts

Hydr oele ctri c (ave ra ge we ighte d by power, primari ly sc rubla nd)

Prel imina ry. Includes de fore sta ti on for rese rvoir. R ese rvoir a lso conve rts to me thane some of t he fl ooded c arbon, as well a s t ribut ari es' ca rbon det ri tus, which would have just bec om e C O 2 wi thout t he l ow oxygen c ondit ions at t he bottom of the rese rvoir. The higher numbe rs shown a re from shal low t ropi cal res ervoi rs which fl ood & deca y la rge area s re lat ive to the power gene ra te d; e ve n so the se a re underest ima te s, sinc e t hey omit c onst ruc tion, and gas re le ase d at turbines. Further disc ussion is at Your.C O2Lis t.org

Hydr oele ctri c (unweighted a ve rage of

ec osyst ems)Hydroelec tr ic (in ra in

fore st)

Source for wind turbines: Sprea dshe et has part ia l est ima te s for the ste el structure , c onc re te base a nd c le aring a ridgetop loc at ion, a s we ll as a couple of est im ate s from the wind indust ry.

http://xls.co2list.org/

Source for hydroe le ct ri c: Fa rre r 2007 "Hydroel ec tri c R ese rvoi rs - the C arbon Dioxide and Metha ne Em issions of a 'C arbon Fre e' E ne rgy Source" http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf

Your.CO2List.org

Note coal rel eas es a t le ast 40% more CO 2 t ha n natur al gas t o crea te t he sam e e ne rgy. Omit s deforest at ion of mountain tops & va ll ey fil ls .

Some pe ople a re bil l ed by cubic foot , some by therm (100,000 BT U). 100 c ubic fe et conta in a bout one therm, Pipe l eaks may not be ful l y covered by the se fi gures . L eaks are pa rti cula rly im porta nt , since natura l gas i s C H4 , methane, which i s a much more powe rful gre enhouse gas than CO2 .

Diese l & heat ing oil

Go slow: 52 saves CO2Source s: Ba tt el le 6/2007 for US De pt . of E ne rgy, Deru and Torce ll ini "Sourc e Energy and Emission Fa ctors. "

http: // ie s.j rc .e c.e uropa.e u/uploads/m edia /WTT %20App%202% 20v30% 20181108.pdfStudy for GM by Argonne Nationa l Labora tory, B P, Exxon-Mobil & She ll

2001, fi g. ES-1.4 We ll -t o-Whe el Energy Use and Gre enhouse Gas Emissions of Advanc ed Fuel /Vehicle Syst emsor dra ft c opy. Note t his is just CO2 from the fuel ; full impac t of t ransport is above , a t the he ading "T ransport. " http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdf

Ethanol from c orn in USA per quanti ty of ea ch fuel , ha ving the same

energy as one gal lon of ga s

Inc ludes defore sta ti on amorti ze d over 100 yea rs of produc tion. Fie lds diverte d from food to etha nol are repla ce d by c le aring fore sts el sewhere for food Ethanol from sugar c ane

in B razi l

Ethanol from c orn in USA

per quanti ty of ea ch fuel , ha ving the same energy as one gal lon of ga s Omit s deforest ati on.Ethanol from sugar c ane

in B razi l

Ethanol from sugar bee ts in EU

per quanti ty of ea ch fuel , ha ving the same energy as one gal lon of ga s

Omit s deforest ati on for palm oi l pl anta ti ons. Wa ste oil s a re t oo fe w for signifi cant biodie sel production. Gree npea ce says, "Using biofuel s conta ining palm oil t o ta ckle c limate c hange i s l ike using a c an of pet rol to put out a fire and would produc e m ore ca rbon em issions than burning conve nt ional fossil fuel s." ht tp: //www. gre enpe ac e.org.uk/ fore sts/ faq-palm -oi l-fore sts-a nd-cl ima te -c hange . Algal dies el emi ts N2O and methane, and only ca reful de sign ca n make C O2 e ffe ct s l ess than di ese l htt p: // iopsci ence .iop.org/1748-9326/7/1/014030/art ic le

Hydroge n in EU from na tural gas

per quanti ty of hydroge n, having the sa me energy as one gal lon of ga s

Hydroge n is cl ea n at point of use, but producing it uses more e ne rgy than it conta ins.

Source s: Most dat a on biofuel s a nd hydrogen c ome from Europe an Comm ission J oint R ese arch Ce nt re 2008 Wel l t o Ta nk R eport, pp. 47-51, regularly updat ed. The study includes gre enhouse ga ses rel ease d in produc ing the fue ls, but not de fores tat ion.

http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf

http://xls.co2list.org

Farm produc ts (food, cloth, lea ther, biofue ls) re le ase greenhouse gase s from (a) e ne rgy used to ma nufac ture arti fici al fert il iz er, (b) fossil fuel i n making and running farm and tra nsport equipment, (c) fi xing N2 i n the soi l, a nd then rel easing som e a s N2 O, a gree nhouse gas (p. 61 of IEA 2004 B iofue ls for Transport

http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf

and C rut zen e t al . 2008 "N2 O R elease .. .") http://www.atmos-chem-phys.net/8/389/2008/acp-8-389-2008.html

(d) metha ne (C H4 ) crea te d in a nimal stomac hs and int est ines, (e) de forest at ion whe n fie lds e xpand. Anothe r thorough di scussion i s IC SU's2009 report on B iofue ls, part icul arly c ha pters 6 on la nd use and 5 on gre enhouse ga ses.

Kerosene, used by 99% of civi li an pl anes

Source: Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru and Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors . http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990

"Aviat ion gas; " use d by 1% of civil ian pl anes

"Jet fuel ," use d by some mi li ta ry pl anes, but

decl ining

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html

9 - Land Clearance Pounds CO2 pe r squar e foot Spreadsheet has complete sources and calculation

Equatori al Fore sts in Tropics

IF FLOODED (W he n la nd i s fl ooded by a da m, more c arbon-equival ent is rel ease d tha n whe n the same l and is cl eare d, si nc e fl ooding c onvert s ca rbon to metha ne whic h ha s a st ronger gree nhouse e ffe ct)

Tem pe ra te & Northe rn Fore sts

http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdf

http://www.sage.wisc.edu/pubs/articles/F-L/Gibbs/gibbsERLarticle2007.pdfSoil data from Houghton+Hac kler. CDIAC 2001, C arbon Flux to the Atmosphere from L and-Use C ha nge s: 1850 to 1990 http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/epubs/ndp/ndp050/ndp050appC.html

Contact us

SPREADSHEET: SOURCES & CALCULATIONS, for CO2List.org Solar, Wind, Nuclear at bottom; Hydro on "Forest" tabThis summary offers complete transparency about where the data at CO2List.org come from and what calculations were done to bring all items into comparable units of carbon dioxide.

Tabs at the bottom of the screen show other pages available, with arrows to move farther right or left.When you click on any black number, a line at the top of your computer screen will show if a formula calculates the cell, such as converting everything to pounds of CO2.Formulas refer to other cells by column and row, like E19You can insert new numbers, formulas, totals, averages, etc. wherever you wish. If you lose data, you can get the original again from the CO2List.orgIf you want more space, you can insert an entire row or column by right-clicking a cell and answering the questions

ELECTRICITY US has 5 main electric grids, with much sharing inside, & little outside. CO2 output depends on your grid, not your state's plants, which may providelittle of your power. For example Idaho has mostly low-CO2 hydroelectric plants, but gets over half its electricity from the Western grid, which emits much more CO2.CO2 Equivalent 1998-2000 Average State-level Utility Emission CoefficientsBattelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru+Torcellini "Source Energy and Emishttp://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epm/table5_6_b.htmhttp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/environment/e-supdoc-u.pdf

(see Nations tab for non-fossil fuels) CO2e released by fossil fuels includes prices for generating and delivering power Gases released during combustion only

Residential Average

per Megawatt hour generated

1.8 18U 1.7 17 9% 82% 9% 11.21 10.25 6.94 11.28 9.73 0.668 0.0111 0.0192 1.34

Fossil fuels, statesAlabama E 1.7 21 9% 83% 9% 10.04 9.53 5.81 -- 8.25 0.656 0.0137 0.0223 1.32Alaska A 1.7 12 15% 74% 11% 16.29 13.07 14.51 -- 14.46 0.69 0.0068 0.0089 1.38Arizona W 1.3 14 11% 82% 8% 10.3 8.93 6.7 -- 9.17 0.525 0.0068 0.0154 1.05Arkansas E 1.7 23 9% 83% 9% 9.36 7.66 5.94 -- 7.67 0.643 0.0125 0.0203 1.29California W 1.3 10 11% 82% 8% 14.42 12.91 10.17 8.09 12.9 0.303 0.0067 0.0037 0.61Colorado W 1.3 15 11% 82% 8% 10.06 8.64 6.55 8.25 8.59 0.963 0.0127 0.0289 1.93Connecticut E 1.7 10 9% 83% 9% 19.09 15.86 13.76 13.81 16.8 0.471 0.0174 0.012 0.95Delaware E 1.7 14 9% 83% 9% 13.69 11.87 10.24 -- 12.16 0.915 0.0123 0.0227 1.84District of Columbia E 1.7 13 9% 83% 9% 12.43 13.72 11.18 14.12 13.45 0.683 0.0118 0.0206 1.37Florida E 1.7 16 9% 83% 9% 11.47 9.95 8.12 9.91 10.56 0.697 0.015 0.018 1.40Georgia E 1.7 20 9% 83% 9% 10.05 9.15 6.65 7.24 8.9 0.683 0.0129 0.0226 1.37Hawaii H 1.9 7 14% 77% 8% 31.84 29.14 25.47 -- 28.61 0.831 0.0214 0.0183 1.67Idaho W 1.3 23 11% 82% 8% 6.89 5.61 4.5 -- 5.61 0.014 0.008 0.0033 0.03Illinois E 1.7 20 9% 83% 9% 10.65 8.84 NM 7.22 8.87 0.582 0.0082 0.018 1.17Indiana E 1.7 25 9% 83% 9% 8.59 7.56 5.37 9.45 6.89 1.038 0.0143 0.0323 2.09Iowa E 1.7 25 9% 83% 9% 9.53 7.2 4.88 NM 6.97 0.941 0.0138 0.0298 1.89Kansas E 1.7 23 9% 83% 9% 9.16 7.72 NM -- 7.72 0.842 0.0112 0.0254 1.69Kentucky E 1.7 29 9% 83% 9% 7.62 7.05 4.74 -- 6.09 1.004 0.014 0.0321 2.02Louisiana E 1.7 19 9% 83% 9% 10.37 10.12 7.91 12.11 9.4 0.589 0.0094 0.0112 1.18Maine E 1.7 13 9% 83% 9% 15.93 12.98 12.04 -- 13.78 0.426 0.0565 0.027 0.86Maryland E 1.7 14 9% 83% 9% 13.52 12.51 10.44 11.95 12.76 0.683 0.0118 0.0206 1.37Massachusetts E 1.7 11 9% 83% 9% 17.1 16.04 14.19 11.5 16.09 0.639 0.0174 0.0159 1.28Michigan E 1.7 19 9% 83% 9% 10.84 9.4 6.84 12.27 9.1 0.79 0.0146 0.025 1.59Minnesota E 1.7 22 9% 83% 9% 9.55 7.87 5.98 8.12 7.78 0.762 0.0157 0.0247 1.53Mississippi E 1.7 20 9% 83% 9% 10.23 9.87 6.31 -- 8.78 0.647 0.0132 0.0165 1.30Missouri E 1.7 25 9% 83% 9% 7.96 6.65 4.96 5.48 6.86 0.92 0.0126 0.0288 1.85Montana W 1.3 16 11% 82% 8% 9.09 8.4 6.46 -- 8.01 0.717 0.0108 0.0227 1.44Nebraska E 1.7 27 9% 83% 9% 7.73 6.52 5.08 -- 6.47 0.7 0.0095 0.0219 1.41Nevada W 1.3 13 11% 82% 8% 11.94 10.19 8.25 9.74 10.07 0.759 0.009 0.0195 1.52

Colors tie together data from each source. Black shows our calculations from those data.

Retail Price of Electricity, Cents per kWh delivered, Jan-August 2008

Grid (abbrev. below)

Pounds of CO2e per

kWh Delivered

Pounds of CO2e per

Dollar Billed

Mining, refining & shipping

fossil fuels

Burning fossil fuels

Power lost in trans-mission

Com-mercial

Indus-trial

Transpor-tation

CO2, tons

Methane (CH4) lbs

Nitrous Oxide

(N20) lbsCO2e,

pounds

US Average (See "Nations" tab for other countries) per kWh generated

All fuels for electricityFossil fuels, US

New Hampshire E 1.7 12 9% 83% 9% 15.4 14.04 12.96 -- 14.38 0.341 0.0172 0.0141 0.69New Jersey E 1.7 12 9% 83% 9% 15.89 14.81 12.91 16.83 15 0.353 0.0077 0.0079 0.71New Mexico W 1.3 16 11% 82% 8% 9.94 8.61 6.36 -- 8.32 1.009 0.0131 0.0296 2.03New York E 1.7 10 9% 83% 9% 18.55 16.9 10.32 13.82 16.73 0.429 0.0081 0.0089 0.86North Carolina E 1.7 22 9% 83% 9% 9.55 7.57 5.49 6.43 7.98 0.621 0.0105 0.0203 1.25North Dakota E 1.7 26 9% 83% 9% 7.39 6.68 5.51 -- 6.58 1.121 0.0147 0.0339 2.25Ohio E 1.7 21 9% 83% 9% 10.02 9.13 6.15 10.39 8.34 0.9 0.013 0.0288 1.81Oklahoma E 1.7 22 9% 83% 9% 9.29 8.08 5.98 -- 8.01 0.861 0.011 0.0223 1.73Oregon W 1.3 18 11% 82% 8% 8.52 7.59 4.91 6.78 7.27 0.141 0.0033 0.0034 0.28Pennsylvania E 1.7 19 9% 83% 9% 11.4 9.39 7.04 7.59 9.36 0.632 0.0107 0.0203 1.27Rhode Island E 1.7 11 9% 83% 9% 17.14 15.26 14.26 -- 15.87 0.526 0.0068 0.0047 1.05South Carolina E 1.7 22 9% 83% 9% 9.88 8.42 5.26 -- 7.79 0.417 0.0091 0.0145 0.84South Dakota E 1.7 25 9% 83% 9% 8.11 6.74 5.27 -- 6.99 0.399 0.0053 0.0121 0.80Tennessee E 1.7 23 9% 83% 9% 8.36 8.57 5.98 9.41 7.67 0.648 0.0105 0.0212 1.30Texas T 1.8 17 11% 75% 14% 12.83 10.82 8.97 8.47 11.03 0.732 0.0077 0.0146 1.47Utah W 1.3 20 11% 82% 8% 8.34 6.69 4.63 7.82 6.55 0.967 0.0134 0.0308 1.94Vermont E 1.7 14 9% 83% 9% 14.51 12.47 9 -- 12.28 0.014 0.0096 0.0039 0.03Virginia E 1.7 23 9% 83% 9% 9.37 7.03 5.37 7.38 7.71 0.582 0.0137 0.0192 1.17Washington W 1.3 20 11% 82% 8% 7.53 6.73 4.74 5.91 6.61 0.123 0.0037 0.004 0.25West Virginia E 1.7 32 9% 83% 9% 6.93 5.98 4.13 6.5 5.51 0.988 0.0137 0.0316 1.99Wisconsin E 1.7 20 9% 83% 9% 11.35 9.14 6.46 -- 8.89 0.821 0.0138 0.026 1.65Wyoming W 1.3 23 11% 82% 8% 8.03 6.6 4.46 -- 5.63 1.073 0.0147 0.0338 2.16

Includes all costs: generating, transmitting, bonds, etc.Note: does not include emissions from plant construction & maintenance 1 72 289 20 years

1 25 298 100 years1 21 310 100 years, former estimate from IPCC "SAR" Second Review

1 7.6 153 500 yearsp.212 of http://ipcc-wg1.ucar.edu/wg1/Report/AR4WG1_Print_Ch02.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming_potential

Main Electric Grids Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru+Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors": http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/38617.pdf

2004 Combustion

Pounds CO2e per delivered kWh as % of total Pounds CO2eUS average U 9.9% 0.154 1.37 0.15 1.7 49 9% 82% 9% 0.464 210 22%Eastern grid E 9.6% 0.152 1.43 0.15 1.7 51 9% 83% 9% 219 21%Western grid W 8.4% 0.138 1.07 0.10 1.3 38 11% 82% 8% 165 22%Central Texas (ERCOT-energ T 16.1% 0.209 1.38 0.25 1.8 54 11% 75% 14% 232 33%Alaska A 12.9% 0.250 1.26 0.19 1.7 50 15% 74% 11% 215 35%Hawaii H 8.9% 0.277 1.48 0.155 1.9 56 14% 77% 8% 241 29%Map of these grids is at http://www.eia.gov/cneaf/electricity/chg_stru_update/fig7.htmlSee also comparisons for 8 countries at bottom of "Countries" tab

EXAMPLES US averagelbs/kWh 1.80kWh/lb 0.5559397Watt hours per lb CO2 556Wattage of any item 5,000 1,500 100 23 400hours per pound CO2 0.11 0.37 6 24minutes per pound CO2 7 22 334 1,450400 kwh 720$40/month 8,238 pounds CO2 per year

Global Warming Potential for years below

Post-Combustion (Transmission &

Distribution Losses) as % of generated kWh

Pre-combustion

Post-Combustion

Total Lb CO2e per delivered

kWh

Total Lb CO2e per delivered 100,000 BTU

Pre-combustion

Combus-tion

Post-Combustio

n

Pounds CO2e per delivered

megajoule

Grams CO2e per delivered megajoul

e

Pre + Post combustion

as % of combustion

SOLAR CELLS http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es071763q?cookieSet=1 Greenhouse gases:CO2 equivalent

Life: yrsMeijer 2003: Holland high eff 14.5% 1,000 3.5 p.2168Jungbluth 2000 Switzerland 1,100 3-6 39-110 p.2168

Keoleian 1997: CdTe Detroit 5.0% 4.6 p.2168CdTe Phoenix 2.2 p.2168Fthenakis 2006: ribbon Si 11.5% 1,700 1.7 p.2168multicrystalline Si 13.2% 1,700 2.2 p.2168monocrystalline Si 14.0% 1,700 2.7 p.2168CdTe 9% 1,700 1.1 p.2168Alsema 2005: S.Europe 75% 1,700 1.7-2.7 30-45 p.2170 Case 1Fthenakis 2005: CdTe 80% 1,800 1.1 30 24 p.2171Case 1: Current production of SiCase 2: Europe avg gridCase 3: US avg grid: Ribbon 80% 11.5% 1,700 1.9 30 4,692 436 44 206,448 0.11 42 6% 14 p. 2170 Case 3multicrystalline Si 80% 13.2% 1,700 2.3 30 5,386 500 53 285,437 0.13 58 8% 16 p. 2170 Case 3monocrystalline Si 80% 14.0% 1,700 2.4 30 5,712 531 55 314,160 0.13 64 8% 17 p. 2170 Case 3CdTe 80% 9% 1,700 1.1 30 3,672 341 26 95,472 0.06 20 4% 8 p. 2170 Case 3Average 80% 12% 1,700 2.0 30 4,865 452 45 225,379 0.11 46 7% 14Note most emissions are from energy used during manufacture.average US solar energy 1,800 p.2170

W/sq.ft $ $/W160 62.8 31.1 12 799 $4.99 http://www.solardyne.com/solarpvpanels.html120 57.3 28.8 10 749 $6.24175 64.8 32.1 12 899 $5.1480 47.4 21.1 12 549 $6.86

Adelman 30500 268 11 p. 40 http://www.withouthotair.com/download.html

Solar radiation available hours/yearHolland 1,000 http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/es071763q?cookieSet=1Switzerland 1,100US average 1,800S Europe 1,700Britain 964 110 8765.76 http://www.withouthotair.com/download.html

WIND TURBINES Finding no estimate, we did our own, which is likely low. Improvements welcomeOne wind turbine 1.8 megawatts typical rated cap http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.phpActual output as % of rated capacity 26.9% capacity factor http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-output.php

0.4842 megawatts (annual average per turbine)8,766 hours per year

Performance ratio

Conversion

efficiency

Sun: kWh/sq.m/y

rpayback:

yrs

Lifetime electricity

generated: kWh/sq.m

Lifetime electricity

generated: kWh/sq.ft

grams/ lifetime

kWhgrams /

sq.m

pounds per lifetime

kWh delivered,

with transmission losses

pounds per sq.ft

% of grid

electricity

Grams per

delivered megajoul

e (MJ)

Solar panel prices & production

Peak Watts

area, sq. meters

Length, inches

Width (inches)

Sun: kWh/sq.

m/yrW/

sq.meter

4,244 megawatt hours per yearUseful life 20 yearslifetime electricity generated 84,887,620 kWhlifetime electricity delivered 76,483,745 kWharea cleared for wind turbine 50 acres per megawatt of capacity, or 30-8 acres per turbine on ridge http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php

90 acres per turbine with capacity above Also see note on spacing at http://www.windpower.org/en/tour/wres/park.htm

Width of road & transmission 40 feet ?Length of road & transmission 100 miles per 100 turbines ?Area of road & transmission 5 acres per turbine

Weight of concrete in base 1,300 tons "more than 1,000" http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php728 pounds CO2 per ton concrete, including placement as in an office building

CO2 used to deliver concrete 3 miles per gallon delivering 8 tons100 miles extra round trip compar?27 pounds CO2 per gallon diesel

112 pounds CO2 per ton extra delivery of concrete840 pounds CO2 per ton concrete, delivered

Total CO2 in concrete 1,091,946 pounds CO2 per turbineratio of CO2 in installation to CO2 in concrete 0.0324 based on ratio in road constructionCO2 in installation 35,418Weight of steel in base 10% ?

130 tons rebarweight of windmill 267 tons for 1.8MW Vesta http://www.wind-watch.org/faq-size.php

4.49 automotive estimate for pounds CO2 per pound of steelTotal CO2 in steel (rebars & windmill) 3,566,459 pounds CO2 per windmill, if components average as much CO2 per pound as carsratio of CO2 in manufacture to CO2 in steel 0.5000 based on ratio in car manufactureCO2 in construction 1,783,229 pounds CO2 per windmillAcres of forest cleared for ridgetop windmills 309 acres deforested Pennsylvania http://www.jvas.org/cc_forest_impact_ar_wndplnt.htmlnumber of windmills at site 75 windmillsAlternative estimates of acres cleared per site 90 4.1 acres cleared per windmill 90 comes from total acreage per windmill aboveTotal CO2 in acres of land cleared 34,540,654 1,581,194 pounds CO2 per windmillTotal CO2 per windmill 8,058,247 pounds CO2 per windmillCO2 per kWh 0.11 pounds CO2 per kWh% of grid electricity 6.3%Grams CO2 per delivered megajoule (MJ) 13

Pounds CO2e

per kWhVattenfall (Sweden) 13.5 0.03 0.03 4 http://www.environdec.com/reg/climate/epdc115e.pdfSclafani Bagni (Italy) 27.9 0.06 0.06 8 http://www.environdec.com/reg/epd66.pdf

NUCLEAR Pounds CO2e

per kWh

Wind, continued

grams CO2e /kWh

per kWh with

transmis-sion losses

Grams CO2e per delivered

megajoule (MJ)

HYDROELECTRIC is at bottom of "Forest" tab, since one of its main effects is flooding of forests

Richness of

Uranium Ore:

%U3O8

grams CO2e /kWh

per kWh with

transmis-sion losses

per kWh with

hypothetical waste

site

Grams CO2e per delivered

megajoule (MJ)

Beznau (Switzerland) 3.29 0.01 0.01 0.02 2 http://www.envi http://www.environdec.com/pageId.asp?id=130&menu=4,14,0&epdId=163Vattenfall (Sweden) 4.9 0.01 0.01 0.02 3 http://www.envi http://www.environdec.com/pageId.asp?id=130&menu=4,14,0&epdId=24JW Storm, avg ore now 0.15% 110 0.24 0.27 0.28 35 http://www.stormsmith.nl/JW Storm, future ore 0.05% 133 0.29 0.33 0.34 42 http://www.stormsmith.nl/JW Storm, poorest ores 0.013% 332 0.73 0.81 0.82 104 http://www.stormsmith.nl/average of now and future 0.27 0.30 0.3 39Preliminary hypothetical protection of wasteone nuclear generating site 25 Terawatt hours/year http://www.environdec.com/reg/climate/epdc21e.pdfconvert to kWh 2.50E+10 kWh hours/year/site calculatedyears of production of nuclear plant 40 years http://www.stormsmith.nl/hypothetical number of generating sites served by one waste site 50 nuclear generating siteselectricity generated 5.00E+13 kWh calculated

hypothetical annual cost to guard, monitor & educate about waste site 1 billion dollarsaverage emissions for government & defense per dollar spent 0.5033188125 pounds co2e per dollarhypothetical annual CO2e to guard, monitor & educate about waste site 503,318,813 pounds CO2 per year hypotheticalhypothetical time to guard site 1,000 years http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doe hypotheticalCO2e to guard, monitor & educate about waste site (see colu 0.0101 0.0112 1.41 calculated

http://www.ocrwm.doe.gov/factsheets/doeymp0338.shtml

VattenfallExtraction 36% 1.76 0.24 p.18 (p.11 says "literature survey"Conversion 4% 0.20 0.12Enrichment 12% 0.59 0.09Fuel Fabrication 3% 0.15 0.88

Plutonium recycling 0.51

Uranium recycling 0.10

Uranium Blending 0.21

Fuel assembly 0.06

Operate Nuclear Power Pl 4% 0.20 0.24Build/Decommission power 9% 0.44 0.97

Build 0.74 p.25

Deismantle 0.23

Oper.Waste facility 4% 0.20 0.51 p.18Build/Decommission waste f 3% 0.15Build/Decommission distri 23% 1.13 0.15 p.25Distribution losses 2% 0.10 0.10

100% 4.90 3.30

Comparison of Sourcesp.12 says only "fuel" at suppliers p.11 says suppliers' infrastructure omitted

1977km 110/50kV and 66km 16kV to public utilitiesopen pit mine, Namibia in situ leaching with sulfuric acid, Kazakhstan

underground mine, Australiarefining & conversion, Cameco Canada conversion, UKEnrichment, centrifugation, UK+Russia Enrichment, centrifugation, GermanyFabrication, AREVA, Lingen Germany Assembly, AREVA, Lingen Germany

"the tens of thousands of years during which the waste will be hazardous" or "millions of years" of radioactivity

Vattenfall grams CO2e /kWh

Beznau grams

CO2e /kWh

FUELS CO2List.org Solar, Wind, Nuclear on "Electric" tab; Hydro at bottom of "Forest" tab

STAGE Total of All Stages

CONCEPT CO2e per input CO2e per output CO2e per output CO2e per output

UNITS More detailed source notes are below table

Motor gasoline 125,070 19.6 156Gasoline / petrol 123,448 24.2 196 69 0.0344 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfMotor gasoline in stationary reciprocating engine 100,000 17.6 176 76 20% 21 211 91 21 3.5 35 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990 (omit from avg since abnormal BTU/gallon)Motor gasoline 30% 25 203 87 25 46 21,000 g CO2e/mmbtu in fig.ES-1.4 of http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf or http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdfMotor gasoline 123,500 20% 24 188 81 24 2.82 kg CO2e/L on p.61 of IEA 2004Motor gasoline 19% 23 187 80 23.3 30 13 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf

average 125,070 22% 24.1 193 83 24.1Diesel & Distillate Fuel #1,2,4 138,699 22.4 161 69 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlDiesel 133,137 27.9 209 90 74 0.0371 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfDistillate fuel oil No.1 133,137 27.9 209 90 74 0.0371 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfDistillate fuel oil No.2 133,137 27.9 209 90 74 0.0371 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfResidual Fuel oil#4 136,008 28.5 209 90 74 0.0379 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfDistillate Fuel Oil in commercial boiler 138,700 22.8 164 71 18% 27 194 83 24 4.1 30 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Distillate Fuel Oil in stationary reciprocating engin 138,700 22.7 164 70 18% 27 193 83 24 4.1 30 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Distillate Fuel Oil in small turbine 138,700 22.9 165 71 18% 27 195 84 24 4.1 30 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990diesel 23% 28 199 86 25 37 17,000 g CO2e/mmbtu in fig.ES-1.4 of http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/163.pdf or http://www.cleanairnet.org/infopool/1411/articles-35722_well_wheel.pdfdiesel 20% 27 194 83 24 33 14 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfMethane 1,010 0.12 115 50 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlFlare Gas 1,108 0.13 121 52 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlNatural Gas (Pipeline) 1,030 0.12 117 50 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlNatural gas 940 0.15 158 68 56 0.0350 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfNatural Gas in commercial boiler 1,010 0.12 122 52 23% 0.15 149 64 19 0.028 28 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Natural Gas in stationary reciprocating engine 1,010 0.14 136 58 20% 0.16 163 70 20 0.028 28 Battelle Natural Gas in small turbine 1,010 0.13 124 53 22% 0.15 151 65 19 0.028 28 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Natural Gas in residential furnace 1,010 0.12 120 52 23% 0.15 147 63 18 0.028 28 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990compressed natural gas, EU mix 18% 0.14 138 59 17 21 9 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfcompressed natural gas, 7,000km pipeline 44% 0.17 168 72 21 51 22 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfEthanol from corn in USA 0 0 167 72 21 13% Less CO2e than gasoline: p. 344 of chapter 5 of http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg3.htmEthanol from corn in USA (adding estimate of land clearance emissions) 276 119 35Etnanol:sugar beets in EU 0 0 88 38 11 88 38 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfEtnanol:sugar beets in EU, use all 0 0 33 14 4 33 14 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfEthanol:sugar cane in Brazil 0 0 56 24 7 56 24 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfEthanol:sugar cane in Brazil, use all bagasse 0 0 30 13 4 30 13 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfEthanol from sugar cane in Brazil 83,295 0 0 1.7 20 9 3 1.7 0.02321 0.2Biodiesel in EU, high and omits deforestation 0 0 177 76 22 177 76 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfBiodiesel in EU, low and omits deforestation 0 0 35 15 4 35 15 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfBiodiesel from rape seed (canola) oil 0 0 53.5% Less CO2e than diesel: p.63 of IEA 2004. Excludes tropical forest clearanceHydrogen in EU: from coal electricity 990 426 990 426 124 990 426 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfHydrogen in EU: from natural gas, 4000km 260 112 260 112 33 260 112 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfHydrogen in EU: from nuclear electricity 16 7 16 7 2 16 7 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfKerosene 134,999 21.5 160 69 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlKerosene 128,113 25.9 202 87 71 0.0357 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfKerosene 135,000 18% 25 188 81 24 3.8 28 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Aviation Gasoline 120,190 18.4 153 66 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlAviation gasoline 123,089 24.0 195 84 69 0.0343 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfJet Fuel 135,001 21.1 156 67 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlJef Fuel 77 569 245 71 derived on AIR tab from UC Berkeley studyJet Fuel 160,016 32.0 200 86 71 0.0446 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfLiquified Petroleum Gases (LPG) 92,096 12.8 139 60 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlLiquified Petroleum Gases (LPG) 91,000 13.5 148 64 19% 16 176 76 22 2.6 28 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990LPG 89,356 16.0 179 77 63 0.0249 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfPropane 91,027 12.7 139 60 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlPropane 86,126 15.3 178 77 63 0.0240 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfPropane (LPG) 13% 15 158 68 20 19 8 http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdfPetroleum Coke 143,904 32.4 225 97 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlResidual Fuel (No. 5 & 6 Fuel Oil) 149,696 26.0 174 75 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlResidual Fuel oil#5 142,467 31.1 219 94 77 0.0397 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfResidual Fuel oil#6 145,338 31.8 219 94 77 0.0405 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfResidual Fuel Oil 149,500 25.6 171 74 17% 30 201 87 25 4.5 30 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Lubricants 137,084 28.4 207 89 73 0.0382 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfButane 92,586 14.8 160 69 0.0258 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf

Same at any stage

On-site Combustion (omits making & delivering fuel)

Pre-Tank: Extract,

process, deliver

Pre-Tank: Extract, process & deliver to

customer

European numbers are

pre-tank, GHGprotocol

are onsite

Same at any

stage

Output per input

Pre-tank % onsite

CO2e per input

CO2e per input

Output per input

BTU per Gallon, Lb or

Cu.ft

Lb CO2e per Gallon, Cu.ft or

Pound

Lb CO2e / million

BTU

Grams CO2e / million joules

(MJ)

Pretank CO2e as

% of CO2e in Fuel

Lb CO2e per Gallon,

Cu.ft or Pound

Lb CO2e / million

BTU

Grams CO2e / million

joules (MJ)

Lb CO2e, same

energy 1 gal gas

Lb CO2e per

Gallon, Cu.ft or Lb

Lb CO2e / million BTU

Grams CO2e / MJ =

kg / GJ

Giga-joules per liter, kg or

Cu.mhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html

Converts more Carbon to Methane, so higher CO2e than other uses of natural gas

kg CO2e/Liter on pp.60-61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf

Anthracite Coal 12,500 2.8 227 98 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlAnthracite 11,653 3.2 278 120 98 0.0271 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfAnthracite Coal 12,700 3% 3 235 101 29 0.098 8 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Hard Coal (low estimate in ecoinvent) 299 129 106 http://www.ecoinvent.org/publications/Hard Coal (low estimate in ecoinvent) 302 130 107 http://www.ecoinvent.org/publications/Bituminous Coal 12,010 2.5 205 88 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlBituminous coal, low 11,696 3.1 267 115 95 0.0272 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfBituminous coal, high 13,287 3.6 267 115 95 0.0309 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfBituminous Coal 12,155 2.7 225 97 7% 2.9 241 104 30 0.189 16 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Sub-Bituminous Coal 8,735 1.9 213 92 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlSub-bituminous coal 10,118 2.7 271 117 96 0.02353 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfSub-Bituminous Coal 8,818 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Lignite 6,480 1.4 215 93 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlLignite 6,465 2.3 356 153 6% 2.4 377 162 47 0.137 21 Battelle http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990Tires, tire-derived fuel 16,250 3.1 190 82 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlWood 9,774 1.9 195 84 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlWood, wood waste 284 122 100 http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdfMunicipal solid waste 5,001 1.0 200 86 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlCrude Oil per barrel (42 gallons) 5,800,000 951.3 164 71 p. 205 (223 in pdf) of http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/documentation/pdf/0638(2006).pdf

per 42-gal.barrel 20.3 p. 205 (223 in pdf) of http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/ggrpt/documentation/pdf/0638(2006).pdfhttp://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlUsed as baseline where other data missing, because of careful updating discussed at http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/archive/gg99rpt/appendixb.html

Europe pre-tank only: pp.47-51 of http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/uploads/media/WTT%20App%202%20v30%20181108.pdf

API reports density from 1995, carbon content from 1986, heat content from either: table 3-5 p.59: http://www.api.org/ehs/climate/new/upload/2004_COMPENDIUM.pdfUses of kerosene, aviation gas & jet fuel are described at http://www.iea.org/interenerstat_v2/definitions/results.asp?id=22&Type=ProductsAnother thorough source is ICSU.org, which has a 2009 report on Biofuels, particularly chapters 6 on land use and 7 on greenhouse gases. http://cip.cornell.edu/biofuels/

CO2 per DollarNatural Gas 10.46 10.57 10.84 11.71 12.72 14.25 15.55 15.93 15.03 13.07 10.71 9.88 EIA http://38.96.246.204/dnav/ng/hist/n3010us3m.htm

12.56Cost/cubic foot 0.01256Lb CO2/$ 11.85

Electricity Lb CO2/$ 16.05

Brazil USABrazilian ethanol refining 90 liters produced per tonne of caneBrazilian ethanol farming 68.7 tonnes of cane/hectare/year sameBrazilian ethanol productivity 6,200 liters/hectare/year sameethanol produced per land area 663 423 gallons/acre/year 328 at h http://www.extension.org/pages/Corn_Ethanol_Productionethanol energy produced per land area 58,211 37,149 MJ/acre/yearCO2 emitted/MJ (copied from main table above) 9 grams CO2 per MJ production & distribution of ethanolyears production from land clearance 100 100 yearsCO2 from land clearance 18 9 lb CO2 per sq.ftCO2 from land clearance 779,622 383,785 lb CO2/acreCO2 from land clearance, amortized per year 7,796 3,838 lb CO2/acre per year of useful lifeCO2 from land clearance, amortized per year 61 47 grams CO2/MJ to amortize land clearanceTotal CO2 69 grams CO2/MJ, land clearance, production & distributionTotal CO2 for same energy as 1 gal. Gasolin 20 lb CO2/gallon-equivalent, land clearance, production & distributionNote sugar cane is grown for ethanol in southern Brazil, far from equatorial forest, However fields used for ethanol don't grow food, so forests are cleared elsewhere for food.

HEAT WATER 1 BTU per degree F per pound of water (definition of BTU)ground temperature 50 degrees Fhot shower 105 degrees Ftemperature rise 55 degrees Fpounds water per gallon of water 8 poundsheat gallon of hot water 440 BTU per gallon

elec elec

Per Gallon: high eff. normal normalefficiency 95% 90% 65% 60% http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/waterheating.htmBTU needed for heating above 463 489 677 733kWh needed 0.136 0.143cubic feet needed 0.657 0.711pounds Carbon per 1000btu 0.109 0.109 0.032 0.032 http://www.eia.doe.gov/kids/energyfacts/science/energy_calculator.htmlpounds CO2 per 1000btu 0.399 0.399 0.116 0.116pounds CO2 in Btu used 0.185 0.195 0.079 0.085 direct fuelpounds CO2 in kwh used to create those BTU 0.244 0.258 all stages, from table abovepounds CO2 in ft3 used to create those BTU 0.098 0.106 all stages, from table abovelength of shower 5 minutesshowerhead water flow per minute 2.2 gallons per minute http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_showerhead.htmlmeasurements of leakage from tub spigot when flow was diverted to showerhead 0.78 1.00 0.93 gallons per minute leakage

Pounds of CO2 from water heaters above, for total gallons shown in last column

Carbon: kilos Carbon/million BTU=million tonnes/quadrillion BTU

CO2e(p.9pre-tank, 11-12onsite) & higher heating value(p.9) from Battelle 6/2007 for US Dept. of Energy, Deru+Torcellini "Source Energy and Emission Factors": http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884990

CO2 onsite & lower heat value from (requires free registration) table 3 of http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf

Residential cost/1000cf by month, 2010Residential cost/1000cf average, 2010

p.61 of IEA 2004 Biofuels for Transport www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2004/biofuels2004.pdf

nat gas

nat gas

high eff.

Rate per gallon 0.24 0.26 0.10 0.11 1 gallonsshower 2.7 2.8 1.1 1.2 11 gallons20 gallons 4.9 5.2 2.0 2.1 20 gallonstub 9.8 10.3 3.9 4.2 40 gallonsClothes Washer water temperature 140 degrees F, see textwater for clothes wash cycle (assume cold water r 6.19 6.5 2.5 2.7 15.5 gallons http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_clothes_washers.html

Equivalent Energy Units

Joules (not int) kWhs1 BTU 1,054.35 1.00 0.00

1 MJ 1,000,000 948.45 1.00 0.281 kWh 3,594,806 3,410 3.59 1.0010 kWh 35,948,063 34,095 35.95 10.001 gallon of gas 131,867,051 125,070 131.87 36.68 1.00

Calculations for Summaries on CO2List.orgHydroelectric, high 1575 3.4725 12.501 458 5.325 http://co2list.org/files/co2card.pdfElectricity 227 0.4997 1.799 66 0.766Nuclear, future 42 0.0934 0.336 12 0.143Ethanol 119 0.2622 0.944 35 0.402Nuclear 35 0.0778 0.280 10 0.119Coal 102 0.2258 0.813 30 0.346Gasoline 83 0.1826 0.657 24 0.280Natural Gas 66 0.145 0.522 19 0.222Wind 13 0.0293 0.105 4 0.045Solar 8 0.0177 0.064 2 0.027Hydroelectric, unweighted average 446 0.9838 3.542 130 1.509Hydroelectric, average wtd by power 134 0.2954 1.063 39 0.453

lb/personUSA 43,967 3.200World 11,287 0.822China 6,835 0.497UNDP 2,800 0.204India 2,370 0.173see also comparison of fuels at http://lightbucket.wordpress.com/2008/02/20/carbon-emissions-from-electricity-generation-the-numbers/

Comparison of CO2 calculators is at the bottom of the "Air" tab

BTUs (not mean or int)

megajoules

gallons of gas

grams /MJ

pounds /MJ

pounds /kWh

pounds /gallon gas

length of graph on

card

AIRPLANES CO2List.org

COMPARISON OF APPROACHESGraphs and Tables at the bottom compare the CO2e estimates from several approaches.The 1st approach is the most complete. It includes CO2 from making & maintaining airports, fuel and three types of planes for three lengths of flight. We show its extensive calculations.Since the 1st is such a good start, we added to it other greenhouse gas effects at high altitudes, and adjustments for seat size. We derived equations for other distances, which is what most approaches have done.Business class & first class use more of the plane per seat, so incur more CO2e per seat (2 and 3 times as large as economy, respectively on overseas flights, for sleeping).Looking just at direct fuel use, the first four approaches give fairly comparable resultsThe 5th approach is too low on short flights & high on long flights. It has a flat rate of CO2 emissions per mile, ignoring the burden of taxiing, takeoff, climb, descent.The 6th & 7th approaches are incomplete, and only show other possible approachesThe 8th approach uses data on the actual airplanes traveling on different routes, so similar length routes can have very different emissions. It has a lot of data but excludes construction and maintenance of planes, airports, fuel refineries, etc.

A PhD dissertation covers a range of 3 planes, uses a variety of methods to find where CO2 is emitted, and reports per passenger mile, as well as other ways

Airplanes, Berkeley analysis Embraer 145 Boeing 737 Boeing 747 Embraer 145 Boeing 737 Boeing 747 http://reposi Boeing 737 Boeing 747Empty Operating Weight, lb, p.145 5,335 81,800 397,900Average miles per flight, p.146 500 950 4,500Average passengers per flight, p.146 33 101 305kg CO2/kg fuel (=g/g, lb/lb), p.150 3.15kg fuel/vehicle mile, while cruising, p.151 2.4 4.8 17g CO2e/ vehicle mile while cruising, p.151 5,300 15,000 53,000passengers+luggage as % of payload, p.154 99% 97% 83%g CO2e/passenger mile while cruising 159 144 144g CO2e/g fuel while cruising 2.21 3.13 3.12Empty Operating Weight, lb/passenger 162 810 1,305

pp.155-165 g CO2e/ passenger mile pound CO2e/ passenger mile kilojoules/passenger mile Grams CO2e per million joules (MJ)aircraft manufacture 11 3.3 11 0.024 0.007 0.024engine manufacture 3.9 0.66 2.4 0.009 0.001 0.005ground operation, auxiliary power unit (APU) 2.1 1.3 1.3 0.005 0.003 0.003 31 20 20 68 65 65 Taxi out 26 9.4 1.8 0.057 0.021 0.004 400 140 28 65 67 64 Take off 6.9 2.6 0.81 0.015 0.006 0.002 100 40 12 69 65 68 Climb out 18 6.9 2.1 0.040 0.015 0.005 270 100 31 67 69 68 Cruise 160 140 140 0.353 0.309 0.309 2300 2100 2100 70 67 67 Approach 12 4.7 1.2 0.026 0.010 0.003 180 70 19 67 67 63 Taxi in 9.7 3.5 0.68 0.021 0.008 0.001 150 52 10 65 67 68 Maintenance, lubrication & fuel 0.76 0.79 0.38 0.002 0.002 0.001Maintenance, battery 0.11 0.11 0.055 0.000 0.000 0.000Maintenance, chemical application 0.42 0.43 0.21 0.001 0.001 0.000Maintenance, parts cleaning 0.36 0.37 0.18 0.001 0.001 0.000Maintenance, metal finishing 0.4 0.42 0.2 0.001 0.001 0.000Maintenance, coating application 0.22 0.23 0.11 0.000 0.001 0.000Maintenance, depainting 0.4 0.42 0.2 0.001 0.001 0.000Maintenance, painting 0.67 0.7 0.33 0.001 0.002 0.001Maintenance, engine 0.27 0.45 1.1 0.001 0.001 0.002Insurance, incidents 0.053 0.05 0.014 0.000 0.000 0.000Insurance, health 0.12 0.23 0.15 0.000 0.001 0.000Airport construction 0.089 0.089 0.089 0.000 0.000 0.000 excludes calciningRunway construction 1.5 1.5 1.2 0.003 0.003 0.003 excludes calciningTarmacs construction 3.9 3.8 3.3 0.009 0.008 0.007runway lighting 0.56 0.55 0.47 0.001 0.001 0.001deicing fluid production 0.31 0.31 0.26 0.001 0.001 0.001ground support equipment 2.5 2.5 2.1 0.006 0.006 0.005maintenance, airports 0.0045 0.0045 0.0045 0.000 0.000 0.000maintenance, runways 0.18 0.18 0.15 0.000 0.000 0.000maintenance, tarmacs 0.48 0.47 0.4 0.001 0.001 0.001parking construction & maintenance 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.003 0.003 0.003insurance, non-operator 0.2 0.2 0.17 0.000 0.000 0.000insurance, liability 0.023 0.022 0.019 0.000 0.000 0.000refining & distributing fuel 31 23 20 0.068 0.051 0.044 AverageTotal Direct+Indirect Emissions, without IPCC factor 295 210 194 0.651 0.464 0.427 3,431 2,522 2,220 86 83 87 Total Direct+Indirect Emissions, with IPCC factor 758 615 598 1.671 1.356 1.319 3,431 2,522 2,220 221 244 269 245

Note: The following formulas convert data for 3 distances to other distances, assuming airplanes appropriate for each distance.Note: The formulas do not adjust for seat size, though this is done in the comparison table at the bottom of the page, for comparability with other approaches

grams 235 168 148 pounds 0.518 0.371 0.326

FIRST APPROACH, includes manufacture & maintenance of planes, airports, etc, comparable to vehicles on Car tab

Embraer 145

Direct fuel only, per psgr. mile

Linear Formula per passenger 45,350 + miles * 134 100.0 + miles * 0.30Apply this formula, for miles at top of column 225 182 144 0.495 0.401 0.318 % above or below original estimate -4.3% 7.9% -2.6% -4.3% 7.9% -2.6%

Averagefirst column shows factor: 2.700 507 406 386 1.117 0.896 0.851 0.955

68,030 + miles * 363 150.0 + miles * 0.80Apply this formula, for miles at top of column 499 435 378 1.100 0.958 0.834 % above or below original estimate -1.5% 6.9% -2.0% -1.5% 6.9% -2.0%

114,256 + 252 +Continuation of exponential formula 2,187,696 * ( 1.000123289 4,824 * ( 1.000123289 ^miles -1)

Apply this formula, for miles at top of column 507 406 386 1.117 0.896 0.851 % above or below original estimate 0.0000000% 0.0000000% 0.0000001% 0.0000000% 0.0000000% 0.0000001%Derivation of Exponential Formula, A+B(C^miles -1). C is derived first, then B, then A Theory is at http://CO2List.org/files/exp.htm

0.0000000001 side 1 side 21.0001232880 0.089491814 0.089491657991.0001232881 0.0894917961.0001232882 0.0894917791.0001232883 0.0894917621.0001232884 0.0894917451.0001232885 0.0894917271.0001232886 0.0894917101.0001232887 0.0894916931.0001232888 0.089491675

C= 1.0001232889 0.0894916581.0001232890 0.089491641

B= 2,187,696 4824A= 114,256 grams per takeoff 252 pounds per takeoff

Averagefirst column shows factor: 3.889 758 615 598 1.671 1.356 1.319 1.448

104,300 + miles * 544 230.0 + miles * 1.20Apply this formula, for miles at top of column 753 654 567 1.659 1.442 1.251 % above or below original estimate -0.7% 6.3% -5.2% -0.7% 6.3% -5.2%

164,034 + 362 +Continuation of exponential formula 3,267,874 * ( 1.000127325 7,206 * ( 1.000127325 ^miles -1)

Apply this formula, for miles at top of column 758 615 598 1.671 1.356 1.319 % above or below original estimate 0.00000% 0.00000% 0.00001% 0.00000% 0.00000% 0.00001%

100 300 500 950 4,500 6,000 8,000 17,000 17,000 miles 350 590 830 1,370 5,628 7,427 9,826 20,622 20,622 lb/pass, linear

3.50 1.97 1.66 1.44 1.25 1.24 1.23 1.21 1.21 lb/pass-mi, linear 2,059 971 758 615 598 652 743 1,492 1,492 grams/pass-mi, exponential 4.54 2.14 1.67 1.36 1.32 1.44 1.64 3.29 3.29 lb/pass-mi, exponential 454 642 835 1,288 5,935 8,624 13,109.329 55,910.983 55,911 lb/pass, exponential

12748.39 3.27Theory is at http://CO2List.org/files/exp.htm

0.0000000001 side 1 side 21.0001273240 0.08879419755892 0.08879403097 Graphs at bottom have the same 2 lines, plus other comparisons1.0001273241 0.088794180318381.0001273242 0.088794163077831.0001273243 0.088794145837291.0001273244 0.088794128596751.0001273245 0.088794111356221.0001273246 0.088794094115681.0001273247 0.088794076875151.0001273248 0.088794059634621.0001273249 0.088794042

C= 1.0001273250 0.08879402515357B= 3,267,874 7206 pounds per passenger, to be adjusted for flight lengthA= 164,034 grams per takeoff 362 pounds per takeoff

Direct Fuel with commonly used factor on CRUISING emissions, per passenger mile

Linear Formula per passenger

Exponential formula per passenger^miles -1)

Subtract equations 1&2, then 1&3 (expressing CO2e for miles 500, 950, 4500 above) to gain 2 equations without ATake ratio of 2 equations to eliminate B. Iterate to find C where 2 sides of equation matchincrement in Cstarting point for C

Total Direct+Indirect with IPCC factor on CRUISING emissions, g or lb per passenger mile

Linear formula per passenger

Exponential formula per passenger^miles -1)

Applications of Exponential & Linear Formulas:

Derivation of Exponential Formula, A+B(C^miles -1). C is derived first, then B, then ASubtract equations 1&2, then 1&3 (expressing CO2e for miles 500, 950, 4500 above) to gain 2 equations without ATake ratio of 2 equations to eliminate B. Then try values of C to find where 2 sides of equation matchincrement in Cstarting point for C

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,0000

1

2

3

4

5

Exponential Formula

Linear

Miles

Poun

ds C

O2e

per

Pas

seng

er M

ile

100 1,000 10,000100

1,000

10,000

Exponential FormulaLinear

Miles

Poun

ds C

O2e

per

Pas

-se

nger

AIRPLANES' WARMING EFFECT IS BIGGER THAN CO2 http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_sr/?src=/climate/ipcc/aviation/064.htmIPCC working group Total warming effect (radiative forcing, in Watts per square meter)Total (omitting effect on cirrus clouds 0.050CO2 0.018NOx (via ozone changes) 0.023NOx (via methane changes) -0.014contrails 0.020stratospheric H2O 0.002sulfate aerosol (direct effect) -0.003black carbon aerosol (soot) 0.003

2.778 Total as multiple of CO2, excluding cirrus effects3.889

The final estimate above for the 1st Approach (above) includes the middle of the cirrus estimateThe 2nd approach (below) rounds the 2.778 multiplier to 3, since the IPCC working group was careful to use only one significant digit in their total.

SECOND APPROACH http://www.ChooseClimate.org/flyi This site is a powerful, clear, enjoyable website on CO2 from air travel.seats on Boeing 747 370 This model was highly rated by http://coinet.org.uk/materials/carboncalculationsoccupancy rate 80%passengers per flight 296

143 1,034 16,486 Sample kilometers from websitekg fuel per kilometer (747) 7840 + 10.1 * (kilometers-250) constant is for takeoff, climb, descent, including 250 milessame formula rearranged 7840 - 10.1 * 250 + 10.1 * kilometersconstants calculated in same formula 5315 + kilometers * 10.1kg fuel per passenger 17.96 + kilometers * 0.034 23 53 580kg plain CO2 per kg fuel 3.11kg plain CO2 per passenger 55.82 + kilometers * 0.11 71 166 1,805 kgpounds plain CO2 per passenger 123.06 + kilometers * 0.23 157 365 3,978 poundspounds plain CO2 per passenger 123.06 + miles * 0.38 157 365 3,978 poundspounds CO2 equivalent per passenger 369.19 + miles * 1.13 531 1,537 18,983 pounds

Multiplier for mass 2.20462 pounds per kiloMultiplier for distance 1.609344 kilometers per statute mile They say total effect is "3 times greater;" they calculate with multiplier of 3 not 4Multiplier for Greenhouse gas equivalen 3.00 kg CO2 equivalent per kg CO2 "Total warming effect of CO2,Ozone (made by NOx), water vapour and contrails"

THIRD APPROACH http://www.climatecrisis.net/takeaction/carboncalculator/howitwascalculated.html

milesshort flights (front page of calculator says 300 miles, but explanation says 250) 0.64 250 160 7.92 0.18short flights (front page of calculator says 300 miles, but explanation says 250) 0.64 300 192 9.50 0.18medium flights 0.45 800 360 17.82 0.13long flights 0.39 2,500 975 48.26 0.11extended flights 0.39 5,000 1,950 96.53 0.11

FOURTH APPROACH kilometers miles % fullGhgprotocol.org includes pages with different numbers for short haul (and medium haul, which is derived from short haul). Climatecrisis.net uses the first number.

0.18 500 90 0.64 3110.126 1600 202 0.45 994 Their complete list of calculators is at http://www.ghgprotocol.org/calculation-tools/all-tools

0.11 5000 550 0.39 3107 450 70%0.15 500 75 0.53 311 128 65% http://www.defra.gov.uk/environment/business/envrp/pdf/envrpgas-annexes.pdf0.12 1600 192 0.43 994 Page 9 cites "IPCC manual" and "Netcen (2005)" and gives the plane sizes & load factors shown at left

Ghgprotocol.org derives an equation which yields the same total CO2 for these short and long hauls: For the IPCC Manual see the SEVENTH APPROACH belowX & Y are unknown X + km * Y = total CO2 (kg) at given distance (km) NETCEN is the National Environmental Technology Centre, owned by consultants AEA Technology PLC, http://netcen.co.uk

X + 500 * Y 90 DEFRA is shifting its climate change efforts to the new UK "Dept of Climate Change" http://www.decc.gov.uk/X + 5000 * Y 550

Solve for X & Y 38.88888888889 + km * 0.1022222222 = total CO2 (kg) at given distance (km)Convert to pounds 85.73522222222 + km * 0.2253611556 = total CO2 (pounds) at given distance (km)Convert to miles 85.73522222222 + miles * 0.3626836235 = total CO2 (pounds) at given distance (miles)They use this formula for medium haul flights, and we applied this equation at the bottom of the page (4th approach) for comparisonWRI also has a calculator at SafeClimate.net, which calculates 0.64 kg/passenger kilometer, regardless of flight length

"Changes in 'natural' cirrus clouds caused by aircraft may result in negligible or potentially large radiative forcing; an estimate could fall between 0 and 0.04" Watts per square meter

Total as multiple of CO2, including middle of cirrus estimate

CO2: lb / passenger

miletotal CO2 (pounds)

tons in 99 flights (to compare to

calculator)

kg plain CO2 per passenger

kilometer

Note: This climatecrisis website says they adapted info from Ghgprotocol.org, which is sponsored by World Resources Institute, WRI, though WRI has its own more simplistic calculator at safeclimate.net

kg plain CO2 per passenger

kilometertotal CO2

(kg)

CO2: lb / passenger

milePlane capacity,

passengers

short haul, "mobile" calculator http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf page 10 cites NETCEN & British Airwaysmedium haul, "mobile" calculatorlong haul, both calculators http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/Business_Travel_ServiceSector_v2.0_Final.xls cites UK DEFRAshort haul, "business" calculatormedium haul, "business" calculator

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 14,000 16,000 18,0000

1

2

3

4

5

Exponential Formula

Linear

Miles

Poun

ds C

O2e

per

Pas

seng

er M

ile

http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pdfaverage average Other modes are on Services tab

domestic air 243 0.54

INFO FOR A SIXTH APPROACHSixth approach (pilots' data from 2 sources) shows how climb burns fuel & descent saves it; illustrative more than reliableLines at the end of this approach show lower figures than other approacheshttp://www.flywestwind.com/Hangar/Aircraft_Files/FOMs/B733FOM.pdf

minutes miles/min miles at speedclimbing speed <10,000ft 250 knots (KIAS) 1800 10,000 5.6 288 4.8 27climbing speed 10,000-16,000 0.45 Mach 1800 6,000 3.3 295 4.9 16climbing speed >16,000ft 0.75 Mach 1200 20,000 16.7 491 8.2 136TOTAL CLIMB 25.6 179.4cruising speed 0.75 Mach 491descent to 16,000ft 0.7 Mach 1800 20,000 11.1 458 7.6 85descent 16,000ft to 10nautical miles from 250 knots (KIAS) 1800 12,293 6.8 288 4.8 33last 10 nautical miles 220 knots (KIAS) 1800 3,707 2.1 253 4.2 9TOTAL DESCENT 20.0 126.3

speed of sound at 36,000ft 654.6 mph http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mach_number

http://www.airliners.net/aviation-forums/tech_ops/read.main/4730/The current most common 737 is the 737-300. Here are some very rough values, that a certain airline uses to compute manual flight plans in case the computer system fails.

pounds of fuel pounds fuel excess poundsClimb 2950 lbs/15min 26 5,026 179 16 940Cruise 5500 lbs/hr 5,500 491 11 0Descent 600 lbs/20min 20 600 126 5 -815Hold 2650 lbs/30minAlternate - 1950 / 20minsMin arrival fuel - 6300lbsRecomended arrival fuel - 8300lbsThese numbers were based on 27000 lbs/payload

130 passengers/payload

Extra for climbpounds fuel 126 + miles * 11pounds plain CO2 415 + miles * 37pounds plain CO2 per passenger 3 + miles * 0.28pounds CO2 equivalent per passenge 10 + miles * 0.85

SEVENTH APPROACH 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventorieshttp://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/2_Volume2/V2_3_Ch3_Mobile_Combustion.pdf

These sites of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change give data on dozens of individual aircraft models.They give CO2 and other gases per Landing & Take Off, which includes all travel under 3,000 feet altitude.To use this we would also need: Distance traveled under 3000 feet altitude

CO2 or fuel consumption per mile while cruising over 3,000 feetAverage passengers per flight

EIGHTH APPROACHThis carbon offset group has a very detailed airplane calculator.They use data for each region and airplane, though not the making & maintenance of planes or airportsThis approach results in different CO2 estimates for similar distances in different placesthey use the IPCC low factor of 3 for fuel burned above 9 kilometers 29,528 feet distances from http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0759496.html recommended by UK consumer group http://www.ethicalconsumer.org/FreeBuyersGuides/miscellaneous/carbonoffsetting.aspx except shortest 2 are from http://www.webflyer.com/travel/mileage_calculator/

econ/avg km miles Berkeley+CoolCalifornia.org 2 =radiative forcing

buenos aires-shanghai 6010 19636 0.306 12,201

FIFTH APPROACH: Study of different transport modes

grams CO2/pas-senger mile

pounds CO2/pas-

senger mile

feet altitude /minute

change in 1000s of feet

MPH, in calm air

Total minutes from

aboveTotal miles from above

pounds fuel per mile

https://www.atmosfair.de/index.php?id=5&no_cache=1&L=3

kg CO2, all classes

kg CO2, economy

econ kg CO2/km

kg/pass. km (calc

from g/mile on

left)

g/pass. mile

(documentation)

metric tonnes

(shown by calculator)

miles/ flight

(derived from A and C)

km/ flight (calc from

miles/ flight on

left)

kg per flight of various lengths

(incl forcing)

100 1000 10000 1000000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Atmosfair

kilometers

kg C

O2

per p

asse

nger

-km

Cape Town-honolulu 5660 18562 0.305 11,534 0.139 223 avg flightrio de janeiro-tokyo 5660 18561 0.305 11,533 0.158 254 <400 15.24 300 483 152buenos aires-hong kong 5630 18462 0.305 11,472 0.127 204 400-1500 40.8 1,000 1,609 408buenos aires-tokyo 5590 18359 0.304 11,408 0.112 181 1500-3000 81.44 2,250 3,621 814buenos aires-manila 5400 17785 0.304 11,051 0.107 172 >3000 137.6 4,000 6,437 1376london-sydney 6440 5160 17001 0.304 10,564 london-hong kong 3430 2750 80.2% 9627 0.286 5,982 London-Los Angeles 3040 2440 80.3% 8661 0.282 5,382 london-new york 1740 1390 79.9% 5565 0.250 3,458 rome-cairo 460 2124 0.217 1,320 rome-stockholm 480 1986 0.242 1,234 buenos aires-rio de janeiro 430 1931 0.223 1,200 london-rome 310 1427 0.217 887 new york-chicago 290 1147 0.253 713 paris-rome 250 1122 0.223 697 hong kong-manila 270 1115 0.242 693 washington-chicago 230 961 0.239 597 berlin-london 220 932 0.236 579 berlin-paris 200 877 0.228 545 berlin-stockholm 200 811 0.247 504 stockholm-warsaw 230 806 0.285 501 washington-montreal 100 785 0.127 488 san francisco-los angeles 150 558 0.269 347 new york-montreal 80 515 0.155 320 london-paris 70 60 85.7% 343 0.175 213 seattle-Vancouver 60 50 83.3% 204 0.245 127 newark-philadelphia 50 40 80.0% 127 0.315 79

Comparison of CO2 Calculators

Cool California EPAMethods PaperGasolinemiles per Imperial gallon (p.13 of methods) 37grams CO2/km (p.13) 184kg CO2/liter 4.3 2.3 2.4 2.32 2.3 2.4miles per US gallon 30.8lb CO2/mile 0.65224352 1.4 to 2.1lb CO2/US gallon 36.1 19.6 20.1 19.4 19.6 20.421 19.6Electricitykg CO2/kWh (p.9 average) 0.76 0.62 0.527 0.54 0.62 0.65 0.61lb CO2/kWh 1.67 1.37 1.16 1.19 1.363 NA 1.43 1.34Calculators in each country have similar data for Gasoline and Electricity, excluding Life Cycle costs

Cool California Atmosfair.deRadiative Forcing Index (RFI) 3.9 3.9 2.7 2.7 2.7 2 2 2 3.9 3 none none none none none 3

kg CO2e per passenger kilometer kg CO2e per passenger kilometershortest flight: Newark-Philadelphia 1.28 0.96 0.88 0.405 0.450 0.377 105 1.20 1.64 0.69 0.41 0.15 1.29 0.31 127 79Seattle-Vancouver 0.88 0.70 0.60 0.405 0.450 0.312 140 0.75 1.14 0.43 0.29 0.15 0.80 0.25 204 127kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.67 0.56 0.45 0.405 0.450 0.277 183 0.51 0.88 0.29 0.23 0.15 0.54 300 186kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.55 0.49 0.37 0.405 0.450 0.259 229 0.38 0.73 0.18 0.22 0.20 0.15 0.41 402 250

Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture,

Exponential

Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture,

LinearFuel Alone, Exponential

The Carbon Account .com (in

UK)Carbon Diet .org

(in UK)Bonneville B-E-F

.orgBonneville B-E-

F .org

Chester + RFI + class (1st

approach)Gore (3rd approach)

WRI (4th approach)

electricity in calculator above varies by eGrid subregion. this is US average, i.e slightly more than South Texas average

electricity in the calculator above varies by state; this is US average

Airplanes, Economy Seat, for flight distances shown in columns Q and R

Bonneville B-E-F.org, kg CO2

per Passenger-km

Bonneville B-E-F.org, lb CO2 per

Passenger

Chester + RFI + seating

class (see "Air" tab, 1st

approach)

Choose Climate (2nd

approach)Gore (3rd approach)

Gore CO2 per km shown

SafeClimateGHG (4th

approach)

Multi-mode Study (5th approach)

Nature Conservancy:

their CO2 for flights above &

below 300mi one way, per

km shownone-way

kmone-way

miles

100 1000 10000 1000000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Atmosfair

kilometers

kg C

O2

per p

asse

nger

-km

100 1,000 10,000 100,0000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Choose Climate Column B

Column C CarbonAccount

CarbonDiet Bonneville

Atmosfair Multi-mode Study

Al Gore GHG

Kilometers of Flight

Kilo

s CO

2e p

er P

asse

nger

-Km

100 1,000 10,000 100,0000.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

Column B

Column C

Atmosfair

Berkeley

Kilometers of Flight

Kilo

s CO

2e p

er P

asse

nger

-Km

kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.39 0.39 0.26 0.405 0.450 0.232 411 0.51 0.39 0.53 0.11 0.15 0.15 1.24 805 500kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.36 0.36 0.24 0.405 0.450 0.226 498 0.41 0.49 0.16 0.14 0.15 1.00 999 621kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.36 0.36 0.24 0.405 0.300 0.226 499 0.41 0.49 0.16 0.14 0.15 1.00 1001 622kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.33 0.35 0.22 0.405 0.300 0.221 628 0.32 0.45 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.15 0.78 1287 800kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.31 0.33 0.21 0.405 0.300 0.219 737 0.27 0.31 0.43 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.65 1529 950kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.29 0.31 0.19 0.405 0.300 0.213 1129 0.17 0.39 0.07 0.12 0.15 0.42 2399 1491kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.29 0.31 0.19 0.270 0.300 0.213 1136 0.34 0.39 0.07 0.12 0.15 0.41 2416 1501kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.28 0.30 0.19 0.270 0.300 0.210 1860 0.20 0.36 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.25 4022 2499kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.28 0.30 0.19 0.270 0.300 0.230 2042 0.20 0.36 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.25 4025 2501kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.29 0.30 0.19 0.270 0.300 0.229 2521 0.28 0.35 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.20 4999 3106kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.29 0.30 0.19 0.270 0.320 0.229 2522 0.28 0.35 0.09 0.11 0.15 0.20 5001 3107kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.31 0.29 0.20 0.270 0.320 0.227 3623 0.19 0.31 0.34 0.12 0.11 0.15 0.14 7242 4500kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.31 0.29 0.20 0.270 0.320 0.227 3995 0.17 0.34 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.12 7999 4970kg CO2e per passenger kilometer 0.31 0.29 0.20 0.297 0.320 0.227 4020 0.17 0.34 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.15 0.12 8049 5001longest flight: London-Sydney 0.46 0.28 0.29 0.297 0.320 0.225 8469 0.08 0.33 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.06 0.30 17100 10625

"fuel alone" column includes 2.7 factor for radiative forcing, but not production & delivery http://www.nature.org/popups/misc/art20625.htmlBonneville asks for "roundtrip" mileage, & applies their formula to it. For comparability we apply their formula to twice the one-way miles shown, & divide resulting CO2e in half http://www.nature.org/initiatives/climatechange/calculator/?src=l12The common practice of segmenting into short, medium & long flights seems unwise, since it creates notches which can be avoided by fitting a curve to the data. Discussed at http://CO2List.org/files/exp.htm

kg CO2e per passenger trip kg CO2e per passenger trip

Fuel Alone Carbon Diet .org b-e-f .org kmkg CO2e per passenger trip 162 121 112 51 57 48 208 52 19 127kg CO2e per passenger trip 200 169 136 122 135 83 263 70 45 300kg CO2e per passenger trip 222 198 151 163 181 104 295 73 80 61 402kg CO2e per passenger trip 312 310 209 326 362 186 312 424 121 122 805kg CO2e per passenger trip 357 364 237 405 450 226 485 141 151 999kg CO2e per passenger trip 357 365 238 405 300 226 486 141 151 1001kg CO2e per passenger trip 424 444 281 521 386 285 577 163 170 194 1287kg CO2e per passenger trip 481 512 318 619 459 334 481 654 195 231 1529kg CO2e per passenger trip 698 754 458 972 720 512 931 284 362 2399kg CO2e per passenger trip 702 759 461 652 725 516 936 286 365 2416kg CO2e per passenger trip 1144 1206 745 1086 1207 844 1447 450 607 4022kg CO2e per passenger trip 1145 1207 745 1087 1208 926 1448 442 450 608 4025kg CO2e per passenger trip 1441 1478 935 1350 1500 1144 1758 550 755 4999kg CO2e per passenger trip 1442 1479 936 1350 1600 1144 1759 550 755 5001kg CO2e per passenger trip 2218 2103 1431 1955 2317 1644 2217 2472 779 1094 7242kg CO2e per passenger trip 2512 2314 1618 2160 2560 1813 2713 857 1208 7999kg CO2e per passenger trip 2532 2328 1631 2391 2576 1824 2729 885 862 1216 8049kg CO2e per passenger trip 7857 4848 4971 5079 5472 3843 5609 1787 2582 17100

Factor for Economy Class 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Premium Economy 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.15 1.20 1.00 1.00Local Business Class 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.40 2.10 1.00 1.49 1.88Local First Class 1.26 1.26 1.26 1.60 3.40 1.00 2.50Overseas Business Class 2.14 2.14 2.14 1.40 2.10 1.00 1.49 1.88Overseas First Class 3.14 3.14 3.14 1.60 3.40 1.00 2.50

Typical Seat Width Davide Ross http://www.carbonplanet.com/downloads/ghg_emission_factors_for_flights.pdfEconomy 32 17.5 73% 0.82 Premium Economy 38 18.5 1% 1.03 http://www.seatguru.com/charts/premium_economy.phpLocal First & Business 37 19 13% 1.03 http://www.seatguru.com/charts/domestic_first_class.phpOverseas Business 60 20 10% 1.76 http://www.seatguru.com/charts/business_class.phpOverseas First 80 22 3% 2.59 http://www.seatguru.com/charts/intl_first_class.php

680 Weighted Average Square Inches per SeatFor fraction of passenger miles, Atmosfair quotes Bucher ratio of 74:20:6 on p. 9 of https://www.atmosfair.de/fileadmin/user_upload/Medienecke/Downloadmaterial/Rund_um_atmosfair/Documentation_Calculator_EN_2008.pdf

Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture,

Exponential

Fuel, Vehicle, Infrastruc-ture,

LinearThe Carbon

Account .com

Deriving Adjustment Factors for Seating Classes

Typical Seat Pitch (inches)

This Seat as Fraction of All

Passenger Miles

Seat Size as % of Weighted

Average Size

IATA reports changes in the total passengers by class, but unclear if they have overall counts http://www.reuters.com/article/marketsNews/idUSLI44632720090818

100 1,000 10,000 100,0000.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Choose Climate Column B

Column C CarbonAccount

CarbonDiet Bonneville

Atmosfair Multi-mode Study

Al Gore GHG

Kilometers of Flight

Kilo

s CO

2e p

er P

asse

nger

-Km

100 1,000 10,000100

1,000

10,000

Notches appear where some calcula-tors make sudden changes in CO2e

per passenger-km.

Choose Climate Column B

Column C CarbonAccount

CarbonDiet Bonneville

Multi-mode Study Al Gore

WRI

Kilometers of Flight

Kilo

s C

O2e

per

Pas

seng

er

FOREST Tropical Forests Temperate >20 Years Old Boreal Tropical ForestsHydroelectric at bottom of page

Rainforest Dry Continental Mountain Coniferous Equatorial Seasonal2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdfGibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks" http://www.sage.wisc.edu/pubs/articles/F-L/Gibbs/gibbsERLarticle2007.pdf

Soil data from Houghton+Hackler 2001, Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes: 1850 to 1990 A142

Tonnes dry weight of living matter above ground, per hectare = tenths of a kilo per sq. meterEurope & Asia 120 100 55America 300 220 210 130 130 55Sub-Saharan Africa 310 260 120Asian Continent 280 180 130Asian Islands 350 290 160

Roots as % of above ground 37% 24% 28% 23% 23% 39% p.49Carbon as % of dry matter 47% 47% 47% 47% 47% 47% p.48Fallen trees+leaf litter 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% Gibbs says ~10-20% of above ground weight

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meterEurope & Asia 134 134 206America 98 98 69 134 134 206Sub-Saharan Africa 100 100 50Asian Continent 120 80 50Asian Islands 120 80 50

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meterEurope & Asia 101 101 155America 74 74 52 101 101 155Sub-Saharan Africa 75 75 37Asian Continent 84 56 37Asian Islands 84 56 37

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meterEurope & Asia 69 58 36America 193 128 126 75 75 36Sub-Saharan Africa 200 152 72 The following % of all Carbon decays under waterAsian Continent 180 105 78 42% 42%Asian Islands 225 169 96 The following % of all carbon goes into methane under water

14% 14%Tropical from Petit Saut below.

A. Released when cut or burned: includes roots, living+dead above ground, & change in soil B. Total Carbon / hectareTonnes Carbon / hectare Tonnes Carbon / hectareEurope & Asia 111 98 91America 238 168 158 117 117 91 312 242Sub-Saharan Africa 246 195 94 321 270Asian Continent 236 142 100 320 198Asian Islands 286 213 121 370 269

Moist Deciduous

They cite the above "Guidelines," and explain they adjust with Carbon ratio and root ratio. We do same for temperate & add dead matter.

Boreal is midpoint of 10-90 range

Tonnes Carbon / hectare, in undisturbed soil

Tonnes Carbon / hectare, after disturbed soil oxidizes

Tonnes Carbon / hectare, includes roots & living matter above ground

A. Released when cut or burned: includes roots, living+dead above ground, & change in soil B. Released when flooded by reservoir

Europe & Asia 41 36 33America 87 61 58 43 43 33 103 80Sub-Saharan Africa 90 71 34 106 89Asian Continent 87 52 37 106 65Asian Islands 105 78 44 122 89

Europe & Asia 8 7 7America 18 13 12 9 9 7 21 16Sub-Saharan Africa 19 15 7 22 18Asian Continent 18 11 8 22 13Asian Islands 21 16 9 25 18

Europe & Asia 4 3 1.1America 3.1 2 1 4 3 1.1Sub-Saharan Africa 3.1 1.3 1.8Asian Continent 2.2 2 1.5Asian Islands 3.4 3 2

Annual growth: Tonnes dry weight of living matter above ground, per hectareEurope & Asia 4 3 1.1America <20 years old 11 7 4 4 3 1.1America >20 years old 3.1 2 1 4 3 1.1Africa <20 years old 10 5 2.4Africa >20 years old 3.1 1.3 1.8Asian Continent <20 years ol 7 9 6Asian Continent >20 years ol 2.2 2 1.5Asian Islands <20 years old 13 11 7Asian Islands >20 years old 3.4 3 2

Annual growth: pounds CO2 above & below ground, per acreEurope & Asia - - - 7,563 5,672 2,350 America <20 years old 23,164 13,342 7,870 7,563 5,672 2,350 America >20 years old 6,528 3,812 1,968 7,563 5,672 2,350 Africa <20 years old 21,059 9,530 4,722 - - - Africa >20 years old 6,528 2,478 3,542 - - - Asian Continent <20 years ol 14,741 17,154 11,805 - - - Asian Continent >20 years ol 4,633 3,812 2,951 - - - Asian Islands <20 years old 27,376 20,966 13,773 - - - Asian Islands >20 years old 7,160 5,718 3,935 - - -

Daily growth: pounds CO2 above & below ground, per acreEurope & Asia - - - 21 16 6 America <20 years old 63 37 22 21 16 6 America >20 years old 18 10 5 21 16 6 Africa <20 years old 58 26 13 - - - Africa >20 years old 18 7 10 - - -

Kilos CO2e/sq.meter Kilos CO2e/sq.meter

Pounds CO2e/sq.foot Pounds CO2e/sq.foot

Tonnes dry weight of growth in natural forests, above ground, per hectare per yearBoreal is midpoint of .1-2.1 range

Boreal is midpoint of .1-2.1 range

Asian Continent <20 years ol 40 47 32 - - - Asian Continent >20 years ol 13 10 8 - - - Asian Islands <20 years old 75 57 38 - - - Asian Islands >20 years old 20 16 11 - - -

Dam Megawatts

capacity factor (sources below 65%Tucurí 2,430 1.7 Rain forest 2,602,945 4,228 24,075,371 21,691,909 0.874Samuel 559 0.4 Rain forest 535,407 218 1,241,349 1,118,455 3.487Xingó 60 50.0 Scrub sava 41,668 3,000 17,082,000 15,390,882 0.020Serra da Mesa 1,784 0.7 Savanna 895,373 1,267 7,212,248 6,498,236 1.004Três Marinas 1,040 0.4 Savanna 540,335 395 2,250,269 2,027,492 1.941Miranda 51 7.7 Savanna 38,332 390 2,221,377 2,001,461 0.139Barra Bonita 312 0.5 Atlantic for 137,341 140 799,438 720,293 1.389Itaipu 1,549 8.1 Atlantic for 93,269 12,593 71,706,649 64,607,691 0.011

Segredo 82 15.4 Atlantic for 23,497 1,260 7,176,376 6,465,915 0.026Average, weighted by MWh 0.297Unweighted average 0.988Average, weighted by sq. km 1.060Farrer 2007 Hydroelectric Reservoirs http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdfFarrer quotes Santos 2006 for the table above. Some of the same numbers, plus volume & age are at http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/3_Santos_1.pdfAlso need to include emissions at spillway & downstream, resulting in 1.9 times as much total CO2e, based on Petit Saut measurements below, or 15 times as much, based on Tucurui 1991 from Fearnside.500-year factor for methane is only 7.6. More relevant 100-year factor would be 25, resulting in 1.7 times as much total CO2e, based on Petit Saut measurements belowThese 2 factors raise the average pounds of CO2e per kwh, weighted by amount of power, to

weighted by MWh

Tucurui 1991 % of total lb CO2e per kwh deliver http://philiMethane from reservoir surfa 0.093734 7% 1Methane from turbines 0.7854 56% 8Methane from spillway 0.5353 38% 6total methane 1.414434 100% 15total Carbon equivalent (low 7 2.35total Carbon equivalent (high 10.1 3.39

General: http://www.dams.org/docs/kbase/thematic/tr22pt2.pdf

Emissions from Petit Saut Hydroelectric System p.12 in http://www.epoc.u-bordeaux.fr/indiv/Abril/documents/publi/Abril_et_al_2005_GBC.pdfTonnes Carbon in CO2 Emissions Tonnes Carbon in CH4 Emissions

sq. kilometers

Watts / sq.meter

Carbon equivalent

from CO2 & CH4 (500yr

factor), tonnes /year, Measured

Diffusion & Bubbles

MWh Generated

per year

MWh Delivered

per year

Pounds CO2e per

generated kWh

based on emissions and size at

left

Mega-Tonnes

ratio to reservoir Fearnside, P.M. 2002. Greenhouse gas emissions from a hydroelectric reservoir (Brazil’s Tucuruí Dam) and the energy policy implications. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 133(1-4): 69-96

Total Total CH41994, First filled 282,000 193,000 14,000 75,000 73,190 30,150 32,850 10,0001995 302,200 207,000 20,200 75,000 75,150 11,620 22,240 39,4401996 324,800 219,000 30,800 75,000 48,660 6,990 10,470 28,4001997 216,800 121,000 20,800 75,000 22,110 1,020 3,470 15,2801998 219,600 140,000 17,100 62,500 21,780 2,330 2,980 15,2301999 170,100 110,000 10,100 50,000 15,770 910 2,370 11,3202000 99,200 54,000 7,700 37,500 23,730 2,150 1,770 18,4602001 86,800 44,000 5,300 37,500 13,190 1,660 1,260 9,3802002 104,800 60,000 7,300 37,500 16,330 1,470 750 12,5702003 121,800 75,000 9,300 37,500 8,570 1,390 440 5,180Total 1,928,100 1,223,000 142,600 562,500 318,480 59,690 78,600 165,260Each C as % of total C 86% 54% 6% 25% 14% 3% 3% 7%CO2e, tonnes 7,069,700 4,484,333 522,867 2,062,500 10,616,000 1,989,667 2,620,000 5,508,667

Each CO2e as % of total CO2e 40% 25% 3% 12% 60% 11% 15% 31%Area flooded 360 square kilometers p.2Original tonnes carbon/hecta 270 p.14, citing a 1986 studyOriginal tonnes carbon 9,720,000 p.14Carbon decayed so far 23% calc as % of original stock, but comes from current tributaries, as well as original stockWill decay under water 42% p.14, as % of original stock; note Carbon from tributaries will also keep arriving & decayingelectricity 116 megawatts http://fr.wiki http://ense http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/energy/op/hydro_tremblaypaper.pdfgenerated 1,016,828 megawatt hours per yearcapacity factor or load factor 65% http://www.hy 30-77 at h 25-75 at http://biet-civil.blogspot.com/2011/03/hydro-electric-plants.htmlelectricity generated per year 660,938 megawatt hours per yearelectricity 6609383040 kWh in 10 years so faremissions so far 5.898 pounds CO2e/kWh

744.2 Grams CO2e per generated megajoule (MJ)

Finland Lokka Porttipahta

low high low highCH4 5.3 119 660 2.5 4.8 milligrams per sq.m per dayCO2 21 133 133 36 95 milligrams per sq.m per hourN2O -89 270 micrograms per sq.m per dayC in methane as % of total C 3% 9% 36% 0.8% 0.6%Source:Huttunen et al, 2002 Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 16(1), 1003, "Fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O in hydroelectric reservoirs Lokka and Porttipahta in the northern boreal zone in Finland" http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001316They say the modernity of the methane suggests it not from flooded peat, but is forming in the water, just as it does in eutrophied lakes.

Annual totals: Source: Huttunen, "Importance of Winter in the Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Northern Hydro Reservoirs" http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/2_Huttunen.pdfCH4 3.1 29.1 2.09 2.2 grams per sq.m per yearCO2 244 244 398.3 398.3 grams per sq.m per yearN2O 0.0083 0.0083 0.029 0.029 grams per sq.m per year

Diffuse from

surface

Degassing at Dam

Diffuse from Estuary

Diffuse from surface

Bubbling from

ShallowsDegassing

at Dam

Diffusion primarily, plus bubbles shown

bubble gas

collectors

C in methane as % of total C 0.15% 1.35% 0.06% 0.06%CO2e per sq.m 324 974 459 462 grams per sq.m per yearArea 417 216 214 34 square kilometersCO2e from whole reservoir 297,819,558 463,776,408 216,628,650 34,623,756

Average CO2e from whole res 380,797,983 125,626,203

Annual energy 0.5 100 GWh= millions of kWh, with "average water" as designated by the owner of the hydro plants, Kemijokihttp://www.kemijoki.fi/Kemijoki/kemijoki.nsf/TD/D31E1EE53951EB1942256C6E003AB62C/$File/kemijoki_taskuesite_ENGL_netti.pdf?OpenElementComparison of p.6 & p.8 shows that GWh are final output, after subtracting plants' internal consumptionwatts/sq.meter 0.0002 0.0921pounds CO2e/kWh 762 1.26average of two reservoirs 5.0No data on emissions in the turbines and spillway

Horvath estimates based on Lake Powell and Glen Canyon dam, if transposed to other ecosystems repositor

desert scrub (actual) 49 0.1 4.6grassland 99 0.2woodland and shrubland 370 0.8boreal forests 1,296 2.9temperate forests 2,053 4.5tropical forests 2,696 5.9omits arrival of detritus from watershed, except what stays in sediment until decommissioning

Vattenfall (Swedish Power company) Pounds CO2e

6 0.013 1.67 http://www.environdec.com/reg/epd88.pdfand http://www.environdec.com/reg/088/dokument/08_waterEPD.pdf

data on 14 power plants hectaresreduction in critical biotope 0.0003 30,000 1E+12reduction in rare biotope 0.0002 20,000 1E+12All plants TWh/year 31.3Life of study (years) 10014 plants 1E+12 31%reservoirs' area 70,320

g CO2e/kwh

lb CO2e/kwh

additional g CO2e /kwh

from detritus in sediment,

not decomposi

ng until decommissi

oning

grams CO2e /kWh

per kWh

per kWh with

transmis-sion losses

Grams CO2e per delivered

megajoule (MJ)

square meters per

kWhimplied

kWh

water area before dams built 9,647flooded area 0.0006 60,673 most had unknown uses, because of lack of pre-construction aerial photography

Vattenfall reported CO2 emissions from "inundation of land" alone: 3.1 0.007 1

Soil Litter RootsVattenfall quotes Adams 1998 (ORNL 10,000 tons Carbon /sq.km

which is: 100 tons Carbon /hectare

Vattenfall says 1/2 flooded C decays 50 tons Carbon /hectare

Total C from decay 3,033,650 tons Carbon

Total CO2 from decay 11,123,383 tons CO2

Which gives decay CO2/kWh based on their quote of Adams 11.5 0.025 3Adams actually says: 129 15 50 http://www.esd.ornl.gov/projects/qen/carbon12.html

206 4 36 26 10If half the uncleared Carbon decays: 103 2 5Total C from decay 6,249,319 117,630 1,568,397 305,837 Total CO2 from decay 22,914,170 431,309 5,750,789 1,121,404

per kWh 23.6 0.4 5.9 1.2 31.1 This recalculation of decay co2 is low but is 10 times the figure Vattenfall gives for decay 0.07 9

Diffusion only mmol/sq.meter/dayReservoir Filled Studied CH4 CO2 C in methane as % of total CLokka, Finland 1967 Je-Se'94 0.5 11.5 4% shallow

1.2 39.3 3%Je-Ag'95 0.3 20.2 1%

7.4 72.5 9%Porttipahta, Finland 1970 Je-Ag'95 0.2 19.6 1% deep

0.3 51.8 1%Petit Saut, French Guiana 1994 My'03 7.7 133 5%

De'03 2.7 131 2%Mr'05 0.1 103 0%My'05 0.7 102 1%

Balbina, Brazil 1987 Nv'04 2.1 76 3%Samuel, Brazil 1988 Nv'04 5 976 1%Average 2.4 145 2%Farrer 2007 Hydroelectric Reservoirs http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf

grams CO2 / kWh

pounds CO2e / kWh

Grams CO2e per delivered

megajoule (MJ)

Vegetation

Living above ground

ORNL+IPCC say:

Tropical Forests Temperate >20 Years Old Boreal

Dry Continental Mountain Coniferous2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/2006gl/pdf/4_Volume4/V4_04_Ch4_Forest_Land.pdfGibbs et al., "Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks" http://www.sage.wisc.edu/pubs/articles/F-L/Gibbs/gibbsERLarticle2007.pdf

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meter p.53tonnes/sq.k 10000tonnes/hect 100

Gibbs says ~10-20% of above ground weight

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meter

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meter

= tenths of a kilo per sq. meter

The following % of all Carbon decays under water42% 42% 42% 42%

The following % of all carbon goes into methane under water14% 0.8% 0.8% 0.8%

Tropical from Petit Saut below. Northern from Finland. Need more thorough source.

B. Total Carbon / hectare

212 199 246210 218 218 246131137158

We do same for temperate & add dead matter.

Boreal is midpoint of 10-90 range

B. Released when flooded by reservoir

35 33 4069 36 36 40434552

7 7 814 7 7 8

99

11

p.57 (forests > 20 years old)Boreal is midpoint of .1-2.1 range

Boreal is midpoint of .1-2.1 range

9.9%2.8 3.1 355.7 3,460 4,702,228 0.22 128 21 0.166 21

11.3 12.5 1418.9 3,094 239,547 0.21 29 21 0.740 930.1 0.1 8.0 2,243 3,327,048 0.22 3,666 - 3.2 3.6 408.4 1,621 1,413,995 0.22 52 - 6.3 7.0 789.9 1,678 439,170 0.22 28 - 0.5 0.5 56.8 2,447 432,516 0.22 565 - 4.5 5.0 565.2 1,422 156,105 0.22 33 21 0.641 81

0.034 0.038 4.3 194 13,973,602 0.22 596 21 0.035 40.085 0.095 10.8 926 1,397,360 0.22 1,127 21 0.019 20.958 1.063 120.7 1,257 Lower levels in these columns are based on original stock of carbon, confirm that measurements at left add current growth to old stock.

3.2 3.5 402.0 1,898 http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/diss/Sergio_Pacca_2003.pdf3.4 3.8 431.6 2,015

Farrer 2007 Hydroelectric Reservoirs http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdfFarrer quotes Santos 2006 for the table above. Some of the same numbers, plus volume & age are at http://www.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/3_Santos_1.pdfAlso need to include emissions at spillway & downstream, resulting in 1.9 times as much total CO2e, based on Petit Saut measurements below, or 15 times as much, based on Tucurui 1991 from Fearnside.500-year factor for methane is only 7.6. More relevant 100-year factor would be 25, resulting in 1.7 times as much total CO2e, based on Petit Saut measurements below

0.958 1.063 120.7 other units in Fuel tab around a150

p.12 in http://www.epoc.u-bordeaux.fr/indiv/Abril/documents/publi/Abril_et_al_2005_GBC.pdf

Pounds CO2e per

generated kWh

adjusted to include

turbines & downstrea

m

Pounds CO2e per delivered

kWh with transmission

losses of:

Grams CO2e per

generated megajoule

(MJ)

Grams CO2e per sq.meter

per year

Carbon equivalent,

tonnes /year, from Oil

Powered Plant

Implied Carbon in oil

(tonnes /MWh or kilos /KWh)

100 Years: delivered

kWh / sq.foot

Forest estimates

above, Pounds CO2e / sq.foot

Pounds CO2e per delivered

kWh, based on Forest Estimates

Above

Grams CO2e per

delivered megajoule

(MJ)

Fearnside, P.M. 2002. Greenhouse gas emissions from a hydroelectric reservoir (Brazil’s Tucuruí Dam) and the energy policy implications. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 133(1-4): 69-96

190 3,473,667 1,775,659 2.0 1,850 3,613,067 1,869,587 1.9 2,800 2,812,933 1,684,021 1.7 2,340 1,531,933 1,018,981 1.5 1,240 1,531,200 1,025,904 1.5 1,170 1,149,367 783,503 1.5 1,350 1,154,733 604,197 1.9

890 757,933 451,925 1.7 1,540 928,600 549,744 1.7 1,560 732,267 533,443 1.4

14,930 17,685,700 10,296,964 1.7 average1%

497,667 17,685,7003% 100% 1.9

calc as % of original stock, but comes from current tributaries, as well as original stockp.14, as % of original stock; note Carbon from tributaries will also keep arriving & decaying

http://www.un.org/esa/sustdev/sdissues/energy/op/hydro_tremblaypaper.pdf

25-75 at http://biet-civil.blogspot.com/2011/03/hydro-electric-plants.html

milligrams per sq.m per day 92-104%milligrams per sq.m per hourmicrograms per sq.m per day

"Fluxes of CH4, CO2, and N2O in hydroelectric reservoirs Lokka and Porttipahta in the northern boreal zone in Finland" http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001316They say the modernity of the methane suggests it not from flooded peat, but is forming in the water, just as it does in eutrophied lakes.

Source: Huttunen, "Importance of Winter in the Annual Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Northern Hydro Reservoirs" http://webworld.unesco.org/water/ihp/pdf/2_Huttunen.pdfgrams per sq.m per yeargrams per sq.m per yeargrams per sq.m per year

Diffuse from

Estuary

Total CO2e at 100-yr

factors

Total CO2e at 500-yr

factors

CO2e at 100-yr factors as

multiple of CO2e at 500-

yr factors

modern C isotopes

grams per sq.m per year

GWh= millions of kWh, with "average water" as designated by the owner of the hydro plants, Kemijokihttp://www.kemijoki.fi/Kemijoki/kemijoki.nsf/TD/D31E1EE53951EB1942256C6E003AB62C/$File/kemijoki_taskuesite_ENGL_netti.pdf?OpenElement

http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8jh5x7z4

http://www.environdec.com/reg/epd88.pdfand http://www.environdec.com/reg/088/dokument/08_waterEPD.pdf

most had unknown uses, because of lack of pre-construction aerial photography

p.15 (p.20 of pdf) in http://www.environdec.com/reg/088/dokument/08_waterEPD.pdf

tons Carbon /sq.kmtons Carbon /hectaretons Carbon /hectaretons Carbontons CO2

tons Carbon /hectaretons Carbon /hectaretons Carbon /hectaretons Carbontons CO2grams CO2e/kWh

Farrer 2007 Hydroelectric Reservoirs http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf

1,600,000 0.002

Lower levels in these columns are based on original stock of carbon, confirm that measurements at left add current growth to old stock.

http://rael.berkeley.edu/files/diss/Sergio_Pacca_2003.pdf

CO2e from construction

(tonnes), amortized

over 100 years

Pounds CO2e per delivered

kWh, from construction

Water, Air and Soil Pollution 133(1-4): 69-96

MATERIALS: CO2 RELEASED DURING MANUFACTURE CO2List.org .Food, household products, paper, plastics, packagingHouses, wood, concrete, other materialsSummary for home pageWalking, bicyclesSee also comparisons for 8 countries in "Countries" tab at bottom

FOOD & HOUSEHOLDWeber at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969f 500 100%Red Meat 10.8 6% 92% 22.1 11.9070Dairy 5.1 6% 91% 4.1 5.5963Fruit, Vegetables 3.9 18% 74% 1.7 4.3461Chicken, Fish, Eggs 3.8 81% 5.9 4.1675 18%Cereals, Carbohydrates 1.4 75% 2.9 1.5479 53%Oils, Sweets, Condiments 0.4 74% 1.7 0.4763 29%

p.11 of http://www.cnpp.usda.gov/Publications/DietaryGuidelines/2005/2005DGPolicyDocument.pdf

average CO2e per kCal in Food Guide diet 1.7086

Tropicana fresh Orange juice 3.75 4.172598 lb/half gal 0.90 Pepsico at http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/22/business/22pepsi.htmlTesco fresh Orange juice 360 250 g/serving 1.44 Report ctc744 at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744

Tesco long life orange juice 240 250 g/serving 0.96 sameWalkers Crisps (UK) 75 34.5 g per bag 2.17 same study gives co2e for standard bag. Email 2/2/09 by DeBurle, Pepsico, says 34.5g is standard

Innocent smoothies (UK) 273 250 g per bottle 1.09 sameBoots Botanics shampoo 148 250 g per bottle 0.59 0.33 sameEarthPositive T-shirt 650 g/shirt mostly farming 1.43 sameT shirt made without renewable electricity 6500 g/shirt 14.33 samebake potatoes 1025 1000 g/kg 1.03 sameboil potatoes 240 1000 g/kg 0.24 samemicrowave potatoes 280 280 1000 g/kg 0.28 sameContinental T-shirt, men's large white 650 230 g/shirt 2.83 1.43 http://www.carbon-label.com/individuals/product.htmlContinental T-shirt, women's medium white 500 g/shirt 1.10 sameContinental Polo shirt, men's medium white 1100 g/shirt 2.43 sameContinental hooded sweatshirt, men's medium black 2800 g/shirt 6.17 sameContinental hooded sweatshirt, women's medium black 2200 g/shirt 4.85 sameContinental zip-up shirt, women's small black 2400 g/shirt 5.29 sameTesco Pearl 60w bulb or spotlight 340 1000 g/1000hrs&hrs 0.75 same estimate hours/bulbTesco Pearl 100w bulb 550 1000 g/1000hrs&hrs 1.21 same estimate hours/bulbTesco 11w compact fluorescent bulb 65 6000 g/1000hrs&hrs 0.86 same estimate hours/bulb. Site says 6 yrsTesco 20w compact fluorescent bulb 240 6000 g/1000hrs&hrs 3.18 same estimate hours/bulb. Site says 6 yrsTesco detergent tablets 323 g/wash 0.71 sameTesco detergent powder 232.5 g/wash 0.51 sameTesco detergent liquid capsules 196 g/wash 0.43 sameTesco detergent liquid 189 g/wash 0.42 sameTesco detergent super concentrated liquid 102 g/wash 0.22 sameTesco orange juice from concentrate 260 250 g/serving 1.04 sameTesco Potatoes (excl.cooking+waste) 59.2 250 g/serving 0.24 sameTesco organic new Potatoes (excl.cooking+waste) 72 250 g/serving 0.29 sameTesco organic baby new Potatoes (excl.cooking+waste) 75.6 250 g/serving 0.30 same

Grams CO2e per kCal

Percent of CO2e from

freight transport

Percent of CO2e from production

Weight CO2e / weight product

Pounds CO2e in the

following number of

food Calories

(kCal)

% of Calories in

USDA Food Guide, 2005

CO2-equivalent

(units in col.D)

Weight of product

Weight CO2e / weight product

Pound CO2e per

unit shown

Mineral water in public fountains, Lizzano, Italy 0.5815 1000 kg/cu.m 0.00058 0.0049 lb/gallon p.10 of: http://gryphon.environdec.com/data/files/6/7768/epde38.pdfWater UK 0.7890 1000 g/liter 0.00079 0.0066 lb/gallon http://oco-carbon.com/2012/03/15/embodied-carbon-of-water-update/

Light Bulbs kWh Watts http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/13/do-energy-saving-led-lamps-save-energy/?scp=1&sq=green%20design%20institute&st=cseHours of lighting 25,000Incandescent bulbs 25 1,500 60 this averages 60 watts, but manufacturing unclearCompact fluorescent bulbs 3 320 13 seems too weak to be comparableLED bulbs 1 280 11 but after 25,000 hours it will only be producing 70% as many lumens: http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/02/11/how-long-did-you-say-that-bulb-will-last/

also see http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/ssl/

MATERIALS MTCE/TON

http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/dowaluminum cans 4.27 0.30 2.24 9.1 93% 14.1875 0.28 http://www.cancentral.com/gacr/ffacts.htm 3.5 87%PET plastic code 1 0.59 0.05 0.57 2.3 92% 30 0.15 http://www.triplepundit.com/pages/askpablo-glass. 6.6 91%HDPE plastic code 2 0.54 0.05 0.49 2.0 91% 90%LDPE plastic code 4 0.64 0.05 0.62 2.5 92% 92%steel cans 1.01 0.51 0.87 3.5 50% 41%Glass 0.18 0.09 0.16 0.6 50% 265 0.38 http://www.triplepundit.com/pages/askpablo-glass. 2.6 44%Newspaper 0.58 0.34 0.52 2.1 41% 24 0.11 assume 27 pounds per 24"x36" ream. Can print 4 p 35 35%Phone books 0.68 0.42 0.68 2.7 38% http://www.allbusiness.com/paper-packaging/pulp-industry/11733 38%Magazines/3rd class mail 0.46 0.46 0.46 1.9 0% 0%Office paper 0.28 0.37 0.28 1.1 -32% 5 0.01 assume 20 pounds per 17"x22" ream, which is cut into 4 sheets 88 -32%Textbooks 0.60 0.58 0.6 2.4 3% http://www.paper-paper.com/weight.html 3%Corrugated cardboard 0.23 0.25 0.24 1.0 -9% http://www.edsebooks.com/paper/grammage.html -4%Dimensional lumber (e.g. for construction) 0.05 0.07 0.05 0.2 -40% -40%Carpet 1.09 na 1.09 4.4Personal computers 15.13 na 15.13 61.1Tires 1.09 0.45 1.09 4.4 59% 59%Note it is more efficient to recycle magazines, office paper and textbooks into other products, since making these products from recycled paper uses too much energy

product, kg CO2, kgiPad 0.59 83 141 http://www.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPad_2_Environmental_Report.pdf

Aluminum cans 9.1 table above, derived from http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdfAluminum 1.5 http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/archive/87-92rpt/chap2.html#table_14

2.2 quoting D. Abrahamson, "Aluminum and Global Warming," Nature, Vol. 356 (April 1992), p. 454. Note: Aluminum maybe underestimated, if they assume zero emissions for hydropower, which is often used for aluminum, and has emissions from construction+deforestation. See bottom of Electric tab.

Packaging240 0.53 0.34 0.47 44% 0.6

17 0.04 0.13 41% 0.2 2736 0.08 0.18 91% 0.611 0.02

1250 2.76 1.78 1.83

Number of Bulbs

Products made from

virgin materials

Products made from

recycled materials

Products made from

current mix

weight CO2 / weight of

product

Recycling Savings/

Virgin

weight of one bottle

or sheet grams:

lb CO2 per bottle or

sheet

number of bottles or pages to emit 1 lb

CO2

Recycling Savings/ Current

See separate sections on steel+concrete below

grams of package

pounds of package

pounds of CO2 in

making package

Total pounds of CO2 in

making package &

lid

% saved by recycling

or reusing it

Gallons of HOT water

wash which would undo recycling or

reuse benefit

Ounces of HOT water wash

which would undo recycling

or reuse benefit

Water figures will drop further when we identify CO2 to process & deliver the water. Current figures just consider CO2 to heat the water. So don't wash or rinse with hot water

glass jar for 16 oz peanut butter steel peanut butter lidPET 1 plastic jar for 16 oz peanut butter Polypropylene 5 peanut butter lid

Glass gallon jug for juice or wine

6 0.013 0.05155 0.34 0.79 0.87 91% 2.8

7 0.015 0.04 91% 0.14 18 LDPE 4 Plastic neck handle for carrying juice jug 8 0.018 0.04 90% 0.15 20

68 0.15 0.30 0.31 90% 1.03 0.007 0.02 92% 0.06 8 threaded+pulltab lids weigh the same

110 0.24 0.48 0.50 90%3 0.007 0.02 44% 0.03 4

HDPE 2 Plastic container for 2.5 gallons water 180 0.40 0.79 90%

13 0.029 0.072 .152mm x 6.1m x 30.5m3.7 0.008 0.075 100% 0.29 3710 0.022 0.055 92% 0.20 25

5 0.011 0.028 92% 0.10 13HDPE 2 Plastic vegetable bag 2.5 0.006 0.011 90% 0.04 5 If too dirty to shake out, throw outHDPE 2 Plastic disposable bag to carry groceries home 6 0.013 0.026 90% 0.09 12 net after recycling 0.0027Polypropylene 5 Nonwoven poly bag 45 0.099 http://ecopreneurist.com/2009/01/04/nonwoven-is-a-number-5-plastic-who-knew/ extra gas to keep bag in car (5 miles per use) 0.0002 number of uses, unwashed, to have less CO2 than recycled plastic 0

10 283 0.625 1.767 large, Greenpea 0.0013 13124.5 128 0.281 0.795 People's Coop 0.0006 3833.5 99 0.219 0.618 "Made in India" 0.0005 2801.5 43 0.094 0.265 net bag 0.0002 107

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS IN AUSTRALIA MJ/kghttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.htmlKiln dried sawn softwood 3.4 0.19 0.20 30 1.8 2x4x8'Kiln dried sawn hardwood 2 0.11Air dried sawn hardwood 0.5 0.03Particleboard 8 0.44Plywood 10.4 0.57 30 23 4'x8'x0.5"Plastics – general 90 4.96PVC plastic code 3 80 4.41Acrylic paint 61.5 3.39Imported dimension granite 13.9 0.77 168 179 25"x8'x1"Local dimension granite 5.9 0.33 168 76 25"x8'x1"Plasterboard 4.4 0.24 0.23 38.4 12 4'x8'x.5"Insitu Concrete 1.9 0.10 0.36Clay bricks 2.5 0.14 120 0.6 3 5/8" x 2 http://www.csgnwt varies 30%: http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?9605489Concrete blocks 1.5 0.08 2.5 8x8x16" http://www.cement.org/masonry/block.aspGlass 12.7 0.70 0.65 161 30 40"x50"x0.25"Aluminium 170 9.38 9.05Copper 100 5.52

steel gallon lidPET 1 clear Plastic gallon jug for juice LDPE 4 Plastic gallon lid for juice jug

HDPE 2 Plastic gallon jug for water or milk LDPE 4 Plastic gallon lid for water or milk jugHDPE 2 Plastic gallon jug for vinegar LDPE 4 Plastic gallon lid for vinegar jug

1 sq.ft. of plastic drop cloth/vapor barrier (wt from 6 mil x 2000sq.ft, LDPE 4?)1 sq.ft. of aluminum foil (wt measured from roll of 75 sq.ft)1 gallon plastic food bag with slide closer (LDPE 4?)1 quart plastic food bag with slide closer (LDPE 4?)

Cotton bags -weight in ounces

extra gas to carry bag in car (5 miles

per use)

number of times it has to

be used, unwashed,

before it saves CO2, compared

to recycled plastic bag

Pounds CO2/

pound of product

US estimates shown above

or below

pounds product per

cubic foot

pounds CO2 per

item at right (US

estimate if available)

30+5 lb/block:

Galvanised steel 38 2.10

AVERAGE HOUSE BUILT IN AUSTRALIAenergy in materials & construction 1,000,000 megajoules/house http://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html

0.000948 BTU/jouleenergy in materials & construction 948 million BTU/houseCO2 released by using natural gas 117 pounds CO2 per million BTU http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.htmlCO2 released by using diesel 161 pounds CO2 per million BTU3:1 ratio of natural gas & diesel 128 pounds CO2 per million BTUCO2 released by building house 121,492 pounds CO2/house 0.12149236 pounds CO2/megajouleRatio of CO2 to megajoules 0.1322772 pounds CO2/mep.47 in http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf

Breakdown of Australian House Total above % of totalConcrete 210,000 26,000 21%Steel 140,000 17,000 14%Plastic 140,000 17,000 14%Masonry 100,000 12,000 10%Ceramics (tiles) 80,000 10,000 8%Plaster 60,000 7,000 6%Glass 50,000 6,000 5%Timber 40,000 5,000 4%Fabric 40,000 5,000 4%Stainless steel 30,000 4,000 3%Copper 30,000 4,000 3%Aluminum 20,000 2,000 2%Stone 10,000 1,000 1%Total 950,000 115,000 95%

AVERAGE HOUSE BUILT IN US All Attached Date http://www.census.gov/const/www/charindex.html

$ 88.31 98.53 2008 http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf $ 66.81 73.65 1997 http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgppsf.pdf

Construction cost as % of price, other than lot 80%lb CO2 per dollar 1.30 1997 from Carnegie-Mellon study, bottom of Countries tablb CO2 per sq.ft Construction 70 1997Floor area, average square feet per new house sold 2,473 1932 2008 http://www.census.gov/const/C25Ann/soldmedavgsf.pdf, corrected by Census 9/21/09

2,140 not avail 1997 definition of floor area is at http://www.census.gov/const/www/characteristicsdoc.html#definitionslb CO2 per new home 148,826 1997

STEEL

Natural gas for making steel 3662 14 0.0317 0.1164 116 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/aceee_99_final.htm#Energy-Related%20Carbon%20EmissionsCoal for making steel 338 25 0.0559 0.2048 19 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/aceee_99_final.htm#Energy-Related%20Carbon%20EmissionsElectricity for making steel 617 49 0.1088 0.3989 67 http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/aceee_99_final.htm#Energy-Related%20Carbon%20EmissionsResidual Fuel Oil for making steel 120 25 0.0551 0.2021 7 assume same as coal; minor BTUTotal carbon in fuel 209Total carbon used, nonfuel (coke) 53.70% http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/efficiency/carbon_emissions/steel.htmlTotal carbon 451 pounds carbon per ton of steelConvert total to CO2 1,654 pounds CO2 per ton of steel

0.83 pounds CO2 per pound of steel (no transport)

megajoules /house

Pounds CO2/ house

Average Price per Sq.Ft of Floor Area in New One-Family Houses Sold, excludes value of lot

Thousands of Btu per

ton

million metric tons carbon per quadrillion

Btu = tons/billion

Btu

pounds Carbon per

1000Btupounds CO2 per 1000Btu

pounds carbon per ton of steel

are there better data than 1994?

4.49 pounds CO2 per pound of steel in cars (see Car tab)Steel cans, including transport 3.52 pounds CO2 per pound of steel http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/downloads/chapter2.pdfSteel (probably excludes indirect effects) 2.00 pounds CO2 per pound of steel http://www.foodproductiondaily.com/Supply-Chain/Steel-industry-resolves-to-achieve-long-term-CO2-reductions Steel (probably excludes indirect effects) 2.00 pounds CO2 per pound of steel "€40 a tonne [of steel] may be necessary - equivalent to about €80 per tonne of steel."

Financial Times 10/8/08, Chris Beauman, "Climate change poses stern challenge"http://search.ft.com/ftArticle?queryText=eaf&aje=true&id=071008000129&ct=0&nclick_check=1

CONCRETE Cementpounds CO2 per pound cement 0.85 http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf

pounds CO2 per pound cement 1.35 same as above, high estimate

Calcining alone: pounds CO2 per pound cement 0.50 http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf

pounds CO2 per pound cement 0.90 http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspxCalcining alone: % of CO2 emissions 60% http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspxCalcining alone: pounds CO2 per pound cement 0.54

PSI3,500 658 0.19 355 592 465 http://www.sanjoseca.gov/publicWorks/Details_Specs/documents/Section_90_Portland_Cement_Concrete_000.pdf

3,000 564 0.19 305 508 3982,500 470 0.19 254 423 3322,000 376 0.19 203 338 2663,500 624 0.18 337 562 441 p.87 Design & Control of Concrete Mixtures, PCA, 19884,900 624 0.13 337 562 441

MPa 0.1666667 low value to calc. cement content of Aussie concretes5 725 121 65 109 85 Australia weak concrete to stabilize roadbeds

32 4,641 774 418 696 546 Australia strong concrete for road surfacesManufacturing & delivering concrete 609 kg/cubic yard 1,342 IO analysis, same page as line below. Source includes calcining per note 4/16/09Placing concrete 35 kg/cubic yard 77 IO analysis from p.131 of http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/Total concrete emissions 1,419 Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etcManufacturing concrete, including calcining 400 http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspxManufacturing concrete, including calcining low estimate 440 http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf

Manufacturing concrete, including calcining high estimate 862 http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf

pounds CO2 per cubic yard concrete standard value used 1,419 Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc3,900 http://www.concretethinker.com/technicalbrief/Concrete-Cement-CO2.aspx0.364 Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc

pounds CO2 per ton concrete 728 Total: includes quarrying, plant construction, calcining, delivery etc

dimensions in feet width length height volumeHouse concrete 30 60slab 28.666666667 58.6666667 0.3333333333 561 cubic feetperimeter 180footer 1.333333 174.666667 0.666666667 155 cubic feetstem walls 0.666666667 360 2 480 cubic feetTOTAL VOLUME 1,196 cubic feet

44 cubic yardsCO2 for manufacture & placement 62,865 poundsTRANSPORTATION 34.5 pounds CO2 per cubic yard delivery http://www.suncoast-pt.com/_filelib/FileCabinet/_R/U/_66U/Products_and_Services/Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf?FileName=Wafflemat_White_Paper_CO2.pdf

CO2 for delivery 1,528 included in placement abovetons of concrete 23weight of two #4 rebars length of footer 1.33333 174.666667 233 poundssteel rebar as % of concrete weight 2.0% ?tons steel rebar 0.5CO2 per ton steel 1,654CO2 for steel 752total CO2 for foundation, slab, rebar 63,617

CO2 content of CONCRETE depends on amount of CEMENT used in it

Pound-Cement

(per cu.yd Concrete)

Ratio of Pound-

Cement to PSI

Pound CO2 Calcining

/cu.yd Concrete

Pound CO2 Total /cu.yd

Concrete

Pound CO2 Calcining /cu. Meter Concrete

pounds concrete per cubic yard concretepounds CO2 per pound concrete

Road concrete 0.6666666667 http://www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/julaug98/concrete.htmlength 5280 feet per mileone lane width 12 42,240 cubic feet

1,564 cubic yardsCO2 for manufacture 2,220,535 pounds per lane mile

rebar in continuously reinforced concrete road 133 kg steel/cubic meter concrete p.2 of http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf224 lb steel/cu.yd concrete

steel rebar as % of concrete weight 5.7% lb steel/pound concretesteel rebar as % of concrete under train tracks, by volume 3% p.104 in http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/

Drywallhttp://www.yourhome.gov.au/technical/fs52.html

plasterboard in Australia 4.4 MJ/kg0.24 pounds CO2/pound of product

http://cleantech.com/news/1704/how-green-is-your-drywallgreenhouse gases from US drywall plants 51 million tons/yearenergy to cook & dry 4x8' sheet 100000 BTUs natural gas

3125 BTUs natural gas/sq.ft117.1 pounds CO2 per million BTU

0.00011708 pounds CO2 per BTU0.37 pounds CO2 per sq.ft

weight, half inch thick 1.60 pounds drywall per sq.ft http://www.usg.com/USG_Marketing_Content/usg.com/web_files/Documents/Prod_Data_and_Submittal_Sheets/ShtrkGypsum_Panels_Data_Sheet_WB1473.pdf0.23 pounds CO2/pound of product

http://www.laraabrams.com/wordpress/talking-change-with-kevin-surace-serious-materials/BTUs produced in 1 plant 5000000 million BTUs natural gas/large drywall plant/year

85 plants in USdrywall produced in US 30000 million sq.ft/yeardrywall produced in 1 plant 353 million sq.ft/year

14,167 BTUs/sq.ft big difference from cleantech estimate above1.66 pounds CO2 per sq.ft1.04 pounds CO2/pound of product

http://www.ecogeek.org/content/view/2293/greenhouse gases from US drywall plants 20 billion pounds/year

10 million tons/y big difference from cleantech estimate above

Summary 1 ton of CO2 kg1 0.4536

22.1 90 lb of red meat 41 5.9 342 lb of chicken, fish or eggs 155 2.9 696 lb of cereal or carbohydrate 316 1.7 1,207 lb of fruit or vegetables 547

sq mt1 0.0929

70 29 square feet of living space 2.7 1.268 year of electricity at 100 watts

46 102 square feet of solar collectors total 9.5 1 lb km 1.609344

1.24292 1,609 passenger miles in a plane (includes airport) 2,000 2,589 1.4081 820 passenger miles in a plane (includes airport) 1,155 1,320 1.4028 5,600 passenger miles in a plane (includes airport) 7,856 9,012

1.2 1,603 miles in a 28 mpg car (a third from making car & road) 2,580 -

1.0 2,009 miles in a 40 mpg car (40% from making car & road) 3,234 0.7 2,832 passenger miles in a local bus (includes making bus & road) 4,557

0.7 2,910 miles walking (producing food & wearing out shoes) 4,683 0.4 5,264 passenger miles in a train (ncludes track & stations) 8,472 0.2 8,252 miles bicycling (producing food or electricity, bike lanes & bike) 13,280

- 0.2 11,880 passenger miles in a long distance bus (includes making bus & road) 19,118

938 lb of paper or plastic 426 0.23 8,725 miles in electric bicycle (mostly from producing it+C31) 14,042

18,897 gallons of hot water (heated 55F with gas; solar would allow far more) 71,523.74 748,251 disposable plastic bags, recycled

489 lb of dairy$1,537 spent on construction in USA$1,947 spent on hotels or restaurants in USA$3,316 spent on education, health, telephone, internet in USA$6,525 spent on computers in USA$1,563 spent in China, overall average$1,656 spent in USA, overall average$2,285 spent in India$2,621 spent in Britain

One answer is to stay in a small home and use simple telecommunications powered by solar energy. Wind & hydro are also low CO2 in deserts, where they do not cause deforestation.One goal of a CO2 dividend is to have prices reflect CO2 better, so we don't need this kind of list. If the dividend is distributed equally to all, and the money for it is collected from big CO2 sources, it encourages conservation.

Walking, Running, Bicycling http://www.bicycleman.com/health-and-fitness.htmBody Weight, pounds 130 155 190 225

MPH Calories per hourWalking, 2.0 mph, slow pace 0.71 0.17 0.24 0.30 2 88 148 176 218 284Walking, 3.0 mph, moderate pace, walking dog 0.69 0.17 0.24 0.28 3 82 207 246 343 445Walking, 4.0 mph, very brisk pace 0.65 0.17 0.24 0.24 4 70 236 281 402 526

Running, 6 mph (10 min mile) 0.65 0.24 0.40 6 117 590 704 863 1026Running, 10.9 mph (5.5 min mile) 0.64 0.24 0.40 10.9 116 1062 1267 1553 1836

Bicycling, 10-11.9 mph, light effort 0.22 0.05 0.04 0.13 11 38 354 422 518 593Bicycling, 12-13.9 mph, moderate effort 0.24 0.052 0.04 0.15 13 43 472 563 690 891Bicycling, 14-15.9 mph, vigorous effort 0.25 0.05 0.04 0.16 15 47 590 704 863 1080Bicycling, 16-19 mph, fast, racing 0.25 0.05 0.04 0.16 18 47 708 844 1035 1220Bicycling, >20 mph, very fast, racing 0.05 0.04 944 1126 1380 1540

Electric bike 0.23 0.05 0.11 0.07 30

assume bike costs $750 lasts 20,000 miles http://piaw.blogspot.com/2009/04/lifetime-of-bike-parts.htmlbike life would be weighted average of parts

assume shoes cost $65 last 400 miles http://running.about.com/od/shoesapparelandgear/f/replaceshoes.htmhttp://sportsmedicine.about.com/od/tipsandtricks/a/replaceshoes.htm

assume electric bike costs $2,000 lasts 20,000 miles1 kw, recharging takes 80% recharge effi http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/01/business/global/01ebike.html?pagewanted=1&sq=electric bicycle&st=cse&scp=1

Total pounds CO2e /mile

CO2e / mile from building,

re-surfacing sidewalk or

bike lanes

CO2e / mile from wearing out

shoes or bike

Pound CO2e / mile (USDA

Food Guide or kWh)

Calories per mile

Bike Lanes sidewalksPounds CO2 per lane mile of arterial road 1,501,346 Berkeley study on Car tab 0.333 depth sidewalk, feetPounds CO2 per lane mile of collector street 1,194,904 Berkeley study on Car tabPounds CO2 per lane mile of local street, urban 919,327 Berkeley study on Car tab 4 width sidewalk, feetPounds CO2 per lane mile of rural road 742,957 Berkeley study on Car tab 260 cubic yards per mile of sidewalkTravel width of 1 lane of collector street 11.0 Berkeley study on Car tabWidth of Bike lane and stripe (feet) 5.5 http://www.bicyclinginfo.org/engineering/facilities-bikelanes.cfmco2 for bike lane as % of 1 lane of rural road 50% calc 1,419 pounds co2/cubic yard concrete, including placementPounds CO2 per mile of bike lane 597,452 calc 369,719 pounds cco2/mile of sidewalkPeak number bikes/hour at average intersection with bike 88 http://www.halifax.ca/bike peak weather & daybikes/day at edge of downtown, per bike lane 965 http://www.toronto.ca/cycling peak weather, day, location

%such daysreduction on weekends 45% 29% http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdfreduction on Monday & Friday 7.5% 29% http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdfreduction on rainy days 20% 25% http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdfreduction in very cold & hot seasons, estimated 50% 33%reduction for more distant locations 50% 50% Assume half of cyclists get on and off bike lane half way along its length, half ride whole lengthincrease for trips outside the 12-hour count 128% http://www.toronto.ca/cycling/reports/pdf/bicycle_count_report_2010.pdfYear-round avg bikes/day at average point in lane 628 calc http://www.or http://bostonc http://www.nyc.gov/html/d 100 avg number pedestrians/day at avg point on sidewalkbikes per year 229,240 calc 36,500 pedestrians/yearavg yrs before resurfacing or re-building lane 10 p.37, Berkeley study on Car tab 30 avg yrs before replacementbikes passing any avg point during whole life of road 2,292,400 calc 1,095,000 people passing any avg point during whole life of sidewalkpounds co2/bike mile on bike lane 0.261 calc 0.338 pounds co2/pedestrian mile on sidewalkbike lane as % of all bike travel 20% only need bike lane on busy roads 50% sidewalk as % of all walkingpounds co2/bike mile, all bike travel 0.05 calc 0.17 pounds co2/walking mile, all walking

TRANSPORT & SERVICES CO2List.orgShips, freight, bankingUS mail, email, computers, printingBuses, railroads. Summary here. More detail on bottom of "Car" tab, with comparison to cars.Roads are on "Car" tab at bottomSee also comparisons for 8 countries in "Countries" tab at bottom

BUSES & OTHER MODES (direct fuel) grams CO2/passenger mile pounds CO2/passenger mile BTU/passenger mile pounds CO2/1000 BTUUS: http://www.buses.org/files/ComparativeEnergy.pd low average high low average high low average high low averagecar 1 person 184 371 0.41 0.82transit bus 81 299 0.18 0.66domestic air 243 0.54intercity rail (Amtrak) 138 179 196 0.30 0.39 0.43 785 2,091 2,635 0.388 0.189

electrified routes, in northeast 138 0.30 0.399diesel routes, in rest of USA 196 0.43 electricity

commuter rail 108 177 0.24 0.39intercity bus 51 56 0.11 0.12IPCC confirms US cars & transit buses have similar emissions per passenger mile. Elsewhere they say buses have lower emissions because of higher load factorsp.348 of chapter 5 of http://www.ipcc.ch/ipccreports/ar4-wg3.htm

http://www.nowandfutures.com/download/transportation_energy_book_TEDB_Edition25_ORNL_6974.pdf

British rail, grams CO2/passenger kilometer: http://www.ghgprotocol.org/downloads/calcs/co2-mobile.pdf60 97 0.21

car 1 person 1.36 1.71 2.06air 1.32 1.45 1.67transit bus 0.71commuter rail 0.30 0.38 0.49full bus 0.17

Recreational boats (direct fuel) mpg gal/mile lb co2/mile kilometers/liter Typical boat fuel consumptions:2 0.50 12 0.85 graph:4 0.25 6 1.70 boat list:

Metric TonnesSOx 133,324 0.0023 57,966,957 http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NzkyMHxDaGlsZElEPS0xfFR5cGU9Mw==&t=1NOx 206,607 0.0035 59,030,571 These 2 lines are provided simply to calculate Passenger daysAverage Passenger days (from 2 lines above) 58,600,000

CO2e, scope 1 (fuel, refrigerant) & 2 (electricity bought) 10,317,221 0.1761 388 0.00033 31,264,306,061 530 km/day

CO2e, scope 3 (fuel of suppliers, but not other embedded 43,105 0.0007 2 329 miles/dayRevenue $ 13,157,000,000 225 1,198 (based on revenue) http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9OTE1NjV8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1Lb CO2/dollar for water transport in US (higher in Mexico) 5.34

Cruise Ship Construction Cost per lower berth lower berthsEstimated days in use per year 330Estimated useful life, years, before major rebuild 15Lb CO2/dollar for building ships in Germany (ship built in Italy, no data) $ 1.13 Carnival Freedom, 2007 $ 500,000,000 $ 34 39 $ 168,124 2974 http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080119182206AA5881E

Carnival Miracle, 2004 $375,000,000 $ 36 40 $ 176,554 2124Carnival Victory, 2000 $410,000,000 $ 30 34 $ 148,658 2758Queen Victoria, 2007 $390,000,000 $ 39 44 $ 193,644 2014Liberty of the Seas, 2007 $590,000,000 $ 33 38 $ 163,889 3600Jewel of the Seas $350,000,000 $ 34 38 $ 165,877 2110 Berlitz complete guide to cruising, 2008Average of above 39 $ 169,458 Queen Mary 2, 2004 $800,000,000 $ 62 70 $ 305,344 2620

Cruise Total CO2/passenger day 429

FreightJapan Railways 22 0.07 p.5 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/csr/report/08/download/pdf/sr08_p50_p55.pdfRail 18 0.06 Weber at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es702969fInland water 21 0.07Ocean shipping, container 14 0.05Ocean shipping, bulk 11 0.04Ocean shipping, tanker 7 0.02Oil pipeline 16 0.05Gas pipeline 180 0.58 includes methane leaksTruck 180 0.58Air freight 680 2.19

TV http://www.energystar.gov/ia/products/prod_lists/tv_prod_list.xlslowest TV, probably assuming a lot of use 41 kWh/yrcomputer & printer & monitor 100 Watts, average 3 hours/day 200 days/year 60 kWh/yr

Bank lb co2eHalifax web saver bank account 200 g CO2e/account/year 0.44 report ctc744 at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744pounds CO2/megajoule 0.1322772 http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf

Government in Australia 0.9298 GJ / AU$100 1.2 Pounds CO2/AU$

They quote ORNL 2006 Transportation Energy Databook, though I can't find such figures there. The 2006 book is no longer at ORNL, but is at

Berkeley Studies, on Car & Air tabs, including making & maintaining vehicles, roads, stations, airports, refineries, etc.

http://boatwakes.org/files/graph.htm http://fuel.boatwakes.org/

Carnival Cruises (11 cruise lines: AIDA, Carnival, Costa, Cunard, Holland America, Ibero, Ocean Village, P&O, P&O Australia, Princess, Seabourn)

per passenger day

Lb per passenger day

Passenger days (ALBD)

per passenger kilometer

passenger kilometers

g CO2e / tonne-km

pounds CO2e/ton-

mile

Insurance in Australia 0.2526 GJ / AU$100 0.3 Pounds CO2/AU$Banking in Australia 0.2984 GJ / AU$100 0.4 Pounds CO2/AU$Note Australian data on these services are based on Input-Output analysis of economy.

US MAIL

postage paid http://co2list.weebly.com/1/category/mail/1.html4.01 mm TCE (million metric tonnes Carbon equivalent)

convert to CO2 equivalent 14.70 million metric tonnes CO2 equivalent convert to pounds 32,406 million pounds CO2 equivalentUSPS total volume $58,000 198,000 24,000 0.121 millions of dollars, pieces or pounds, respectivelypounds CO2e per $ of postage 0.56 pounds CO2e per $ of postageUSPS emissions: facilities & delivery 40%USPS emissions: facilities & delivery 12,962 million pounds CO2 equivalent

0.07 pounds or grams CO2e per piece for just handling & deliveryUSPS emissions: long distance shipping 60%USPS emissions: long distance shipping 19,444 million pounds CO2 equivalent

0.81 pounds CO2e per pound for just long distance shipping$0.320 1.000 0.042 http://www.akdart.com/postrate.html

CO2 per letter, by price, or by facilities+shipping 0.179 0.065 0.034 0.047 pounds CO2 equivalent per letter

14 million metric tonnes CO2 equivalent convert to pounds 30,856 million pounds CO2 equivalentUSPS total volume $63,425 207,463 25,976 0.125 http://www.usps.com/history/anrpt01/financial/opstats2.htm First class $35,876 103,656 4,363 0.042 http://www.usps.com/history/anrpt01/financial/opstats2.htm Priority Mail $4,916 1,118 2,150 1.923 http://www.usps.com/history/anrpt01/financial/opstats2.htm Other $22,633 102,689 19,463 0.190 subtractionOverall average CO2e per $ of postage 0.49 pounds CO2e per $ of postageUSPS emissions: facilities & delivery 12,342 million pounds CO2 equivalent

0.059 pounds CO2e per piece for just handling & deliveryounces 0.95

grams 27

USPS emissions: long distance shipping 18,514 million pounds CO2 equivalent

0.713 pounds CO2e per pound of mail for just long distance shippingounces 0.713 ounces CO2e per ounce of mail for just long distance shippinggrams 0.713 grams CO2e per gram of mail for just long distance shipping

$0.340 1.000 0.042 http://www.akdart.com/postrate.htmlounces 0.673

CO2 per letter, by price, or by facilities+shipping 0.165 0.059 0.030 0.089 pounds CO2 equivalent per letterounces 1.4

grams 41

1.000 1.000CO2 per package, adding facilities+shipping 0.059 0.713 0.772 pounds CO2 equivalent per pkg w/weight in previous line, col.D

ounces 12.4

grams 350

$0.205 1.000 0.006 .20 rate rose to .21 7/1/01 http://www.akdart.com/postrate.htmlCO2 per card, by price, or by facilities+shipping 0.100 0.059 0.004 0.064 pounds CO2 equivalent per card

ounces 1.02

grams 29

Study warns that 2001 is more accurate than 1998, so changes are partly real & partly improvements in methods.Study notes that CO2 per dollar of postage may help estimates for businesses which know their postal spending

grams CO2 lb CO2per ounce 34 0.075per letter 22 0.049per flat 140 0.309per parcel 1110 2.447Draft: 20 March 07 "Life Cycle Analysis of energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Ground Shipping in the United States: Case Study of the U.S. Postal Service," by Aweewan Mangmeechai and H. Scott Matthewshttp://www.ce.cmu.edu/~gdrg/readings/2007/04/03/Mangmeechai_LCAOfEnergyAndGHGEmissionsOfGroundShippingInTheUS_CaseStudyOfTheUSPS.pdfNote: That CMU study allocates all CO2 by weight, none by piece, so it allocates more CO2 to (heavy) packages and less to (light) letters, than method above.

POSTCARD Pounds Ounces65 pound cover stock (weight of 20"x26" ream) 65one sheet 8.5"x11" 0.023 0.374cards per sheet 4 cards per sheetweight of cover stock per postcard 0.006 0.094CO2 per equivalent wt office paper 1.1 pound per pound or ounce per ouncelb CO2 in cover stock for one postcard 0.007 0.106inkjet printing: manufacture, parts, toner, electricity 0.0996 lb CO2/imageinkjet printing: manufacture, parts, toner, electricity 0.050 lb co2/card 0.80 oz co2/cardTotal card & printing 0.056 0.90 oz co2/cardmailing 0.064 1.02 oz co2/card

EMAIL Data here are illustrative, and broader data are needed.Email's advantages are quick transmission, or short notes, or long reports to recipients who will mostly not read them.Reading a long email often uses more CO2 than paper & US mailing for a hand-written letter, or commercially printed document.because of the electricity for the recipient to read it on screen or print it.Watts Computer Monitor Printer Other HVAC load

pieces of mail

pounds of mail

average pounds

/piece

Total CO2e of facilities,

delivery + shipping

1998 Carbon equivalent

assume handling in facilities & delivery is approximately proportional to number of pieces, not their weight

assume long distance shipping emissions (mostly by air) are approximately proportional to weight

Example: Letter

2001 CO2 equivalent

assume handling in facilities & delivery is approximately proportional to number of pieces, not their weight

assume long distance shipping emissions (mostly by air) are approximately proportional to weight

Example: Letter

Example: Package

Example: Postcard

1997 CO2

Active Sleep Active Sleep Active Sleep Do winter heating gains balance summer AC loads?Techlogg 2007 business computer+19"LCD 100 7 40 1 8.5 DSL modemLG L192WS 19-inch LCD at minimum brightness 15.1 http://techlogg.com/?p=336Lexmark E230 laser More monitors at http://techlogg.com/?p=266#more-266 699.2 5.9 http://techlogg.com/?p=267#more-267Canon S800 inkjet 13.1 4.9 http://techlogg.com/?p=267#more-267Hayes 2001 home PC (unspecified) he says standby, 50 3 97 6 354 5 300 server http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3267,y.0,no.,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspxEPA Energy star: notebook 14 2 computer summary: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=computers.pr_crit_computersEPA Energy star: desktop, monitor effective 1/1/2006 50 4 28*megapixels 2 computer summary: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=computers.pr_crit_computers

no standard 3 printer details: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Imaging%20Equipment%20Specifications.pdfcomputer details: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Computer_Spec_Final.pdf

Sleep mode is defined by DOE as being entered automatically by computer after period of inactivity, and is exited by touching a key or mouse. standby summary: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_standby_power.html#sleepWindows XP seems to call this sleep mode "Standby," but DOE+EPA use "Standby" for a state commanded by user, such as equipment with switch set at "off" and still using some power.

Desktop CRT Monitor LCD Monitor Laptop iPad http://www.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPad_2_Environmental_Report.pdf

Older CRT Very few CRTs comply with Energy*Watts, asleep 13 6 2 11 9 laptops could share modem, but then modem is unlikely to be turned off at nightWatts, active 59 97 28 23 15Extra watts consumed from being active, rather than asleep 46 91 26 12 6Assumed weight of Computer & monitor 20 20 15 10 2.30 pounds of equipment (includes 1 pound for modem)CO2 to produce equipment, by weight 1,223 1,223 917 611 141 pounds CO2, from Products tabAssumed price of Computer, monitor, modem $ 500 $ 100 $ 300 $ 700 $ 500 CO2 to produce equipment, by price 153 31 92 215 153 from CMU studyCO2 to produce iPad, from Apple 183 http://www.apple.com/environment/reports/docs/iPad_2_Environmental_Report.pdfCO2 to produce iPad and modem 244 pounds CO2, from Products tabUseful life in years 2 2 2 2 2 light-duty users keep machines longer, but use them fewer hours per week than given below. Total working hours to amortize equipment CO2 may be similar.

Useful life in weeks 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.4 104.4 52.18 weeks/yearOff at night 36% 32% 18% 18% 0% http://enduse.lbl.gov/Info/LBNL-53729_REV.pdfSleeping at night 4% 49% 61% 61% 90%Computer on & not asleep at night 60% 19% 21% 21% 10%Total night & weekend hours per week 123 assumed hours asleep during 9-hour workday 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 7.0 assumed hours/day for startup, updates, backups, repair 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 hours computer does work per workday 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 1.5

44 39 22 22 - Assume turned off with power strip, so off consumes 0w, unlike EPA which assumes 1w per item

Total hours asleep per week 17 73 88 88 146 Total hours computer is doing work per week 30 30 30 30 20 Heavy-duty users are on computers more, but divide their work over more than one machine

Total hours on, not asleep, not doing work, per wk 76 26 28 28 2 168 hours in a weekTotal hours doing work during useful life 3,131 3,131 3,131 3,131 2,087 Overhead: kWh for sleep time/week 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.9 1.3Overhead: kWh for hours on, not asleep, not working/wk 4.5 2.5 0.8 0.6 0.0lb CO2 for overhead hours of electricity, lifetime, per hour of work 0.26 0.16 0.05 0.09 0.11lb CO2 for electricity per hour of work, excl overhead 0.10 0.16 0.05 0.04 0.02

lb CO2 for manufacture, by weight (or from Apple), per hour of wo 0.39 0.39 0.29 0.20 0.12

0.75 0.72 0.39 0.32 0.25manufacture as % of total 52% 55% 74% 61% 46%lb CO2 for manufacture, by price, per hour of work 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.07

0.41 0.34 0.13 0.19 0.21manufacture as % of total 12% 3% 23% 36% 35%

Write or read on screen

ounces CO2 grams CO2

Minutes using screen: 180Desktop & CRT 2,445 12.5 0.024 0.012 4.40 70.3 1994Desktop & LCD 2140 10.9 0.019 0.009 3.43 54.8 1555

kilos 971 0.310

Laptop 611 3.1 0.005 0.003 0.96 15.3 435iPad 183 1.4 0.004 0.004 0.76 12.2 346

see also http://www.topten.info/index.php?page=recommendations_imaging_equipmentElectricity per image depends on number of jobs per day, and images per job, which determine time printing & in standby

Range of print volumes of laser printers & copiersImages per Minute (ipm) 4 20 32 80 100Following are assumptions used by Energy* for calculations of Total Energy Consumption (TEC)

8 20 32 32 321 10 16 100 156

Resulting Images per Day 8 200 512 3,200 4,992 Manufacturers believe actual use is 1/4 to 1/2 of figures above for typical offices using 30-80 ipm machines, and actual use is 2-4 times higher tnan above for professional printers using machines faster than 80 ipmSource: TEC & industry quoted on pp.12-13 of "EuP Preparatory Studies "Imaging Equipment" (Lot 4) Final Report on Task 3 "Consumer Behavior and Local Infrastructure" by Dr. Lutz Stobbe for a consortium providing information to the Council & Parliament of the EUhttp://www.ecoimaging.org/finalised_documents.php http://www.ecoimaging.org/doc/Lot4_T3_Final_Report_2007-11-12.pdf

Type of printer Laser color

http://techlogg.com/?p=336

note: Energy* allows more watts for desktop with multicore processor & either >1Gbyte system memory or graphic processing unit (GPU), and for notebook with GPU

Older or Energy* Desktop + DSL

modem

Small (1 Mpixel)

Energy* LCD

Energy* Laptop + DSL

modem

and DSL modem to

provide wifi at home

Laptop assumed same as LCD, since both have modern power management features

Total hours turned off per week

Total CO2 per hour of work if manufacturing estimated by weight (or from Apple)

Total CO2 per hour of work if manufacturing estimated by price

lb CO2 just for manufacturing,

estimated by weight/Apple

ounces CO2/ hour for

manufacturing, estimated by

weight

total lb CO2/ minute if

manufacturing estimated by

weight

lb CO2/minute if

manufacturing estimated by

price

total lb CO2 if manufacturing

estimated by weight

The folowing section shows impact of Computer-printed documents:

Jobs per Day (same as speed, but at least 8 & no more than 32) Images per Job (divide speed-squared by 2*jobs/day; take the whole number portion, but at least 1)

Laser monochrome

Inkjet color, personal

Inkjet color, work group

weight in kg 23 43 9 9spare parts, lifetime kg (1%) 0.23 0.43 0.09 0.09Purchase Price of Printer, Euros 900 € 1,500 € 200 € 200 €Useful life, years 6 6 4 4Capability, images per minute 32 32 20 20Assumed images per weekday, for calculations 512 512 4 15images/year 133,120 133,120 1,040 3,900 toner or Ink/image, grams 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.07 toner/Ink/year, grams 2,662 3,994 73 273 kWh/year 270 360 18.28 21.99Hours active printing 0.07 0.25hours ready to print 0.50 1.25hours sleep 3.43 10.50hours switched "off" 16.00 8.00hours with 0 watts 4.00 4.00hours per day 24.00 24.00Estimate of Plastics reused at end of useful life 2% 2% 2% 2%Estimate of Plastic recycled at end of useful life 28% 18% 8% 8%Estimate of Plastic incinerated at end of useful life 70% 80% 90% 90%metals & glass are estimated to be 95% recycled in EU, probably because of legal mandateSource: pp. 11, 29, 35-49 of "EuP Preparatory Studies "Imaging Equipment" (Lot 4) Final Report on Task 4 "Technical Analysis" by Dr. Lutz Stobbe for a consortium providing information to the Council & Parliament of the EUhttp://www.ecoimaging.org/finalised_documents.php http://www.ecoimaging.org/doc/Lot4_T4_Final_Report_2007-11-12.pdf 25 50They also show total number of laser & inkjet images made in the EU per year and number of printers (pp.6-8) 0.002 0.001

0.001 0.001kWh/image 0.002 0.003 0.018 0.006 0.002 0.001lb CO2/image from electricity 0.0034 0.0045 0.0294 0.0094 includes sleep time & ready mode as well as activelb CO2 from manufacture & parts, by weight 3,130 5,852 1,225 1,225 printers may have different CO2 intensity from computerslb CO2 from manufacture & parts, by price 414 690 92 92 1.5 Euros per dollarratio of two CO2 estimates 13% 12% 8% 8%images per lifetime 798,720 798,720 4,160 15,600 lb CO2/image from manufacture & parts, by weight 0.0039 0.0073 0.2944 0.0785 lb CO2/image from toner, assume same as plastics 0.0001 0.0001 0.0003 0.0003 toner may have different CO2 intensity from plasticPounds CO2:make+deliver 1 page of paper (products tab) 0.0113 Total Pounds CO2/page 0.0187 0.0233 0.3354 0.0996 one-sided printingmanufacture of equipment as % of total 21% 31% 88% 79%Alternative lifetime images if 75 images/week for 10 y 39,000 lb CO2/image from manufacture & parts, by weight 0.0803 0.1500 0.0314 0.0314 Pounds CO2/page if 75 images/week for 10 yrs 0.0951 0.1660 0.0525 manufacture as % of total 84% 90% 60%Total LB CO2/page, HiVolume,manufacturing estimated by price 0.0153 0.0168 0.0631 0.0270Alternative Lb CO2/page, with manufacturing estimated by price 0.0254 0.0337 0.0234

Number of drafts & final prints per page of letter 3 copiesPounds CO2 per final page 0.06 0.07 1.01 0.30

Write letter or document & print Laser color 60 minutes per page on computer screen, assumedDesktop & CRT 1.52 1.54 2.47 1.76Desktop & LCD 1.20 1.21 2.15 1.44

Laptop 0.38 0.39 1.33 0.62

Read letter or document on screen 15 minutes per page on computer screenDesktop & CRT 0.37Desktop & LCD 0.29

Laptop 0.08

0.02 0.02 0.34 0.10

US Mail letter 1 pagesWeight of page & envelope 0.022 poundsPounds CO2 to make & deliver page & envelope 0.025Pounds CO2 for mailing, by USPS 0.075Total Pounds CO2 for hand-written letter: 0.100 Omits driving to buy stamps, paper & envelope; benefits of recycling paperTotal Pounds CO2 for email letter: 20 total minutes/page to read and write on computer screen

Desktop & CRT 0.488Desktop & LCD 0.381 excludes internet servers, backbones, repeaters, routers, etc.

Laptop 0.107

Length of document, in pages 1 2 6 25 50 Greeting cardWeight of paper & envelope (pounds) 0.022 0.022 0.044 0.154 0.287 0.031 0.364

ounces 0.4 0.4 0.7 2.5 4.6 0.5 5.8

grams 10 10 20 70 130 14 165

Pounds CO2 for paper 0.025 0.025 0.050 0.175 0.324 0.035 0.676Pounds CO2 for printing 0.009 0.018 0.035 0.123 0.229 0.025 0.291 high estimate (Denmark) on pp.16-17 of http://www.postinsight.pb.com/files/Environ_Impact_Mail_.pdfPounds CO2 for USPS, methodology above 0.075 0.075 0.091 0.169 0.264 0.082 0.319

ounces 1.2 1.2 1.5 2.7 4.2 1.3 5.1

grams 34 34 41 77 120 37 145

"Environmental data on ink is not available as the detailed composition is confidential andproprietary." p.45

Laser monochrome

Inkjet color, personal

Inkjet color, work group

lb CO2/page to write document on computer, incl.printing+overhead

Pounds CO2 per page to read document on computer screen

Pounds CO2 per page to print it (alternative to reading on screen)Apparent conclusion: Reading a page on a desktop emits more CO2 than most methods of printing it.

lb CO2 to type, email & read, without printing

Apparent conclusion: an emailed letter emits more CO2 than a handwritten letter

Commercially printed document (both sides), mailed through US mail

Economist magazine

Total Pounds CO2 for paper, printing & US mail 0.11 0.12 0.18 0.47 0.82 0.14 1.29ounces 1.7 1.9 2.8 7.5 13.1 2.3 20.6

grams 49 53 80 212 371 64 583

Pounds CO2 per page 0.109 0.059 0.029 0.019 0.016grams CO2 per document 49 53 80 212 371 64 583

Recipient options if emailed:Read with Desktop & CRT 0.37 0.73 2.20 9.16 18.32 lb CO2, after email is receivedRead with Desktop & LCD 0.29 0.57 1.71 7.14 14.28 excludes internet servers, backbones, repeaters, routers, etc.

Read with Laptop 0.08 0.16 0.48 2.00 3.99 Blue indicates US mail would emit less CO2Print on Laser Monochrome 0.02 0.04 0.11 0.47 0.94 White indicates email would emit less CO2

Print on Laser Color 0.02 0.05 0.14 0.58 1.17 If laser monochrome can print both sides, it is comparable to commercial printingPrint on Inkjet Personal 0.34 0.67 2.01 8.39 16.77

Print on Inkjet Workgroup 0.10 0.20 0.60 2.49 4.98Computer time needed to write the document would be the same, whether it is then emailed or commercially printed

study for Hewlett-Packard: http://www.hp.com/hpinfo/newsroom/press_kits/2009/HPSMBEvent/InfoTrendsReportHPOJPro8X00.pdfhard to follow, but seems to be cost of supplies & purchase & exclude electricity costs, both printing & standby; no data on CO2

Manufacturing estimated by weight Manufacturing estimated by priceminutes on screen 0 30 0 30

Onscreen with Desktop & CRT 0.000 0.733 0.000 0.372Onscreen with Desktop & LCD 0.000 0.571 0.000 0.269

Onscreen with Laptop 0.000 0.160 0.000 0.096Laser B/W high volume or get 25 pages by mail 0.019 0.019 0.015 0.015

Laser B/W 75p/w 0.095 0.095 0.025 0.025Laser Color High Volume 0.023 0.023 0.017 0.017

Laser Color 75p/w (pages per week) 0.166 0.166 0.034 0.034Inkjet 4ppd 0.335 0.335 0.063 0.063

Inkjet 75p/w, 4 years 0.100 0.100 0.027 0.027Inkjet 75p/w 0.052 0.052 0.023 0.023

Get 2-page letter by mail 0.059 0.059 0.059 0.059Get 25-page document by mail 0.019 0.019 0.019 0.019

Onscreen choices are angled. Inkjets are dashed. Laser are solid (black or colored).Apparent Conclusion?Save CO2 by printing documents when you can access a high volume laser, or when you use a desktop.CO2 from manufacturing has more effect the fewer the number of pages printed.Results are approximate, since all data are subject to error, revision, and improved manufacturing. Improvements welcome!

Includes power, manufacture, supplies, downtimeAssumes 61 lb CO2 per lb of equipment for manufacture & delivery (EPA). Using 0.3 lb per dollar would be far less (Carnegie-Mellon) Assumes 0.3 lb CO2 per dollar retail purchase price (Carnegie-Mellon). NOT converted to 1997 $ as it should beAssumes 2.3 lb CO2 per lb of toner for manufacture & delivery (same as plastic, which is estimated by EPA) Printers are lowered more than computers, since manufacturing is larger fraction of their CO2Assumes 1.1 lb CO2 per lb of paper for manufacture & delivery (EPA)Assumes 1.7 lb CO2 per kWh national average (Battelle for DOE)Assumes 40% of desktops and 80% of monitors+laptops are off or asleep at night (Lawrence Berkeley surveys)Uses averages, not marginal effect of each additional page

Apparent conclusion: documents, if read by the average recipient, are better mailed or printed on laser monochrome printer

Graph of Alternative Ways to Read a Document, per Page

Sources are an EU study of printers and Energy Star data on computers ("Services" tab of xls.CO2List.org)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.019 0.019

0.052 0.0520.059 0.059

0.095 0.095

0.166 0.166

0.335 0.335

0.000

0.160

Onscreen with Desktop & CRT Onscreen with Desktop & LCDOnscreen with Laptop Inkjet 4ppdLaser Color 75p/w (pages per week) Laser B/W 75p/wGet 2-page letter by mail Inkjet 75p/wLaser B/W high volume or get 25 pages by mail

Time on Screen (Minutes/Page) Affects CO2 of Desktop & Laptop

Poun

ds C

O2

per P

age:

Com

pare

Prin

ting

or R

eadi

ng o

n Sc

reen

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.015 0.0150.023 0.023

0.059 0.059

0.025 0.0250.034 0.034

0.063 0.063

0.000

0.096

Onscreen with Desktop & CRT Onscreen with Desktop & LCDOnscreen with Laptop Inkjet 4ppdLaser Color 75p/w (pages per week) Laser B/W 75p/wGet 2-page letter by mail Inkjet 75p/wLaser B/W high volume or get 25 pages by mail

Time on Screen (Minutes/Page) Affects CO2 of Desktop & Laptop

Poun

ds C

O2

per P

age:

Com

pare

Prin

ting

or R

eadi

ng o

n Sc

reen

high

0.1640.161 diesel

http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9NzkyMHxDaGlsZElEPS0xfFR5cGU9Mw==&t=1

http://phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File?item=UGFyZW50SUQ9OTE1NjV8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=&t=1

report ctc744 at http://www.carbontrust.co.uk/Publicsites/cScape.CT.PublicationsOrdering/PublicationAudit.aspx?id=CTC744

http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/id.3267,y.0,no.,content.true,page.1,css.print/issue.aspxcomputer summary: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=computers.pr_crit_computerscomputer summary: http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=computers.pr_crit_computersprinter details: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Imaging%20Equipment%20Specifications.pdfcomputer details: http://www.energystar.gov/ia/partners/product_specs/program_reqs/Computer_Spec_Final.pdf

standby summary: http://www1.eere.energy.gov/femp/procurement/eep_standby_power.html#sleep

light-duty users keep machines longer, but use them fewer hours per week than given below. Total working hours to amortize equipment CO2 may be similar.

Source: TEC & industry quoted on pp.12-13 of "EuP Preparatory Studies "Imaging Equipment" (Lot 4) Final Report on Task 3 "Consumer Behavior and Local Infrastructure" by Dr. Lutz Stobbe for a consortium providing information to the Council & Parliament of the EU

high estimate (Denmark) on pp.16-17 of http://www.postinsight.pb.com/files/Environ_Impact_Mail_.pdf

Assumes 0.3 lb CO2 per dollar retail purchase price (Carnegie-Mellon). NOT converted to 1997 $ as it should be

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 350.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.015 0.0150.023 0.023

0.059 0.059

0.025 0.0250.034 0.034

0.063 0.063

0.000

0.096

Onscreen with Desktop & CRT Onscreen with Desktop & LCDOnscreen with Laptop Ink jet 4ppdLaser Color 75p/w (pages per week) Laser B/W 75p/wGet 2-page letter by mail Ink jet 75p/wLaser B/W high volume or get 25 pages by mail

Time on Screen (Minutes/Page) Affects CO2 of Desktop & Laptop

Poun

ds C

O2

per P

age:

Com

pare

Prin

ting

or R

eadi

ng o

n Sc

reen

CARS CO2List.org

GAS CONSUMPTION, BY SPEEDCar Speed Gallons Fuel per hour MPG

feet/sec mph ci cemucosuchje vi Ol CuGeciera celica mustang-corsica subaru chev jeep villager Olds 88 Cutlass Geo0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ciera celica mustang-corsica subaru chev jeep villager Olds Cutlass Geo

Max: 24.7 54.0 21.2 31.5 39.8 28.1 27.8 32.6 35.2 24.7 45.0

0 0.0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.7 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1.1 2.6 0.7 1.2 2.4 1.2 1.1 1.8 1.6 1.0 2.42 1.4 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 2.3 5.7 1.4 2.4 4.5 2.4 2.2 3.7 3.2 1.9 4.93 2.0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 3.5 8.5 2.2 3.5 6.6 3.5 3.4 5.7 4.9 2.7 7.34 2.7 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 4.8 11.9 3.2 4.8 8.8 4.7 4.5 7.8 6.3 3.5 9.75 3.4 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 6.1 14.8 4.1 6.1 10.7 5.7 5.6 9.7 7.9 4.1 12.26 4.1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 7.4 17.0 5.2 7.6 12.4 6.6 6.7 11.4 9.1 4.6 14.67 4.8 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 8.5 19.1 6.0 9.2 14.0 7.7 7.8 12.9 10.4 5.1 17.08 5.5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 9.6 20.2 6.9 10.7 15.6 8.9 8.9 13.3 11.1 5.4 19.59 6.1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0 10.4 21.2 7.3 12.3 16.6 9.3 9.7 13.3 11.8 5.7 22.7

10 6.8 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 11.2 21.3 8.1 13.9 17.9 9.5 10.3 12.9 12.4 5.9 22.711 7.5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 11.9 22.7 7.7 15.0 19.2 9.9 10.3 13.4 12.7 6.2 21.412 8.2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 12.6 24.1 7.9 16.0 21.0 13.2 10.5 14.6 13.2 6.6 20.513 8.9 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 13.2 26.9 8.2 16.7 22.7 15.6 10.4 16.7 13.6 7.0 20.614 9.5 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 14.0 29.8 8.9 17.0 24.5 16.5 11.0 19.1 14.5 7.5 21.715 10.2 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 14.6 34.1 9.1 17.0 25.6 16.8 11.1 20.5 15.0 8.1 22.716 10.9 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 15.4 36.4 9.2 17.0 26.6 16.8 11.9 21.4 16.0 8.7 24.817 11.6 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 16.1 36.2 10.2 17.0 27.6 17.3 12.6 21.5 17.0 9.3 28.318 12.3 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 16.8 36.1 10.2 17.0 27.9 17.3 13.6 21.5 18.3 10.0 31.519 13.0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 17.5 36.0 10.2 17.3 28.2 17.0 14.6 22.0 19.3 10.4 35.020 13.6 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 18.2 37.9 9.5 17.3 29.0 17.3 15.7 22.4 20.4 10.9 39.021 14.3 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 18.6 39.8 10.2 17.5 30.5 16.8 16.6 22.4 21.4 11.2 40.922 15.0 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 19.2 41.7 9.3 17.6 31.9 16.7 17.4 22.4 22.4 11.5 40.523 15.7 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 19.6 44.8 9.9 17.8 33.4 15.7 18.2 22.1 23.1 11.6 39.224 16.4 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 20.0 45.5 10.4 18.2 34.8 15.0 19.5 22.7 23.7 11.7 34.825 17.0 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 20.5 46.1 10.1 18.7 36.3 15.1 21.0 23.7 24.4 11.7 34.126 17.7 1 0 2 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 20.9 46.7 10.5 19.5 36.2 15.7 22.4 24.6 24.6 11.6 35.527 18.4 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 21.4 46.0 10.9 20.2 36.1 17.0 23.3 24.9 25.2 11.6 39.228 19.1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 21.7 45.5 11.3 21.0 34.7 19.1 24.2 25.1 25.8 11.6 40.629 19.8 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 22.2 46.0 10.7 21.7 34.1 20.6 25.0 25.3 26.4 11.6 40.4

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 7510

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Highest Fuel Efficiency Is at 46 - 53 MPHCars in the 1990s

CO2List.orgGeo Prizm Subaru Legacy Olds 88 Mercury VanChevy Pickup Olds Cutlass

MPH - SpeedSlight speed changes can raise or lower MPG by 20%. Best MPG was usually at 46-53

mph. New cars need to be studied (as magazines & builders do for boats, e.g. fu-el.BoatWakes.info).

In your own car, a trip computer would find its best speed.

MPG

- Fu

el E

ffici

ency

.

30 20.5 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 22.7 46.5 10.3 22.5 33.5 21.3 25.6 26.2 26.9 11.7 38.6

31 21.1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 23.2 45.9 10.7 23.2 33.5 21.6 25.5 27.4 27.1 11.8 38.4

32 21.8 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 23.7 44.5 11.0 23.7 34.1 22.7 24.8 28.3 27.6 12.1 38.3

33 22.5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 23.9 44.1 11.4 23.9 34.6 23.2 23.4 29.2 27.8 12.4 38.134 23.2 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.1 44.6 11.0 23.9 35.7 22.7 22.7 29.7 27.9 12.7 39.335 23.9 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.4 46.8 12.1 24.1 36.7 22.7 22.3 30.2 28.1 13.0 40.4

36 24.5 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.3 50.1 12.4 23.8 37.2 22.7 21.7 30.7 28.2 13.3 42.337 25.2 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.5 52.6 12.7 23.8 37.7 22.5 21.7 31.1 28.3 13.6 42.0 15%38 25.9 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.4 54.0 13.1 23.8 38.1 22.7 21.2 31.2 28.5 14.0 41.839 26.6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.6 52.1 13.4 24.2 38.0 23.3 20.8 30.9 28.3 14.5 40.940 27.3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.6 50.5 14.7 24.6 38.4 24.4 20.4 31.0 28.4 15.0 42.641 28.0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.7 49.0 15.1 25.4 38.8 25.6 20.1 31.1 28.5 15.4 41.742 28.6 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.7 49.4 15.5 26.3 39.2 26.3 20.6 31.1 28.6 15.9 40.943 29.3 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.6 50.5 15.8 27.4 39.6 26.2 21.1 31.2 28.7 16.3 40.744 30.0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.6 50.8 16.2 28.6 39.5 26.3 21.4 30.9 28.8 16.6 41.145 30.7 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.5 50.3 16.6 29.2 39.8 26.4 21.8 30.1 29.2 16.8 40.446 31.4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.5 49.8 15.4 29.6 39.7 26.4 22.2 29.0 29.3 16.9 37.847 32.0 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.3 49.3 15.7 29.7 39.1 25.4 22.7 27.9 29.7 17.0 35.648 32.7 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.2 48.8 16.0 29.2 39.0 24.6 23.2 27.3 29.8 17.0 34.849 33.4 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.2 48.4 17.6 28.8 38.4 23.7 24.4 27.2 30.1 17.2 35.950 34.1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.4 48.0 17.9 28.4 38.3 23.0 24.9 27.1 30.4 17.5 37.151 34.8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.3 47.6 18.3 28.3 38.2 24.5 25.4 25.9 30.8 17.8 38.652 35.5 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.5 46.7 18.7 28.4 38.1 24.5 25.0 24.8 31.1 18.4 40.353 36.1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.4 45.2 20.4 28.7 37.6 24.9 25.3 24.8 31.4 18.9 41.154 36.8 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 24.4 42.8 20.8 29.0 37.6 25.2 25.4 26.7 31.7 19.3 41.455 37.5 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 24.4 39.9 21.2 29.5 37.5 24.2 25.7 29.3 32.1 19.6 40.856 38.2 2 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 24.0 37.1 20.1 29.6 37.8 24.5 26.0 30.3 32.6 19.8 39.857 38.9 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 23.7 35.3 18.7 29.7 37.7 25.1 25.9 29.4 32.9 19.9 38.958 39.5 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 23.3 35.0 19.0 29.5 37.3 26.4 25.5 29.3 33.2 20.2 38.859 40.2 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 22.9 36.2 19.3 29.4 36.9 27.0 25.1 28.9 33.2 20.4 39.160 40.9 2 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 22.2 39.0 18.3 29.0 36.5 27.5 25.3 29.0 33.3 20.7 39.061 41.6 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 21.7 42.0 18.7 28.7 36.5 27.5 25.7 28.3 33.3 20.9 38.962 42.3 2 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 21.0 44.5 17.8 28.4 36.4 27.6 25.6 28.4 33.0 21.0 39.563 43.0 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 20.4 45.7 16.6 28.3 36.4 27.0 24.8 28.4 33.0 21.2 40.964 43.6 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 19.7 45.9 16.0 28.2 36.1 26.8 24.1 28.7 32.8 21.4 41.665 44.3 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 19.1 45.2 15.4 28.4 35.2 27.0 23.8 29.0 32.6 21.6 41.066 45.0 2 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 18.6 44.1 15.7 28.7 33.8 27.1 24.9 28.5 32.4 21.7 41.367 45.7 3 1 3 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 18.2 43.5 15.9 29.1 32.4 27.5 26.4 27.2 32.2 21.8 42.768 46.4 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.8 42.9 14.4 29.7 30.9 28.1 27.8 25.9 32.2 21.8 45.069 47.0 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.6 43.6 14.6 30.2 30.2 26.9 27.7 25.2 32.2 21.6 44.470 47.7 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.5 44.6 14.8 30.8 30.0 26.4 27.1 25.3 32.7 21.4 42.271 48.4 3 1 3 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.4 45.2 15.0 31.2 30.8 26.3 27.0 26.3 33.2 21.3 39.472 49.1 3 1 4 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.3 45.5 13.5 31.5 32.3 27.0 25.8 28.5 33.6 21.4 38.473 49.8 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.3 44.8 13.7 31.5 33.9 26.9 24.4 31.1 34.1 21.6 38.674 50.5 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.3 44.3 13.9 31.3 34.8 26.6 22.9 32.6 34.6 21.9 39.475 51.1 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.3 43.7 13.1 31.0 35.3 25.7 23.6 31.8 35.0 22.2 39.676 51.8 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.2 44.3 13.3 30.7 35.3 25.2 25.2 30.5 35.0 22.3 39.077 52.5 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 1 2 1 17.2 44.9 12.9 30.3 35.5 25.4 26.4 30.0 35.2 22.3 38.978 53.2 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 17.1 45.1 12.3 29.9 35.9 25.2 26.1 30.6 35.2 22.3 38.5

79 53.9 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 17.0 44.2 12.1 29.6 36.4 25.9 24.6 31.7 35.0 22.3 38.280 54.5 3 1 4 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 16.8 42.9 12.2 29.3 37.1 25.7 23.9 32.5 35.0 22.5 37.181 55.2 3 1 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 16.6 42.5 12.0 29.1 38.1 25.5 23.7 32.5 34.7 22.9 37.182 55.9 3 1 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 16.4 42.7 12.2 29.0 38.6 24.7 23.9 31.6 34.3 23.5 37.583 56.6 3 1 5 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 1 16.2 44.6 12.0 28.7 38.5 23.6 24.1 30.4 34.1 24.1 38.884 57.3 4 1 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 16.0 46.9 11.6 28.5 38.2 23.7 24.5 29.5 33.7 24.5 39.085 58.0 4 1 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 15.7 49.5 11.8 28.3 37.4 23.7 24.5 29.0 33.5 24.5 38.686 58.6 4 1 5 2 2 3 2 2 2 2 2 15.5 51.0 11.6 28.1 36.6 23.4 24.1 28.6 33.1 24.2 37.687 59.3 4 1 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 2 2 15.3 50.3 11.7 28.0 36.2 22.3 23.3 27.8 32.6 24.0 36.888 60.0 4 1 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 15.1 48.4 11.9 28.2 35.7 21.2 22.8 26.7 32.3 23.8 36.189 60.7 4 1 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 14.9 46.3 11.6 28.4 35.1 21.5 22.5 25.8 31.9 23.8 35.990 61.4 4 1 5 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 14.7 45.1 11.8 28.5 34.7 23.7 21.9 25.8 31.5 24.1 35.391 62.0 4 1 6 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 14.5 45.3 11.3 28.7 34.5 23.3 21.4 26.4 31.2 24.4 34.992 62.7 4 1 6 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 14.3 45.8 11.4 28.9 34.5 21.5 20.9 26.7 30.9 24.6 34.593 63.4 5 1 6 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 14.1 45.6 11.0 29.0 34.3 21.9 21.1 26.3 30.6 24.7 34.594 64.1 5 1 6 2 2 3 3 2 2 3 2 13.8 44.8 10.8 29.0 33.9 22.2 21.2 25.9 30.4 24.6 35.095 64.8 5 1 6 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 13.6 43.5 10.7 28.8 33.6 21.7 21.1 25.7 30.1 24.5 35.296 65.5 5 2 6 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 13.3 42.0 10.5 28.7 33.2 21.2 21.2 24.9 29.9 24.5 34.497 66.1 5 2 7 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 13.0 41.1 10.1 28.4 32.9 21.5 21.6 24.4 29.5 24.6 32.998 66.8 5 2 7 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 12.7 40.5 10.2 28.2 32.6 22.3 21.8 24.3 29.2 24.7 32.499 67.5 5 2 7 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 12.5 40.4 10.1 27.8 32.1 23.1 21.0 24.5 28.7 24.5 33.4

100 68.2 6 2 7 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 2 12.3 40.6 10.2 27.4 31.7 22.1 20.0 24.3 28.2 24.2 33.9101 68.9 6 2 7 3 2 3 4 3 2 3 2 12.2 40.5 10.0 27.0 31.3 20.1 19.6 24.1 27.7 23.5 33.1102 69.5 6 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 12.2 40.2 10.1 26.4 31.0 19.3 19.9 24.5 27.1 22.9 31.6103 70.2 6 2 7 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 2 12.2 39.2 9.9 25.8 30.8 19.4 20.2 24.6 26.4 22.4 30.9104 70.9 6 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 12.4 38.1 10.0 25.3 30.7 19.4 20.1 23.6 25.8 22.3 30.6105 71.6 6 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 12.5 36.9 9.8 24.8 30.3 19.9 20.2 22.7 25.1 22.2 30.0106 72.3 6 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 12.7 36.1 9.9 24.4 29.9 19.9 20.2 22.4 24.7 22.1 29.4107 73.0 6 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 3 12.8 35.6 9.8 24.1 29.3 19.9 20.0 22.9 24.3 21.9 28.6108 73.6 6 2 7 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 12.9 35.7 9.8 23.9 28.9 19.5 19.5 22.9 24.1 21.7 28.4109 74.3 6 2 7 3 3 4 4 3 3 3 3 13.1 36.3 10.2 23.7 28.7 17.7 19.0 22.4 24.0 21.5 28.2110 75.0 6 2 8 3 3 4 4 3 3 4 3 13.2 36.8 10.0 23.6 28.7 17.2 18.9 22.1 24.0 21.4 28.3

avggas savied cutting 65mph to 52mph 21% 2% 20% 6% 5% 14% 16% 16% 14% -10% 10% 10%

Speed, mph Extra driving minutes per hour if cut back to 52 mph60 965 1570 2175 27

Miles to Recoup Car CO2 if Switch to Efficient New Car Pounds CO2 saved in rest ofGain in MPG by Getting New Car 2E+05 miles life of car

Assumptions: 5 10 15 20 5 10 15 2022,046 lb CO2/new car MPG of Old Car: 15 57,000 35,000 28,000 25,000 36,000 72,000 95,000 111,000

23 lb CO2/gallon 20 94,000 57,000 44,000 38,000 13,000 36,000 53,000 65,00025 142,000 83,000 63,000 53,000 1,000 18,000 30,000 40,00030 198,000 113,000 85,000 71,000 7,000 17,000 25,000

35 264000 149,000 110,000 91,000 8,000 14,000

Components of CO2 in Using 2 Hypothetical Cars, with Different MPG28 17 miles per gallon

19.6 pounds CO2 in each gallon of gasoline

24.1 pounds CO2 in each gallon of gasoline & its production0.69871 1.151 pounds CO2 per mile (from fuel)

0.8599 1.416 pounds CO2 per mile (from fuel & its production)

Refrigerant leaks p. 52 of http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/FTPROOT/environment/057398.pdf2 pounds 1,2,2,2-Tetrafluoroethane (HFC134a) refrigerant per car

10% leakage per year0.2 pounds leagage per year

1,300 pounds CO2 equivalent per pound HFC 134a260 pounds CO2 equivalent per year

10,000 miles per year0.026 pounds CO2 equivalent from refrigerant, per mile

1 quart oil & grease consumed during miles shown below22.384 pounds CO2 per gallon10,000 miles

0.00056 pounds CO2 equivalent from oil, per mile

CO2 released in manufacturing car18,000 pounds CO2 released during manufacture p.5 of http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg see Argonne study at bottom for same result

152,000 miles average life of cars http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/nrd-30/NCSA/Rpts/2006/809952.pdf0.11842 pounds manufacturing CO2, per mile

2 columns based on miles per gallon above3.3 2.0

CO2 released in manufacturing tires Initial tires are included in car, but need frequent replacement20 pounds per tire, typical http://www.miata.net/faq/tire_weights.html80 weight of 4 tires, in pounds (spare tire does not wear out until used)

4.40433 pounds of CO2 per pound of tire352.346 CO2 in 4 tires

3 full sets of 4 replacement tires0.00695 pounds tire CO2, per mile

0.15193 Total of above, other than fuel. Also need maintenance1.01184 Total of above, including fuel. Also need maintenance

CO2 released in building highways3,500 tons CO2 released in building & maintaining 1http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads

7.0 They're in the middle of the following 2 studies, from Australia & Korea. We show USA data after the 2 studies they cite.20,000 typical trips per day per lane http://www.sightline.org/research/energy/res_pubs/analysis-ghg-roads

365 millions of trips per lane in 50 years

Oil lost (negligible if there's no oil leak)

pounds CO2 per gallon

millions of pounds CO2 per lane mile

0.01918 pounds CO2 per vehicle mile

Roads in Australia http://www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk/sustainable/refs/lca/Treloar.pdf see also http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722/

Yrs Road type Abbrev.135,987 40 Continuously reinforced con CRC 2.9 2.09 1.39 1,261 3.9 0.054100,028 40 Plain concrete PC 2.1 2.42 1.39 1,441 3.3 0.045194,980 40 Full-depth asphalt FDA 4.2 1.70 145 4.3 0.058149,759 40 Composite, asphalt, and conComp 3.2 1.41 120 3.3 0.045135,419 40 Deep-strength asphalt DSA 2.9 0 2.9 0.039

42,204 20 Granular G 0.9 0 0.9 0.025128,799 40 Deep-strength asphalt on DSAB 2.7 2.28 195 2.9 0.040

78,271 20 Asphaltic concrete on boun ACB 1.7 3.28 280 1.9 0.05260 kg CO2 per GJ

0.13228 pounds CO2 per MJ5,000 typical trips per day per lane

133 kg rebar/cu.meter concrete CRC

Roads in Korea http://www.lcarc.re.kr/Korean/staff%20list/papers/ASCE_2003.pdf

4 lane-kilometers1,410 1,286 cement1,526 1,391 all materials

47 42 construction (mostly dump trucks)1,069 977 maintenance & repair

35 29 demolition2,677 2,439 total

1,153 except cement9,317 thousands of pounds CO2 equivalent

0.06619 TOE/tonne cement21,298 tonnes cement

GJ/ 5km,

2lanes

Million Lb CO2/ Lane

Mile, Part

Cubic Meters 32MPa

Concrete per Meter

Road

Cubic Meters 5MPa

Concrete per Meter

Road

Pound CO2

Calcining per meter road

Million Lb CO2

per Lane

Mile, All

Lb CO2/

Vehicle Mile Their direct estimates are much higher than their IO analysis.

tonnes oil equivalent

(TOE)

tonnes carbon equival

ent

802 pounds CO2 per tonne cement (includes quarrying, construction, calcining, delivery, etc.)17,088 thousands of pounds CO2 equivalent

26,405 Total thousands of pounds CO2 equivalent11

Roads in USA, Berkeley study http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/metric tonnes CO2e / mile (App.B) Widths in feet (p.37)

Pavement Sub-Base

Lanes Material Material Total Travel

Interstate 4 2980 206 5 284 74 13 3562 2.0 48 28 8.9

Arterial 2 1099 76 2 142 37 6 1362 1.5 23 12 7.4

Collector Streets 2 853 59 1 131 34 6 1084 1.2 22 10 6.4

Local Streets, urban 2 670 46 1 90 23 4 834 0.9 22 4 6.1

Local Streets, rural 2 541 37 1 73 19 3 674 0.7 21 10 4.1

Summary CO2 emissions as % of total without roads Berkeley Striking similarities from different studiesToyota EDF Above car suv pu bus Toyota from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_2_185/ai_n12937459

72% 68% Driving 69% 72% 72% 74% 76% similar data in graphs on p. 25 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/04/download/pdf/e_s_report_2004.pdf8% 21% Fuel production 16% 12% 15% 13% 12% non-production CO2 is .18 million tons, compared to 1.40 in production, according to:6% Vehicle production 12% 9% 11% 6% 10% p.27 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/csr/report/08/download/pdf/sr08_p20_p29.pdf

12% Material production in vehicle production EDF from p.3 of http://www.edf.org/documents/3986_CAAutoCarbonBurden.pdf2% Other 3% 6% 5% 4% 4% Berkeley data below

11% Production & other1.39 1.47 Total w/o roads, as multiple of drivi 1.45 1.39 1.39 1.34 1.32

Total w/roads, as multiple of driving 1.58 1.54 1.46 1.35

Grand total2 columns based on miles per gallon above Total as multiple of driving

0.9896 1.62 pounds CO2 per mile (Toyota total plus highway) 142% 141%1.0467 1.71 pounds CO2 per mile (EDF total plus highway) 150% 149%

1.03 1.59 147% 138%

28.8528 27

millions of pounds CO2 per lane mile

Deliver Material

Equip-ment

Deliver Material

Equip-ment

million pounds

CO2e per lane

mileShoulder

skg

CO2e / sf

pounds CO2 per mile (total above items)

pounds CO2 per gallon (total above items)

Estimated Average Material Content in U.S.-Built Passenger Cars, 1994 http://www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/106.pdf

Material Coal Oilpounds CO2 per 1000Btu 0.205 0.055 0.032 0pounds CO2 per MJ 0.194 0.052 0.030 MJ smaller than 1,000BTU, so emits less CO2End use energy as fraction of total, including production 0.980 0.900 0.880pounds CO2 per MJ, including production of energy 0.198 0.058 0.034

Mild steel 631High-strength steel 120Stainless steel 20Other steels 19

Total steel 790 65 52 0.7 0.03 0.23 0.02 7,823 4.492 pounds CO2 per pound of steelCast iron 185 37 37 1.0 1,357Total ferrous 975 0

Wrought aluminum 231 52 0.5 0.08 0.27 0.16 2,167Cast aluminum 44 44 1 0

Aluminum Total 83 0Reinforced plastic 56 37 0Unreinforced plastic 79 14 0

Plastics/composites Total 112 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.02 425Copper 19 140 35 0Zinc die castings 7 112 8 0

Copper, zinc 26 132 0.3 0.03 0.52 0.09 286Glass 40 13 0.3 0.05 0.62 0.09 37 glass MJ from Products tabPowder metal 12 93 0.7 0.03 0.23 0.02 170

Rubber 61 88 0Other materials 45 88 0

Rubber and other 106 88 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.02 633Fluids/lubricants 86 88 1 440Process 0Automobile assembly 0.7 0.04 0.04 0.23Automobile shredding 0.7 0.04 0.04 0.23

Total 1,440 13,338 4.202 lb CO2/lb of car materialsTotal omits CO2 from assembly. Toyota says it's half as much as materials, so:

20,007 6.304 lb CO2/lb of car

Berkeley Analysis http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/ http://escholarship.org/uc/item/7n29n303Road vehicles Units shown at left g CO2e/vehicle mile lb CO2e per vehicle mile

Mass (kg)

Energy (MJ /kg)

Energy (MJ /kg)

Natural Gas

Non-fossil

Pounds CO2

40' Bus

Vehicle weight, pounds, p.21 3,200 4,600 5,200 25,000

Vehicle lifetime, years, p.21 16.9 15.5 15.5 12

Vehicle Miles/year, p.21 11,000 11,000 11,000 42,000

Average passengers per vehicle, p 1.58 1.74 1.46 10.5

Passenger miles/year, p.21 17,000 19,000 16,000 440000

grams lbMiles per gallon, p.52 24 28 17 16

Miles per gallon, p.23 and errata 5/ 28 17 16 4.3

Lifetime miles, p.52 190,000 170,000 170,000 500,000

Lifetime gallons, p.52 6,700 10,000 11,000 120,000

lifetime mpg 28.358 17.0 15.5 4.2

8874 20 fuel co2/mile (EIA) 317 522 555 197 0.699 1.151 1.223 0.433

fuel co2/mile (p.24, citing EPA Mobile software) 367 478 618 226 0.809 1.054 1.363 0.498

EPA / EIA 116% 92% 111% 115%

Manufacture, metric tonnes CO2e/ve 10 9 12 129 45 71 48 31 0.099 0.157 0.106 0.068

calc from lifetime miles above 53 53 71 25 0.116 0.117 0.156 0.054

pounds CO2e/vehicle 22,046 19,842 26,455 284,396

pounds CO2e/pound of vehicle 6.9 4.3 5.1 11.4

Operation (running) pp.29-32 370 480 620 230 0.816 1.058 1.367 0.507

Refining & distribution, p.54 61 100 110 36 0.135 0.221 0.243 0.079

as % of EIA fuel 19.2% 19.2% 19.8% 18%16% as % of EPA fuel 16.5% 20.8% 17.7% 15.7%

Refining & distribution, fraction of fuel, p.52

9% direct energy to produce & deliver fuel

7% additional energy in fuel supply chain

Auto repair 0.00078 0.00064 0.00065 2.7E-05 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Idling, g/hour 4614 7.6 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.017

Toyota Camry sedan

Chevy Trail-

blazer SUV

Ford F-series

pickup

Toyota Camry sedan

Chevy Trail-

blazer SUV

Ford F-series

pickup

40' Bus/ passeng

er mile

Toyota Camry sedan

Chevy Trail-

blazer SUV

Ford F-series

pickup

40' Bus/ passen-ger mile

http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/coefficients.html

Tire production, g/USD$ 1090 7.2 7.2 7.2 0.24 0.016 0.016 0.016 0.001

Other vehicle maintenance, g/USD 423 17 19 19 4.2 0.037 0.042 0.042 0.009

Fixed costs/insurance per year 900 920 930 8500 5.6 5.7 5.8 1.3 0.012 0.013 0.013 0.003

84 0.1852 per USD $ 0.15092 0.1502755 0.1512677

6,000 13.23 Road construction, per square foot 73 73 73 6.4 0.161 0.161 0.161 0.014

614 1.3539 Road maintenance, per square foot 9.5 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.021

Herbicides/salting 0.37 0.41 0.41 0.036 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.000

Road lights 13 14 14 0.47 0.029 0.031 0.031 0.001

7,100 15.656 Parking, per square foot on surface 16 16 16 0.035 0.035 0.035 0.000

53,000 116.87 per square foot in garage

Total CO2e per mile 616 768 936 320 1.358 1.694 2.064 0.706per passenger mile with passenger count above 390 442 641 320 0.859 0.974 1.414 0.706

Total using EIA (more reliable) instead of EPA 566 812 873 291 1.247 1.791 1.924 0.641per passenger if bus nearly full (40 passengers p.20) 0.168

Total without running, refining, distribution 185 188 206 54 0.407 0.415 0.454 0.120

Total without roads 513 665 833 304 1.132 1.466 1.836 0.670

They report buses in peak & off-peak hours, but assume full buses in peak hours, though outer parts of route not fullWe provide the total with full buses, as a simple estimate of inter-city buses which are usually full, though they are also larger buses

Rail vehicles BART BART

electric diesel electric electric

aerial stations, pp.88-91 14 2

surface stations 13 all 47 many

underground stations 16 9 some

escalators (use 4.7kW while operating), p.94 176 3 28 16

concrete, million cubic feet, p.92 26 0.6 6.8 5.9

steel, thousand pounds, p.92 810 18 210 180

miles surface track (33.3lb/ft), pp.101-103 44 all 64 37

miles aerial track, pp.101-3 23 2

miles underground track, pp.101-3 21

Parking spaces, p.99 45890 7814 0 2000

Electricity g CO2e/kwh, pp.130-131 351 351 351 632

combustion emissions g CO2e/kwh, p.121 220 220 220 560

Electric Pre-combustion emissions g CO2e/kwh, p.121 48 48 48 69

Total of 2 emissions 268 268 268 629

Total including transmission losses 290.512 290.512 290.512 689.384

Caltrain,

commuter

San Francisco Muni

Boston Green

Line

Caltrain, commut

er

San Francisc

o Muni

Boston Green

Line

pre-combustion as% of direct 13.7% 13.7% 13.7% 10.9%

Electric transmission losses, p.121 8.40% 8.40% 8.40% 9.60%

Concrete production, kg CO2e/cu.yd, p.131 609

Concrete placement, kg CO2e/cu.yd, p.131 35

g CO2e/ passenger mileTrain manufacture 2.3 9.6 1.9 1.1 0.005 0.021 0.004 0.002

Train operation, active 39 62 41 74 0.086 0.137 0.090 0.163Train operation, idling 20 8.4 21 38 0.044 0.019 0.046 0.084Train operation, HVAC 5.4 3.3 7.1 11 0.012 0.007 0.016 0.024Train maintenance, not elsewhere classified 1.4 5.9 0.36 0.2 0.003 0.013 0.001 0.000

Train cleaning 0.014 0.023 0.022 0.02 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Train maintenance, flooring 0.6 0.39 0.089 0.042 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.000

Insurance, employees 0.077 0.19 1.6 2.5 0.000 0.000 0.004 0.006

Insurance, vehicles 0.17 0.41 1.9 1.5 0.000 0.001 0.004 0.003

Station construction 21 2.7 31 14 0.046 0.006 0.068 0.031

Station lighting 0.42 4 12 9 0.001 0.009 0.026 0.020

Station escalators 0.1 0.077 1.2 1.2 0.000 0.000 0.003 0.003

Station train control 0.18 7.3 7.3 5.8 0.000 0.016 0.016 0.013

Station parking lighting 2.5 2.5 1.6 0.006 0.006 0.000 0.004

Station miscellaneous electricity 0.044 0.92 10 20 0.000 0.002 0.022 0.044

Station maintenance, not elsewhere classified 14 0.8 1.8 4.3 0.031 0.002 0.004 0.009

Station cleaning 0.014 0.022 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Station parking 8 7.8 1.6 0.018 0.017 0.000 0.004

Track & power station construction 16 22 15 13 0.035 0.049 0.033 0.029

Track maintenance 0.37 2.1 4.6 1.5 0.001 0.005 0.010 0.003

Insurance, employees 0.21 1.3 3.7 9.2 0.000 0.003 0.008 0.020

Insurance, facilities 1.3 0.74 6.9 5.8 0.003 0.002 0.015 0.013

Refining & distribution, fuel for vehicles 2.2 13 2.4 5.4 0.005 0.029 0.005 0.012

Transmission losses, fuel for vehicles 0.62 0.67 1.4 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.003

Refining & distribution, fuel for infrastrcture 0.11 0.51 1 1.6 0.000 0.001 0.002 0.004

Transmission losses, fuel for infrastructure 0.031 0.14 0.3 0.42 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.001

RAIL TOTAL PER PASSENGER MILE 136.06 156.1 172.863 224.182 0.300 0.344 0.381 0.494

refine & distrib as % of vehicle fuel 3% 18% 3% 4%

transmission loss as % of vehicle fuel 1% 0% 1% 1%

Airplane data from the same study are on the airplane tab

(CO2 from Building Cars & Roads is Lower on This Page, below Row 135)

text below header:

Manufacturers optimize cars for 46-58 mph, since most of the EPA Highway test and 6% of the City test are at these speeds. The 1990s pattern graphed below has probably not changed much, since the EPA test has not changed. The best efficiency was usually between 46 and 53 mph. One car's best speed was below this range, and one was above. (Spreadsheet & other data at CO2List.org Full study at Fuel.NumbersInstitute.com )

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 7510

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Highest Fuel Efficiency Is at 46 - 53 MPHCars in the 1990s

CO2List.orgGeo Prizm Subaru Legacy Olds 88 Mercury VanChevy Pickup Olds Cutlass

MPH - SpeedSlight speed changes can raise or lower MPG by 20%. Best MPG was usually at 46-53

mph. New cars need to be studied (as magazines & builders do for boats, e.g. fu-el.BoatWakes.info).

In your own car, a trip computer would find its best speed.

MPG

- Fu

el E

ffici

ency

.

http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/fe_test_schedules.shtml

http://www.epa.gov/otaq/cert/dearmfr/gasmgdc.pdf

lower than published CAFÉ standard (average of 10% & 22%).

EPA requires specific tests to generate MPG ratings for consumers. Most of the Highway test and 6% of the City test are at 46-58mph, so manufacturers optimize cars for these speeds.Highway MPG: Test is mostly at 46-58mph, plus one start and one stop, so average is 48. Lab adjusts resistance on wheels to reflect wind resistance and weight. EPA reports 78% of lab mpg to adjust for hills, etc., which are not measured in lab.City MPG: Test has frequent acceleration & deceleration between 0 and 30. 6% of the test time is cruising at 55. EPA reports 90% of lab mpg to adjust for hills, potholes, etc., not measured in lab.

Enforcement of MPG limits on manufacturers (CAFE) uses weighted average of city test (55%), and highway test (45%), without the percentage adjustments. Thus actual MPG is

see Argonne study at bottom for same result

They're in the middle of the following 2 studies, from Australia & Korea. We show USA data after the 2 studies they cite.

see also http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20041209.161722/

Their direct estimates are much higher than their IO analysis.

excludes calcining, if concrete is used

Toyota from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m3012/is_2_185/ai_n12937459similar data in graphs on p. 25 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/environmental_rep/04/download/pdf/e_s_report_2004.pdfnon-production CO2 is .18 million tons, compared to 1.40 in production, according to: p.27 of http://www.toyota.co.jp/en/csr/report/08/download/pdf/sr08_p20_p29.pdfEDF from p.3 of http://www.edf.org/documents/3986_CAAutoCarbonBurden.pdf

MJ smaller than 1,000BTU, so emits less CO2

pounds CO2 per pound of steel

glass MJ from Products tab

lb CO2/lb of car materialsTotal omits CO2 from assembly. Toyota says it's half as much as materials, so:

Constants Camry SUV28 17 40

total CO2 /mile, using EIA, not EPA (include fuel, car, road, from right hand section) 1.247 1.791"Total lb CO2/gallon" from multiplying "total co2/mile" by MPG 34.9 30.4slope of Equation for "total lb CO2/gallon" as function of MPG 0.4074

constant of Equation for "total lb CO2/gallon" as function of MPG 23.5221raw co2/gallon 19.5640

extra emissions per gallon 3.958134.9 30.4 39.8

Total Lb CO2/mile, from dividing co2/gallon by MPG 1.247 1.791 0.995

fuel-efficient cars use same amount of roadfuel-efficient cars are smaller & take slightly less maintenance

extra co2/mile more noticeable on fuel-efficient car, since added to lower CO2/mile from fuelextra constant more noticeable per mile on fuel-efficient car, since amortized over fewer gallons per mile from fuel

Another approach is to separate CO2 in the fuel from CO2 in the cars & road, and this gives almost the same result as the lines above:"other CO2/mile" (I.e. cars & road, from right hand section) 0.407 0.415slope of Equation for "other CO2/mile" as function of MPG -0.0007

constant of Equation for "other CO2/mile" as function of MPG 0.4269Derived "other co2 /mile". Note this matches data above where available, and allows projection to other MPG 0.407 0.415 0.399

total pounds CO2 /mile, using EIA, not EPA (include fuel, car, road, from left hand section) 1.247 1.791lb co2/mile from gas (include production & distribution) by subtraction 0.84 1.38

lb CO2/gallon (only fuel, production & distribution) from multiplying co2/mile by MPG 23.45459lb co2/mile from gas (include production & distribution) from dividing co2/gallon by MPG 0.84 1.38 0.59

Total lb co2 /mile (addition) 1.247 1.791 0.98634.9 30.4 39.4

Total Lb CO2/mile, from dividing co2/gallon by MPG 1.247 1.791 0.986% from gas 67% 77% 59%

Berkeley study provides total pounds of CO2 (fuel, car & roads) per mile for 2 levels of MPG, from Camry & SUV (Pickup is nearly same as SUV). The following calculation derives an estimate for ANY level of MPG:

vary MPG in next cell, to

see resulting CO2 /mile

belowMPG: miles per gallon of direct fuel (independent variable, from right hand section)

Derived "total lb co2/gallon". Note this matches data above where available, and allows projection to other MPG

Total CO2/gallon of direct fuel (fuel, car & roads) from multiplying co2/mile times MPG

Car & pickup averages below:1.7051.082

42 passengers capacity at http://www.dot.state.co.us/CommuterChoice/files/TRANDIR_Transit.pdf

http://repositories.cdlib.org/its/ds/UCB-ITS-DS-2008-1/

omits tunnel & bridge construction

underground ignored for Muni & green lineBART includes 14 mile tunnel under bay

excludes calcining

Excludes calcining. Omits bridge & tunnel construction, though total not likely to be large

why green t&d so much smaller than supply chain?

Average0.380

WORLD CO2 CO2List.org See also "Countries" and "Nations" tabs USA ChinaRecommendation by UN Development Programme http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf

World Note 1 metric tonne = 1.102 short tons = 2204 poundsSustainable emissions of CO2 equivalent 14,500 million tonnes/year 2007-8 Human Development Report, p.47 population 2008 6,707 people http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.html population 2020 7,659 people http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.htm 341 1,431 http://www.census.gov/population/www/projections/files/nation/summary/np2008-t1.xls population 2050 9,539 people http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.htm 439 1,808 http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ranks.html per person 2008 2.2 tonnes/year/person calc cv. http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.php per person 2020 1.9 tonnes/year/person calc per person 2050 1.5 tonnes/year/person calc per person 2008 4,800 pounds/year/person calc per person 2020 4,200 tons/year/person calc per person 2050 3,400 tons/year/person calc

2004CO2 emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement 28,983 million tonnes/year 2004 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 6,046 5,007CO2 emissions from change in forest biomass 4,038 million tonnes/year 1990-2004 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 -500 -335Total CO2 emissions from sources above 33,021 million tonnes/year 2004 calc 5,546 4,672All Greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) 48,000 million tonnes/year 2004 2007-8 Human Development Report, p.33

Population 6,392 millions of people 2004 http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.htm 293 1,318 http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=PEP_2007_EST&-mt_name=PEP_2007_EST_G2007_T001Per person: http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/ranks.htmlCO2 emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement 4.5 tonnes/year/person 2004 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 20.6 3.8CO2 emissions from change in forest biomass 0.6 tonnes/year/person 1990-2004 calc -1.7 -0.3Total CO2 emissions from sources above 5.1 tonnes/year/person 2004 calc 18.9 3.5 converted from metric to short tons 5.7 tons/year/person 2004 calc 20.8 3.9 converted to pounds 11,300 pounds/year/person 41,600 7,800Gross Domestic Product per person (2005 US$@PPP) $9,543 $41,890 $6,757Total CO2 emissions per dollar of GDP 1.2 1.0 1.2

OTHER SOURCES, FOR COMPARISON2007

Carbon emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement 8,471 million tons/year 1,586 1,802 Carbon converted to CO2: 31,060 million tons/year 5,816 6,607 Population 6,628 millions of people http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.htm 302 1,322 http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/DTTable?_bm=y&-geo_id=01000US&-ds_name=PEP_2007_EST&-mt_name=PEP_2007_EST_G2007_T001 per person 4.7 tons/year/person 19.3 5.0

2006

Carbon emissions from fossil fuels+gas flaring+cement 8,400 million tonnes/year Carbon converted to CO2: 30,800 million tonnes/year calc

Actual emissions of CO2 equivalent, 2005

39,685 million tons/year 2,005 http://cait.wri.org/cait.php?page=yearly&mo 7,098 7,250CO2 emissions from change in forest biomass 4,038 million tonnes/year 1990-2004 2007-8 Human Development Report, T.24 -500 -335Total of the above 43,723 million tons/year 2,005 calc 6,599 6,915 population 2005 6,470 people 2,005 http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idb/worldpop.htm 296 1,295 per person 6.8 tons/year/person 2005 calc 22.3 5.3

HDR (p.199) says cooling by human aerosols balances heating by other greenhouse gases: "Anthropogenic contributions to aerosols (mainly sulphate, organic carbon, black carbon, nitrates and dust) produce a cooling effect by blocking solar radiation.The radiative forcing value for non-CO2 long-lived greenhouse gases is 0.98 [Watts/sq.m] and the cooling effect of aerosols is 1.2 [Watts/sq.m]."

They are quoting IPCC, Climate Change 2007— The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.Cambridge University Press

http://cdiac.ornl.gov/ftp/trends/emissions/Preliminary_CO2_Emissions_2006_2007.xls

p. 242 of MacKay's book: Sustainable Energy: http://www.withouthotair.com/download.html

All Greenhouse gases (CO2 equivalent) Excludes aerosols & change in forest biomass

COUNTRIES See also "Nations" tab for electricity and currencies CO2 Emissions footnotes in source: http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pDevelopment Measures PopulationCO2List.org

Total population (millions)See also "World" tab 2001 2001

1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 1990 2004 2,005 2005 2005 2,005 2005 1975 2005 2015 1975 2005 2015 2005 2015 2005 2015World 1.36 1.36 0.0% 1.21 11,287 11,287 9,921 5.5 13,601 22,702.5 28,982.7 2 100 100 4.3 4.5 2.64 2.63 0.68 0.55 4,038.1 282,650 0.743 68.1 78.6 67.8 9,543 11287 6.515 7.295 4,076 6,515 7,295 1.6 1.1 37.2 48.6 52.8 28.3 26 7.3 8.3 4.5 2.6

Developing countries 1.64 1.23 7,443 5,291 6,831.1 12,303.3 5.7 30.1 42.5 1.7 2.4 2.34 2.59 0.64 0.56 5,091.5 190,360 0.691 .. 66.1 76.7 64.1 5,282 2,972 5,215 5,957 1.9 1.3 26.5 42.7 47.9 30.9 28 5.5 6.4 5.4 2.9Least developed countries 2.48 0.37 3,602 441 74.1 146.3 7 0.3 0.5 0.2 0.2 .. .. 0.14 0.17 1,097.8 50,811 0.488 .. 54.5 53.9 48 1,499 358 766 965 2.5 2.3 14.8 26.7 31.6 41.5 39.3 3.3 3.5 6.6 4.9Arab States 1.94 1.90 10,233 9,921 733.6 1,348.4 6 3.2 4.7 3.4 4.5 3.02 2.94 0.75 0.86 44.4 2,393 0.699 .. 67.5 70.3 65.5 6,716 144 314 380 2.6 1.9 41.8 55.1 58.8 35.2 32.1 3.9 4.4 6.7 3.6East Asia & the Pacific 1.78 1.39 10,295 7,716 3,413.5 6,682.0 6.8 15 23.1 2.1 3.5 .. .. 0.9 0.63 2,293.8 27,223 0.771 .. 71.7 90.7 69.4 6,604 1,312 1,961 2,111 1.3 0.7 20.5 42.8 51.1 23.8 20.6 7.1 8.8 5 1.9Latin America & the Caribbean 1.58 0.79 12,335 5,732 1,087.7 1,422.6 2.2 4.8 4.9 2.5 2.6 2.25 2.19 0.4 0.36 1,667.0 97,557 0.803 .. 72.8 90.3 81.2 8,417 324 557 627 1.8 1.2 61.1 77.3 80.6 29.8 26.3 6.3 7.7 5 2.5South Asia 0.99 1.01 2,798 2,866 990.7 1,954.6 7 4.4 6.7 0.8 1.3 1.94 2.34 0.49 0.46 -49.3 3,844 0.611 .. 63.8 59.5 60.3 3,416 835 1,587 1,842 2.1 1.5 21.2 30.2 33.8 33.6 29.5 4.7 5.4 5.5 3.2Sub-Saharan Africa 3.02 1.26 5,724 2,205 454.8 663.1 3.3 2 2.3 1 1 .. .. 0.55 0.57 1,153.6 58,523 0.493 .. 49.6 60.3 50.6 1,998 314 723 913 2.8 2.3 21.2 34.9 39.6 43.6 41.7 3.1 3.2 6.8 5.5Central & Eastern Europe & CIS 2.04 2.14 16,514 17,416 4,182.0 3,168.0 -2 18.4 10.9 10.3 7.9 2.71 2.51 1.49 0.97 -165.9 37,592 0.808 .. 68.6 99 83.5 9,527 367 405 399 0.3 -0.2 57.7 63.2 63.9 18.1 17.4 12.8 12.9 2.5 1.5OECD 0.98 0.93 -4.8% 0.99 24,789 23,572 25,353 11,205.2 13,318.6 1.3 49.4 46 10.8 11.5 2.47 2.42 0.54 0.45 -999.7 59,957 0.916 .. 78.3 .. 88.6 29,197 1,173 1,237 1 0.5 66.9 75.6 78.2 19.4 17.8 13.8 16.1 2.6 1.7High-income OECD 0.92 0.99 26,783 29,101 10,055.4 12,137.5 1.5 44.3 41.9 12 13.2 2.42 2.39 0.52 0.45 -979.6 45,489 0.947 .. 79.4 .. 93.5 33,831 767 932 977 0.6 0.5 69.3 77 79.4 17.6 16.5 15.3 18 2.2 1.7High human development 1.06 1.06 22,386 22,267 14,495.5 16,615.8 1 63.9 57.3 9.8 10.1 2.45 2.4 0.6 0.48 89.8 152,467 0.897 .. 76.2 .. 88.4 23,986 1,281 1,659 1,751 0.9 0.5 66.4 76.8 79.4 20.2 18.8 12.7 14.5 2.7 1.8Medium human development 1.67 1.34 7,085 5,512 5,944.4 10,215.2 5.1 26.2 35.2 1.8 2.5 2.39 2.76 0.83 0.61 3,026.5 86,534 0.698 .. 67.5 78 65.3 4,876 2,515 4,240 4,760 1.7 1.2 23.8 39.3 44.9 29.3 26 5.8 6.8 5.3 2.6Low human development 4.14 0.79 4,380 661 77.6 161.7 7.7 0.3 0.6 0.3 0.3 .. .. 0.24 0.36 858.0 41,254 0.436 .. 48.5 54.4 45.8 1,112 219 509 653 2.8 2.5 18.6 33.2 38.6 44.9 43 2.9 3 6.9 6High income 0.95 1.01 27,237 29,321 10,572.1 12,975.1 1.6 46.6 44.8 12.1 13.3 2.44 2.4 0.53 0.46 -937.4 54,215 0.936 .. 79.2 .. 92.3 33,082 793 992 1,047 0.7 0.5 69.4 77.6 80 18.1 17 14.8 17.3 2.3 1.7Middle income 1.79 1.43 11,458 8,818 8,971.5 12,162.9 2.5 39.5 42 3.4 4 2.57 2.76 0.95 0.65 3,693.1 170,736 0.776 .. 70.9 89.9 73.3 7,416 2,054 3,085 3,340 1.4 0.8 34.7 53.9 60.3 25.1 22.5 7.3 8.6 4.6 2.1

Low income 1.41 0.95 3,143 1,984 1,323.4 2,083.9 4.1 5.8 7.2 0.8 0.9 .. .. 0.47 0.43 1,275.1 56,686 0.57 .. 60 60.2 56.3 2,531 1,218 2,426 2,895 2.3 1.8 20.5 30 34.2 36.6 33.3 4.2 4.7 5.9 3.8#DIV/0! -

Qatar .. nd .. 174,826 174,826 12.2 52.9 23.9 0.1 0.2 24.9 79.3 1.76 2.93 .. .. .. .. 0.875 35 75 89 77.7 27,664 186301 0.001 0.001 0 1 1 5.1 1.9 88.9 95.4 96.2 21.7 20.6 1.3 2.1 6.8 2.9Kuwait nf 3.99 81,791 81,791 43.4 99.3 9.2 0.2 0.3 20.3 37.1 5.13 3.95 .. 1.81 .. .. 0.891 33 77.3 93.3 74.9 26,321 109820 0.004 0.004 1 3 3 3.3 2.2 89.4 98.3 98.5 23.8 22.5 1.8 3.1 6.9 2.3United Arab Emirates 3.45 3.46 74,801 75,178 54.7 149.1 12.3 0.2 0.5 27.2 34.1 2.43 3.4 1.19 1.57 -0.7 17 0.868 39 78.3 88.7 59.9 25,514 93577 0.008 0.010 1 4 5 6.8 2.5 83.6 76.7 77.4 19.8 19.7 1.1 1.6 6.4 2.5Brunei Darussalam .. nd .. 59,525 52,911 5.8 8.8 3.7 0 0 23 24 3.2 3.27 .. .. 1.2 39 0.894 30 76.7 92.7 77.7 28,161 92070 0.008 0.010 0 0 1 2.8 1.9 62 73.5 77.6 29.6 25.8 3.2 4.3 5.4 2.5Trinidad and Tobago 4.54 4.52 55,234 54,895 16.9 32.5 6.6 0.1 0.1 13.9 24.9 2.8 2.88 1.98 2.05 0.2 24 0.814 59 69.2 98.4 64.9 14,603 87427 0.009 0.012 1 1 1 0.9 0.4 11.4 12.2 15.8 22.2 20.8 6.5 8.2 3.5 1.6Luxembourg 1.02 1.06 52,911 55,116 33.8 72,312 9.9 11.3 1 0 0 25.9 25 2.77 2.37 0.78 0.48 -0.5 9 0.944 18 78.4 .. 84.7 60,228 85843 0.010 0.012 0 1 1 0.8 1.1 77.3 82.8 82.1 18.5 17 14.2 14.6 1.7 1.7Bahrain nf 2.87 52,690 52,690 11.7 16.9 3.2 0.1 0.1 24.2 23.9 2.43 2.26 1.92 1.3 .. .. 0.866 41 75.2 86.5 86.1 21,482 83864 0.011 0.013 0 1 1 3.3 1.7 85 96.5 98.2 26.3 22.2 3.1 4.2 5.9 2.5Canada 1.36 nf 10.9% 1.52 39,286 44,092 44,092 19.6 43,211 415.8 639.0 3.8 1.8 2.2 15 20 1.99 2.38 0.66 0.69 .. .. 0.961 4 80.3 .. 99.2 33,375 56033 0.044 0.049 23 32 35 1.1 0.9 75.6 80.1 81.4 17.6 15.6 13.1 16.1 2 1.5United States 1.21 1.15 -4.9% 1.23 43,967 41,742 45,415 28.6 59,379 4,818.3 6,045.8 1.8 21.2 20.9 19.3 20.6 2.5 2.6 0.68 0.56 -499.5 18,964 0.951 12 77.9 .. 93.3 41,890 45925 0.348 0.384 220 300 329 1 0.9 73.7 80.8 83.7 20.8 19.8 12.3 14.1 2 2Equatorial Guinea 5.65 3.46 40,345 23,149 0.1 5.4 .. 0 0 0.3 10.5 .. .. 0.28 1.57 3.9 115 0.642 127 50.4 87 58.1 7,874 45921 0.349 0.385 0 1 1 2.6 2.4 27.4 38.9 41.1 42.4 41.3 4.1 3.9 5.7 5.6Australia 1.21 nf 5.7% 1.28 33,679 35,715 35,715 20.6 45,415 278.5 326.6 1.2 1.2 1.1 16.3 16.2 3.18 2.82 0.81 0.58 .. 8,339 0.962 3 80.9 .. 113 31,794 45481 0.370 0.408 14 20 22 1.3 1 85.9 88.2 89.9 19.5 17.9 13.1 16.1 2.5 1.8Norway 0.95 0.99 3.3% 1.17 33,242 34,632 42,108 14.9 25,372 33.2 87.5 11.7 0.1 0.3 7.8 19.1 1.54 3.17 0.31 0.53 -15.6 344 0.968 2 79.8 .. 99.2 41,420 45374 0.374 0.413 4 5 5 0.5 0.6 68.2 77.4 78.6 19.6 17.7 14.7 17 2.2 1.8Estonia nf 2.47 30,865 30,865 12.4 27,337 24.9 18.9 -2 0.1 0.1 16.1 14 3.96 3.66 2.46 1.12 .. 167 0.86 44 71.2 99.8 92.4 15,478 45330 0.376 0.414 1 1 1 -0.2 -0.3 67.6 69.1 70.1 15.2 16 16.6 17.3 2.2 1.4Oman nf 1.94 29,983 29,983 10.3 30.9 14.3 0 0.1 6.3 13.6 2.25 2.61 0.52 0.88 .. .. 0.814 58 75 81.4 67.1 15,602 45240 0.378 0.417 1 3 3 3.4 2 34.1 71.5 72.3 33.8 28.6 2.6 3.6 7.2 3.7Saudi Arabia 2.25 2.25 29,983 29,983 254.8 308.2 1.5 1.1 1.1 15.9 13.6 3.78 2.19 1.18 1.02 0.0 18 0.812 61 72.2 82.9 76 15,711 44447 0.402 0.447 7 24 29 3.9 2.1 58.3 81 83.2 34.5 30.7 2.8 3.3 7.3 3.8Kazakhstan 4.57 4.56 29,350 29,321 259.2 200.2 -1.9 1.1 0.7 15.7 13.3 3.25 3.65 3.3 2.07 0.2 137 0.794 73 65.9 99.5 93.8 7,857 43959 0.418 0.464 14 15 16 0.2 0.7 52.6 57.3 60.3 24.2 24.9 8 7.5 3.5 2Singapore nf 1.06 27,117 27,117 24.1 53,131 45.1 52.2 1.1 0.2 0.2 14.9 12.3 3.37 2.04 0.99 0.48 .. .. 0.922 25 79.4 92.5 87.3 29,663 43803 0.422 0.468 2 4 5 2.2 1.1 100 100 100 19.5 12.8 8.5 13.5 2.6 1.4Indonesia 6.93 1.17 25,896 3,748 1.9 26,337 213.8 378.0 5.5 0.9 1.3 1.2 1.7 2.19 2.17 0.54 0.53 2,271.5 5,897 0.728 107 69.7 90.4 68.2 3,843 38087 0.652 0.725 135 226 252 1.7 1.1 19.3 48.1 58.5 28.4 24.9 5.5 6.6 5.3 2.4Russian Federation 2.27 2.68 16.1% 2.58 20,706 24,468 23,369 10.1 23,366 1,984.1 1,524.1 -1.9 8.8 5.3 13.4 10.6 2.56 2.38 1.61 1.17 71.8 32,210 0.802 67 65 99.4 88.9 10,845 35883 0.798 0.864 134 144 137 0.2 -0.5 66.9 73 72.6 15.1 15.9 13.8 13.1 2 1.3Bolivia 8.28 0.68 23,187 1,764 5.5 7.0 1.9 0 0 0.9 0.8 1.98 1.4 0.4 0.31 89.4 5,296 0.695 117 64.7 86.7 86 2,819 35754 0.808 0.875 5 9 11 2.2 1.7 41.3 64.2 68.8 38.1 33.5 4.5 5.2 6.5 4Israel nf 1.04 22,928 22,928 33.1 71.2 8.2 0.1 0.2 6.9 10.4 2.74 3.43 0.39 0.47 .. .. 0.932 23 80.3 97.1 89.6 25,864 35659 0.815 0.883 3 7 8 2.3 1.5 86.6 91.6 91.9 27.9 26.2 10.1 11.5 3.8 2.9Ireland 0.67 0.68 22,611 23,149 16 34,736 30.6 42.3 2.7 0.1 0.1 8.8 10.5 2.94 2.78 0.55 0.31 -1.0 20 0.959 5 78.4 .. 99.9 38,505 35600 0.819 0.888 3 4 5 0.9 1.5 53.6 60.5 63.8 20.7 21.1 11.1 12.4 3.8 2Czech Republic 1.03 1.32 20.1% 1.46 17,358 22,409 25,133 10.8 21,087 138.4 116.9 -1.3 0.6 0.4 13.4 11.4 3.2 2.57 1.03 0.66 -12.6 326 0.891 32 75.9 .. 82.9 20,538 35453 0.829 0.898 10 10 10 0.1 -0.1 63.7 73.5 74 14.8 13.8 14.2 18.2 2.2 1.2South Africa 2.18 2.18 21,605 21,605 6 13,228 331.8 436.8 2.3 1.5 1.5 9.1 9.8 3.64 3.33 1.03 0.99 0.0 824 0.674 121 50.8 82.4 77 11,110 34763 0.878 0.949 26 48 50 2.1 0.5 48.1 59.3 64.1 32.1 30.2 4.2 5.5 5.5 2.8United Kingdom 0.76 0.74 -2.4% 0.75 21,970 21,451 21,605 15.4 33,797 579.4 586.9 0.1 2.6 2 10 9.8 2.73 2.51 0.47 0.34 -4.2 112 0.946 16 79 .. 93 33,238 33987 0.939 1.013 56 60 63 0.2 0.4 82.7 89.7 90.6 18 17.2 16.1 18.1 2 1.7Denmark 0.71 0.72 1.3% 0.73 20,916 21,197 21,605 15.2 33,102 49.8 52.9 0.5 0.2 0.2 9.7 9.8 2.78 2.64 0.42 0.33 -1.0 26 0.949 14 77.9 .. 102.7 33,973 33921 0.945 1.019 5 5 6 0.2 0.2 82.1 85.6 86.9 18.8 17 15.1 18.8 2 1.8Mongolia 10.99 4.19 21,164 6,834 10.0 8.5 -1 0 0 4.7 3.1 .. .. 2.71 1.9 16.9 574 0.7 114 65.9 97.8 77.4 2,107 33889 0.947 1.022 1 3 3 1.9 1 48.7 56.7 58.8 28.9 24.3 3.9 4.3 7.3 2.1Belgium 0.73 0.75 20,600 21,385 16.5 35,592 100.6 100.7 0 0.4 0.3 10.1 9.7 2.05 1.74 0.45 0.34 -3.7 65 0.946 17 78.8 .. 95.1 32,119 33757 0.958 1.033 10 10 11 0.2 0.2 94.5 97.2 97.5 17 15.8 17.3 19 2 1.6Libyan Arab Jamahiriya .. nd .. 20,503 20,503 37.8 59.9 4.2 0.2 0.2 9.1 9.3 3.27 3.29 .. .. 0.0 6 0.818 56 73.4 84.2 94.1 10,335 33683 0.964 1.040 3 6 7 2.9 1.9 57.3 84.8 87.4 30.3 29.4 3.8 4.9 7.6 3Cyprus 0.98 0.99 20,007 20,283 15.9 34,778 4.6 6.7 3.2 0 0 6.8 9.2 3.02 2.58 0.52 0.45 -0.1 3 0.903 28 79 96.8 77.6 22,699 33673 0.965 1.041 1 1 1 1.1 1 47.3 69.3 71.5 19.9 17.3 12.1 14.2 2.5 1.6Korea (Republic of) 1.17 1.06 -10.4% 1.12 22,127 19,903 21,385 9.2 18,800 241.2 465.4 6.6 1.1 1.6 5.6 9.7 2.6 2.18 0.57 0.51 -32.2 258 0.921 26 77.9 .. 96 22,029 33074 1.013 1.091 35 48 49 1 0.3 48 80.8 83.1 18.6 13.7 9.4 13.3 4.3 1.2Japan 0.86 0.73 -17.0% 0.79 23,494 19,783 21,826 13.8 28,381 1,070.7 1,257.2 1.2 4.7 4.3 8.7 9.9 2.4 2.36 0.37 0.36 -118.5 1,892 0.953 8 82.3 .. 85.9 31,267 31709 1.144 1.220 112 128 127 0.5 -0.1 56.8 65.8 68.2 13.9 12.5 19.7 26.2 2.1 1.3Nicaragua 5.48 0.53 19,741 1,543 2.6 4.0 3.7 0 0 0.7 0.7 1.25 1.22 0.24 0.24 45.4 716 0.71 110 71.9 76.7 70.6 3,674 31657 1.149 1.226 3 6 6 2.2 1.4 48.9 59 63 37.9 32 4 4.8 6.8 3Germany 0.83 0.77 -7.1% 0.84 21,143 19,609 21,605 15.1 31,293 980.4 808.3 -1.3 4.3 2.8 12.3 9.8 2.75 2.32 0.58 0.38 -74.9 1,303 0.935 22 79.1 .. 88 29,461 30923 1.233 1.309 79 83 82 0.2 -0.1 72.7 75.2 76.3 14.4 12.9 18.8 20.9 1.6 1.3Turkmenistan .. nd .. 19,309 19,401 28.0 41.7 4.1 0.1 0.1 7 8.8 2.48 2.68 1.54 .. -0.2 17 0.713 109 62.6 98.8 .. 3,838 30882 1.238 1.315 3 5 6 2.2 1.3 47.6 46.2 50.8 31.8 27 4.7 4.4 6.2 2.8Greece 0.97 0.93 -3.6% 0.95 19,761 19,063 19,401 13.7 29,866 72.4 96.6 2.4 0.3 0.3 7.1 8.8 3.26 3.17 0.49 0.43 -1.7 59 0.926 24 78.9 96 99 23,381 30787 1.249 1.326 9 11 11 0.7 0.2 55.3 59 61 14.3 13.7 18.3 19.9 2.3 1.3Netherlands 0.58 0.66 11.2% 0.66 16,870 19,018 19,180 16.7 36,655 141.0 142.0 0 0.6 0.5 9.4 8.7 2.11 1.73 0.41 0.3 -1.2 25 0.953 9 79.2 .. 98.4 32,684 30649 1.266 1.343 14 16 17 0.6 0.2 63.2 80.2 84.9 18.4 16.5 14.2 18 2.1 1.7Austria nf 0.64 18,960 18,960 13.8 30,424 57.6 69.8 1.5 0.3 0.2 7.4 8.6 2.3 2.1 0.32 0.29 .. .. 0.948 15 79.4 .. 91.9 33,700 30580 1.274 1.352 8 8 9 0.3 0.3 65.6 66 67.7 15.8 14.1 16.2 18.6 2 1.4Finland 0.65 0.70 4.3% 0.99 17,045 18,239 27,778 18 30,144 51.2 65.8 2 0.2 0.2 10.3 12.6 1.76 1.73 0.46 0.45 -22.5 816 0.952 11 78.9 .. 101 32,153 30534 1.280 1.358 5 5 5 0.4 0.3 58.3 61.1 62.7 17.4 16.5 15.9 20.1 1.6 1.8Brazil 2.11 2.09 -3.0% 0.53 17,204 17,085 3,968 4.1 22,156 209.5 331.6 4.2 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.8 1.56 1.62 0.22 0.24 1,111.4 49,335 0.8 70 71.7 88.6 87.5 8,402 28940 1.470 1.571 108 187 210 1.8 1.2 61.7 84.2 88.2 27.8 25.4 6.1 7.7 4.7 2.3New Zealand 0.84 nf -8.7% 0.77 18,452 16,976 16,976 11.4 25,133 22.6 31.6 2.8 0.1 0.1 6.7 7.7 1.65 1.79 0.39 0.35 .. .. 0.943 19 79.8 .. 108.4 24,996 28910 1.474 1.576 3 4 5 0.9 0.8 82.8 86.2 87.4 21.5 19.4 12.2 14.7 2.8 2

..=no data

Pounds CO2 per

US$, incl. defores-tation &

trade

Pounds CO2 per

US$, incl. defores-

tation, excl. trade

Difference in CO2

of exports & imports as % of

domestic CO2

Pounds CO2 per

US$, excl.

defores-tation,

excl. trade

Pounds CO2 per person

per year, incl.

defores-tation &

trade

Pounds CO2 per

person per year, incl. defores-

tation, excl. trade

Pounds CO2 per

person per year,

excluding defores-tation & trade

Tonnes CO2e

per person

per year, excl.

defores-tation, incl. trade

Pounds CO2e

per person

per year, incl.

defores-tation &

tradeTotal (Mt CO2) excl.

deforest. & trade

Annual change

(%)

Share of world total

(%)Per capita

(tonnes CO2)

CO2 per energy use (kt of CO2 per kt

of oil equivalent)

excl. deforest & trade

CO2 per GDP (kt of CO2 per

million 2000 PPP US$) = (kilos CO2 per US$)

excl. deforest. &

trade

Carbon dioxide emis-sions from forest

biomass (Mt CO2 / year)

Carbon stocks in

forest biomass

(Mt Carbon)

Human develop-

ment index (HDI)

Life expe

c-tancy

at birth (yrs)

Adult literacy rate

(% aged

15 and

above)

School enrol-ment: K-12 & Univ (%)

GDP per capita (PPP US$)

avg CO2/

person in this

country & above

Population under age 15 (% of

total)Urban population

(% of total)

Population under age 15 (% of

total)

Population aged 65

and older (% of total)

Total fertility rate (births per woman)

2004 / 2005

2004 / 2005

1992-1998 2004 /

20052004 /

20052004 /

20052004 /

20051990-2004

1990-2005

value 2005

rank 2005

1995-2005

Cum 2005

Cum 2015

1975-2005

2005-

20151970-1975

2000-

2005

0.0 0.8 1.6 2.4 3.2 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.40

5,00010,00015,00020,00025,00030,00035,00040,00045,00050,000

Population at or below Each CO2 Level

World Population, Billions

CO2

per P

erso

n pe

r Yea

r

Malaysia 1.70 1.68 16,826 16,535 4.2 9,551 55.3 177.5 15.8 0.2 0.6 3 7.5 2.44 3.13 0.56 0.76 3.4 3,510 0.811 63 73.7 88.7 74.3 10,882 28718 1.500 1.607 12 26 30 2.5 1.6 37.7 67.3 75.4 31.4 27.3 4.4 5.8 5.2 2.9Iceland 0.51 0.53 16,020 16,755 2.0 2.2 0.7 0 0 7.9 7.6 0.93 0.64 0.32 0.24 -0.1 2 0.968 1 81.5 .. 95.4 36,510 28716 1.500 1.607 0 0 0 1 0.8 86.7 92.8 93.6 22.1 20 11.7 14.2 2.8 2Spain 0.73 0.67 -7.2% 0.73 16,524 15,318 16,755 10.9 22,593 212.1 330.3 4 0.9 1.1 5.5 7.6 2.33 2.32 0.31 0.33 -28.3 392 0.949 13 80.5 .. 98 27,169 28362 1.544 1.654 36 43 46 0.7 0.6 69.6 76.7 78.3 14.4 15.4 16.8 18.3 2.9 1.3Italy 0.67 0.59 -11.9% 0.66 17,290 15,243 17,196 11.7 23,841 389.7 449.7 1.1 1.7 1.6 6.9 7.8 2.63 2.44 0.32 0.3 -51.9 636 0.941 20 80.3 98.4 90.6 28,529 27911 1.604 1.714 55 59 59 0.2 0.1 65.6 67.6 69.5 14 13.5 19.7 22.1 2.3 1.3Poland 1.12 1.32 12.7% 1.50 12,852 15,092 17,637 8.7 16,635 347.6 307.1 -0.8 1.5 1.1 9.1 8 3.48 3.35 1.24 0.68 -44.1 896 0.87 37 75.2 .. 87.2 13,847 27632 1.643 1.752 34 38 38 0.4 -0.2 55.3 62.1 64 16.3 14.2 13.3 15.5 2.3 1.3Argentina 1.17 0.68 15,084 8,157 6.5 21,257 109.7 141.7 2.1 0.5 0.5 3.4 3.7 2.38 2.22 0.38 0.31 121.6 2,411 0.869 38 74.8 97.2 89.7 14,280 27361 1.682 1.796 26 39 43 1.3 1 81 90.1 91.6 26.4 23.9 10.2 11.1 3.1 2.4Bahamas .. nd .. 14,771 14,771 1.9 2.0 0.2 0 0 7.6 6.7 .. .. 0.46 .. .. .. 0.845 49 72.3 .. 70.8 18,380 27359 1.683 1.796 0 0 0 1.8 1.2 71.5 90.4 92.2 27.6 23 6.2 8.2 3.4 2.1Seychelles 0.97 0.97 14,771 14,771 0.1 0.5 27.2 0 0 1.6 6.7 .. .. 0.13 0.44 0.0 4 0.843 50 72.7 91.8 82.2 16,106 27358 1.683 1.796 0 0 0 1.1 0.4 46.3 52.9 58.2 .. .. .. .. .. ..Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of nf 2.65 14,550 14,550 8.1 17,857 117.4 172.5 3.4 0.5 0.6 6 6.6 2.67 3.07 1.03 1.2 .. .. 0.792 74 73.2 93 75.5 6,632 27170 1.710 1.828 13 27 31 2.5 1.6 75.8 93.4 95.9 31.3 27.9 5 6.6 4.9 2.7Iran (Islamic Republic of) 2.04 2.05 14,056 14,110 218.3 433.3 7 1 1.5 4 6.4 3.17 2.97 0.85 0.93 -1.7 334 0.759 94 70.2 82.4 72.8 7,968 26687 1.780 1.909 33 69 79 2.4 1.3 45.7 66.9 71.9 28.8 25.6 4.5 4.9 6.4 2.1Malta 0.79 0.79 13,448 13,448 13 28,660 2.2 2.5 0.7 0 0 6.3 6.1 2.88 2.7 0.53 0.36 0.0 0 0.878 34 79.1 87.9 80.9 19,189 26684 1.781 1.909 0 0 0 0.9 0.4 89.7 95.3 97.2 17.4 14.6 13.2 17.7 2.1 1.5Antigua and Barbuda nf 1.01 13,228 13,228 0.3 0.4 2.7 0 0 4.8 6 .. .. 0.54 0.46 .. .. 0.815 57 73.9 85.8 .. 12,500 26683 1.781 1.909 0 0 0 0.3 1.1 34.2 39.1 44.7 .. .. .. .. .. ..Cambodia 4.70 0.04 12,692 0 0.5 0.5 1.3 0 0 0 0 .. .. .. 0.02 80.6 1,266 0.598 131 58 73.6 60 2,727 26579 1.795 1.926 7 14 17 2.3 1.8 10.3 19.7 26.1 37.6 32.1 3.1 4 5.5 3.6Ukraine 2.19 2.60 12,588 15,432 600.0 329.8 -3.8 2.6 1.1 11.5 7 2.86 2.35 1.59 1.18 -60.5 745 0.788 76 67.7 99.4 86.5 6,848 26238 1.843 1.971 49 47 43 -0.1 -0.8 58.4 67.8 70.2 14.7 13.9 16.1 15.9 2.2 1.2Gabon 1.79 0.35 12,210 2,205 6.0 1.4 -5.5 0 0 6.4 1 4.82 0.81 0.96 0.16 5.9 3,643 0.677 119 56.2 84 72.4 6,954 26228 1.844 1.972 1 1 2 2.6 1.5 43 83.6 87.7 35.9 31.8 4.7 4.8 5 3.4Hong Kong, China (SAR) nf 0.42 12,125 12,125 29 63,934 26.2 37.4 3.1 0.1 0.1 4.6 5.5 2.46 2.18 0.23 0.19 .. .. 0.937 21 81.9 .. 76.3 34,833 26177 1.851 1.980 4 7 8 1.6 0.9 89.7 100 100 15.1 12.3 12 14.5 2.9 0.9Algeria 2.13 2.18 11,723 12,125 77.0 193.9 10.8 0.3 0.7 3 5.5 3.23 5.89 0.56 0.99 -6.0 114 0.733 104 71.7 69.9 73.7 7,062 25934 1.885 2.019 16 33 38 2.4 1.5 40.3 63.3 69.3 29.6 26.7 4.5 5 7.4 2.5France 0.53 0.45 -15.1% 0.51 13,628 11,630 13,228 13.1 27,283 363.8 373.5 0.2 1.6 1.3 6.4 6 1.6 1.36 0.29 0.23 -44.2 1,165 0.952 10 80.2 .. 96.5 30,386 25502 1.947 2.084 53 61 64 0.5 0.4 72.9 76.7 79 18.4 17.8 16.3 18.5 2.3 1.9Namibia 1.60 0.42 11,574 2,646 0.0 2.5 .. 0 0 0 1.2 0.02 1.85 0 0.19 8.1 231 0.65 125 51.6 85 64.7 7,586 25488 1.949 2.086 1 2 2 2.7 1.2 23.7 35.1 41.1 39.1 33.2 3.5 4 6.6 3.6Uzbekistan 6.70 6.77 11,544 11,684 118.1 137.8 1.4 0.5 0.5 5.5 5.3 2.62 2.55 3.55 3.07 -1.7 12 0.702 113 66.8 .. 73.8 2,063 25308 1.976 2.117 14 27 31 2.1 1.4 39.1 36.7 38 33.2 28.3 4.7 4.4 6.3 2.7Botswana 1.01 0.51 11,538 5,291 5.1 17,490 2.2 4.3 7 0 0 1.7 2.4 1.71 2.3 0.27 0.23 5.1 142 0.654 124 48.1 81.2 69.5 12,387 25296 1.978 2.119 1 2 2 2.7 1.2 11.8 57.4 64.6 35.6 32.1 3.4 3.8 6.5 3.2Suriname 1.72 1.72 11,464 11,464 1.8 2.3 1.9 0 0 4.5 5.2 .. .. 0.81 0.78 0.0 5,692 0.774 85 69.6 89.6 77.1 7,722 25292 1.978 2.120 0 1 1 0.7 0.5 49.5 73.9 77.4 29.8 26.2 6.3 7.3 5.3 2.6Macedonia (TFYR) 1.83 1.83 11,244 11,244 10.6 10.4 -0.2 0 0 5.2 5.1 3.63 3.86 0.91 0.83 0.0 20 0.801 69 73.8 96.1 70.1 7,200 25279 1.980 2.122 2 2 2 0.6 0 50.6 68.9 75.1 19.7 16.2 11.1 13 3 1.6Congo (Democratic Republic of th 15.55 0.13 11,008 0 4.0 2.1 -3.4 0 0 0.1 0 0.33 0.13 0.07 0.06 293.1 23,173 0.411 168 45.8 67.2 33.7 714 24882 2.040 2.204 24 59 81 3 3.2 29.5 32.1 38.6 47.2 47.8 2.6 2.5 6.5 6.7Hungary 0.74 0.74 0.1% 0.82 10,980 10,993 12,346 9.5 19,591 60.1 57.1 -0.4 0.3 0.2 5.8 5.6 2.1 2.17 0.5 0.37 -6.2 173 0.874 36 72.9 .. 89.3 17,887 24816 2.050 2.214 11 10 10 -0.1 -0.3 62.2 66.3 70.3 15.8 14.2 15.2 17.3 2.1 1.3Congo 8.79 1.90 10,901 2,205 1.2 3.5 14.4 0 0 0.5 1 1.11 3.33 0.38 0.86 14.2 5,181 0.548 139 54 84.7 51.4 1,262 24793 2.054 2.218 2 4 5 2.8 2.1 43.3 60.2 64.2 41.9 39.8 3.2 3.3 6.3 4.8Slovakia 0.87 1.12 10,770 14,771 8 13,636 44.3 36.3 -1.5 0.2 0.1 8.4 6.7 2.45 1.98 0.96 0.51 -9.8 203 0.863 42 74.2 .. 78.3 15,871 24757 2.060 2.224 5 5 5 0.4 0 46.3 56.2 58 16.8 14.6 11.7 13.8 2.5 1.2Panama 1.51 0.62 10,720 3,968 3.1 5.7 5.8 0 0 1.3 1.8 2.1 2.22 0.29 0.28 9.8 620 0.812 62 75.1 91.9 79.5 7,605 24736 2.063 2.228 2 3 4 2.1 1.6 49 70.8 77.9 30.4 27.2 6 7.5 4.9 2.7Lao People's Democratic Republic 5.29 0.29 10,652 441 0.2 1.3 32.4 0 0 0.1 0.2 .. .. 0.05 0.13 26.4 1,487 0.601 130 63.2 68.7 61.5 2,039 24699 2.069 2.235 3 6 7 2.2 1.7 11.1 20.6 24.9 39.8 32.8 3.5 3.4 6.4 3.6Portugal 0.59 0.68 10,477 12,346 10.8 21,941 42.3 58.9 2.8 0.2 0.2 4.3 5.6 2.39 2.22 0.3 0.31 -8.9 114 0.897 29 77.7 93.8 89.8 20,410 24629 2.079 2.246 9 11 11 0.5 0.3 40.8 57.6 63.6 15.7 15.3 16.9 18.5 2.7 1.5Barbados .. nd .. 10,362 10,362 1.1 1.3 1.3 0 0 4.1 4.7 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.892 31 76.6 .. 88.9 17,297 24627 2.080 2.246 0 0 0 0.6 0.3 40.8 52.7 58.8 18.9 16.1 9.2 11.6 2.7 1.5Switzerland 0.32 0.37 10,088 11,905 18.4 38,748 42.7 40.4 -0.4 0.2 0.1 6.2 5.4 1.71 1.49 0.21 0.17 -6.1 154 0.955 7 81.3 .. 85.7 35,633 24577 2.087 2.254 6 7 8 0.5 0.4 55.7 75.2 78.7 16.7 14.5 15.4 18.7 1.8 1.4Belarus 1.70 2.27 10,051 14,550 94.6 64.9 -2.6 0.4 0.2 9.2 6.6 2.43 2.42 1.96 1.03 -20.0 539 0.804 64 68.7 99.6 88.7 7,918 24511 2.097 2.263 9 10 9 0.1 -0.6 50.6 72.2 76.7 15.7 14.4 14.4 13.7 2.3 1.2Thailand 1.31 1.23 9,882 9,259 3.2 7,678 95.7 267.9 12.8 0.4 0.9 1.7 4.2 2.18 2.76 0.38 0.56 17.8 716 0.781 78 69.6 92.6 71.2 8,677 24097 2.161 2.331 42 63 67 1.3 0.6 23.8 32.3 36.2 21.7 19.7 7.8 10.2 5 1.8Tanzania (United Republic of) 13.27 0.40 9,801 220 1.2 12,226 2.3 4.3 6.2 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.24 0.23 0.17 0.18 167.3 2,254 0.467 159 51 69.4 50.4 744 23854 2.200 2.381 16 39 49 2.9 2.4 11.1 24.2 28.9 44.4 42.8 3 3.2 6.8 5.7Cameroon 4.15 0.26 9,591 661 1.6 3.8 9.9 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.32 0.55 0.07 0.12 72.1 1,902 0.532 144 49.8 67.9 62.3 2,299 23742 2.218 2.403 8 18 22 2.7 1.9 27.3 54.6 62.7 41.8 38.4 3.5 3.6 6.3 4.9Mexico nf 1.01 9,259 9,259 5.6 12,346 413.3 437.8 0.4 1.8 1.5 5 4.2 3.32 2.65 0.65 0.46 .. .. 0.829 52 75.6 91.6 75.6 10,751 23109 2.325 2.521 61 104 116 1.8 1 62.8 76 78.7 30.8 25.6 5.8 7.5 6.5 2.4Romania 1.19 1.19 9,259 9,259 5.2 11,464 155.1 90.4 -3 0.7 0.3 6.7 4.2 2.48 2.34 0.99 0.54 0.0 567 0.813 60 71.9 97.3 76.8 9,060 22985 2.347 2.542 21 22 21 0.1 -0.5 42.8 53.7 56.1 15.7 14.7 14.8 15.7 2.6 1.3Lebanon nf 2.03 9,259 9,259 9.1 16.3 5.6 0 0.1 3.3 4.2 3.94 3.01 1.24 0.92 .. 2 0.772 88 71.5 .. 84.6 5,584 22962 2.351 2.547 3 4 4 1.3 1 67 86.6 87.9 28.6 24.6 7.2 7.6 4.8 2.3Jamaica 2.37 2.34 8,982 8,818 8.0 10.6 2.4 0 0 3.3 4 2.7 2.6 1.04 1.06 0.2 34 0.736 101 72.2 79.9 77.9 4,291 22947 2.353 2.549 2 3 3 1 0.5 44.1 53.1 56.7 31.7 27.9 7.5 7.9 5 2.6Zambia 8.83 0.51 8,953 441 2.1 13,141 2.4 2.3 -0.5 0 0 0.3 0.2 0.45 0.33 0.31 0.23 44.4 1,156 0.434 165 40.5 68 60.5 1,023 22881 2.365 2.563 5 12 14 2.7 1.9 34.9 35 37 45.7 43.4 2.9 3 7.4 5.6Slovenia 0.53 0.95 8,488 17,857 11.9 16,865 12.3 16.2 2.6 0.1 0.1 6.2 8.1 2.46 2.26 0.51 0.43 -8.5 147 0.917 27 77.4 99.7 94.3 22,273 22869 2.367 2.565 2 2 2 0.5 0 42.4 51 53.3 14.1 13.4 15.6 18.2 2.2 1.2Azerbaijan 2.34 2.34 8,378 8,378 49.8 31.3 -3.1 0.2 0.1 6.9 3.8 2.99 2.42 1.92 1.06 0.0 58 0.746 98 67.1 98.8 67.1 5,016 22818 2.376 2.575 6 8 9 1.3 0.8 51.9 51.5 52.8 25.3 20.6 7.2 6.8 4.3 1.7Syrian Arab Republic nf 2.45 8,378 8,378 35.9 68.4 6.5 0.2 0.2 3 3.8 3.08 3.71 1.11 1.11 .. .. 0.724 108 73.6 80.8 64.8 3,808 22707 2.395 2.599 8 19 24 3.1 2.2 45.1 50.6 53.4 36.6 33 3.2 3.6 7.5 3.5China 1.28 1.46 11.7% 1.54 6,835 7,815 8,378 3.1 6,272 2,398.9 5,007.1 7.8 10.6 17.3 2.1 3.8 2.77 3.11 1.3 0.7 -334.9 6,096 0.777 81 72.5 90.9 69.1 6,757 17559 3.730 4.013 928 1,313 1,389 1.2 0.6 17.4 40.4 49.2 21.6 18.5 7.7 9.6 4.9 1.7Myanmar .. nd .. 7,633 441 4.3 9.8 9.2 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.69 .. .. 156.6 3,168 0.583 132 60.8 89.9 49.5 1,027 17437 3.779 4.066 30 48 52 1.6 0.8 23.9 30.6 37.4 27.3 23.1 5.6 6.3 5.9 2.2Zimbabwe 3.75 0.93 7,519 1,764 2 10,165 16.6 10.6 -2.6 0.1 0 1.6 0.8 1.77 1.13 0.58 0.42 34.2 535 0.513 151 40.9 89.4 52.4 2,038 17404 3.793 4.081 6 13 15 2.5 1 19.9 35.9 40.9 39.5 35.2 3.5 3.7 7.4 3.6Central African Republic 6.01 0.13 7,412 220 0.2 0.3 2 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.05 0.06 13.7 2,801 0.384 171 43.7 48.6 29.8 1,224 17394 3.797 4.086 2 4 5 2.4 1.8 32 38 40.4 42.7 39.9 3.9 3.7 5.7 5Saint Kitts and Nevis nf 0.49 7,055 7,055 0.1 0.1 6.3 0 0 1.5 3.2 .. .. 0.2 0.22 .. .. 0.821 54 70 97.8 73.1 13,307 17394 3.797 4.086 0 0 0 0.3 1.2 35 32.2 33.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..Bulgaria 1.01 1.59 6,886 12,125 6.1 8,209 75.3 42.5 -3.1 0.3 0.1 8.4 5.5 2.61 2.25 1.29 0.72 -18.3 263 0.824 53 72.7 98.2 81.5 9,032 17373 3.805 4.093 9 8 7 -0.4 -0.8 57.6 70 72.8 13.8 13.5 17.2 19.2 2.2 1.3Angola 2.84 0.64 6,692 1,543 4.6 7.9 5 0 0 0.5 0.7 0.74 0.83 0.25 0.29 37.6 4,829 0.446 162 41.7 67.4 25.6 2,335 17329 3.821 4.115 7 16 21 2.9 2.8 19.1 53.3 59.7 46.4 45.3 2.4 2.4 7.2 6.8Guatemala 1.50 0.55 6,544 2,205 5.1 12.2 10 0 0 0.6 1 1.14 1.61 0.17 0.25 25.0 498 0.689 118 69.7 69.1 67.3 4,568 17294 3.834 4.131 6 13 16 2.4 2.4 36.7 47.2 52 43.1 39.5 4.3 4.7 6.2 4.6Turkey 0.93 0.99 6,511 7,055 4.6 9,598 146.2 226.0 3.9 0.6 0.8 2.6 3.2 2.76 2.76 0.48 0.45 -18.0 817 0.775 84 71.4 87.4 68.7 8,407 17097 3.908 4.215 41 73 82 1.9 1.2 41.6 67.3 71.9 28.3 24.4 5.6 6.5 5.3 2.2Croatia 0.66 1.06 6,508 11,684 6.9 10,036 17.4 23.5 2.9 0.1 0.1 3.9 5.3 2.59 2.66 0.52 0.48 -10.8 192 0.85 47 75.3 98.1 73.5 13,042 17085 3.913 4.220 4 5 5 0.2 -0.2 45.1 56.5 59.5 15.5 13.9 17.2 18.7 2 1.3Belize 0.97 0.97 6,393 6,393 0.3 0.8 11 0 0 1.6 2.9 .. .. 0.39 0.44 0.0 59 0.778 80 75.9 75.1 81.8 7,109 17084 3.913 4.220 0 0 0 2.4 2 50.2 48.3 51.2 37.6 32 4.2 4.6 6.3 3.4Jordan 1.46 1.46 6,393 6,393 10.2 16.5 4.4 0 0.1 3.1 2.9 2.91 2.52 0.84 0.66 0.0 2 0.773 86 71.9 91.1 78.1 5,530 17070 3.919 4.227 2 6 7 3.5 2.2 57.7 82.3 85.3 37.2 32.2 3.2 3.9 7.8 3.5Madagascar 6.94 0.42 6,242 220 1.5 9,328 0.9 2.7 13.6 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.08 0.19 50.8 3,130 0.533 143 58.4 70.7 59.7 923 17020 3.938 4.251 8 19 24 2.9 2.6 16.3 26.8 30.1 43.8 40.4 3.1 3.3 6.7 5.3Grenada nf 0.64 5,952 5,952 0.1 0.2 5.6 0 0 1.3 2.7 .. .. 0.23 0.29 .. .. 0.777 82 68.2 96 73.1 7,843 17019 3.938 4.252 0 0 0 0.4 0.1 32.6 30.6 32.2 34.2 26.7 6.8 6 4.6 2.4Mauritius 0.53 0.53 5,732 5,732 1.5 3.2 8.5 0 0 1.4 2.6 .. .. 0.21 0.24 0.0 4 0.804 65 72.4 84.3 75.3 12,715 17016 3.939 4.253 1 1 1 1.1 0.7 43.4 42.4 44.1 24.4 20.9 6.6 8.3 3.2 1.9Sweden 0.30 0.24 -13.5% 0.46 7,366 5,610 13,007 10.5 15,751 49.5 53.0 0.5 0.2 0.2 5.8 5.9 1.04 0.98 0.26 0.21 -30.2 1,170 0.956 6 80.5 .. 95.3 32,525 16990 3.948 4.262 8 9 9 0.3 0.4 82.7 84.2 85.1 17.4 16.7 17.2 20.2 1.9 1.7Maldives .. nd .. 5,512 5,512 0.2 0.7 26.5 0 0 0.7 2.5 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.741 100 67 96.3 65.8 5,261 16989 3.948 4.263 0 0 0 2.6 1.8 17.3 29.6 34.8 34 29 3.8 3.9 7 2.8Philippines 1.05 0.49 5,102 2,205 1.9 7,087 43.9 80.5 5.9 0.2 0.3 0.7 1 1.68 1.82 0.19 0.22 111.2 971 0.771 90 71 92.6 81.1 5,137 16743 4.035 4.366 42 85 101 2.3 1.8 35.6 62.7 69.6 36.2 32.5 3.8 4.7 6 3.5Egypt 1.27 1.28 5,052 5,071 75.4 158.1 7.8 0.3 0.5 1.5 2.3 2.37 2.78 0.48 0.58 -0.6 7 0.708 112 70.7 71.4 76.9 4,337 16538 4.109 4.454 39 73 86 2.1 1.7 43.5 42.8 45.4 33.3 30.7 4.8 5.6 5.9 3.2Costa Rica 0.55 0.37 5,050 3,307 2.9 6.4 8.5 0 0 1 1.5 1.44 1.73 0.15 0.17 3.4 193 0.846 48 78.5 94.9 73 10,180 16527 4.113 4.459 2 4 5 2.5 1.4 41.3 61.7 66.9 28.4 23.8 5.8 7.4 4.3 2.3Tunisia 0.68 0.71 4,874 5,071 3 6,417 13.3 22.9 5.2 0.1 0.1 1.6 2.3 2.4 2.63 0.35 0.32 -0.9 10 0.766 91 73.5 74.3 76.3 8,371 16498 4.123 4.470 6 10 11 1.9 1 49.9 65.3 69.1 26 22.5 6.3 6.7 6.2 2Saint Lucia nf 0.84 4,850 4,850 0.2 0.4 9.1 0 0 1.2 2.2 .. .. 0.24 0.38 .. .. 0.795 72 73.1 94.8 74.8 6,707 16498 4.123 4.470 0 0 0 1.3 1.1 25.2 27.6 29 27.9 25.4 7.2 7.3 5.7 2.2Dominican Republic 0.73 0.73 4,850 4,850 9.6 19.6 7.5 0 0.1 1.3 2.2 2.31 2.56 0.31 0.33 0.0 82 0.779 79 71.5 87 74.1 8,217 16471 4.133 4.481 5 10 11 2 1.4 45.7 66.8 73.6 33.5 30.5 5.6 6.7 5.7 3Ecuador nf 1.32 4,850 4,850 16.7 29.3 5.4 0.1 0.1 1.6 2.2 2.73 2.9 0.5 0.6 .. .. 0.772 89 74.7 91 .. 4,341 16435 4.146 4.496 7 13 15 2.1 1.1 42.4 62.8 67.6 32.6 28.2 5.9 7.5 6 2.8Nigeria 4.54 2.03 4,816 1,984 45.3 114.0 10.8 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.9 0.64 1.15 0.59 0.92 181.6 1,402 0.47 158 46.5 69.1 56.2 1,128 16056 4.290 4.675 61 141 176 2.8 2.2 23.4 48.2 55.9 44.3 41.3 2.9 3 6.9 5.8Ghana 1.97 0.35 4,669 661 3.8 7.2 6.5 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.71 0.86 0.15 0.16 40.9 496 0.553 135 59.1 57.9 50.7 2,480 15997 4.313 4.703 10 23 27 2.6 1.9 30.1 47.8 55.1 39 35.1 3.6 4.3 6.7 4.4

Lithuania 0.42 0.71 4,293 8,378 5.9 8,922 21.4 13.3 -3.1 0.1 0 5.7 3.8 1.92 1.45 0.67 0.32 -6.3 129 0.862 43 72.5 99.6 91.4 14,494 15988 4.317 4.706 3 3 3 0.1 -0.5 55.7 66.6 66.8 16.8 14 15.3 16.8 2.3 1.3Guyana nf 1.04 4,189 4,189 1.1 1.4 2 0 0 1.5 1.9 .. .. 0.63 0.47 .. 1,722 0.75 97 65.2 .. 85 4,508 15986 4.317 4.707 1 1 1 0 -0.3 30 28.2 29.4 31.1 25.3 5.7 8.2 4.9 2.4Guinea 1.84 0.15 4,115 220 1.0 1.3 2.3 0 0 0.2 0.1 .. .. 0.09 0.07 15.9 636 0.456 160 54.8 29.5 45.1 2,316 15962 4.326 4.719 4 9 11 2.7 2.4 19.5 33 38.1 43.4 41.5 3.1 3.4 7 5.8Colombia 0.58 0.42 3,814 2,646 3.4 8,664 58.0 53.6 -0.5 0.3 0.2 1.6 1.2 2.32 1.94 0.3 0.19 23.8 8,062 0.791 75 72.3 92.8 75.1 7,304 15837 4.372 4.770 25 45 51 1.9 1.2 60 72.7 75.7 30.3 25.4 5.1 6.8 5 2.5Saint Vincent and the Grenadines nf 0.64 3,748 3,748 0.1 0.2 10.4 0 0 0.8 1.7 .. .. 0.16 0.29 .. .. 0.761 93 71.1 88.1 68.9 6,568 15837 4.372 4.770 0 0 0 0.7 0.4 27 45.9 50 29.3 26.8 6.5 7 5.5 2.3Sudan 1.78 0.37 3,583 661 5.4 10.4 6.6 0 0 0.2 0.3 0.51 0.59 0.19 0.17 48.9 1,531 0.526 147 57.4 60.9 37.3 2,083 15735 4.410 4.817 17 37 46 2.6 2.1 18.9 40.8 49.4 40.7 36.4 3.5 4.1 6.6 4.8Moldova 2.13 2.31 3,573 3,968 20.9 7.7 -5.3 0.1 0 4.8 1.8 3.03 2.27 2.23 1.05 -0.7 13 0.708 111 68.4 99.1 69.7 2,100 15724 4.414 4.821 4 4 4 0 -0.6 36.2 46.7 50 20 17.2 11.1 11.8 2.6 1.5Uruguay nf 0.42 3,527 3,527 6.8 14,991 3.9 5.5 2.9 0 0 1.2 1.6 1.74 1.91 0.18 0.19 .. .. 0.852 46 75.9 96.8 88.9 9,962 15715 4.417 4.824 3 3 3 0.5 0.3 83.4 92 93.1 23.8 21.4 13.5 14.4 3 2.2Dominica nf 0.57 3,307 3,307 0.1 0.1 5.8 0 0 0.8 1.5 .. .. 0.17 0.26 .. .. 0.798 71 75.6 88 81 6,393 15715 4.417 4.824 0 0 0 0 -0.1 55.3 72.9 76.4 .. .. .. .. .. ..Burkina Faso 2.67 0.18 3,250 220 1.0 1.1 0.7 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.13 0.08 19.1 298 0.37 176 51.4 23.6 29.3 1,213 15676 4.431 4.843 6 14 19 2.8 2.8 6.4 18.3 22.8 46.2 44.2 3.1 2.6 7.8 6.4Armenia 0.74 0.68 2,939 2,646 3.7 3.6 -0.1 0 0 1 1.2 0.86 1.71 0.65 0.31 0.4 18 0.775 83 71.7 99.4 70.8 4,945 15667 4.434 4.846 3 3 3 0.2 -0.1 63.6 64.1 64.1 20.8 17.5 12.1 11 3 1.3Bosnia and Herzegovina .. nd .. 2,657 8,818 4.7 15.6 19.2 0 0.1 1.1 4 1.06 3.31 .. .. -10.9 176 0.803 66 74.5 96.7 69 7,032 15655 4.438 4.850 4 4 4 0.1 0 31.3 45.7 51.8 17.6 13.9 13.7 16.3 2.6 1.3Fiji nf 0.53 2,646 2,646 0.8 1.1 2.3 0 0 1.1 1.2 .. .. 0.22 0.24 .. .. 0.762 92 68.3 .. 74.8 6,049 15653 4.439 4.851 1 1 1 1.2 0.5 36.7 50.8 56.1 32.9 28.7 4.2 6 4.2 3India 0.88 0.95 7.4% 0.97 2,370 2,566 2,646 1.8 3,889 681.7 1,342.1 6.9 3 4.6 0.8 1.2 1.89 2.34 0.48 0.44 -40.8 2,343 0.619 128 63.7 61 63.8 3,452 12988 5.593 6.178 614 1,134 1,303 2 1.4 21.3 28.7 32 33 28.7 5 5.8 5.3 3.1Tonga nf 0.35 2,425 2,425 0.1 0.1 3.7 0 0 0.8 1.1 .. .. 0.15 0.16 .. .. 0.819 55 72.8 98.9 80.1 8,177 12988 5.593 6.178 0 0 0 0.2 0.4 20.3 24 27.4 37.5 33.9 6.4 6.8 5.5 3.7Peru nf 0.49 2,425 2,425 2.6 5,732 21.0 31.5 3.5 0.1 0.1 1 1.1 2.11 2.38 0.25 0.22 .. .. 0.773 87 70.7 87.9 85.8 6,039 12936 5.621 6.209 15 27 31 2 1.2 61.5 72.6 74.9 31.8 27.4 5.6 6.7 6 2.7Honduras nf 0.79 2,425 2,425 1.9 4,189 2.6 7.6 13.8 0 0 0.5 1.1 1.07 1.97 0.19 0.36 .. .. 0.7 115 69.4 80 71.2 3,430 12924 5.628 6.218 3 7 8 2.6 1.9 32.1 46.5 51.4 40 34.3 4.1 4.6 7.1 3.7Mauritania 1.27 0.97 2,425 1,764 2.6 2.6 -0.2 0 0 1.3 0.8 .. .. 0.7 0.44 0.9 7 0.55 137 63.2 51.2 45.6 2,234 12918 5.631 6.221 1 3 4 2.7 2.4 20.6 40.4 43.1 40.3 36.9 3.6 3.6 6.6 4.8Morocco 0.60 0.75 2,400 3,086 1.9 3,502 23.5 41.1 5.4 0.1 0.1 1 1.4 3.49 3.59 0.29 0.34 -9.5 240 0.646 126 70.4 52.3 58.5 4,555 12861 5.662 6.256 17 31 34 1.9 1.2 37.8 58.7 65 30.3 26.8 5.2 5.9 6.9 2.5Yemen 2.76 2.76 2,205 2,205 10.1 21.1 8.3 0 0.1 0.9 1 3.25 3.31 1.15 1.25 0.0 5 0.508 153 61.5 54.1 55.2 930 12822 5.683 6.285 7 21 28 3.6 2.9 14.8 27.3 31.9 45.9 42.4 2.3 2.5 8.7 6Swaziland 0.52 0.44 2,165 1,764 0.4 1.0 8.9 0 0 0.5 0.8 .. .. 0.13 0.2 0.2 23 0.547 141 40.9 79.6 59.8 4,824 12819 5.684 6.286 1 1 1 2.5 0.6 14 24.1 27.5 39.8 36.5 3.2 3.8 6.9 3.9Albania 0.48 0.57 2,163 2,646 2.5 5,029 7.3 3.7 -3.5 0 0 2.2 1.2 2.73 1.55 0.73 0.26 -0.7 52 0.801 68 76.2 98.7 68.6 5,316 12813 5.688 6.290 2 3 3 0.9 0.6 32.7 45.4 52.8 26.3 22.3 8.4 10.6 4.7 2.2Senegal 1.33 0.62 2,152 882 3.1 5.0 4.2 0 0 0.4 0.4 1.4 1.81 0.28 0.28 6.8 371 0.499 156 62.3 39.3 39.6 1,792 12791 5.700 6.305 5 12 15 2.8 2.3 33.7 41.6 44.7 42.2 39 4.2 4.4 7 5.2Kyrgyzstan 1.26 1.43 2,086 2,425 11.0 5.7 -4 0 0 2.4 1.1 2.18 2.06 1.26 0.65 -0.8 13 0.696 116 65.6 98.7 77.7 1,927 12781 5.705 6.311 3 5 6 1.5 1.1 38.2 35.8 38.1 31 27.3 5.9 5.1 4.7 2.5Pakistan 1.03 0.90 2,073 1,764 68.0 125.6 6 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.57 1.69 0.39 0.41 22.2 259 0.551 136 64.6 49.9 40 2,370 12492 5.866 6.505 68 158 191 2.8 1.9 26.3 34.9 39.6 37.2 32.1 3.9 4.3 6.6 4El Salvador nf 0.44 1,984 1,984 2.6 6.2 9.7 0 0 0.5 0.9 1.03 1.37 0.14 0.2 .. .. 0.735 103 71.3 80.6 70.4 5,255 12480 5.873 6.513 4 7 8 1.6 1.3 41.5 59.8 63.2 34.1 29.7 5.5 6.5 6.1 2.9Tajikistan 1.52 1.50 1,797 1,764 20.6 5.0 -6.3 0.1 0 3.7 0.8 2.26 1.5 2.38 0.68 0.1 3 0.673 122 66.3 99.5 70.8 1,356 12468 5.879 6.521 3 7 8 2.1 1.6 35.5 24.7 24.6 39.4 33.6 3.9 3.5 6.8 3.8Samoa nf 0.35 1,764 1,764 0.1 0.2 1.5 0 0 0.8 0.8 .. .. 0.19 0.16 .. .. 0.785 77 70.8 98.6 73.7 6,170 12467 5.880 6.521 0 0 0 0.7 0.8 21 22.4 24.9 40.8 33.8 4.6 4.8 5.7 4.4Sri Lanka 0.41 0.33 1,692 1,323 1.4 3,456 3.8 11.5 14.8 0 0 0.2 0.6 0.68 1.22 0.09 0.15 3.2 40 0.743 99 71.6 90.7 62.7 4,595 12432 5.899 6.541 14 19 20 1.1 0.4 19.5 15.1 15.7 24.2 21.4 6.5 9.3 4.1 2Paraguay nf 0.40 1,543 1,543 2.3 4.2 6.1 0 0 0.5 0.7 0.73 1.04 0.12 0.18 .. .. 0.755 95 71.3 93.5 69.1 4,642 12421 5.905 6.548 3 6 7 2.5 1.7 39 58.5 64.4 35.8 31.4 4.8 5.8 5.4 3.5Mali 1.42 0.11 1,349 0 0.4 0.6 2.4 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.07 0.05 7.1 242 0.38 173 53.1 24 36.7 1,033 12399 5.917 6.564 5 12 16 2.5 3 16.2 30.5 36.5 47.7 46.4 3.6 3 7.6 6.7Chad 0.88 0.02 1,222 0 0.1 0.1 -0.9 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.03 0.01 5.6 236 0.388 170 50.4 25.7 37.5 1,427 12380 5.927 6.578 4 10 13 3 2.8 15.6 25.3 30.5 46.2 45.2 3 2.8 6.6 6.5Malawi 1.71 0.31 1,156 220 0.7 2,479 0.6 1.0 5.3 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.13 0.14 5.6 161 0.437 164 46.3 64.1 63.1 667 12355 5.941 6.595 5 13 17 3.1 2.5 7.7 17.2 22.1 47.1 44.6 3 3.1 7.4 6Uganda 0.75 0.11 1,144 220 1.1 3,348 0.8 1.8 8.9 0 0 0 0.1 .. .. 0.06 0.05 12.1 138 0.505 154 49.7 66.8 63 1,454 12300 5.970 6.636 11 29 40 3.3 3.2 7 12.6 14.5 49.4 48 2.5 2.3 7.1 6.7Guinea-Bissau 1.36 0.53 1,130 441 0.2 0.3 2.1 0 0 0.2 0.2 .. .. 0.21 0.24 0.5 61 0.374 175 45.8 .. 36.7 827 12297 5.972 6.638 1 2 2 3 3 16 29.6 31.1 47.4 47.9 3 2.7 7.1 7.1Sao Tome and Principe 0.68 0.68 1,102 1,102 0.1 0.1 2.8 0 0 0.6 0.5 .. .. 0.32 0.31 0.0 5 0.654 123 64.9 84.9 65.2 2,178 12297 5.972 6.639 0 0 0 2.1 1.6 31.6 58 65.8 41.6 38.1 4.4 3.5 6.5 4.3Djibouti 0.55 0.55 1,102 1,102 0.4 0.4 0.3 0 0 1 0.5 .. .. 0.22 0.25 0.0 0 0.516 149 53.9 .. 25.3 2,178 12295 5.973 6.640 0 1 1 4.3 1.7 67.1 86.1 89.6 38.5 33.5 3 3.7 7.2 4.5Kenya 0.94 0.66 1,002 661 5.8 10.6 5.8 0 0 0.3 0.3 0.47 0.63 0.22 0.3 5.5 335 0.521 148 52.1 73.6 60.6 1,240 12227 6.009 6.687 14 36 46 3.2 2.6 12.9 20.7 24.1 42.6 42.5 2.7 2.6 8 5Vanuatu nf 0.33 882 882 0.1 0.1 2.4 0 0 0.5 0.4 .. .. 0.16 0.15 .. .. 0.674 120 69.3 74 63.4 3,225 12227 6.009 6.687 0 0 0 2.5 2.3 13.4 23.5 28.1 39.8 35.1 3.3 3.8 6.1 4.2Papua New Guinea nf 0.42 882 882 2.4 2.4 0.1 0 0 0.7 0.4 .. .. 0.31 0.19 .. .. 0.53 145 56.9 57.3 40.7 2,563 12215 6.015 6.694 3 6 7 2.5 1.9 11.9 13.4 15 40.6 35.8 2.4 2.7 6.1 4.3Togo nf 0.64 882 882 0.8 2.3 14.8 0 0 0.2 0.4 0.52 0.86 0.13 0.29 .. .. 0.512 152 57.8 53.2 55 1,506 12204 6.021 6.702 2 6 8 3.1 2.5 22.8 40.1 47.4 43.3 40 3.1 3.3 7.1 5.4Mozambique 0.74 0.24 833 220 1.1 3,038 1.0 2.2 8.4 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.14 0.25 0.12 0.11 5.7 606 0.384 172 42.8 38.7 52.9 1,242 12164 6.042 6.728 11 21 25 2.2 1.8 8.7 34.5 42.4 44.2 43.2 3.2 3.4 6.6 5.5Comoros 0.47 0.20 772 220 0.1 0.1 2.4 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.08 0.09 0.2 1 0.561 134 64.1 .. 46.4 1,993 12163 6.043 6.729 0 1 1 3.1 2.3 21.2 37 44 42 38.5 2.7 3.1 7.1 4.9Viet Nam 0.42 1.04 765 2,646 1.7 1,867 21.4 98.6 25.8 0.1 0.3 0.3 1.2 0.88 1.96 0.28 0.47 -72.5 1,174 0.733 105 73.7 90.3 63.9 3,071 12003 6.130 6.827 48 85 97 1.9 1.3 18.8 26.4 31.6 29.6 25 5.6 5.8 6.7 2.3Bangladesh 0.34 0.33 679 661 1.1 2,442 15.4 37.1 10.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.2 1.63 0.12 0.15 1.2 31 0.547 140 63.1 47.5 56 2,053 11723 6.286 7.010 79 153 180 2.2 1.6 9.9 25.1 29.9 35.2 31.1 3.5 4.3 6.2 3.2Solomon Islands nf 0.46 661 661 0.2 0.2 0.6 0 0 0.5 0.3 .. .. 0.23 0.21 .. .. 0.602 129 63 76.6 47.6 2,031 11722 6.286 7.011 0 1 1 3 2.2 9.1 17 20.5 40.5 35.9 2.9 3.3 7.2 4.4Benin nf 0.64 661 661 0.7 2.4 16.7 0 0 0.1 0.3 0.43 0.96 0.16 0.29 .. .. 0.437 163 55.4 34.7 50.7 1,141 11707 6.295 7.023 3 9 11 3.2 2.9 21.9 40.1 44.6 44.2 41.9 2.7 2.9 7.1 5.9Ethiopia 0.64 0.29 594 220 3.0 8.0 12.1 0 0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.38 0.07 0.13 13.4 252 0.406 169 51.8 35.9 42.1 1,055 11567 6.375 7.125 34 79 101 2.8 2.5 9.5 16 19.1 44.5 41 2.9 3.1 6.8 5.8Niger 0.65 0.29 502 220 1.0 1.2 1.1 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.16 0.13 1.7 13 0.374 174 55.8 28.7 22.7 781 11544 6.389 7.145 5 13 19 3.3 3.5 11.4 16.8 19.3 48 47.3 3.1 3.4 8.1 7.4Haiti 0.34 0.31 488 441 1.0 1.8 5.5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.63 0.8 0.07 0.14 0.2 8 0.529 146 59.5 .. .. 1,663 11528 6.398 7.156 5 9 11 2 1.5 21.7 38.8 45.5 38 34.1 4.1 4.6 5.6 4Occupied Palestinian Territories .. nd .. 441 441 .. 0.6 .. .. 0 .. 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.731 106 72.9 92.4 82.4 .. 11521 6.402 7.161 1 4 5 3.7 3 59.6 71.6 72.9 45.9 41.9 3.1 3 7.7 5.6Timor-Leste .. nd .. 441 441 .. 0.2 .. .. 0 .. 0.2 .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.514 150 59.7 50.1 72 .. 11519 6.403 7.162 1 1 2 1.5 3.4 14.6 26.5 31.2 45 44 2.7 3 6.2 7Eritrea nf 0.37 441 441 .. 0.8 .. .. 0 .. 0.2 .. .. .. 0.17 .. .. 0.483 157 56.6 .. 35.3 1,109 11511 6.408 7.169 2 5 6 2.5 3.1 13.5 19.4 24.3 43 42.6 2.3 2.5 6.5 5.5Sierra Leone nf 0.60 441 441 0.3 1.0 14.1 0 0 0.1 0.2 .. .. 0.1 0.27 .. .. 0.336 177 41.8 34.8 44.6 806 11501 6.413 7.176 3 6 7 2.1 2.2 21.2 40.7 48.2 42.8 42.8 3.3 3.3 6.5 6.5Burundi nf 0.11 0 0 0.2 0.2 0.9 0 0 0 0 .. .. 0.04 0.05 .. .. 0.413 167 48.5 59.3 37.9 699 11487 6.421 7.187 4 8 11 2.5 3.6 3.2 10 13.5 45.1 45.9 2.6 2.4 6.8 6.8Gambia -0.09 0.26 -248 441 0.2 0.3 3.6 0 0 0.2 0.2 .. .. 0.12 0.12 -0.5 33 0.502 155 58.8 .. 50.1 1,921 11484 6.423 7.189 1 2 2 3.5 2.5 24.4 53.9 61.8 41.2 38.3 3.7 4.5 6.6 5.2Rwanda -0.28 0.13 -283 220 0.5 0.6 0.6 0 0 0.1 0.1 .. .. 0.07 0.06 -2.1 44 0.452 161 45.2 64.9 50.9 1,206 11467 6.432 7.201 4 9 12 2.5 2.7 4 19.3 28.7 43.5 43.7 2.5 2.2 8.3 6Côte d'Ivoire -0.21 0.44 -405 661 5.4 5.2 -0.3 0 0 0.5 0.3 1.22 0.74 0.26 0.2 -9.0 1,864 0.432 166 47.4 48.7 39.6 1,648 11432 6.451 7.224 7 19 22 3.5 1.8 32.2 45 49.8 41.7 37.9 3.2 3.5 7.4 5.1Georgia 0.04 0.71 -490 1,764 15.1 3.9 -6.2 0.1 0 2.8 0.8 1.73 1.38 1.39 0.32 -4.6 210 0.754 96 70.7 100 76.3 3,365 11424 6.456 7.228 5 5 4 -0.3 -0.7 49.5 52.2 53.8 18.9 15.9 14.3 14.4 2.6 1.5Cape Verde -0.21 0.24 -1,102 1,543 0.1 0.3 15.2 0 0 0.3 0.7 .. .. 0.08 0.11 -0.6 8 0.736 102 71 81.2 66.4 5,803 11423 6.456 7.229 0 1 1 2 2.1 21.4 57.3 64.3 39.5 35.6 4.3 3.3 7 3.8Cuba .. nd .. -1,699 5,071 32.0 25.8 -1.4 0.1 0.1 3 2.3 1.91 2.41 .. .. -34.7 347 0.838 51 77.7 99.8 87.6 6,000 11399 6.468 7.241 9 11 11 0.6 0 64.2 75.5 74.7 19.2 15.7 11.2 14.3 3.6 1.6Nepal -1.24 0.18 -1,968 220 0.6 3.0 27.3 0 0 0 0.1 0.11 0.34 0.03 0.08 -26.9 485 0.534 142 62.6 48.6 58.1 1,550 11342 6.495 7.274 14 27 33 2.3 1.9 4.8 15.8 20.9 39 34.1 3.7 4.2 5.8 3.7Chile -0.35 0.84 -5,725 8,598 4.9 (3,521) 35.6 62.4 5.4 0.2 0.2 2.7 3.9 2.53 2.23 0.47 0.38 -105.9 1,946 0.867 40 78.3 95.7 82.9 12,027 11297 6.512 7.292 10 16 18 1.5 1 78.4 87.6 90.1 24.9 20.9 8.1 10.5 3.6 2Latvia -0.36 0.62 -6,710 6,614 6.7 1,447 12.7 7.1 -3.7 0.1 0 4.8 3 2.15 1.54 0.85 0.28 -13.9 231 0.855 45 72 99.7 90.2 13,646 11291 6.514 7.294 3 2 2 -0.2 -0.5 64.2 67.8 68.9 14.4 14.2 16.6 17.7 2 1.2Bhutan .. nd .. -26,382 441 0.1 0.4 15.9 0 0 0.1 0.2 .. .. .. .. -7.3 345 0.579 133 64.7 47 .. .. 11287 6.515 7.295 0 1 1 1.9 1.5 4.6 11.1 14.8 33 24.9 4.6 5.4 6.7 2.9Lesotho .. nd .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 0.549 138 42.6 82.2 66 3,335 6.517 7.297 1 2 2 1.8 0.6 10.8 18.7 22 40.4 37.4 4.7 4.7 5.8 3.8

Ahmad+Wyckoff, OECD 2003 "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade in Goods" p.21 http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/421482436815Hertwich+Peters, IO study based on GTAP, 2009 "Carbon Footprint of Nations: A Global, Trade-Linked Analysis" in http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es803496aNewer trade data, older domestic production data, so not used elsewhere on this site. Size of discrepancies invites more investigation

Industry & ISIC code Pounds CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 Grams CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) CO2List.org, using data from Weber & Matthews (Carnegie-Mellon), 2007, "Embodied Environmental Emissions in US International Trade: 1997-2004." Environmental Science & Technology, 41 (14), 4875-4881

ISIC at http://www.esds.ac.uk/interna Canada Mexico China Japan Korea UK Germany USA Canada Mexico China Japan Korea UK rmany USA25 Electricity Supply 40 11.1 13.3 15.1 9.2 6.5 7.1 14.5 20.2 5,013 6,049 6,860 4,173 2,964 3,221 6,586 9,144

32 Water Transport 61 6.7 7.0 4.8 6.7 2.1 5.3 1.0 5.3 3,023 3,182 2,162 3,059 954 2,382 440 2,420

11 Other Non-Metallic Mineral Produc 6.8 2.8 5.3 4.3 1.8 2.3 3.8 4.5 3,094 1,279 2,404 1,942 800 1,053 1,732 2,044

33 Air Transport 62 4.6 7.0 2.6 4.5 1.7 4.4 4.1 4.2 2,106 3,182 1,182 2,029 752 2,004 1,876 1,921

30 Land Transport (Vehicle) 601 3.6 7.4 2.2 2.5 3.8 1.4 1.7 4.0 1,647 3,374 975 1,144 1,703 614 785 1,812

12 Iron & Steel 271 2731 5.7 6.4 7.2 7.8 1.0 5.9 6.9 3.6 2,595 2,883 3,253 3,533 472 2,682 3,117 1,623

07 Coke, Ref.Petroleum Prod.+Nuclea 5.4 4.2 3.0 2.8 0.5 2.3 6.6 3.5 2,462 1,920 1,342 1,251 210 1,027 2,972 1,584

08 Chemicals Exc.Pharmaceuticals 5.1 2.8 3.7 2.7 1.0 0.9 1.9 3.0 2,314 1,249 1,666 1,234 454 412 853 1,355

26 Gas And Water Supply 41 1.0 11.6 3.6 1.2 0.9 0.7 1.0 2.7 459 5,262 1,648 552 421 336 462 1,224

31 Rail Transport 602 3.1 7.0 2.4 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.3 2.5 1,410 3,182 1,074 342 295 223 588 1,138

13 Non-Ferrous Metals 272 2732 5.7 8.3 3.5 1.8 0.7 0.9 3.6 2.2 2,563 3,744 1,598 821 304 399 1,630 987

34 Other Transport And Storage 60-6 1.7 7.0 1.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.9 2.0 749 3,182 675 217 120 72 428 895

01 Agriculture, Hunting, Forestry And 2.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 0.3 0.4 1.2 1.9 1,223 430 417 465 152 199 555 868

10 Rubber And Plastics Products 25 2.3 2.2 2.3 1.4 0.8 0.6 1.2 1.7 1,052 992 1,039 642 372 263 544 753

02 Mining And Quarrying 10-14 3.5 1.0 2.6 3.1 0.1 1.2 3.7 1.7 1,603 473 1,179 1,406 42 525 1,662 753

05 Wood And Products Of Wood And 1.8 0.7 1.7 0.9 0.3 1.6 1.0 1.6 836 305 750 407 114 744 463 71804 Textiles, Textile Prod, Leather+F 1.4 0.9 1.3 1.0 0.5 0.4 1.2 1.5 616 424 579 440 209 177 544 68403 Food Products, Beverages And T 1.7 1.0 1.2 0.8 0.3 0.5 1.2 1.5 774 463 534 376 155 213 529 67706 Pulp, Paper, Paper Prod, Printing 2.8 1.3 2.1 1.2 0.5 0.3 1.0 1.5 1,259 600 944 544 246 153 457 67423 Railroad Equip.+Transport Equip. 1.6 1.1 2.5 1.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 1.4 727 511 1,151 582 95 39 39 62214 Fabricated Metal, Exc.Machinery+ 2.1 1.2 3.7 2.1 0.3 0.7 1.6 1.4 974 540 1,690 957 136 333 745 61927 Construction 45 1.6 1.8 2.9 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.9 1.3 722 799 1,312 485 173 150 423 59020 Motor Vehicles, Trailers And Semi- 1.6 1.4 2.4 1.4 0.3 0.4 1.3 1.2 742 619 1,096 618 143 177 599 557Industry & ISIC code Pounds CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP) http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/es0629110 Grams CO2 per US $ (1997 PPP)ISIC at http://www.esds.ac.uk/interna Canada Mexico China Japan Korea UK Germany USA Canada Mexico China Japan Korea UK rmany USA24 Manufacturing Nec; Recycling 36- 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.7 1.0 1.2 626 981 720 553 341 323 433 52421 Building And Repairing Of Ships 1.8 1.1 2.7 2.1 0.3 0.2 1.2 1.1 808 511 1,216 943 119 113 526 51417 Electrical Machinery And Apparat 1.9 1.6 3.2 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.1 875 736 1,457 513 71 136 397 49615 Machinery And Equipment, N.E.C. 1.5 1.3 2.7 1.3 0.2 0.4 0.9 1.1 700 573 1,206 599 82 198 425 48829 Hotels And Restaurants 55 1.0 0.3 1.0 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.8 1.0 462 122 458 303 89 118 378 46622 Aircraft And Spacecraft 353 0.9 0.0 1.6 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 424 7 735 522 46 39 39 41745 Other Community, Social+Persona 0.9 0.4 1.5 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.9 415 193 684 394 116 116 152 40709 Pharmaceuticals 2423 1.1 1.5 1.7 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.3 0.8 487 666 753 375 419 51 120 38437 Real Estate Activities 70 0.4 0.2 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 198 89 342 56 60 29 57 37919 Medic,Precis+Optical Instrum 33 2.0 2.0 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.7 0.8 919 887 350 264 73 332 34616 Office, Accounting And Computing 0.9 1.0 1.8 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.7 419 473 820 348 65 44 299 32228 Wholesale And Retail Trade; Repa 0.9 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.7 406 174 519 178 380 143 262 29543 Education 80 0.7 1.5 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 302 693 156 54 134 165 28540 Research And Development 73 1.7 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 761 348 40 72 200 27918 Radio, TV & Communication Equip 0.9 1.0 2.0 0.8 0.2 0.1 1.0 0.6 429 439 898 385 78 43 464 27835 Post And Telecommunications 64 1.0 0.4 1.3 0.3 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.6 453 173 581 138 368 80 140 27844 Health And Social Work 85 0.5 0.3 1.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.6 246 141 691 257 129 131 188 25838 Renting Of Machinery And Equipm 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.6 326 84 23 112 37 25641 Other Business Activities 74 0.8 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.4 342 163 487 162 39 46 98 18539 Computer And Related Activities 7 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 340 15 56 44 72 13936 Finance, Insurance 65-67 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 231 108 348 90 32 80 103 10942 Public Admin.+Defence 75 0.8 0.2 1.3 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.1 366 104 608 208 93 165 218 6446 Other 95-99 0.7 0.2 0.1 321 86 47

25 Electricity S

upply 40

32 Water Transport 61

11 Other N

on-Metallic M

ineral Products 26

33 Air Transport 62

30 Land Transport (Vehicle) 601

12 Iron & S

teel 271 2731

07 Coke, R

ef.Petroleum

Prod.+N

uclear Fuel 23

08 Chem

icals Exc.P

harmaceuticals 24ex2423

26 Gas A

nd Water S

upply 41

31 Rail Transport 602

13 Non-Ferrous M

etals 272 2732

34 Other Transport A

nd Storage 60-63

01 Agriculture, H

unting, Forestry And Fishing 01-05

10 Rubber A

nd Plastics P

roducts 25

02 Mining A

nd Quarrying 10-14

05 Wood A

nd Products O

f Wood A

nd Cork 20

04 Textiles, Textile Prod, Leather+Footw

ear 17-19

03 Food Products, B

everages And Tobacco 15-16

06 Pulp, P

aper, Paper P

rod, Printing+P

ublish. 21-22

23 Railroad E

quip.+Transport Equip. N

EC

352, 359

14 Fabricated Metal, E

xc.Machinery+E

quip. 28

27 Construction 45

20 Motor V

ehicles, Trailers And S

emi-Trailers 34

Industry & IS

IC code

ISIC

at http://ww

w.esds.ac.uk/international/support/user_guides/unido/isics_3digit.asp

24 Manufacturing N

ec; Recycling 36-37

21 Building A

nd Repairing O

f Ships A

nd Boats 351

17 Electrical M

achinery And A

pparatus, Nec 31

15 Machinery A

nd Equipm

ent, N.E

.C. 29

29 Hotels A

nd Restaurants 55

22 Aircraft A

nd Spacecraft 353

45 Other C

omm

unity, Social+P

ersonal Svcs 90-93

09 Pharm

aceuticals 2423

37 Real E

state Activities 70

19 Medic,P

recis+Optical Instrum

33

16 Office, A

ccounting And C

omputing M

achinery 30

28 Wholesale A

nd Retail Trade; R

epairs 50-52

43 Education 80

40 Research A

nd Developm

ent 73

18 Radio, TV

& C

omm

unication Equip. 32

35 Post A

nd Telecomm

unications 64

44 Health A

nd Social W

ork 85

38 Renting O

f Machinery A

nd Equipm

ent 71

41 Other B

usiness Activities 74

39 Com

puter And R

elated Activities 72

36 Finance, Insurance 65-67

42 Public A

dmin.+D

efence 75

46 Other 95-99

0.010.1

110 5.3 4.5

4.24.0 3.63.5 3.0 2.7

2.5 2.2 2.01.9 1.71.71.61.51.51.51.41.41.31.2

1.21.11.11.11.0 0.90.90.80.80.80.70.70.60.60.60.60.60.6 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1

USA Canada Mexico China Japan Korea UKGermanyPounds CO2 per US $ in Each Industry & Country (1997 Purchasing Power)

CO2List.org CO2 per Unit of Currency Sources of

Electricity incl. trade

Kilos Pounds Kilos % hydro

2009 Prices (PPP) 2011 2011 2011 2011 2000 2005 Afghanistan Afghani 1.25 0.57 1.77 375 0% 71% 0% -12.1% Albania 0.0090 0.0041 Lek 1.13 0.51 1.99 37 0% 98% 0% -13.0% 5,316

Algeria 0.0428 0.0194 Algerian Dinar 1.28 0.58 0.61 989 0% 2% 3% -12.7% 7,062

American Samoa - - - -12.1% Andorra - - - - 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Angola 0.0349 0.0158 Kwanza 1.25 0.57 2.26 330 0% 75% 0% -13.6% 2,335

Anguilla - - - -12.1% Antarctica 0.49 0.22 0.22 304 0% 0% 82% -12.1% Antigua and B 0.4834 0.2193 East Caribbean D 1.51 0.69 0.69 1,200 0% 0% 0% -11.8% 12,500

Argentina 0.5689 0.2580 Argentine Peso 1.21 0.55 1.05 679 7% 30% 1% -11.4% 14,280

Armenia 0.0040 0.0018 Armenian Dram 0.81 0.37 0.82 266 42% 29% 0% -13.1% 4,945

Aruba - - - -12.1% Australia 0.9804 0.4447 Australian Dollar 2.46 1.11 1.24 1,966 0% 7% 2% -8.3% 31,794 1.21

Austria 0.7865 0.3568 Euro 1.23 0.56 1.28 531 0% 59% 7% 5.3% 33,700

Azerbaijan 6.1056 2.7695 Azerbaijanian M 1.24 0.56 0.76 858 0% 13% 0% -13.1% 5,016

Bahamas Bahamian Dollar 1.12 0.51 0.51 901 0% 0% 1% -10.7% 18,380 ..

Bahrain ### 5.0612 Bahraini Dinar 1.07 0.49 0.49 851 0% 0% 17% -10.1% 21,482

Bangladesh 0.0133 0.0060 Taka 1.38 0.62 0.73 1,016 0% 6% 4% -13.6% 2,053 Barbados Barbados Dollar 1.08 0.49 0.49 867 0% 0% 0% -10.9% 17,297 ..

Belarus 0.0017 0.0008 Belarussian Rub 1.23 0.56 0.56 966 0% 0% 0% -12.6% 7,918

Belgium 0.8648 0.3923 Euro 1.00 0.45 0.46 699 55% 0% 3% 4.6% 32,119

Belize 1.0690 0.4849 Belize Dollar 1.21 0.55 1.49 564 0% 44% 7% -12.7% 7,109 Benin 0.0028 0.0013 CFA Franc BCE 1.48 0.67 0.67 1,144 0% 0% 0% -13.8% 1,141

Bermuda Bermudian Dolla 1.18 0.54 0.54 936 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Bhutan Ngultrum 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 0% 0% 0% -12.1% ..

Bolivia 2.8101 1.2747 Boliviano 1.24 0.56 1.65 526 0% 51% 2% -13.5% 2,819

Bosnia and He Convertible Mar 2.40 1.09 1.75 1,439 0% 45% 0% 15.2% 7,032 ..

Botswana 0.2715 0.1231 Pula 3.42 1.55 1.55 2,712 0% 0% 0% -11.8% 12,387

Bouvet Island - - - -12.1% Brazil 1.2337 0.5596 Brazilian Real 1.07 0.48 2.40 111 2% 83% 5% -12.5% 8,402 2.11

British Indian Ocean Territory - - - -12.1% Brunei Daruss Brunei Dollar 1.33 0.60 0.60 1,090 0% 0% 0% -8.9% 28,161 ..

Bulgaria 1.3341 0.6052 Bulgarian Lev 1.81 0.82 0.99 1,214 39% 12% 0% -12.4% 9,032

Burkina Faso 0.0112 0.0051 CFA Franc BCE 1.30 0.59 0.98 854 0% 18% 0% -13.8% 1,213

Burundi 0.0003 0.0001 Burundi Franc 1.13 0.51 2.96 35 0% 98% 0% -13.9% 699

Cambodia 0.0028 0.0013 Riel 1.52 0.69 1.25 963 0% 25% 0% -13.5% 2,727 Cameroon 0.0153 0.0069 CFA Franc BEA 1.13 0.51 2.78 76 0% 93% 0% -13.6% 2,299

Canada 1.3343 0.6052 Canadian Dollar 1.13 0.51 0.99 471 12% 50% 4% -8.0% 33,375 1.36

Cape Verde Cape Verde Esc 1.51 0.69 0.69 1,170 0% 0% 13% -13.0% 5,803

Cayman Island 1.21 0.55 0.55 959 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Central Africa 0.0223 0.0101 CFA Franc BEA 1.22 0.55 2.52 247 0% 81% 0% -13.8% 1,224

Chad 0.0041 0.0018 CFA Franc BEA 1.62 0.73 0.73 1,253 0% 0% 0% -13.7% 1,427

Chile Chilean Peso 1.67 0.76 1.60 917 0% 47% 2% -11.8% 12,027

China Version Yuan Renminbi - - - -12.1%

CO2 per KWH of Electricity Delivered

Pounds CO2 per Notes on bottom of columns

Much more information on

"Countries" tab Pounds

Kilos if Hydro Reservoirs are

in Forests

Pounds CO2 per Megawatt

Hour of Electricity

(Combustion Only)

% nuclear

% other renewabl

e

Electricity Lost in

Distribution (estimates

shown negative)

GDP per capita (PPP US$)

incl. defores-tation, if available

2004 - 2005

China 0.4045 0.1835 Yuan Renminbi 2.60 1.18 1.42 1,910 2% 15% 0% -12.8% 6,757 1.28

Christmas Island - - - -12.1% Cocos (Keeling) Islands - - - -12.1% Colombia 0.0004 0.0002 Colombian Peso 1.33 0.60 2.58 352 0% 80% 1% -12.7% 7,304

Comoros 0.0019 0.0009 Comoro Franc 1.61 0.73 0.73 1,252 0% 0% 0% -13.6% 1,993

Congo 0.0176 0.0080 CFA Franc BEA 1.09 0.50 2.63 128 0% 83% 5% -13.8% 1,262

Congo (Democr 0.0292 0.0133 Franc Congolais 1.11 0.51 3.10 4 0% 100% 0% -13.9% 714

Cook Islands - - - -12.1% Costa Rica 0.0018 0.0008 Costa Rican Col 0.87 0.39 2.12 16 0% 75% 23% -12.2% 10,180 Côte d'Ivoire CFA Franc BCE 1.28 0.58 1.32 725 0% 31% 0% -13.7% 1,648

Croatia 0.1514 0.0687 Croatian Kuna 1.56 0.71 1.47 702 0% 51% 2% 18.2% 13,042

Cuba Cuban Peso 1.06 0.48 0.49 823 0% 1% 3% -12.9% 6,000 ..

Cyprus 1.3322 0.6043 Euro 1.05 0.47 0.47 848 0% 0% 0% -9.9% 22,699

Czech Republi 0.0709 0.0322 Czech Koruna 2.14 0.97 1.01 1,637 30% 3% 1% 9.0% 20,538 1.03

Denmark 0.0878 0.0398 Danish Krone 1.00 0.46 0.46 826 0% 0% 18% 6.6% 33,973 0.71

Djibouti 0.0081 0.0037 Djibouti Franc 1.30 0.59 0.59 1,012 0% 0% 0% -13.6% 2,178

Dominica 0.2563 0.1163 East Caribbean D 1.32 0.60 1.50 675 0% 42% 0% -12.8% 6,393

Dominican Rep 0.0464 0.0210 Dominican Peso 1.37 0.62 0.95 942 0% 16% 0% -12.5% 8,217

Ecuador 2.2828 1.0355 US Dollar 1.19 0.54 2.03 418 0% 59% 1% -13.2% 4,341

Egypt 0.5028 0.2281 Egyptian Pound 1.19 0.54 0.76 825 0% 12% 1% -13.2% 4,337

El Salvador 0.8802 0.3993 US Dollar 0.78 0.35 0.98 334 0% 28% 35% -13.1% 5,255

Equatorial Gui 0.0199 0.0090 CFA Franc BEA 1.53 0.70 1.61 892 0% 36% 0% -12.6% 7,874

Eritrea 0.0500 0.0227 Nakfa 1.28 0.58 0.58 990 0% 0% 0% -13.8% 1,109 Estonia 0.2773 0.1258 Kroon 1.02 0.46 0.46 811 0% 0% 1% -11.2% 15,478

Ethiopia 0.1333 0.0604 Ethiopian Birr 1.11 0.50 2.81 29 0% 96% 1% -13.8% 1,055

Falkland Islands (Malvinas) - - - -12.1% Faroe Islands 1.21 0.55 0.85 699 0% 30% 2% -12.1% Fiji 0.3626 0.1645 Fiji Dollar 1.15 0.52 1.88 345 0% 64% 3% -12.9% 6,049

Finland 0.6872 0.3117 Euro 0.38 0.17 0.21 198 7% 4% 75% 3.8% 32,153 0.65

France 0.6156 0.2792 Euro 0.59 0.27 0.39 193 78% 9% 2% 7.2% 30,386 0.53

French Guiana - - - -12.1% French Polynes 1.27 0.58 0.99 843 0% 19% 0% -12.1% French Southern Territories - - - -12.1% Gabon 0.0053 0.0024 CFA Franc BEA 1.23 0.56 1.97 485 0% 55% 0% -12.7% 6,954

Gambia Dalasi 1.30 0.59 0.59 1,006 0% 0% 0% -13.7% 1,921

Georgia 0.0571 0.0259 Lari 1.14 0.52 1.82 133 0% 87% 0% -13.4% 3,365

Germany 1.0265 0.4656 Euro 1.70 0.77 0.81 1,351 24% 3% 7% 4.9% 29,461 0.83

Ghana 3.6157 1.6401 Cedi 1.07 0.49 2.49 104 0% 84% 4% -13.6% 2,480

Gibraltar - - - -12.1% Greece 1.3497 0.6122 Euro 2.25 1.02 1.15 1,757 0% 9% 3% 9.4% 23,381 0.97

Greenland - - - -12.1% Grenada 0.5455 0.2474 East Caribbean D 1.29 0.58 0.58 1,011 0% 0% 0% -12.6% 7,843

Guadeloupe - - - -12.1% Guam - - - -12.1% Guatemala 0.4576 0.2076 Quetzal 1.30 0.59 1.50 633 0% 42% 18% -13.2% 4,568

Guernsey - - - -12.1% Guinea 0.0008 0.0004 Guinea Franc 1.24 0.56 1.71 535 0% 50% 0% -13.6% 2,316

Guinea-Bissau 0.0043 0.0020 CFA Franc BCE 1.50 0.68 0.68 1,160 0% 0% 0% -13.9% 827

Guyana 0.0091 0.0041 Guyana Dollar 1.34 0.61 0.62 1,037 0% 0% 3% -13.2% 4,508

Haiti 0.0200 0.0091 Gourde 1.27 0.58 1.53 591 0% 46% 0% -13.7% 1,663

Heard Island and McDonald Islands - - - -12.1% Holy See (Vatican City State) - - - -12.1% Honduras 0.0884 0.0401 Lempira 1.06 0.48 1.07 593 0% 27% 2% -13.4% 3,430

Hong Kong, Ch 0.0704 0.0319 Hong Kong Dolla - - - -7.7% 34,833

Hungary 0.0051 0.0023 Forint 0.97 0.44 0.45 657 27% 0% 4% 15.1% 17,887 0.74

Iceland 0.0042 0.0019 Iceland Krona 0.74 0.34 0.98 3 0% 68% 32% -7.4% 36,510

India 0.0586 0.0266 Indian Rupee 2.46 1.12 1.45 1,773 2% 16% 2% -13.4% 3,452 0.88

Indonesia 0.0013 0.0006 Rupiah 1.98 0.90 1.12 1,458 0% 9% 7% -13.3% 3,843 Iran (Islamic R 0.0005 0.0002 Iranian Rial 1.14 0.52 0.70 799 0% 10% 4% -12.6% 7,968

Iraq Iraqi Dinar 1.09 0.50 0.52 852 0% 1% 0% -12.1% Ireland 0.6929 0.3143 Euro 1.64 0.75 0.77 1,309 0% 2% 6% 9.7% 38,505

Isle Of Man 1.21 0.55 0.56 935 0% 1% 12% -12.1% Israel 0.2806 0.1273 New Israeli Sheq 2.25 1.02 1.02 1,833 0% 0% 0% -9.3% 25,864

Italy 0.8229 0.3733 Euro 1.24 0.56 0.69 947 0% 9% 7% 6.9% 28,529 0.67

Jamaica 0.0601 0.0272 Jamaican Dollar 1.11 0.50 0.55 841 0% 2% 2% -13.2% 4,291 Japan 0.0076 0.0035 Yen 1.15 0.52 0.64 803 28% 8% 3% -8.4% 31,267 0.86

Jersey - - - -12.1% Jordan 3.1503 1.4290 Jordanian Dinar 1.23 0.56 0.57 953 0% 1% 2% -13.0% 5,530

Kazakhstan 0.0589 0.0267 Tenge 2.51 1.14 1.30 1,871 0% 12% 0% -12.6% 7,857

Kenya 0.0217 0.0098 Kenyan Shilling 0.92 0.42 1.91 188 0% 58% 23% -13.8% 1,240

Kiribati Australian Dollar 1.69 0.77 0.77 1,335 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Korea (Dem. R 1.85 0.84 1.76 945 0% 60% 0% -12.1% Korea (Republi 0.0014 0.0006 Won 1.35 0.61 0.63 980 36% 1% 0% -10.0% 22,029 1.17

Kuwait ### 8.2102 Kuwaiti Dinar 0.94 0.43 0.43 766 0% 0% 0% -9.3% 26,321

Kyrgyzstan 0.0844 0.0383 Som 1.17 0.53 1.96 105 0% 94% 0% -13.7% 1,927

Lao People's 0.0021 0.0010 Kip 1.13 0.51 2.58 38 0% 97% 0% -13.6% 2,039

Latvia Latvian Lats 1.17 0.53 1.22 375 0% 64% 2% -11.5% 13,646

Lebanon 0.0024 0.0011 Lebanese Pound 1.00 0.45 0.62 693 0% 10% 6% -13.0% 5,584

Lesotho Loti 1.11 0.50 2.31 4 0% 100% 0% -13.4% 3,335 ..

Liberia US Dollar 1.27 0.58 0.58 1,003 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Libyan Arab J Libyan Dinar 1.12 0.51 0.51 889 0% 0% 0% -12.1% 10,335 ..

Liechtenstein 1.16 0.53 1.79 103 0% 95% 0% -12.1% Lithuania 0.2523 0.1144 Lithuanian Litas 0.54 0.24 0.28 185 76% 3% 1% -11.4% 14,494

Luxembourg 1.2294 0.5576 Euro 1.16 0.53 0.56 933 0% 3% 4% 7.5% 60,228

Macao Pataca - - - -12.1% Macedonia (TF 0.0780 0.0354 Denar 2.63 1.19 1.56 1,802 0% 24% 0% 15.2% 7,200

Madagascar 0.0074 0.0034 Malagascy Ariar 1.24 0.56 1.92 399 0% 65% 0% -13.8% 923

Malawi 0.0248 0.0113 Kwacha 1.09 0.49 2.60 28 0% 94% 4% -13.9% 667

Malaysia 0.8960 0.4064 Malaysian Ringgi 1.82 0.83 0.98 1,379 0% 6% 7% -12.0% 10,882

Maldives Rufiyaa 1.75 0.79 0.79 1,369 0% 0% 0% -13.1% 5,261 ..

Mali 0.0052 0.0024 CFA Franc BCE 1.30 0.59 1.69 565 0% 51% 0% -13.8% 1,033

Malta 1.3344 0.6053 Euro 1.03 0.47 0.47 825 0% 0% 4% -10.5% 19,189

Marshall Islan US Dollar 1.73 0.79 0.79 1,369 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Martinique - - - -12.1% Mauritania 0.0097 0.0044 Ouguiya 1.44 0.65 0.65 1,120 0% 0% 0% -13.6% 2,234

Mauritius 0.0246 0.0112 Mauritius Rupee 1.82 0.82 0.93 1,374 0% 5% 22% -11.7% 12,715

Mayotte 1.54 0.70 0.70 1,215 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Mexico 0.1239 0.0562 Mexican Peso 1.34 0.61 0.87 925 5% 13% 6% -12.1% 10,751 Micronesia, Fed US Dollar 1.54 0.70 1.58 900 0% 37% 0% -12.1% Moldova 0.4223 0.1916 Moldovan Leu 2.67 1.21 1.34 1,988 0% 10% 0% -13.6% 2,100

Monaco 0.22 0.10 0.10 175 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Mongolia 0.0205 0.0093 Tugrik 3.53 1.60 1.60 2,737 0% 0% 0% -13.6% 2,107

Montenegro Euro 1.76 0.80 1.86 768 0% 73% 0% -12.1% Montserrat - - - -12.1% Morocco 0.0962 0.0436 Moroccan Dirha 2.51 1.14 1.31 1,871 0% 10% 1% -13.2% 4,555

Mozambique 0.0511 0.0232 Metical 1.11 0.50 2.61 3 0% 99% 0% -13.8% 1,242

Myanmar 1.55 0.70 1.54 840 0% 41% 4% -13.8% 1,027 ..

Namibia 0.2479 0.1125 Namibian Dollar 1.20 0.54 2.48 109 0% 97% 0% -12.6% 7,586

Nauru 1.44 0.66 0.66 1,142 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Nepal Nepalese Rupee 1.10 0.50 2.32 14 0% 98% 1% -13.7% 1,550

Netherlands 0.6951 0.3153 Euro 1.48 0.67 0.67 1,210 4% 0% 10% 7.5% 32,684 0.58

Netherlands Antilles - - - -12.1%

New Caledonia 1.19 0.54 0.62 903 0% 4% 2% -12.1% New Zealand 0.5369 0.2435 New Zealand Dol 1.16 0.53 1.32 454 0% 55% 17% -9.5% 24,996 0.84

Nicaragua 0.5848 0.2653 Cordoba Oro 0.96 0.44 0.72 616 0% 13% 22% -13.3% 3,674

Niger 0.0023 0.0010 CFA Franc BCE 3.55 1.61 1.61 2,752 0% 0% 0% -13.9% 781

Nigeria 0.0631 0.0286 Naira 1.22 0.55 1.33 660 0% 33% 1% -13.8% 1,128 Niue - - - -12.1% Norfolk Island - - - -12.1% Northern Mariana Islands - - - -12.1% Norway 0.1051 0.0477 Norwegian Kron 1.04 0.47 1.41 12 0% 98% 1% 8.2% 41,420 0.95

Oman 7.3598 3.3384 Rial Omani 1.28 0.58 0.58 1,014 0% 0% 6% -11.2% 15,602

Pakistan 0.0348 0.0158 Pakistan Rupee 1.14 0.52 1.15 574 3% 35% 4% -13.6% 2,370 Palau US Dollar 1.64 0.74 0.74 1,295 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Palestine (Occu 0.98 0.45 0.45 750 0% 0% 27% -12.1% ..

Panama 2.3480 1.0651 Balboa 1.04 0.47 2.02 250 0% 66% 0% -12.6% 7,605

Papua New Gui 0.3960 0.1796 Kina 1.18 0.54 1.14 700 0% 25% 7% -13.5% 2,563

Paraguay 0.0001 0.0001 Guarani 1.11 0.50 2.47 11 0% 99% 0% -13.2% 4,642

Peru 0.3007 0.1364 Nuevo Sol 1.19 0.54 2.17 323 0% 70% 6% -12.9% 6,039

Philippines 0.0431 0.0195 Philippine Peso 1.63 0.74 1.04 1,132 0% 14% 27% -13.1% 5,137

Pitcairn - - - -12.1% Poland 0.5887 0.2670 Zloty 2.70 1.22 1.24 2,219 0% 1% 3% 7.9% 13,847 1.12

Portugal 0.8397 0.3809 Euro 1.47 0.67 0.82 1,101 0% 10% 17% 8.5% 20,410

Puerto Rico US Dollar - - - -12.1% Qatar Qatari Rial 1.21 0.55 0.55 983 0% 0% 6% -9.0% 27,664 ..

Réunion - - - -12.1% Romania 0.6241 0.2831 New Leu 1.84 0.83 1.28 1,122 17% 32% 0% -12.4% 9,060

Russian Federa 0.1267 0.0575 Russian Ruble 1.62 0.73 0.93 1,068 16% 20% 1% -12.0% 10,845 2.27

Rwanda Rwanda Franc 1.07 0.48 2.92 1 0% 96% 4% -13.8% 1,206

Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha - - - -12.1% Saint Kitts and 0.1893 0.0859 East Caribbean D 1.33 0.60 0.60 1,056 0% 0% 0% -11.6% 13,307

Saint Lucia 0.7326 0.3323 East Caribbean D 1.23 0.56 0.56 965 0% 0% 0% -12.8% 6,707

Saint Pierre and Miquelon - - - -12.1% Saint Vincent 0.3549 0.1610 East Caribbean D 1.35 0.61 1.30 789 0% 31% 0% -12.8% 6,568

Samoa 0.3413 0.1548 Tala 1.07 0.49 1.40 482 0% 41% 0% -12.9% 6,170

San Marino - - - -12.1% Sao Tome and 0.0001 0.0000 Dobra 1.41 0.64 1.87 689 0% 48% 0% -13.6% 2,178

Saudi Arabia 1.0084 0.4574 Saudi Riyal 1.06 0.48 0.48 849 0% 0% 1% -11.2% 15,711

Senegal 0.0044 0.0020 CFA Franc BCE 1.25 0.57 0.57 967 0% 0% 2% -13.7% 1,792 Serbia Serbian Dinar 2.52 1.14 1.50 1,693 0% 24% 0% 16.3% Seychelles 0.2071 0.0939 Seychelles Rupe 1.29 0.58 0.58 1,028 0% 0% 0% -11.1% 16,106

Sierra Leone 0.0004 0.0002 Leone 1.30 0.59 0.78 942 0% 8% 0% -13.9% 806

Singapore 0.9744 0.4420 Singapore Dollar 1.07 0.48 0.48 871 0% 0% 5% -8.7% 29,663

Slovakia 1.5267 0.6925 Euro 1.17 0.53 0.71 689 55% 15% 0% 7.6% 15,871

Slovenia 0.8453 0.3834 Euro 1.56 0.71 1.06 863 39% 25% 1% 15.2% 22,273

Solomon Islan 0.0822 0.0373 Solomon Islands 1.55 0.70 0.74 1,191 0% 2% 0% -13.6% 2,031

Somalia Somali Shilling 1.24 0.56 0.68 930 0% 5% 2% -12.1% South Africa 0.3814 0.1730 Rand 2.59 1.17 1.18 2,026 6% 0% 0% -12.0% 11,110

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands - - - -12.1% Spain 0.9911 0.4496 Euro 1.47 0.67 0.77 1,072 19% 7% 9% 10.0% 27,169 0.73

Sri Lanka 0.0077 0.0035 Sri Lanka Rupee 1.10 0.50 1.55 485 0% 44% 2% -13.2% 4,595

Sudan 1.4047 0.6372 Sudanese Dinar 1.12 0.51 1.08 640 0% 26% 8% -13.6% 2,083

Suriname 1.1726 0.5319 Surinam Dollar 1.13 0.51 2.71 121 0% 89% 0% -12.6% 7,722 Svalbard and Jan Mayen - - - -12.1% Swaziland 0.0988 0.0448 Lilangeni 0.77 0.35 1.39 101 0% 55% 28% -13.1% 4,824

Sweden 0.0344 0.0156 Swedish Krona 0.69 0.31 0.77 37 45% 47% 4% 8.8% 32,525 0.30

Switzerland 0.2017 0.0915 Swiss Franc 0.74 0.33 1.05 11 40% 57% 0% 7.5% 35,633

Syrian Arab Re 0.0745 0.0338 Syrian Pound 1.21 0.55 0.74 845 0% 12% 1% -13.3% 3,808

Taiwan New Taiwan Doll 1.69 0.77 0.84 1,255 17% 4% 4% -12.1% Tajikistan 1.1992 0.5439 Somoni 1.12 0.51 2.05 24 0% 98% 0% -13.8% 1,356

Tanzania (Unit 0.0230 0.0104 Tanzanian Shilli 1.13 0.51 2.66 111 0% 88% 4% -13.9% 744

Thailand 0.0824 0.0374 Baht 1.62 0.74 0.84 1,237 0% 5% 3% -12.4% 8,677

Timor-Leste US Dollar 1.84 0.84 0.84 1,456 0% 0% 0% -12.1% ..

Togo 0.0024 0.0011 CFA Franc BCE 1.30 0.59 1.56 659 0% 41% 0% -13.7% 1,506

Tokelau - - - -12.1% Tonga 0.4938 0.2240 Pa'anga 1.52 0.69 0.69 1,194 0% 0% 0% -12.5% 8,177

Trinidad and 1.2383 0.5617 Trinidad and Tob 1.30 0.59 0.59 1,036 0% 0% 0% -11.4% 14,603 Tunisia 0.9150 0.4150 Tunisian Dinar 1.21 0.55 0.57 940 0% 1% 0% -12.5% 8,371

Turkey 0.8163 0.3703 New Turkish Lira 2.02 0.91 1.34 1,352 0% 27% 0% -12.5% 8,407

Turkmenistan Manat 1.25 0.57 0.57 973 0% 0% 0% -13.3% 3,838 ..

Turks and Caicos Islands - - - -12.1% Tuvalu 2.12 0.96 0.96 1,678 0% 0% 0% -12.1% Uganda 0.0009 0.0004 Uganda Shilling 1.10 0.50 2.98 19 0% 96% 2% -13.7% 1,454

Ukraine 0.8147 0.3696 Hryvnia 1.34 0.61 0.70 853 48% 7% 0% -12.8% 6,848

United Arab Em 1.1925 0.5409 UAE Dirham 1.08 0.49 0.49 865 0% 0% 13% -9.4% 25,514

United Kingdo 1.2518 0.5678 Pound Sterling 1.56 0.71 0.72 1,228 20% 1% 5% 7.5% 33,238 0.76

United States 1.2100 0.5489 US Dollar 1.80 0.82 0.92 1,345 18% 7% 4% 9.9% 41,890 1.21

United States Minor Outlying Islands - - - -12.1% Uruguay 0.0241 0.0109 Peso Uruguayo 1.10 0.50 2.01 103 0% 89% 0% -12.2% 9,962

Uzbekistan 0.0102 0.0046 Uzbekistan Sum 1.76 0.80 0.99 1,260 0% 13% 0% -13.6% 2,063

Vanuatu 0.0080 0.0036 Vatu 1.55 0.70 0.81 1,161 0% 5% 0% -13.4% 3,225 Venezuela (Bol 1.0123 0.4592 Bolivar Fuerte 1.13 0.51 2.28 240 0% 75% 0% -12.8% 6,632

Viet Nam 0.00007 0.00003 Dong 1.63 0.74 1.62 908 0% 41% 6% -13.4% 3,071

Virgin Islands, British - - - -12.1% Virgin Islands, U.S. - - - -12.1% Wallis and Futuna - - - -12.1% Western Sahara - - - -12.1% Yemen 0.0315 0.0143 Yemeni Rial 1.29 0.59 0.59 1,002 0% 0% 0% -13.8% 930

Zambia 0.0040 0.0018 Kwacha 1.11 0.50 2.69 4 0% 99% 0% -13.8% 1,023

Zimbabwe 0.00009 0.00004 Zimbabwe Dollar 2.12 0.96 2.03 1,200 0% 52% 3% -13.6% 2,038 -

http://carma.org/api/1.1/searchLocations?limit=300&region_type=2 Carma seems to omit life-cycles, such as plant construction, fuel extraction, methane from hydro reservoirs, radioactive waste storage, and transmission losses

Pre-combustion emissions as % of combustion 11% Lb CO2 per KWH (The.CO2List.org), excluding transmission losses 0.31 0.96 0.11

Pre-combustion data from US in http://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy07osti/38617.pdf Nuclear emissions based on life cycle analysis, primarily fuel processing and disposal by JW Storm http://www.stormsmith.nl

Hydro emissions based on average of 9 reservoirs in Brazil, dominated by scrubland. Study of two reservoirs in Finland had figure 10 times as high, with less methane, but more CO2. Santos cited in http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf

Emissions of forest reservoirs vary from 5.9 at the equator to 2.9 at latitudes above 60 (Horvath 2005), though these omit inflow of leaf litter decaying to methane http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucei/devtech/EDT-006 "other renewable" actually includes wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, captured heat, and hydrogen energy. Emissions based on wind and solar manufacture

trade adjustment from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/421482436815Ahmad+Wyckoff, OECD 2003 "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade in Goods" p.21

Actual data for US & Europe, estimated elsewhere from linear regression on GDP/capita if available, or average of other countries. Estimates are shown as negative, but calculate as positivehttp://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Life-cycle-analysis-PSI-05.pdf

http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf

Click for more explanation of emissions by source

National Currency per US Dollar Codes

Alpha-2 Alpha-3 Numeric

2004 2009 2009 2000 2000

48.74 18.8 61.6 24.3 AF AFG 4 33.0 65.0

0.48 0.57 95.81 53.3 143.7 53.4 AL ALB 8 41.0 20.0

2.13 2.18 72.73 49.8 75.3 34.6 DZ DZA 12 28.0 3.0

AS ASM 16 -14.3 -170.0

AD AND 20 42.5 1.6

2.84 0.64 89.4 81.3 10.0 4.2 AO AGO 24 -12.5 18.5

AI AIA 660 18.3 -63.2

AQ ATA 10 -90.0 0.0

nf 1.01 2.7 2.1 2.7 2.0 AG ATG 28 17.1 -61.8

1.17 0.68 3.78 2.1 1.0 0.9 AR ARG 32 -34.0 -64.0

0.74 0.68 377.89 185.0 539.5 158.9 AM ARM 51 40.0 45.0

AW ABW 533 12.5 -70.0

nf 1.28 1.11 1.3 1.7 1.3 AU AUS 36 -27.0 133.0

nf 0.64 0.718 0.8 1.1 0.9 AT AUT 40 47.3 13.3

2.34 2.34 0.8 0.4 0.9 0.2 AZ AZE 31 40.5 47.5

nd .. 1 0.8 1.0 0.8 BS BHS 44 24.3 -76.0

nf 2.87 0.376 0.3 0.4 0.3 BH BHR 48 26.0 50.6

0.34 0.33 69.27 25.5 52.1 20.1 BD BGD 50 24.0 90.0

nd .. 2 1.0 2.0 0.9 BB BRB 52 13.2 -59.5

1.70 2.27 2144.56457 1,002.2 876.8 177.8 BY BLR 112 53.0 28.0

0.73 0.75 0.717 0.8 1.1 0.9 BE BEL 56 50.8 4.0

0.97 0.97 2 0.9 2.0 0.9 BZ BLZ 84 17.3 -88.8

nf 0.64 455.34 228.8 712.0 239.4 BJ BEN 204 9.5 2.3

1 1.7 1.0 1.6 BM BMU 60 32.3 -64.8

nd .. 46.68 15.7 44.9 12.4 BT BTN 64 27.5 90.5

8.28 0.68 7.02 2.9 6.2 2.4 BO BOL 68 -17.0 -65.0

nd .. 1.36 0.8 2.1 0.5 BA BIH 70 44.0 18.0

1.01 0.51 6.67 3.7 5.1 2.3 BW BWA 72 -22.0 24.0

BV BVT 74 -54.4 3.4

2.09 0.53 1.74 1.7 1.8 1.1 BR BRA 76 -10.0 -55.0

IO IOT 86 -6.0 71.5

nd .. 1.44 0.6 1.7 0.9 BN BRN 96 4.5 114.7

1.01 1.59 1.36 0.8 2.1 0.6 BG BGR 100 43.0 25.0

2.67 0.18 455.34 238.9 712.0 225.3 BF BFA 854 13.0 -2.0

nf 0.11 1230.5 393.8 720.7 294.1 BI BDI 108 -3.5 30.0

4.70 0.04 4165 1,666.3 3,840.8 1,219.9 KH KHM 116 13.0 105.0

4.15 0.26 455.34 272.0 712.0 284.9 CM CMR 120 6.0 12.0

nf 1.52 1.05 1.1 1.5 1.2 CA CAN 124 60.0 -95.0

-0.21 0.24 76.54 58.6 119.7 74.5 CV CPV 132 16.0 -24.0

KY CYM 136 19.5 -80.5

6.01 0.13 455.34 269.7 712.0 291.6 CF CAF 140 7.0 21.0

0.88 0.02 455.34 215.9 712.0 233.0 TD TCD 148 15.0 19.0

-0.35 0.84 530.275117 403.0 539.6 359.3 CL CHL 152 -30.0 -71.0

6.83 3.3 8.3 3.0

Pounds CO2 per US$, 2000 PPPexcl. trade

excl. trade

incl. defores-tation, if available

excl. defores-

tation

Market Exchange

Rate

Equal Prices (PPP)

Market Exchange

Rate

Equal Prices (PPP)

Average Latitude

Average Longitud

e

2004 - 2005

1.46 1.54 6.83 3.2 8.3 2.6 CN CHN 156 35.0 105.0

CX CXR 162 -10.5 105.7

CC CCK 166 -12.5 96.8

0.58 0.42 2044.23 1,335.1 2,087.9 1,011.3 CO COL 170 4.0 -72.0

0.47 0.20 341.5 246.0 534.0 216.7 KM COM 174 -12.2 44.3

8.79 1.90 417.03 498.1 712.0 411.6 CG COG 178 -1.0 15.0

15.55 0.13 902.66 532.2 21.8 29.5 CD COD 180 0.0 25.0

CK COK 184 -21.2 -159.8

0.55 0.37 565.24 303.8 308.2 152.0 CR CRI 188 10.0 -84.0

-0.21 0.44 455.34 354.3 712.0 437.5 CI CIV 384 8.0 -5.0

0.66 1.06 5.09 4.4 8.3 4.1 HR HRV 191 45.2 15.5

nd .. 1 0.4 1.0 0.4 CU CUB 192 21.5 -80.0

0.98 0.99 0.717 0.7 1.1 0.7 CY CYP 196 35.0 33.0

1.32 1.46 18.37 14.5 38.6 15.4 CZ CZE 203 49.8 15.5

0.72 0.73 5.19 8.1 8.1 8.5 DK DNK 208 56.0 10.0

0.55 0.55 177.721 67.9 177.7 83.0 DJ DJI 262 11.5 43.0

nf 0.57 2.7 2.2 2.7 2.3 DM DMA 212 15.4 -61.3

0.73 0.73 36.21 15.7 16.4 7.1 DO DOM 214 19.0 -70.7

nf 1.32 1 0.6 1.0 0.3 EC ECU 218 -2.0 -77.5

1.27 1.28 5.48 2.5 3.5 1.6 EG EGY 818 27.0 30.0

nf 0.44 1 0.5 1.0 0.5 SV SLV 222 13.8 -88.9

5.65 3.46 455.34 283.9 712.0 467.5 GQ GNQ 226 2.0 10.0

nf 0.37 15.375 7.4 9.6 2.2 ER ERI 232 15.0 39.0

nf 2.47 10.87 8.9 17.0 7.5 EE EST 233 59.0 26.0

0.64 0.29 12.64 4.8 8.2 2.5 ET ETH 231 8.0 38.0

FK FLK 238 -51.8 -59.0

FO FRO 234 62.0 -7.0

nf 0.53 1.93 1.5 2.1 1.2 FJ FJI 242 -18.0 175.0

0.70 0.99 0.717 0.9 1.1 1.0 FI FIN 246 64.0 26.0

0.45 0.51 0.717 0.9 1.1 0.9 FR FRA 250 46.0 2.0

GF GUF 254 4.0 -53.0

PF PYF 258 -15.0 -140.0

TF ATF 260 -43.0 67.0

1.79 0.35 455.34 335.7 712.0 381.3 GA GAB 266 -1.0 11.8

-0.09 0.26 28.0658583 9.3 12.8 5.7 GM GMB 270 13.5 -16.6

0.04 0.71 1.69 0.7 2.0 0.5 GE GEO 268 42.0 43.5

0.77 0.84 0.717 0.8 1.1 0.9 DE DEU 276 51.0 9.0

1.97 0.35 1.42 0.5 0.5 0.2 GH GHA 288 8.0 -2.0

GI GIB 292 36.2 -5.4

0.93 0.95 0.719 0.7 1.1 0.7 GR GRC 300 39.0 22.0

GL GRL 304 72.0 -40.0

nf 0.64 2.7 1.2 2.7 0.9 GD GRD 308 12.1 -61.7

GP GLP 312 16.3 -61.6

GU GUM 316 13.5 144.8

1.50 0.55 8.35 3.3 7.8 2.5 GT GTM 320 15.5 -90.3

GG GGY 831 49.5 -2.6

1.84 0.15 5228.9011 2,384.3 1,746.9 957.6 GN GIN 324 11.0 -10.0

1.36 0.53 522.89011 312.7 712.0 245.5 GW GNB 624 12.0 -15.0

nf 1.04 203.25 113.8 182.4 87.0 GY GUY 328 5.0 -59.0

0.34 0.31 42.02 17.0 21.2 6.5 HT HTI 332 19.0 -72.4

HM HMD 334 -53.1 72.5

VA VAT 336 41.9 12.5

nf 0.79 18.9 8.9 14.8 6.0 HN HND 340 15.0 -86.5

nf 0.42 7.76 6.0 7.8 7.5 HK HKG 344 22.3 114.2

0.74 0.82 188.07 144.6 282.2 115.0 HU HUN 348 47.0 20.0

0.51 0.53 124.9 121.9 78.6 81.6 IS ISL 352 65.0 -18.0

0.95 0.97 46.68 15.0 44.9 12.3 IN IND 356 20.0 77.0

6.93 1.17 9400 5,433.9 8,421.8 2,421.0 ID IDN 360 -5.0 120.0

2.04 2.05 9984 3,977.5 1,764.4 1,447.2 IR IRN 364 32.0 53.0

1170 834.6 1,930.0 470.1 IQ IRQ 368 33.0 44.0

0.67 0.68 0.717 1.0 1.1 1.0 IE IRL 372 53.0 -8.0

IM IMN 833 54.2 -4.6

nf 1.04 3.78 3.7 4.1 3.8 IL ISR 376 31.5 34.8

0.59 0.66 0.717 0.8 1.1 0.8 IT ITA 380 42.8 12.8

2.37 2.34 89.33 39.5 43.0 19.2 JM JAM 388 18.3 -77.5

0.73 0.79 92.06 112.4 107.8 149.7 JP JPN 392 36.0 138.0

JE JEY 832 49.2 -2.1

1.46 1.46 0.709 0.5 0.7 0.4 JO JOR 400 31.0 36.0

4.57 4.56 148.46 77.6 142.1 38.3 KZ KAZ 398 48.0 68.0

0.94 0.66 75.82 43.4 76.2 32.0 KE KEN 404 1.0 38.0

1.11 0.4 1.7 0.4 KI KIR 296 1.4 173.0

KP PRK 408 40.0 127.0

1.06 1.12 1164.5 822.9 1,131.0 742.0 KR KOR 410 37.0 127.5

nf 3.99 0.29 0.2 0.3 0.2 KW KWT 414 29.3 47.7

1.26 1.43 44.09 14.9 47.7 9.2 KG KGZ 417 41.0 75.0

5.29 0.29 8484.25 2,524.3 7,887.6 1,889.9 LA LAO 418 18.0 105.0

-0.36 0.62 0.49 0.4 0.6 0.3 LV LVA 428 57.0 25.0

nf 2.03 1507.5 857.1 1,507.5 829.9 LB LBN 422 33.8 35.8

nd .. 7.38 4.5 6.9 3.3 LS LSO 426 -29.5 28.5

1 0.6 1.0 0.5 LR LBR 430 6.5 -9.5

nd .. 1.23 0.6 0.5 0.4 LY LBY 434 25.0 17.0

LI LIE 438 47.2 9.5

0.42 0.71 2.45 1.7 4.0 1.7 LT LTU 440 56.0 24.0

1.02 1.06 0.79714083 0.8 1.1 0.9 LU LUX 442 49.8 6.2

7.99 6.0 8.0 5.7 MO MAC 446 22.2 113.6

1.83 1.83 44.100575 23.5 65.9 20.6 MK MKD 807 41.8 22.0

6.94 0.42 1954.64 939.3 1,353.5 479.7 MG MDG 450 -20.0 47.0

1.71 0.31 146 68.9 59.5 26.1 MW MWI 454 -13.5 34.0

1.70 1.68 3.42 1.9 3.8 1.9 MY MYS 458 2.5 112.5

nd .. 12.8 8.0 11.8 7.2 MV MDV 462 3.3 73.0

1.42 0.11 455.34 270.5 712.0 260.3 ML MLI 466 17.0 -4.0

0.79 0.79 0.717 0.6 1.0 0.6 MT MLT 470 35.8 14.6

1 0.3 1.0 0.3 MH MHL 584 9.0 168.0

MQ MTQ 474 14.7 -61.0

1.27 0.97 261.99 130.9 238.9 94.0 MR MRT 478 20.0 -12.0

0.53 0.53 30.29 21.5 26.2 14.2 MU MUS 480 -20.3 57.6

YT MYT 175 -12.8 45.2

nf 1.01 13.06 8.2 9.5 6.0 MX MEX 484 23.0 -102.0

1 0.7 1.0 0.7 FM FSM 583 6.9 158.3

2.13 2.31 12.3 5.0 12.4 2.7 MD MDA 498 47.0 29.0

MC MCO 492 43.7 7.4

10.99 4.19 1442.84 535.8 1,076.7 271.1 MN MNG 496 46.0 105.0

0.717 0.5 1.1 0.3 ME MNE 499 42.0 19.0

MS MSR 500 16.8 -62.2

0.60 0.75 7.86 6.2 10.6 6.3 MA MAR 504 32.0 -5.0

0.74 0.24 29.19 14.5 15.2 9.4 MZ MOZ 508 -18.3 35.0

nd .. MM MMR 104 22.0 98.0

1.60 0.42 7.38 6.5 6.9 4.3 NA NAM 516 -22.0 17.0

NR NRU 520 -0.5 166.9

-1.24 0.18 74.65 26.4 71.1 18.7 NP NPL 524 28.0 84.0

0.66 0.66 0.717 0.8 1.1 0.9 NL NLD 528 52.5 5.8

AN ANT 530 12.3 -68.8

NC NCL 540 -21.5 165.5

nf 0.77 1.39 1.4 2.2 1.5 NZ NZL 554 -41.0 174.0

5.48 0.53 20.84 9.4 12.7 5.4 NI NIC 558 13.0 -85.0

0.65 0.29 455.34 285.6 712.0 258.5 NE NER 562 16.0 8.0

4.54 2.03 128.651979 72.0 101.7 37.2 NG NGA 566 10.0 8.0

NU NIU 570 -19.0 -169.9

NF NFK 574 -29.0 168.0

MP MNP 580 15.2 145.8

0.99 1.17 5.78 9.0 8.8 8.8 NO NOR 578 62.0 10.0

nf 1.94 0.3845 0.3 0.4 0.3 OM OMN 512 21.0 57.0

1.03 0.90 84.26 29.6 53.6 14.8 PK PAK 586 30.0 70.0

1 0.6 1.0 0.5 PW PLW 585 7.5 134.5

nd .. PS PSE 275 32.0 35.3

1.51 0.62 1 0.6 1.0 0.7 PA PAN 591 9.0 -80.0

nf 0.42 2.7 1.1 2.8 1.0 PG PNG 598 -6.0 147.0

nf 0.40 4610 2,722.9 3,486.4 1,493.3 PY PRY 600 -23.0 -58.0

nf 0.49 2.89 1.6 3.5 1.7 PE PER 604 -10.0 -76.0

1.05 0.49 46.36 24.4 44.2 19.7 PH PHL 608 13.0 122.0

PN PCN 612 -24.7 -127.4

1.32 1.50 2.85 1.9 4.3 1.9 PL POL 616 52.0 20.0

0.59 0.68 0.717 0.7 1.1 0.7 PT PRT 620 39.5 -8.0

1 0.9 1.0 0.8 PR PRI 630 18.3 -66.5

nd .. 3.64 3.1 3.6 2.2 QA QAT 634 25.5 51.3

RE REU 638 -21.1 55.6

1.19 1.19 2.94 1.9 2.2 0.7 RO ROU 642 46.0 25.0

2.68 2.58 28.78 17.9 28.1 6.4 RU RUS 643 60.0 100.0

-0.28 0.13 553.72 229.6 389.7 139.3 RW RWA 646 -2.0 30.0

SH SHN 654 -15.9 -5.7

nf 0.49 2.7 2.6 2.7 2.1 KN KNA 659 17.3 -62.8

nf 0.84 2.7 1.1 2.7 1.4 LC LCA 662 13.9 -61.1

PM SPM 666 46.8 -56.3

nf 0.64 2.7 1.8 2.7 2.1 VC VCT 670 13.3 -61.2

nf 0.35 2.73077851 1.0 3.3 0.9 WS WSM 882 -13.6 -172.3

SM SMR 674 43.8 12.4

0.68 0.68 16814.5 10,320.5 7,978.2 4,854.8 ST STP 678 1.0 7.0

2.25 2.25 3.75 2.2 3.8 2.7 SA SAU 682 25.0 45.0

1.33 0.62 455.34 305.2 712.0 289.7 SN SEN 686 14.0 -14.0

67.1456973 40.4 63.2 na RS SRB 688 44.0 21.0

0.97 0.97 11.25 4.7 5.7 3.0 SC SYC 690 -4.6 55.7

nf 0.60 3855.68 1,453.3 2,092.1 1,096.8 SL SLE 694 8.5 -11.5

nf 1.06 1.66 1.1 1.7 1.2 SG SGP 702 1.4 103.8

0.87 1.12 0.71700098 0.6 1.2 0.5 SK SVK 703 48.7 19.5

0.53 0.95 0.79714679 0.6 0.9 0.5 SI SVN 705 46.0 15.0

nf 0.46 7.60945833 5.6 5.1 3.1 SB SLB 90 -8.0 159.0

14406 7,998.8 9,571.5 6,483.6 SO SOM 706 10.0 49.0

2.18 2.18 8.412 5.7 6.9 4.0 ZA ZAF 710 -29.0 24.0

GS SGS 239 -54.5 -37.0

0.67 0.73 0.717 0.7 1.1 0.7 ES ESP 724 40.0 -4.0

0.41 0.33 114.38 53.3 77.0 27.9 LK LKA 144 7.0 81.0

1.78 0.37 2.24 1.3 2.6 0.7 SD SDN 736 15.0 30.0

1.72 1.72 2.745 1.5 1.3 0.4 SR SUR 740 4.0 -56.0

SJ SJM 744 78.0 20.0

0.52 0.44 7.38 5.3 6.9 3.0 SZ SWZ 748 -26.5 31.5

0.24 0.46 7.654 8.7 9.2 9.1 SE SWE 752 62.0 15.0

0.32 0.37 1.08614184 1.6 1.7 1.8 CH CHE 756 47.0 8.0

nf 2.45 46.5833704 32.9 46.0 20.8 SY SYR 760 35.0 38.0

34.31 17.9 31.2 21.1 TW TWN 158 23.5 121.0

1.52 1.50 4.37 1.3 2.1 0.3 TJ TJK 762 39.0 71.0

13.27 0.40 1326.83 577.8 800.4 324.5 TZ TZA 834 -6.0 35.0

1.31 1.23 33.32 15.9 40.1 14.9 TH THA 764 15.0 100.0

nd .. 1 0.5 1.0 0.4 TL TLS 626 -8.6 125.5

nf 0.64 455.34 268.9 712.0 241.6 TG TGO 768 8.0 1.2

TK TKL 772 -9.0 -172.0

nf 0.35 2.06 0.7 1.8 0.5 TO TON 776 -20.0 -175.0

4.54 4.52 6.37 3.7 6.3 3.6 TT TTO 780 11.0 -61.0

0.68 0.71 1.32 0.7 1.4 0.7 TN TUN 788 34.0 9.0

0.93 0.99 1.49 1.1 0.6 0.3 TR TUR 792 39.0 35.0

nd .. 2.85 1.3 1.2 0.3 TM TKM 795 40.0 60.0

TC TCA 796 21.8 -71.6

TV TUV 798 -8.0 178.0

0.75 0.11 1903.52 870.9 1,644.5 554.4 UG UGA 800 1.0 32.0

2.19 2.60 7.99 2.7 5.4 1.1 UA UKR 804 49.0 32.0

3.45 3.46 3.67250701 2.9 3.7 2.5 AE ARE 784 24.0 54.0

0.74 0.75 0.62 0.6 0.7 0.6 GB GBR 826 54.0 -2.0

1.15 1.23 1 1.0 1.0 1.0 US USA 840 38.0 -97.0

UM UMI 581 19.3 166.6

nf 0.42 19.63 17.4 12.1 9.8 UY URY 858 -33.0 -56.0

6.70 6.77 1510 656.6 236.6 100.8 UZ UZB 860 41.0 64.0

nf 0.33 97.93 41.4 137.6 36.5 VU VUT 548 -16.0 167.0

nf 2.65 2.15 2.6 0.7 0.6 VE VEN 862 8.0 -66.0

0.42 1.04 17941 5,653.9 14,167.8 3,750.6 VN VNM 704 16.0 106.0

VG VGB 92 18.5 -64.5

VI VIR 850 18.3 -64.8

WF WLF 876 -13.3 -176.2

EH ESH 732 24.5 -13.0

2.76 2.76 207.32 87.6 161.7 47.9 YE YEM 887 15.0 48.0

8.83 0.51 4640.56 2,187.5 3,110.8 1,478.3 ZM ZMB 894 -15.0 30.0

3.75 0.93 1.404E+17 40,290.0 0.0 0.1 ZW ZWE 716 -20.0 30.0

http://blog.stavi.sh/country-list-iso-3166-codes-latitude-longitud Carma seems to omit life-cycles, such as plant construction, fuel extraction, methane from hydro reservoirs, radioactive waste storage, and transmission losses

Nuclear emissions based on life cycle analysis, primarily fuel processing and disposal by JW Storm http://www.stormsmith.nl Hydro emissions based on average of 9 reservoirs in Brazil, dominated by scrubland. Study of two reservoirs in Finland had figure 10 times as high, with less methane, but more CO2. Santos cited in http://www.up.ethz.ch/education/term_paper/termpaper_hs07/Farrer_rev_termpaper_hs07.pdf

Emissions of forest reservoirs vary from 5.9 at the equator to 2.9 at latitudes above 60 (Horvath 2005), though these omit inflow of leaf litter decaying to methane http://repositories.cdlib.org/ucei/devtech/EDT-006 "other renewable" actually includes wind, solar, biomass, geothermal, captured heat, and hydrogen energy. Emissions based on wind and solar manufacture

trade adjustment from http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/421482436815Ahmad+Wyckoff, OECD 2003 "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embodied in International Trade in Goods" p.21

Actual data for US & Europe, estimated elsewhere from linear regression on GDP/capita if available, or average of other countries. Estimates are shown as negative, but calculate as positivehttp://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/Life-cycle-analysis-PSI-05.pdf

http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdfhttp://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_20072008_EN_Complete.pdf

http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt_index.php International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the University of Pennsylvania, May 2011.