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˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú·

ÌÂ‡·ÏËÈÈË Ú˘Â‰È

ÔÈÈ„ ‰˘Ó ÊÎ¯Ó‰˜È¯Ù‡Â ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ‰ È„ÂÓÈÏÏ

‰·‰ÏÂ „ÂÓÈÏÏ ÌÂ¯˙Ï ‡Â‰ ‰˜È¯Ù‡Â ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ‰ È„ÂÓÈÏÏ ÔÈÈ„ ‰˘Ó ÊÎ¯Ó Ï˘ Â„ÂÚÈÈ¨¯˜ÁÓ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰˜È¯Ù‡Â ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰Ú˘‰ ÈÈÈÚÂ ˙È¯„ÂÓ‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰‰ Ï˘˘¢Ú ÁÂ¯‰ ÈÚ„ÓÏ ‰ËÏÂ˜Ù‰Â ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰Ï ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙È·Ó ˜ÏÁ ‡Â‰ ÊÎ¯Ó‰ Æ„ÂÚÈ˙Â ÌÈÓÂÒ¯Ù

Æ·È·‡≠Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ÔÈË‡ ÈÏ‡ÒÂ ¯ËÒÏ

‰˘Ù ÏÚ ˙˜·‡ ‰È„Ó˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú·

ÌÂ‡·ÏËÈÈË Ú˘Â‰È

¥

Translated from the English-language edition ofHolier than Thou: Saudi Arabia’s Islamic Opposition,

originally published in the USA by the Washington Institute for Near EastPolicy, Washington, DC.

Copyright ® 2000 by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy.Translated and published by arrangement with the Moshe Dayan Center for

Middle Eastern and African Studies.All rights reserved.

‰˜È¯Ù‡Â ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ‰ È„ÂÓÈÏÏ ÔÈÈ„ ‰˘Ó ÊÎ¯Ó·È·‡≠Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡

∂ππ∑∏ ·È·‡≠Ï˙ ¨·È·‡≠˙Ó¯∞≥≠∂¥∞π∂¥∂ ∫ÏË∞≥≠∂¥±µ∏∞≤ ∫Ò˜Ù

E-mail: [email protected]://www.dayan.org

ISBN: 965-224-069-9

©˙Â¯ÂÓ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÎ ‰˜È¯Ù‡Â ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ‰ È„ÂÓÈÏÏ ÔÈÈ„ ‰˘Ó ÊÎ¯Ó

≤∞∞µ ¨·È·‡≠Ï˙ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡

∫˙ÈÏ‚‡Ó ÌÂ‚¯˙ ı¯ÂÂ˘ È˙∫˙ÈÂ˘Ï ‰ÎÈ¯Ú Ô„Ú ÈÏÈ

ÔÈÈ„ ¯· ÏÚÈ ∫‰ÙÈËÚ ·ÂˆÈÚ∫ÒÂÙ„Ï ‰‡·‰Â „ÂÓÈÚ ˜ÈÒÏ ‰Ï‡

∫‰ÒÙ„‰Â ˙ÂÁÂÏ øøøøøøø

µ

∫ÌÈÈÈÚ‰ ÔÎÂ˙

¯·„ Á˙ÙÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆπ

∫ÔÂ˘‡¯ ˜¯Ù˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÂ‡ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ±±

∫È˘ ˜¯ÙÒ‰¢Õ¢ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ≤≥

∫È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ùı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ≤π

∫ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLRÆÆ¥µ

∫È˘ÈÓÁ ˜¯ÙÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ßÌÈ‚Ù‡ß‰ ˙Ù˜˙ÓÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ∂±

∫È˘È˘ ˜¯ÙÓ˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏÔ˜˙Ó ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡ÔÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ ∂π

∫ÈÚÈ·˘ ˜¯Ù˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÓÈÏ·

˙È·ÓÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆ∏±

∫ÈÈÓ˘ ˜¯Ù‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ∫˙Â˜ÒÓÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆπ±

¯·„ ˙È¯Á‡ÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆÆππ

∂

ÔÈÏ˜ß‚Ï—Ú¢ ›Â≠ÊŸ‰ÀÏ ¯@Ÿ÷e·À®‰Î ‡Ï ÈÏ˘Ó© ¢d

∑

˙Â„Â˙∫ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ‰‚‰˘ ‡Â‰ Ï˜ÈÙ¯‚ Ì„‡ ¯¢„ ·ÂË‰ È¯·Á Æ˙ÈÏ‚‡· Â¯Â˜Ó· ·˙Î ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ

Holier Than Thou: Saudi Arabia’s Islamic Opposition˙·È˙ÎÏ ÏÈ·Â‰˘ ¯˜ÁÓ‰ Æ≠· ÛÂ‰¯È‡Ó Ì˘ ÏÚ ˙ÈÓÚ È˙ÂÈ‰· ¨±ππ∑ ˙˘· ‰˘Ú ¯ÙÒ‰Washington Institute for

Near East Policy¨ÌÁ‰ ÁÂ¯È‡‰ ÏÚ ¨ÛÂÏËÒ Ë¯·Â¯ ¯¢„ ¨ÔÂÎÓ‰ Ï‰ÓÏ ‰Â˙ È˙„Â˙ Æ¯¢„ ¨ÔÂÎÓ· ¯˜ÁÓ‰ Ï‰Ó Æ‡˘ÂÏ ÌÈ·Â¯˜‰ ÌÈ˘‡ ÌÚ ˙Â˘È‚Ù ˙¯„Ò‰ ÏÚÂ ‰¯ÊÚ‰ ÏÚÌ‚ ˙Â„Â‰Ï ÈÂˆ¯· Æ˙ÂÏÈÚÂÓ ˙Â¯Ú‰ ¯ÈÚ‰Â ‰„ÈÙ˜· ¯Â˜Ó‰ ˙‡ ‡¯˜ ¨ÔÂÒÂ‡Ï˜ ˜È¯ËÙÆÈ˙˘˜È·˘ ÓÂÁ ÏÎ ‡ÂˆÓÏ Â‡Ï ‡ÏÏ ÂÏÓÚÂ ÂÁ¯Ë ˘‡ ÔÂÎÓ· ÌÈ„ÓÏ˙ÓÏÂ ˜ÁÓ‰ È¯ÊÂÚÏ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ‰„Â˙Ï Ò‡ÈÏ‡ „Â„ Ó ÈÂ‡¯ ‰˘ ÌÈ¯˘Ú ‰Ê ÈÏ˘ ÈÓ„˜‡‰ ‰ÈÒÎ‡‰ ÔÈÈ„ ÊÎ¯Ó·¨¯·Ú· ÊÎ¯Ó‰ ˘‡¯ Æ„Â‡Ó ‰ÏÈÚÂ‰ ¯ÙÂ˜ ÈÏÈÓ‡ ß·‚‰ Ï˘ ‰˙¯ÊÚ Ì‚ Æ¯˜ÁÓÏ Â˙Â¯ÈÒÓ ÏÚÂ˜ÈÚ‰Â ‡˘Â· ˜ÂÒÚÏ ÈÂ„„ÂÚ ¨¯ÒÒ ¯˘‡ ßÙÂ¯Ù ¨ÌÂÈ‰ ÊÎ¯Ó‰ ˘‡¯Â ¨¯Ó¯˜ ÔÈË¯Ó ¯¢„¨˜·ËÈÏ ¯È‡Ó ¯¢„ ¨Âß‚· ‰¯ÙÚ ¯¢„ ∫ÔÈÈ„ ÊÎ¯Ó· ÌÈÙÒÂ‰ ÈÈ˙ÈÓÚ ÆÈ¯˘Ù‡ ÚÂÈÒ ÏÎ

¯ÈËÒÂ˜ ÛÒÂÈ ßÙÂ¯ÙÂ—ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ·¯‰ Ú„È‰Ó ÌÂ¯˙ÏÂ ˙ÂÈÚ· Ô·ÏÏ ÌÈÂÎ ¨„ÈÓ˙Î ¨ÂÈ‰ Ì˙¯ÊÚ ÏÚ ‰ÙÈÁ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡Ó ¯Ï˜ÈÂ ÔÂ‡ ¯¢„ÏÂ ÊÎ¯Ó‰Ó ÔÈÏ·È¯ ÏÂ‡Ù ¯¢„Ï ‰„ÂÓ È‡˙ÈÈ¯ÙÒÓ ˙¯Ù ˙È¯Â„ ß·‚Â ‚¯·Ò˜ÈÏ‚ ÔÂÈ¯Ó ß·‚ ¨Ï‚ ÌÈÈÁ ¯Ó ÆÌÈÈËÒÈËËÒ ÌÈÈÈÚ·Ì‚ ‰„Â˙ Æ¯˜ÁÓÏ ˘Â¯„‰ ¯ÓÂÁ‰ ˙‚˘‰· ˙Â·¯ Ì‰ Û‡ ÂÚÈÈÒ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ÔÂÈÎ¯‡ÓÂ ÊÎ¯Ó‰ı‚ ‰ÈˆÈÏ‡ ß·‚Ï ˙ÈÏ‚‡‰ ‰¯Â„‰Ó‰ ÎÈ¯Ú ÏÚ ÔÂË‚È˘ÂÂ· ÔÂÎÓ‰Ó ÔÓˆ¯‰ ‰˜ÈÂÓ ß·‚ÏÈÏÈ ß·‚Â ¨˙È¯·ÚÏ ÔÓ‡ ÌÂ‚¯˙ ¯ÙÒ‰ ˙‡ Ì‚¯˙ ı¯ÂÂ˘ È˙ ¯Ó Æ¯Â˜Ó‰ ¯ÙÒ ˙˜Ù‰ ÏÚÆÒÂÙ„Ï ‰‡È·‰Â ‰„ÓÈÚ ÈÒÏ ‰Ï‡ ß·‚Â Á·˘Ï ‰ÈÂ‡¯ ÂÈÚÂˆ˜Ó· Â˙ÎÈ¯Ú ÏÚ ‰„˜˘ Ô„Ú

Æ„·Ï· È˙ÂÈ¯Á‡· ÌÏÂÎ Ì‰ ¯˜ÁÓ‰ È‡ˆÓÓ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆÌ˙ÓÂ¯˙ ÏÚ ÌÏÂÎÏ ‰„ÂÓ È‡

ÌÂ‡·ÏËÈÈË Ú˘Â‰È‰Ú¯

‰¢Ò˘˙ ˙·Ë≤∞∞¥ ¯·Óˆ„

∏

π

¯·„ Á˙ÙÏ˘ ‰˙ÏÂÎÈ· ÈÎ ‰„ÚÂ ÌÚ Ï·˜ ‰¯È‰·‰ ≤∞∞± ·ÓËÙÒ· ±±≠· È¯·‰ Âˆ¯‡ ÏÚ ‰Ù˜˙Ó‰ÈÁ¯Ê‡ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÚˆ·Ó‰ ¯˘Ú ‰Ú˘˙ ÍÂ˙Ó ¯˘Ú ‰˘ÈÓÁ ∫¯Â¯Ë≠‰‚Ó ÁÈÓˆ‰Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú

‡ ÌÚ ÏÁ‰ ‡Ï Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙„ÈÏ ı¯‡· ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÏÂ‡ Æ‰È„ÂÚÒ‹‰Ó‡ÒÆÔ„‡Ï Ô·

˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ ˙‡ ÔÁÂ· ‰Ê È¯ÂËÒÈ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ˜‡¯ÈÚ Ï˘ ‰˙˘ÈÏÙ ˙Â·˜Ú· ¨ÌÈ¯˘Ú‰ ‰‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÚ˘˙‰ ˙Â˘· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú·¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ı¯‡ ¨‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙Ó„‡Ï ÌÈÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰ Ï˘ Ì‡Â·Â

Ì‡ÏÒ‡Ï—Ì¯Ë· „ÂÚ ¨ÌÈÚ˘˙‰ ˙Â˘ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ¯·Î ÏÂÚÙÏ ÏÁ‰ Ô„‡Ï Ô· Æ‰È„ÓÂ ‰ÎÓ Â˘·‚˙‰Â ÂË· ‰·˘ Ú˜¯˜‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰Â ¨¢·ÎÂÎ¢Ï ‰È‰˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÓÓÒ ·ËÈ‰ Â¯ÎÈ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘ ÌÚ Â˜·‡Ó· ÆÂÈ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯

ÆÂÊ‰È˜ÂÁ ÏÚ ‰¯ÈÓ˘‰ ˙ÈÁ·Ó ¯˙ÂÈ· ˙È˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ˙È·¯Ú‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ‡È‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú

‰· ‡ÏÓÓ‰ ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰— ˙Â¯Á‡ ·¯Ú ˙ÂÈ„Ó·Î ‡Ï˘ —‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï ˙˜Ú‰· ÈÊÎ¯Ó „È˜Ù˙ ˙Â˘· ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡Î ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÚÙÂ‰ Æ„ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ¨˙ËÏ˘‰ ‰ÁÙ˘ÓÏ

‰ÓÂÈ˜ ÌˆÚÏ ÒÈÒ·‰ ‡Â‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ¯˘‡ ‰È„Ó· ÌÈÚ˘˙‰(raison d’état)ÈÙÏ ‰·ÈˆÓ Æ‰Ê ¯‚˙‡ Ï˘ Â¯ÂÙÈÒ ˙‡ ¯ÙÒÓ Ô‡Î ‚ˆÂÓ‰ ¯˜ÁÓ‰ Æ„ÁÂÈÓ ¯‚˙‡ ¯Ë˘Ó‰

„Á‡Ï ‰È‰ ≤∞∞± ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±± È¯Á‡Â ¨≤∞∞∞ ˙˘· ˙ÈÏ‚‡‰ ‰Ù˘· ¯Â‡ ‰‡¯ ¯ÙÒ‰¨‰˙Ú ˘‚ÂÓ ‡Â‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙·‰Ï ÌÈ„„Â·‰ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰

‡ ˙ÚÙÂ˙ ˙‡ ÔÈ·‰Ï ˘˜·Ó‰ ÏÎ ÆÈ¯·Ú‰ ‡¯Â˜Ï ¨ÔÂÎ„Ú ¯Á‡Ï‹¯‚˙‡‰ ˙‡Â Ô„‡Ï Ô· ‰Ó‡Ò È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ·ÈˆÓ Ì„ÂÚÂ Â·Èˆ‰ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈÏ˜È„¯Â ‡Â‰˘—‡¯˜È˘ ÈÂ‡¯‰ ÔÓ

Æ‰Ê ¯ÙÒ

¯ÒÒ ¯˘‡ÊÎ¯Ó‰ ˘‡¯

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÂ‡±±

‰ÁÈÏˆ‰ ¯˘‡ ˙ÈÓÏÒÂÓ ‰È„Ó Ï˘ ˙È¯Â·Èˆ ˙ÈÓ„˙Ó ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ‰˙‰ ˙Â·¯ ÌÈ˘±ππ± Ï˘ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ÓÁÏÓ Ê‡Ó ˙‡Ê ÌÚ Æ‰Ó„NÏ ¯ÂÒÓ ÔÈ· ÁÏˆÂÓÂ È„ÂÁÈÈ ·ÂÏÈ˘Ï ÚÈ‚‰Ï˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÚÂ˙ Ï˘ ‰˙ÈÈÏÚÏ ÂÏÈ·Â‰˘ ¨˙ÂÈÏÎÏÎÂ ˙ÂÈ˙¯·Á ˙ÂÈÚ·Ó ‰È„Ó‰ ‰Ï·ÒÏ˘ ÛÒÂ‡ ‡È‰ ÂÊ ‰ÚÂ˙ Æ‰Ï‡˘ ÔÓÈÒ· ÂÊ ˙ÈÓ„˙ ‰„ÈÓÚ‰˘ ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙÈ˘ ÈÙÏÎ ‰Î¯Ú‰ ˙ÂÈ‚ÙÓ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜‰Ó ‰ÓÎ ÈÎ Û‡ ¨¯ÎÂÓ ‚È‰Ó ‡ÏÏ ÌÈÓ¯ÊÂ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜

Ú‹‡‡ÓÏÈÂÈ· Ò‡ÓÓ Â¯¯ÁÂ˘ ÌÈÈ˘‰ Æ¢ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰¢ ÈÂÈÎ· ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ®˙„ ÈÓÎÁ© ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ‡ÏÎ· ÌÈ˘ ˘ÓÁ ËÚÓÎ ¯Á‡Ï ¨±πππ

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ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÏÚ(Political Islam)ÒÂËÓ‰˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÓÚÂÊ ÌÈ‡ ÌÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰¢ ¨Æ¢ÒÂËÓ· ÒÂËÏ ÌÈÏÂÎÈ ÌÈ‡˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÓÚÂÊ Ì‰ ªÏÓ‚‰ ‡ ÛÈÏÁ‰±∞˙ÂÈÎ˙ ÌÂÊÈÏ ÂÚ„È˘ Û‡

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ÌÂ„È˜ÏÂ ‰˜ÂÒÚ˙Ï ÂÈÂÓ„Ê‰ È„ ÂˆÈÏ ÂÏÈÎ˘‰ ‡Ï ÌÈ¯Ë˘Ó‰Ó ÌÈ·¯ Û˜È‰ Â·Á¯ ÍÂÈÁ‰Ó ÈÙÓ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÎ¯Ú ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï ÔÂ‚Ó ‡ÂÙ‡ ˙Â˜ÙÒÓ ˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÚÂ˙‰ ÆÈ˙¯·ÁÁÈË·Ó ÏÂÎ ˜·ÂÁ ‰È‚ÂÏÂ‡„È‡ Â˙ÂÈ‰· ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Æ‰Ó„N‰ ÌeÈ‡Î ÒÙ˙˘ÂÊÎ ¨˙È¯Â˜Ó ‰È‚ÂÏÂ‡„È‡Î ‚ˆÂÓ ‡Â‰˘ ÍÎ· Ì‚ ÂÂ¯˙È Æ‰¯·Á‰ È‡ÂÏÁ˙ ÏÎÏ ¯ÂÊÓ ‡È·‰Ï

ÆÂÈ„È ÏÚ ‰‡ÓÂË Â‡ ·¯ÚÓ‰ ÔÓ ‰‡·ÂÈ ‡Ï ÏÂÎÈ·Î˘±±

ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÁÈÓˆ È„ÈÏ Â‡È·‰˘ ˙ÂÈÏÎÏÎ‰Â ˙ÂÈ˙¯·Á‰ ˙Â·ÈÒ‰¢˙Â·ÊÎ‰ ˙ÂÂ˜˙‰¢ ‰·˘ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Ì‚ ˙ÂÓÈÈ˜ ÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ· ÌÈ¯Á‡ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó·‰È„Ó‰˘ ËÙ‰ ˙Â¯ˆÂ‡Ó Ú·Â‰ ÁË·ÂÓ‰ ¯˘ÂÚ‰ Ï˘· ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈÏÂ„‚ ÌÈ„ÓÓ ˘Â·ÏÏ ˙ÂÏÂÏÚÏ˘ Ô·ˆÓÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ·ÂË ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ Ì·ˆÓ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ ‰ÈÁ·Ó ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆÌ‰· ‰Î¯·˙‰∫ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰ ÌÈÏ„·‰‰ „Á‡ ÏÚ „ÂÓÚÏ ‡ÂÙ‡ ÈÂ‡¯ ÆÈ·¯Ú‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙Â·¯ ˙ÂÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰¯‰ÂÊ· ÌÈˆÁÂ¯ Ì‰ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˘¯Ú· ÌÈÈÁ˘ ÈÓÎ ÌÓˆÚ ÈÈÚ· ÌÈ·˘Á ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰Ï˘ Â„‚ÒÓ· ÂÓÂÈ· ÌÂÈ È„Ó ÏÏÙ˙‰Ï ¨ÍÎ· Âˆ¯È ˜¯ Ì‡ ¨Ì˙ÏÂÎÈ·Â ¨‰˘Â„˜‰ ‰·ÚÎ‰ Ï˘ÏÂ˘ÓÏ Â˙ÂÎÊ ÏÚ „ÓÂÚ ¨¯Á‡ È·¯Ú ¯Ë˘Ó ÏÎÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Æ‰È„Ó ¯ÈÚ· ‡È·‰

¯‡Â˙‰ ˙‡ ±π∏∂ ˙˘· „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ÂÈÏÚ Ï·È˜ ÂÊ ‰„Â˜ ˙˘‚„‰ Ì˘Ï ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ì˘·Ì„‡ßÁ ÔÈÈÙÈ¯˘≠Ï‡ ÔÈÈÓ¯Á≠Ï‡‰È‰ ¯·Ú·˘ ¯‡Â˙ ¨®‰È„Ó·Â ‰ÎÓ· ÌÈ˘„˜Ó‰ È˘ Ï˘ Ì˙¯˘Ó©

Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ „ÂÚ ‚‰Â ÂÈ‡ ÔÂËÏ˘‰˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ ‰Ó„ ¯˘‡Î Æ‰ÙÈÏßÁÏ ¯ÂÓ˘Ï˘ Â˙ÁÈÓˆÏ ÌÈ‡˙‰ ÌÈÏ˘·Â ¨È·ÈËÈ‚Â˜‰ ÒÂÒÈ„‰ ÏB‚ ¨Â˙Â‡ ÌÈ¯È„‚Ó Ì‰˘ ÈÙÎ

ÆÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ

ÈÙ¯‚ÂÓ„‰ „ÂÎÏÓ‰Â ˙ÂÈÏÎÏÎ ˙Â˜ÂˆÓ ¢‰Ë¯ È„Ó¢ ˜ÁÓ· ‰ÂÎÓ˘ ‰Ó ‡È‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú(rentier state)˙ÂÚ·Â ‰È˙ÂÒÎ‰ Æ ‰Ê ‰¯˜Ó· ¨˙Â¯ÂÁÒ ÏÚ ÌÈÓÂÏ˘˙Ó ‡Ï‡ ÌÈÒÓÓ ‡Ï—˜ÏÁ ˙Â·‚Ï ÌÂ˜Ó· ÆËÙ È¯ˆÂÓ

‰Ï˘ ËÙ‰ ÂÒÎ‰Ó ÎÈ ÊÂÁ‡ ˜ÏÁÓ ‰È„Ó‰ ÌÈÒÓ ¯Âˆ· ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡‰ ÂÒÎ‰Ó Â‰˘ÏÎÏ˘ÓÓ‰ ∫ÂÈÈ˙Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÔÈ· ‰·Â˙Î È˙Ï· ¢˙È˙¯·Á ‰Ó‡¢ È È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Æ‰ÈÈ˙Ï¯Ê‚Ó· ‰˜ÂÒÚ˙ ˙˜ÙÒÓÂ Â˙ÂÓ „ÚÂ Â˙„ÈÏÓ Á¯Ê‡‰ ˙‡ ˙˙¯˘Ó‰ ‰ÁÂÂ¯ ˙Î¯ÚÓ ÏÈÚÙÓ

ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÎ¯ÚÓ· ÌÈ‚ˆÂÈÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ˙ÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈ¯˙ÂÂÓ ‰¯ÂÓ˙· ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰Â ¨È¯Â·Èˆ‰‰ ÏÚÙ ËÙ‰ È¯ÈÁÓ Â¯ÈÓ‡‰ Ô‰·˘ ‚Â˘‚˘‰ ˙Â˘·ŒÒŸ˙„È¯È ÌÚ ÌÏÂ‡ Æ˙ÂÏ˜˙ ‡Ï· ‰Ê ¯B

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÂÏÁ‰ ¨ÔÙÂÒ·Â ∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘ ÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈ¯ÈÁÓ‰—˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ÂÓÎ ÈÒ¯Ù‰ ı¯ÙÓ·—±±∏≠ÎÓ ÂÁˆ ËÙ ˙¯ÈÎÓÓ ˙ÂÒÎ‰‰ Æ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ ‰ÈÁ·Ó ÌÈ˘˜ ÌÈÓÊ

˙˘· ÂÏÚÂ Â·˘ ÍÎ ¯Á‡Â ¨±π∏∂≠· „·Ï· ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ±∏≠Ï ±π∏±≠· ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓÆ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ¥∞ È„ÎÏ ¨ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ·¯Ú ¨±ππ∞±≤© ÈÓÏÂ‚‰ ÈÓÂ˜Ó‰ ¯ˆÂ˙‰ Ì‚ GDP

-·Â˘ ‰ÏÚÂ ¨±π∏∏≠· ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ∑≥Æ≤≠Ï ±π∏±≠· ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ±µµÆ±≠Ó „¯È ®‚¢Ó˙ Æ±ππ∞≠· ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ±∞¥Æ∑≠Ï±≥

„„ÂÓ˙‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡˘ ‰ÈÚ· ˙Â‡¯Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ‰È‰ ÂÈÏ‡ ‰ÚÏ˜ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú˘ ‰Ê ·ˆÓ·˙· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ ÌÚ ¨±π∏± ˙˘· Æ‰È„Ó· ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰ ¯ÙÒÓ· ˙ÈËÓ¯„‰ ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ‡ÏÂÏ ¨‰ÓÚ¯È‰Ó‰ ÏÂ„È‚‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ÌÏÂ‡ Æ˙ÏÂ‚ÏÂ‚Ï ¯ÏÂ„ ±µ¨∏±∞ ÏÚ ‚¢Ó˙‰ „ÓÚ ¨˘Ù ÔÂÈÏÈÓ πÆ∏≠Îµ¨¥∑π È„ÎÏ ˙„¯Ï ‚¢Ó˙Ï Ì¯‚˘ ‰Ó ¨±π∏∂≠· ÔÂÈÏÈÓ ±≥Æ¥≠Ï ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ ‰ÏÚ‰¨ÔÂÈÏÈÓ ±¥Æπ ˙· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ ÌÚ ¨ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ·¯Ú ¨±ππ∞≠· Æ˙ÏÂ‚ÏÂ‚Ï „·Ï· ¯ÏÂ„

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÂ‡±µ

˙ÏÂ‚ÏÂ‚Ï ‚¢Ó˙‰ ¨‰‡ÂÂ˘‰ Ì˘Ï Æ¯ÏÂ„ ∑¨∞≥π≠Ï ÚÈ‚‰Â ˙ÏÂ‚ÏÂ‚Ï ‚¢Ó˙‰ ËÚÓ ‰ÏÚ˙˘· ¯ÏÂ„ ≤≤¨π∏≥≠Â ±π∏∂≠· ¯ÏÂ„ ±∏¨≥∑¥ ¨±π∏±≠· ¯ÏÂ„ ±≥¨µµ± ÏÚ „ÓÚ ·¢‰¯‡·

Æ±ππ∞±¥

˙„ÈÓ¯ÈÙ Ï˘ ‰˙Â¯ˆÂÂÈ‰ È„ÈÏ Ì‚ ‡È·‰ ‰È„ÂÚÒ· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰ ÏÂ„È‚ Ï˘ ı‡ÂÓ‰ ·ˆ˜‰¥π• ÂÈ‰ ¨ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ·¯Ú ¨±ππ∞≠· ∫‰Ó‚Â„Ï ÆÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ Ì‰ ÚÈ¯ÎÓ‰ ·Â¯‰ ‰·˘ ¨ÌÈÏÈ‚

Æ·¢‰¯‡· ≤π•Â ˙Ù¯ˆ· „·Ï· ≤∏• ˙ÓÂÚÏ ¨‰ËÓÂ ≤∞ È· ‰È„ÂÚÒ ÈÁ¯Ê‡Ó±µÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÈÙ ÏÚ ÌÏÂ‡ ¨‰È„Ó· ‰ÏË·‡‰ ¯ÂÚÈ˘Ï Ú‚Â· ÌÈÈËÒÈËËÒ ÌÈÂ˙ ˜ÙÒÓ ÂÈ‡

Æ·Â¯È˜· ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ ≤µ ÏÚ „ÓÂÚ ‡Â‰ ÌÈÈ·¯ÚÓ±∂

˙‡ ˜ÙÒÏÂ ÍÈ˘Ó‰Ï ¯˙ÂÈÂ ¯˙ÂÈ È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ‰˘˜˙‰ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ıÂ¯ÙÏ ÍÂÓÒÂÏÁ‰ Ô‡Î Ì‚ ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ÂÓÎÂ ¨Ì‰· ÂÏ‚¯Â‰ ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰˘ ÌÈ˙Â¯È˘‰ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ‰ ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆÏ ÚÂÈÒÏ ‰˜„ˆ‰ Ô¯˜¢ ¨‰Ó‚Â„Ï Æ¯ˆÂ˘ ÏÏÁ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‡ÏÓÓ ÌÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰Ï˘ ¨¯‰ÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂÏÚ· „ÂÓÚÏ „ÂÚ ÂÏÎÈ ‡Ï˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ Ï˘ Ì˙¯ÊÚÏ ‰‡· ¢‡˘È‰ÏÌÈ˘Ï Ì‚ ‰ÚÈÈÒ Ô¯˜‰ Æ˘„Á ˙È· ˜˘Ó ˙Ó˜‰Ï ÌÈˆÂÁ‰ ÌÈËÈ‰¯‰ Ï˘Â ¨ÔÈ‡Â˘È‰ ˙·ÈÒÓ˙Â¯ˆ˜ ˙ÂÓÈÏ‚ ÈËÂÚ ÌÈ˜ÂÊÓ ÌÈ¯·‚¢ È„È· Ï‰Â ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Æ‰Â˙Á ˙ÂÏÓ˘ ˙˘ÈÎ¯· ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ

¢ÏÂ˘È¯· ˙ÂÁÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÙÎ Ì˘‡¯ÏÂ—‰ Ï˘ È˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ Ì˘Â·Ï ‡œ Ô‡ÂßÁÌÈËËÈÏÈÓ‰ ®ÌÈÁ‡‰©·¯Ú Ï˘ ‰„ÒÈÈÓ ¨„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ Ï˘ Â„ÂÒÈÓ ®˙Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‰ÂÚ„Ï ÌÈÓ‡‰ ÌÈÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈË·˘ È·©·¯Ú· ÌÈ˘„Á‰ ÌÈÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Ó ÌÈ·¯ Ï˘ Ì‚ ÂÓÎ ¨˙È¯„ÂÓ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰

Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰±∑

‰‰Â·‚‰ ‰ÏÎ˘‰‰ ˙„ÂÎÏÓÚ‰ Â˜Á„ Â˙¯‚ÒÓ·˘ ¯„Ò‰‰Ó ˜ÏÁÎ‹‡ ¨˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰¯ÈÊ‰ ÈÏÂ˘ Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏœÏ˘ÓÓ‰ ¯˘Ù

Æ‰‰Â·‚ ‰ÏÎ˘‰Ï Â„ÒÂÓ· ‰Ê ÏÏÎ·Â ÍÂÈÁ‰ ÌÂÁ˙· Ú¯ÎÓ ‰„ÈÓ· ÚÈÙ˘‰Ï „‰ È˘‡Ï‰Œ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÍÂÈÁ‰ Î¯ÚÓ ÍÂ˙Ï ‰˜ÊÁ ÈÂˆÈ˜ ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‰ÚÙ˘‰ ÂÓÚ ‡È·‰ ‰Ê „Ò

ÈÒ¯Â˜· ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‰ ·Â¯˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙‡ÊÂ ¨¢˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡¢ ˙Â·˘Á ÔÈ‡˘ ˙Â‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· Ì‚≠·¯ ÏÈ‰Ó˙ Ì‚ ¯ˆÈ ¯„Ò‰‰ Æ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„ÓÓÂ ÌÈ¯ˆÓÓ ÌÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÂ˘‰ ˙„‰

ÚÂ ‰·Â¯· ‰ÏÈÎ˘Ó ‰ËÈÏ‡ Ï˘ ‰ÓˆÂÚ‹¯ÒÓÂ ÈÂÏÈÁ ÍÂÈÁ Ï˘ Ú˜¯ ÈÏÚ· ‡‡ÓÏÈ¯Ù ÂÈ‰ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÂÒ‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÈÈÂËÈ· ·Â¯ ÆÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙÏ˘ ˙ÂÏÂ·‚ ‰˙ˆÁ˘ ÌÈ¯˘˜ Ï˘ ˙˘¯ ‰Á˙Ù˙‰ Ì˘ ¨˙Â‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ È˘‡ Ï˘ ÌÏÚÂÙ

ÆÈÙ¯‚Â‡‚Â ÈË·˘ ‡ˆÂÓ±∏

ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÁÂÏ˘Ï ‰ÈÈË‰ ‰˙ÁÙ ‰È„Ó· ‰ÏÎ˘‰‰ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ ¯ÙÒÓ· ÏÂ„È‚‰ ·˜ÚÚÈ‚‰ ‰È„ÓÏ ıÂÁÓ ÌÈ„ÓÂÏ‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡‰ ¯ÙÒÓ Æ·¢‰¯‡ ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ˙Âˆ¯‡·ÏÚ „ÓÚÂ ±ππ∞ ˙˘· ≥¨µµ¥≠Ï Áˆ Í‡ ¨∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘ ÚˆÓ‡· ±≤¨µ∞∞≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈ Ï˘ ‡È˘Ï

Æ±ππ∂≠· ≥¨¥∞∞≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ËÚÓ±π˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ ˙ÈÎ˙ Ì‰·˘ ÌÈ¯˜Ó‰ ˙È·¯Ó· ¨ÌÂÈÎ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÔÓÓÈ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÈÓÂ˜Ó‰ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ‰ „Á‡· ÌÈ„ÓÏ Â‰˘ÏÎ ÚÂˆ˜Ó Â‡ÌÈÎ¯Ú Ï˘ ‰ÏÁ‰ Á¯Î‰· Ì˘Â¯ÈÙ ÔÈ‡ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ıÂÁÓ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏ˘ Û‡ ÆÏ¢ÂÁ·¨˙È·· „ÂÓÏÏ Â¯‡˘˘ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ Ï˘ ÍÏÂ‰Â Ï„‚‰ Ì¯ÙÒÓ˘ ‰‡¯ ¨ÌÈÈÂÏÈÁ ÌÈÈÏ¯·ÈÏÏ˘ Â˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰Ï ‰ÈÈ¯ÂÙ Ú˜¯˜ ¯ˆÈ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ï˘ ˙„„Â·Ó‰ ÍÂÈÁ‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ·

ÆÈÂˆÈ˜ ÈÂÒ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ

ÔÂ˘‡¯ ˜¯Ù ±∂

¨È˙¯˜ÂÈ ·˘Á ÈÓ„˜‡ ¯‡Â˙ ÆÌÈÁ ÌÈ˙È ‰‰Â·‚‰ ‰ÏÎ˘‰‰ È„ÂÓÈÏ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú·˙Â˙ÈÁ Ï˘ ·ˆÓÏ ÌÒÈÎ‰Ï ‡Ï˘ È„Î ¨ÌÈ„ÓÚÂÓ ˙ÂÁ„Ï ˙Â˘˘ ÔÈ‡ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ ÍÎÈÙÏÂÆÌ‰È„ÂÓÈÏ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÒÏ ÌÏÂÎÏ ¯˘Ù‡Ï È„Î ¨˙Â˘È¯„‰ ˙Ó¯· ‰„È¯È ‰ÏÁ „·· „· Æ˙È˙¯·Á¯Ê‚Ó· ‰˜ÂÒÚ˙Ï ‰·Â¯Ú ÈÓ„˜‡ ¯‡Â˙ ‰È‰ ∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘ ÚˆÓ‡· ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ‰Ë‡‰‰ ÈÙÏÆÌÏÂÎÏ ‰„Â·Ú ˜ÙÒÏ ¯˙ÂÈÂ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰˘˜ ¨≤±≠‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙ ÌÚ ¨‰˙Ú ÌÏÂ‡Â ÆÈ¯Â·Èˆ‰¨ÌÈÏÂÚ Ì‰ ÍÎ·Â ¨ÁÂ¯‰ ÈÚ„Ó Â‡ ˙ÂÈÂÓ‡‰ ÌÂÁ˙· „˜Ó˙‰Ï ÌÈ¯ÁÂ· ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‡Ï ÌÈ˘„Á ÌÈÈÚÂˆ˜ÓÂ ÌÈÈÎË ¯ÙÒ È˙· Ï˘ Ì˙ÁÈ˙Ù Æ‰ÏË·‡Ï ¯È˘È ÏÂÏÒÓ ÏÚ ¨‰˘ÚÓÏ˙Â¯ÂÎ˘Ó‰Â ÌÈÈÂÊ· ÌÈ·˘Á ÌÈÈÎË‰ ˙ÂÚÂˆ˜Ó‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨ÌÈË„ÂËÒ Ï˘ ‰¯È‰ ‰ÓÚ ‰‡È·‰

ÆÌ‰ÈÈÚ ˙‡ ÌÏÂÎ ÌÈ‡˘Â Ô‰ÈÏ‡˘ ¨Ô·Ï‰ ÔÂ¯‡ÂÂˆ‰ ˙Â¯˘ÓÏ ‰‡ÂÂ˘‰· ˙ÂÎÂÓ Ì‰·≤∞

ÌÈË·˘‰ ·¯˜· ÏÂÎÒ˙¨˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙· ‰¯Â˘‰ ÔÓ ÌÈ¯·Á‰ È·¯Ó ÂÓÎ ‰‚‰‰· ÌÈ·¯„Á‡ ÆÈË·˘‰ ÌÎÂÈ˘ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÈÈÚ· ÌÈ‰ÂÊÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï Â‡ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ˙Â‰ÊÏ ÌÈÎÈ˘ÓÓÏ‚„‰ È‡˘ÂÏ ÂÎÙ‰ ¢ÌÈ¯Ú· ¯¯Â‚˙‰Ï Â¯·Ú ¯·ÎÓ ‡Ï ‰Ê ¯˘‡ ÌÈÂÂ„·¢ ÈÎ ÔÈÈˆ ÌÈ¯˜ÂÁ‰

ÆÈÒÁÈ ÍÒÁ Ï˘ ‰˘ÂÁ˙ È„È ÏÚ ÌÈÚeÓ ¨ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰≤±˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ˙¯ÎÈ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÈÓÂÒ¯Ù· ÁÈ‰Ï ‰˘˜ Æ‰ÈÎÓÂ˙Ó ÌÈ·¯ Ï˘ Ì˙Â‰Ê· ÈË·˘‰ ·ÈÎ¯ÏÂ ˙ÂÈË·˘‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘È‚¯Ï ‰‰Â·‚

‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ È¯·ÁÓ ÌÈ„Á‡ ÌÈ¯‡˙Ó˘ È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÙÏÎ ÈË·˘‰ ÓÂÚ¯˙‰˘-¯˜ÈÚ· ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰(CDLR) —‰˘˜ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ªÌ‰Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÓ‰ ‡È‰

≠‰ Ì‡‰Â ¨ÂÊ ˙ÓÂÚ¯˙ Ï˘ ‰˙ÚÙ˘‰ ˙„ÈÓÂ ‰È„ÓÓ ‰Ó ¯ÓÂÏCDLRÂÈ¯Â‡È˙· ÌÈÊ‚‰ ÆÂÏ˘ ÂÈ˙Â¯ËÓÏ≠‰ ÈÓÂÒ¯Ù·CDLR¯˘‡Î ¨‰Ó‚Â„Ï ÆÈË·˘ Ú˜¯ ÏÚ ÏÂÎÒ˙ Ï˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯˜Ó ÌÈ¯‡Â˙Ó

ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ‰˜ÈÊÈÙÏ ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ¨ÈÓÊ‡Á≠Ï‡ ¯Â‰˘Ó ÔÈÒÁ ¯¢„ Ï˘ Â¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ÁÂÂ„≠‰ ‚‡„ ¨„ÂÚÒCDLR ÂÈ·‡˘Â ¨ÚÂ„È‰ ÌÈÊ‡ÂÁ Ë·˘Ï Ô· ‡Â‰ ÈÓÊ‡Á≠Ï‡˘ ˘È‚„‰Ï —ßÁÈ˘

„ÓÁÓ—‚ Ï·Á· ˙„·ÂÎÓ ˙ÂÓ„Â Ë·˘‰ È˘‡¯Ó „Á‡ ‰È‰ œ≠‰ ÆÔ‡ÊßCDLRÌ¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ‰ÁÓ Ì‰È˙Â‡ÁÓ ¨ÔÂ‚¯‡· ÌÈÓ¯Â‚ È¯·„Ï ÆÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ ¯Ó˘ Ë·˘Ó „Á‡ Ì‰· ¨ÌÈË·˘ È· ‰ÓÎ Ï˘ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂËÈ‰Ï Æ¢Ì‰È¯·Á ·¯˜· ÍÏÂ‰Â Ï„‚‰ ÒÚÎ‰ ˙‡¢ ÂÙ˜È˘ ÌÈË·˘‰ È˘‡¯ Ï˘ÌÒ¯ÙÏ ÂÏ ‰Ó¯‚ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÌÈË·˘‰ Ï˘ ÌÂˆ¯ ˙ÂÚÈ·˘≠È‡ ˙‡ ÌÈ·¯· ‚Èˆ‰Ï

Ú Ë·˘Ó¢ „È˘¯≠Ï‡ ·ˆ˜ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÙ¯Ëˆ‰ ¯·„· ‰Ú„Â‰‰ ˙‡ ‰ËÏ·‰·‹≠‰ ÛÈÒÏ ¢‰·È˙CDLRÆÔÂ„ÂÏ· ≤≤

≠‰CDLR‰ÈÙÂÎÎ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙‡ Â¯‡˙· ¨ÌÈË·˘‰ Â˘Á˘ ‰ÏÙ˘‰‰ ˙‡ ˘È‚„‰ ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ Ï˘ Ì„Â·Î ˙‡ ÌÈÒÓÂ¯‰ ¨ÌÈ¯Â˘ÈÎÂ ‰ÏÎ˘‰ ‡ÏÏ ÌÈ˘‡ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚÓ ˙¯ÒÁ

ÆÌ‰Ó ÌÈ¯˘ÎÂÓ ÌÈ˘‡ Ï˘Â ÌÈËÂ˘Ù≤≥ÂÈ‰ Ô‰·˘ ¯ÂÙÒ ÔÈ‡Ï ˙ÂÈ¯˜˙ ÏÚ ÁÂÂÈ„ Û‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ú ¨È„Ó‡ßÚ ÔÂ‚Î ¨ÈË·˘‰ ÌÎÂÈ˘ ÏÚ „ÈÚÓ ÌÓ˘ ¯˘‡ ÌÈ˘‡ ÌÈ·¯ÂÚÓ‹ÍÂ˙· Æ¯Ó˘Â ÈaÈ˙ ¢ÔÂÙˆ‰ È˘‡¢ „‚ ‰Ï‰Â˘ ¢¯Â¯Ë Ï˘ ‰Î¯ÚÓ¢ ÏÚ ÁÂÂÈ„ ÏÏÎ ‰Ï‡—Ë·˘ È· ÏÎ È¯˜

Ú‰ ˙‡ Ì‰È„È˜Ù˙Ó ¯ËÈÙ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÎ ¯ÒÓ ¯Á‡ ‰¯˜Ó· Æ¯Ó˘‹¨Ô‡ËÁ˜ ÈË·˘Ó ‡‡ÓÏ≠‰ Ï˘ ÛÒÂ ÁÂÂÈ„· Æ¯‰˘ È·Â È„Ó‡ßÚCDLRa¯Á Ë·˘Ó ¢ÌÈÂÂ„· ±∞¨∞∞∞≠Î¢ ÏÚ ¯ÒÓ

Ï˘ ÈË¯Ù „Èˆ ¯ÂÊ‡ Ê¯ÎÂ‰ ‡Â‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨ÌÈˆK ÊÂÁÓ· ÌÈÂÒÓ ¯ÂÊ‡Ï ÒÎÈ‰Ï Ì‰ÈÏÚ ¯Ò‡˘ÆÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ËÏÒ ÍÈÒ‰ ¨‰‚‰‰ ¯˘≤¥¨·¢‰¯‡· ‰È„ÂÚÒ ¯È¯‚˘ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ¯Á‡ ÁÂÂÈ„·

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÂ‡±∑

Ú‰ Ë·˘ ÏÚ ˙¯ÚÂÎÓ ‰¯Âˆ· ¯·È„¢ ¨Ô‡ËÏÒ Ô· ¯„· ÍÈÒ‰‹È·Ó „Á‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¢‰aÈ˙Ú≠Ï‡ ·ˆ˜ ßÁÈ˘ ¨Ë·˘‰‹Æ‰È„Ó‰Ó ËÏÓ ¨ÈaÈ˙≤µ

≠‰ ÔÚË ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈÓÂÒ¯Ù·CDLRÊÂÚÓ Â˙Â‡· ÌÈ¯·Á ¨¯ÈËÓ Ë·˘ È·Ó ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÈÎ ¨˙Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ˙Â¯Ó˘‰ Ï˘Ó≠Ï‡ ÔÚ È‰≠Ï‡Â ÛÂ¯ÚÓ≠Ï‡· ¯Ó‡≠Ï‡ ˙‡È‰‹¯kÈÂÂÈˆÏ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰©

®ÚÂ¯‰ ˙ÚÈÓÏÂ ·eË‰ — ˙„‰ ˙¯Ë˘ÓÎ ÌÏÂÚ· ˙¯ÎÂÓ‰ —˙˘¯Ù ÂÙ˘Á˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Â¯ˆÚ ÏÈ·˜Ó≠Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÈÎ ÁÂe„ ÆÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó È¯ÈÎ·Ó „Á‡Ï ·¯Â˜Ó‰ ÔÈˆ˜ Ï˘ ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘

aÓ‹Ô· Â‡ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó ·Â¯˜ ÂÈ‡ Â„ˆÓ ÈÂÈ‚Ï ‰ÎÊ˘ ËÙÂ˘˘ ¯È‰·‰Ï È„Î ÔÂ‚¯‡Ï ‰·˙Î ‰„È¯ Ì‰Ï˘ Ë·˘‰—Ò‰ ‹¨Ì‰È·Ó „Á‡˘ ÏÚ ÂÓÚÊ ÔË‡·≠Ï‡ ¯ÙßÁÓ ¯ÈËÓ Ë·˘ È·˘ ÔÎÂ ¨ÚÈ·

Â¯Â˙ ÚÈ‚‰˘ ÈÙÏ ÌÈ„Á‡ ÌÈÓÈ ˙Â¯È˘‰ ÔÓ ˘Â¯ÙÏ ıÏÂ‡ ¨ÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ‰ ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ· ÔÈˆ˜ÆÌÂ„È˜· ˙ÂÎÊÏ≤∂≠‰ ÔÚË ¨ÍÎ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ CDLRÒÈÓßÁ· „‚ÒÓ· Ô‡ËÁ˜ Ë·˘ È· ÂÈ‚Ù‰ ¨

ÆË·˘Ï ÌÈÎÈÈ˘ ÂÈ‰˘ ÌÈ·Á¯ Ú˜¯˜ ÈÁË˘ ÏÂ˜ÈÚ „‚ ˙È˘Ó≤∑˙Â˘ÂÁ˙Ï „‰Î ‰‡¯˘ ‰Ó· ÌÚ‰ È·˘ ÌÈ¯Â·Ò „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ÈÎ ÌÈÂÏÚ‰ „Á‡· ¨Â˙Â· ¨ÔÈ„·‡Ú≠Ï‡ ÔÈÊ ·˙Î ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

∫Ì‰È„·Ú Ì‰

‰È„Ó‰ ÈÁ¯Ê‡ Ï˘ ÌÈÂÎ¯„·Â ÈÂ‰ÈÊ‰ ˙Â„ÂÚ˙· ˙Â‡¯Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ÂÊ ‰˘È‚Ï ˙Â„Ú¨¯ÈËÓ ¨Ô‡ËÁ˜ Ë·˘Ó Ì„‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÁ¯Ê‡ „ˆÈÎ ÔÈ·Ó ÈÈ‡ Æ®°˙È„ÂÚÒ ∫˙ÂÁ¯Ê‡©

Ú ¨Ô‡Óß‚Ú‹Ò ¨Ô‡¯‰Ê ¨„Ó‡ßÚ ¨‰aÈ˙‹ÌÈË·˘‰Ó ÌÈ¯Á‡ Â‡ „Ï‡ßÁ Â· Â‡ ¨È¯Ó˘ ¨ÚÈ·„ÂÚ· ˙È„ÂÚÒ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï Ì˙ÂÁ¯Ê‡ ‰ÏÂÎÈ „ˆÈÎ ÔÈ·Ó ÈÈ‡ ¨ÔÎ·Â ¨ÌÈÚÂ„È‰ ÌÈÈ·¯Ú‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰Ï‡Ó ˙Â¯Â‰Ë ‰˙˘¯ÂÓÂ ‰˙ÂÏÈˆ‡˘ ‰ˆÂ·˜Ï ÌÈÎÈÈ˘ Ì‰ ÌÓˆÚ ÈÈÚ·

Æ„ÂÚÒ≤∏

Ú‰ ÈÏ‚¯ ˙˜ÈÁ„‹„‰ „ÒÓÓ‰ ∫‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ÔÓ ‡‡ÓÏÈ˙˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ‰È„Ó‰Â

ÔÈ· ˙ÁÏˆÂÓ ˙È¯· Ï˘ ¯ÂÙÈÒÎ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰‰ ¯Â‡È˙ÔÈ„ ÔÈ·Ï ®˙„© ‰ÏÂ„®‰È„Ó©Ú ÔÈ·Â‹ ÔÈ·Ï ‡‡ÓÏ‡‹ ‡‡¯Ó„ÒÓÓÏ ‰˜ÙÈÒ „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Æ‰ÓÂÈÒ˜‡ ÔÈÚÓÏ ÍÙ‰ ®ÌÈÎÈÒ©

‡Â ¨ÔÂÓÈÓÂ ˙Â¯˘Ó È˙„‰œÈ‡‰ ÈˆÁ ÊÎ¯Ó È·˘Â˙ Ï˘ ÌÈÈ¯Ó˘‰ ‰¯·Á‰Â ˙„‰ ÈÎ¯ÚÏ ‰¯˘ÙÚ‰ È„È ÏÚ ÌÈ‚ˆÂÈÓ‰ ¨·¯Ú‹Â˙ ‰¯ÂÓ˙· Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ È·Á¯ ÏÎ· ËÂÏ˘Ï ¨‡‡ÓÏ

Ú‰‹ÆÏÂ˘ÓÏ È„Î ‰Ï Â˜˜Ê˘ ˙È˙„‰ ‰˜Ù˘Â‚‰ ˙‡ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡Ï ‡‡ÓÏÓ‡Ïœ˙ÈË˘Ù ‰ÁÒÂÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ÌÈ·Î¯ÂÓ ÂÈ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘È‰ È˙˘ ÔÈ· ÌÈÒÁÈ‰ ¨¯·„ Ï˘ Â˙

ÏÎÎÂ ¨·¯ÚÓ‰ ˙Â·¯˙Ï ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÙÂ˘ÁÂ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙È¯„ÂÓ ‰˙˘Ú ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰¯·Á‰˘ ÏÎÎ ÆÂÊÆÌÈÎÂÒÎÒ ¯¯ÂÚ˙‰Ï ÂÏÁ‰ ÔÎ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÈÊÂÎÈ¯ ‰È„ÓÏ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙‡ ÍÂÙ‰Ï Â˘˜È· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡˘

Ú‰‹Ï˘ ÂÎ˘Ó‰· Âˆ¯Â ‰ÈˆÊÈ¯„ÂÓÏ Â„‚˙‰˘ ¨‰¯·Á· ÌÈÈ¯Ó˘‰ ˙Â„ÂÒÈ‰ ˙‡ Â‚ˆÈÈ ‡‡ÓÏÌ¯Ë· ÌÈÈ˜˙‰˘ ¨ÒÂÊÒÂ˜ ˙ÈÈ·Ï ¯˙ÂÁ‰Â ÈË·˘ ÒÈÒ· ÏÚ Ô‚¯Â‡Ó‰ ¨¯ÊÂ·Ó ¯Ë˘Ó Â˙Â‡¨‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ÏÚ „ÈÓ˙ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ Ï˘ Ì„È ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰Ê ˜·‡Ó· Æ˙È¯„ÂÓ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ‰Ó˜Â‰˙‡ Â„È¯Ë‰˘ ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒÏ ‰ÚÓ Ô˙È˙˘ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ·ˆÚÏ Ì‰ÈÏÚ ‰È‰ ˙Â·¯ ÌÈÓÚÙ ÈÎ Û‡

Ú‰‹Æ‡‡ÓÏ

ÔÂ˘‡¯ ˜¯Ù ±∏

Ú Ï˘ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ ÂÈ‰ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙Â„ÏÂ˙· ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÓ„Ê‰·‹ ‡‡ÓÏ—È‚ÂÁÓ ·Â¯ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÌÈÈÂˆÈÁ‰ „ÒÓÓ‰—±π∞≤ ˙˘· ÏÁ‰ Æ„ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰ÂËÏ˘ ÏÚ ¯‚È˙ Â‡¯˜˘

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ „ÒÈÈÓ ¨®„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡© „ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ì˙¯Ú‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙ ˙‡ ¨˙È¯„ÂÓ‰‹¨Ì˙ÚÙ˘‰ ˙Á˙˘ ÌÈË·˘‰ Ï˘ ÂÊ ˙‡Â ÌÈa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

‰Ï‡ ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ Ï˘ ıÂÏÁ‰ ÏÈÁ Æ‰ÈÏÂ˙ÈÁ· „ÂÚ ‰˙ÈÈ‰˘ ˙ÈË·˘‰ Â˙Â˘È ˙‡ ÏÈ„‚‰Ï ÔÂÈÒÈ·‡‰ ÂÈ‰œÏ˘ Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙Ï ÂÎÊ ¯˘‡ ¨˙Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‰ÂÚ„‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡˜ ÌÈ„ÈÒÁÂ ÌÈË·˘ È· ¨Ô‡ÂßÁ

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ·Ó ÌÈ·¯‹ ˙ÈË·˘ ‰Èˆ¯„ÙÂ˜ ‰È„Ó‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Ì¯Â·Ú· Æ‡‡ÓÏ(chieftaincy)

ÆÌÈ‚È‰Ó ˙ˆÂ·˜ Â‡ „Á‡ ‚È‰Ó ˙Á˙ ˙ÒÎ˙Ó‰ ÌÈË·˘ Ï˘ ˙¯ÊÂ·Ó ‰ÙÂÒ‡ ¨˙È˙¯ÂÒÓÚ‰ ˙Â˜ÈÒÙ ÈÙ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ˙‡ Ì˘ÈÈÏ ‰È‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ „È˜Ù˙ ¨Ì˙ËÈ˘Ï‹˙‡ ·ÈÁ¯‰ÏÂ ‡‡ÓÏ

‡‰ ˙Ú„Ï ÆÈa‡‰ÂÂ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ì˘· ‰È„Ó‰ ˙ÂÏÂ·‚œÂ˙ÏÂÚÙ ÌÂÁ˙ ˙„‰ ÈÈÈÚ ÂÈ‰ Ô‡ÂßÁÚ ÛÂ‚ Ï˘ È„ÚÏ·‰‹Úˆ·Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‚È‰Ó‰ Ï˘ Â˙·ÂÁÂ ¨‰ÈÎ¯¯È‰ ÏÂËÂ ¯ÊÂ·Ó ¨È‡ÓˆÚ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ú‰ ˙ÂËÏÁ‰ ˙‡‹ÆÌÈÈÁ‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙ ÏÎ· ‡‡ÓÏÈÎ ˘È‚¯‰Ï ÏÁ‰ ¨˙ÈËÈÏÂÙÂÓÒÂ˜‰ ˙ÈÂÂÎ· ÍÁ˙‰Â Ï„‚ ¯˘‡ ¨„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚÂ

≠‰ Ï˘ ˙Â¯ÚÂ·‰ ˙Â˘È¯„‰realpolitikÂÁÂÙÈÒ ÆÂÊ ˙È˙¯ÂÒÓ ÔÂËÏ˘ ˙¯Âˆ ÌÚ ˙Â˘‚˙Ó ±π≤∂≠· Ê‡ß‚Á‰ Ï·Á Ï˘— ÂÓˆÚ ÈÙ· ÈËÈÏÂÙÂÓÒÂ˜ ¯ÂÊ‡ —˙ÂÈ„Ó ÌÈ˜‰Ï ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó‰Â

¯ÂˆÈÏ „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ˙‡ ÂˆÏÈ‡ ¨≤∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· ÏÁ‰ ÂÏÈ·Â‰ ÌÈËÈ¯·‰˘ ¨˜‡¯ÈÚ·Â Ô„¯È‰ ¯·Ú·Ï˘ ˙Â‡˜‰ ÈÈÂÏÈ‚ ˙‡ ÂÓˆÚÏ ˙Â˘¯‰Ï „ÂÚ ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ‡Â‰ Æ¯˙ÂÈ ˙È¯„ÂÓÂ ˙ÈÊÂÎÈ¯ ‰È„Ó

‡‰œ¯·ÚÂ ˜‡¯ÈÚ ÈÁË˘ ˜ÓÂÚ· ˙ÂËÈ˘ÙÂ Ï‚¯ ÈÏÂÚ ÏÚ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰ È„ÈÏ ÂÚÈ‚‰ ¯˘‡ ¨Ô‡ÂßÁ≠‰ ÆÌÈËÈ¯·‰ ˙ËÈÏ˘·˘ Ô„¯È‰raison d’étatıÂÏÁ‰ ÏÈÁ Ï˘ ‰ÊÓ ˜Á¯˙‰Ï ÏÁ‰ ÂÏ˘

Ú‰ ÆÂÏ˘ Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰‹‡‰ ˙Â˘È¯„Ó ˜ÏÁ· ÂÎÓ˙ ÌÈÈ¯Ó˘ ¯˙ÂÈ‰ ‡‡ÓÏœÌÈ¯Á‡‰ Í‡ ¨Ô‡ÂßÁ‡‰ ÆÔ‰Ï Â„‚˙‰œ‰„˘· ÌÏÂÓ „„ÂÓ˙‰Ï „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ıÏ‡ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ·Â ¨Â„¯Ó˙‰ Ô‡ÂßÁ

ÆÁˆÓ ‡ˆÈ Ì˘Ó ¨·¯˜‰≤π

‡‰ „¯Ó ˙ÎÈÚ„ ¯Á‡ÏœÚ‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙‡ „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ÁÙÈÒ ±π≥∞≠· Ô‡ÂßÁ‹ÍÂ˙ Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏ¢ÌÂÁÈ˙¢ ‰ÈÎ ¯ÈËÒÂ˜ ÛÒÂÈ ¯˜ÂÁ‰˘ ˙ÂÈÈ„ÓÓ ˜ÏÁÎ ˙‡ÊÂ ¨‰ÂÂ‰˙Ó‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ

(encapsulation)Ú‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÂ˙Ï ËÏ˜ ˘„Á‰ È˙ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÔÂ‚Ó‰ Æ‹‡≠ÈÂÓ„ ˜Â·ÈÁ· ‡‡ÓÏÃÓŒaÀ‰˙ÂÈÈ„Ó‰ Ï˘ ÈÓÂ‚ ˙Ó˙ÂÁÏ Ì˙Â‡ ÍÂÙ‰Ï ÁÈÏˆ‰ ‡Ï ÌÏÂ‡ ¨Â˙Â¯Ó ˙‡ Ì‰ÈÏÚ ËÈÏ˘‰Â

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙‡ ‰ÈÓ „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰‹Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ˙ÎÏ‰ ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒ· ÌÈÈ„ÚÏ·‰ ÌÈ˜ÒÂÙÏ ‡‡ÓÏÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙Ù˜˘‰ Æ‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘ ˙ÈÓ˘¯‰ ˙„Î Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙‡ Ú·˜Â ¨˙Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‰ÂÚ„‰

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· Ï˘ ˙È˙„‰‹ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡Ï Í‡ ¨‰„ÈÁÈ‰ ˙Ú·Â˜‰ ‰Ù˜˘‰‰ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰„È˙Ú ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ„Â˜Ï ‡ÂÙ‡ ˛‰È‰¸ Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰¢ Æ˙eÓÈ„˜ ‰È‰˙ ¨ÍÏÓ‰ È„È ÏÚ Â¯„‚ÂÈ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨ÌÈÈÈ„Ó‰ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙‡ Ì‡˙ ‡Â‰˘ È‡˙· ˙‡Ê ¨‰¯·Á‰ Ï˘ È‚ÂÏÂ‡„È‡ ÚÈÓÏÂ „ÎÏÓ Ì¯Â‚Ï ¨È¯ÒÂÓ

Æ¢È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙È· Ï˘ ÂÂËÏ˘Ï ‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï Ô˙Ó ÍÂ˙Â ‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘≥∞˜¯ ¨ÌÏÂ‡Â Ú‰‹Ú Ï˘ ˙È„ÒÓÓ≠ÈË‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÆÈ˙ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÔÂ‚ÓÏ ÂÁÙÂÒ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ¯ÈÎ·‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‹‡‡ÓÏ

ÚÈÙÂ‰Ï ÌÈ„È˙Ú ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡„È‡‰ ‰È‡ˆ‡ˆÂ ¨„ÒÓÓÏ ıÂÁÓ ‰¯˙Â ˙ÂÈÂˆÈ˜ ˙ÂÚ„ ÈÏÚ·Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰‰ ÍÏ‰Ó· ·Â˘Â ·Â˘

Ï˘ ‰ÈˆËÙÂ‡Â˜‰ ‰Ó¯‚ ÍÎ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÈË¯˜Â¯ÂÈ· ‰˙˘ÚÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ‰ÎÏ‰˘ ÏÎÎÚ‰‹¨‰ËÂ˘Ù ıÁÏ ˙ˆÂ·˜ „ÂÚÏ ÂÈ‰ Ì‰ ÆÌ„È˜Ù˙ ÌÂˆÓˆÏ ˙ÈÂËÏ˘‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ‰ ÍÂ˙ Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏ

‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰‡ˆÂ˙‰ ÆÈ‡ÓˆÚ ÁÂÎ ÊÎ¯ÓÎ ÏÂÚÙÏ ‰ÓˆÂÚ È„ ¯Â‚‡Ï ‰ÁÈÏˆ‰ ‡Ï˘œÏ˘¢ ÏeÓ¯

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÂ‡±π

Æ¢‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï ˙Ï·˜Ï ¯Â˜ÓÎ È˙„‰ „ÒÓÓ·Â ˙„· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰≥±‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚ÏÏ ‰¯ÂÓ˙· ¨ÌÏÂ‡Â ÚÏ ‰˙È ¨„ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ÔÂËÏ˘Ï Â˜ÙÈÒ˘‹ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰ ÌÈÓÂÁ˙· ˙·Á¯ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ˆÙ‰Â ˙ÈÁÂ¯‰ ‰Î¯„‰‰ ¨È˙„‰ ÍÂÈÁ‰ ¨˙ÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ‰ ‰Ê ÏÏÎ·Â ¨Ì‰Ï¨‰˜ÈÒÙ ¨È˙„ ¯˜ÁÓÏ ÔÂÈ¯ÂË˜¯È„‰Â ÚÂ¯‰ ˙ÚÈÓÏÂ ·eË‰ ÈÂÂÈˆÏ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ ¨‰È„ÓÏ ıÂÁÓ

‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘®„‡˘¯‡≠Ï‡Â ‰ÂÚ„≠Ï‡ ¨‡‡˙Ù‡≠Ï‡ ¨‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ß˙ÂÁ·≠Ï‡ ˙¯‡‡„© ÆÚ‰˘ Û‡‹¯È˙Â‰Ï ÍÏÓ‰ ‚‡„ ¨ÂÏÏ‰ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ‰ ÏÂ‰È· ˙Â‡ÓˆÚ Ï˘ ˙¯ÎÈ ‰„ÈÓÏ ÂÎÊ ‡‡ÓÏ

Æ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ˙ÂÎÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÈ„È·≥≤Ú‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÌÂÁÈ˙ Ï˘ ÍÈÏ‰˙· ÍÈ˘Ó‰ ‡Â‰ ‹ÍÂ˙ Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ ÂÈ‰ ¯·Î µ∞≠‰ ˙Â˘ „Ú ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ È„È ÏÚ ¯Â¯È·· Â¯„‚Â‰ Ì‰È˙ÂÏÂ·‚˘ ÌÈ„È˜Ù˙‹‡‡ÓÏ

‰È‰ ÂÓˆÚ ÍÏÓ‰ ÆÌ‰È¯ÂËÈÙ Â‡ Ì˙˜ÒÚ‰ ÏÚ ËÈÏÁÓ‰ ‡Â‰ ÍÏÓ‰˘ ¨ÌÈ¯ÈÎ˘ ‰È„Ó È„·ÂÚ‰Ì‡Ó‡Ú‰ Ï˘ ‰ËÈÏ‡‰ ˙·Î˘ ˙ÚÙ˘‰ ÆÌÈ·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ Ï˘ Ì‚È‰Ó ¨‹‰Ï·‚Â‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

˙È¯·‰˘ ÍÎ È„ÈÏ ÌÈ¯·„‰ ÂÚÈ‚‰ Æ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ· ˜ÂÒÈÚÓ Ì‰ÈÏ‚¯ ˙˜ÈÁ„ ÍÂ˙ ¨˙„ ÈÈÈÚÏ‡‰ ÔÈ·‹ÚÏ ‡‡¯Ó‹‡‰ ÔÈ· ˙È¯·· ‰ÙÏÁ˙‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‹Ï ‡‡¯ÓÁ‹‡‡¯·ßÆÌÈË¯˜ÂÎËÏ È¯˜ ¨≥≥

¨ÂÏÏ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÁ˙Ù˙‰Ï ˙ÈÂ¯˜Ú ˙Â„‚˙‰ Â„‚˙‰˘ ¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ÌÈ¯Ê ÌÈ‚˘ÂÓ¢ ‰ÙÂÎ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Â·˘ ·ˆÓ ¨„ÁÂÈÓ· ¯ÂÓÁ ‡ËÁ ÂÊ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰· Â‡¯

Ú‰ Ï˘ ‰·È˘Á‰ ÈÎ¯„ ÏÚ ¢Ì‡ÏÒ‡Ï‹·Â˘Á‰Â ¨ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈ¯Ê‰ ÌÈ‚˘ÂÓ‰ „Á‡ ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‰Ó ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì‰˘ ÔÂËÏ˘· ÌÈ‡ˆÓ‰ ÏÚ ‰˜ÊÁ¢˘ ‰ÒÈÙ˙‰ ‰È‰ ¨‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ·‰Ó¯ÂÏ ‰Ê ¯„Ò‰ ÍÙ‰ ÔÎ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ Æ¢‰ÓÂ‡‰ Ï˘ Ò¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙‡ ˙¯˘Ï ÏÂÎÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ·ÈËÈÈ

Æ˙È˙¯·Á ‰ÓÎÒÂÓÏÂ ˙Ï·Â˜Ó≥¥

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ± ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ‰ÂÚ„ÒÂÈ‚¢ ‡Â‰ ÁÂÂ¯‰ ‰ÓÂ‚¯˙ Æ¢ÌÈÈÓ‡ÓÏ ‰‡È¯˜¢ Â‡ ¢˙„ ˙ÂÂ¯˜Ú¢ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÈÂ˘Ú · ˜ÂÒÈÚ ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ¢˙ÂÈ¯ÂÈÒÈÓ· ˜ÂÒÈÚ¢ Â‡ ¢ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ÂÚ„ÌÈ˘‡Ï ‰‡È¯˜ ¨‰ÙË‰ ·Â¯ ÈÙ ÏÚ Â˘Â¯ÈÙ

ÈÏÚ· ÔÂËÏ˘ÏÂ ‰¯·ÁÏ ÚÈ‚‰Ï ˘Ù‡ Ô‰·˘ ÌÈÎ¯„‰ ÏÚ ‰Ú·ˆ‰Â Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÔÂÎ ÌÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡ ıÓ‡ÏÓ‡ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ÈÙÂ‡œÆÈ˙

Æ≤William Shepard, “Islam and Ideology: Towards a Typology”, International Journal of Middle

Eastern Studies [IJMES] 19 (1987), pp. 307–338 ª¨ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÂÚÂ˙ ‚ÂÂÈÒ· ÒÚ˘ „¯‡Ù˘ÌÈÒÂÙÈËß¢ ÂÈ‰ ÂÏÈ‡Î ‰Ï‡ ÂÈÂÂ˙Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙‰Ï È ÈÎ È‰ÊÓ ‡Â‰ Æ‚ÂÈ˙· ‰ÂÓË‰ ‰ÎÒ‰ ‡ ÂÈÈˆ· „Âˆ

Â ßÌÈÈÏ‡„È‡ŒaŒÌÈ¯˜ÓÏ Ì‰ÈË¯Ù· ÌÈÂ˘ Â‡ ÌÈÓÂ„ ÂÈ‰Ï ÌÈÈÂ˘Ú‰ ÌÈÈËÈÏ‡ ÌÈ·Ó ¨¸ ÓÂÏÎ ÌÈÈ‡È¯Ó‡‰œÆ®≥∞∑ ßÓÚ© ¢ÌÈ¯˜Ó Ï˘ ÏÂ„‚ ¯ÙÒÓ Ï˘ ‰‡ÂÂ˘‰·Â ÁÂ˙È· ÂÏ ÌÈÚÈÈÒÓ ˙‡Ê ÌÚÂ ¨ÌÈÈ˙

Æ≥R. Hrair Dekmejian, “Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories and Consequences”, in Shireen

Hunter (ed.) The Politics of Islamic Revival (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988),

pp.�3–19.

Æ¥¨˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï ˙Ï·˜Ï a‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ï˘ ÂÓ˘· ˘Ó˙˘‰Ï Í¯Âˆ ÌÈ˘Á ÌÈ‡ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ ÏÚ ∫Â‡¯Madawi Al-Rasheed, “La couronne et le Turban; l‘Etat Saoudien à Recherche d’une Nouvelle

Legitimité”, in Bassma Kodmani-Darwish and May Chartouni-Dubarry (eds.) Les Etats Arabes

Face à la Contestation Islamique (Paris: Armand Colin, 1997), pp. 71–97, particularly p. 74.

Æµ ¨ÔÂÈÒ Ï‡ÂÓÚÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ È‡˜Æ≤µ ßÓÚ ¨®±π∏∂ ¨ÌÈ˜ÙÂ‡ ˙È¯ÙÒ ∫·È·‡ Ï˙© Æ∂‰ Æ±±≤ ßÓÚ ¨Ì˘ß‚¯‡ÂÁÈÓ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÌÈÓÈÏ‡ ÌÈÚˆÓ‡· ÂÙ˜˙˘ Ì‡ÏÒ‡· ˙ÂÂ˘‡¯‰ ˙Â˙ÈÎ‰ ˙Á‡ ÂÈ‰

ÔÂ˘‡¯ ˜¯Ù ≤∞

¢Â‡ˆÈ˘ ‰Ï‡¢ ‡Â‰ Ì˘‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙ Æ¢ÌÈ¯ÙÂÎ¢ Ì˙Â‡ ÂÈÎÂ ¨ÌÓÚ ÂÓÈÎÒ‰ ‡Ï˘—ÍÂ˙Ó Ì‰Ï Ô˙È˘ ÈÂÈÎ ‰ˆÂ·˜ Â‡ Ì„‡˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ÚÈ·ˆÓ ÌÂÈÎ ‰Ê ÈÂÈÎ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ÆÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈ‰˜ ˙‡ Â˘Ë˘ ÏÚ ‰Ó˘‡‰˙‡ Â·ÊÚ˘ ÈÓÎ ÌÈ·˘Á Ì‰ ÍÎ ÌÂ˘ÓÂ ¨˙ÈÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÎÓÒ‰ ÈÙÏÎ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ˙Â¯ÒÁ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰· Â‡ˆÈ

ÆÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈ‰˜Æ∑ ∫Â‡¯Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA), History of Dissent: The Story of

Islamic Dissent in Arabia, chapter 2, “Social Transformation and Political Explosion”,

http://www.miraserve.com/chap2.html.

Æ∏ÆÌ˘Æπ ∫Ì‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÈÈÁ˙ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ·ÂË‰ ÌÈ¯˜ÁÓ‰Ó ÌÈÈ˘Nazih Ayubi, Political Islam: Religion

and Politics in the Arab World (London: Routledge, 1991) ¨ÔÂÈÒÂ ªÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ È‡˜ÆÆ±∞Ayubi, Political Islam, pp. 176–177ÆÆ±± ¨®Í¯ÂÚ© ˜·ËÈÏ ¯È‡Ó ∫¯ÙÒ· ¯·ÁÓ‰ ˙Ó„˜‰ ˙‡ Â‡¯È·¯Ú‰ ÌÏÂÚ· ‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„Â Ì‡ÏÒ‡∫·È·‡≠Ï˙©

Æπ≠≤≥ ÌÈ„ÂÓÚ ¨®±π∑∑ ¨„ÁÂ‡Ó‰ ıÂ·È˜‰ ¨ÔÈÈ„ ÊÎ¯ÓÆ±≤Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Annual Bulletin (Vienna: OPEC, 1996)¨

ÆÌÈÙËÂ˘ ÌÈÎ¯Ú· ÌÈ‰ ÌÈÓÂÎÒ‰Æ±≥ ∫˙ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ·‰ Ú·ËÓ‰ Ô¯˜International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Financial Statistics

Yearbook, 1998 (Washington: IMF, 1998)≠Î ÔÏ‰Ï ËËÂˆÓ ¨Statistics YearbookªIMF, “International Financial Statistics, November 1998” (Washington: IMF, 1998),

Ì˘· ÔÏ‰Ï ËËÂˆÓ“Statistics, November 1998”ÆÆ±¥Statistics Yearbook, 1998; “Statistics, November 1998”˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÔÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰ ÏÂ„È‚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ Æ

Æ·¢‰¯‡· ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ ∞Æ∏≠Â ˙Ù¯ˆ· ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ ∞Æ¥≤ ˙ÓÂÚÏ ¨±ππ∞≠· ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ ≥Æ¥ ∫ÌÏÂÚ· ÌÈ‰Â·‚‰Ó ‡Â‰ ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ÌÈÂ˙ ÒÈÒ· ¨·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ÔÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰ „˜ÙÓ ˙Î˘Ï—∫˙·Â˙Î· ˙ÂÂ˜Ó ‰¯Âˆ· ÚÈÙÂÓ

http://www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html≠Î ÔÏ‰Ï ËËÂˆÓ ÆCensus IDBÆÆ±µCensus IDBÆÆ±∂ÌÈÊÂÁ‡ ≤∑ ‡Â‰ ÂÚÈ˘‰ ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ÍÏÓ‰ ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ‰Â¯Á‡‰ Ú· Í¯Ú˘ ˜ÁÓ È‡ˆÓÓ ÈÙ ÏÚ

ª±πππ ˙˘·“Saudi Unemployment more than Doubles in Six Years”, Agence France Presse

(AFP), April 10, 1999.

Æ±∑Wall Street Journal, January 15, 1992; Wall Street Journal, January 16, 1992ÆÆ±∏F. Gregory Gause III, Oil Monarchies: Domestic and Security Challenges in the Arab Gulf

States (New York: Council on Foreign Relations, 1994), p. 85; Joseph Kostiner, “State, Islam

and Opposition in Saudi Arabia: The Post-Gulf War Phase”, MERIA Journal (July 1997) –

http://www.biu.ac.il/SOC/besa/meria/journal/1997/issue2/jvln2a8.html≥∞ Â„ÓÏ ±ππ∏ ˙˘· ª˘ÈÏ˘ ˙„‰ È„ÂÓÈÏ ÂÒÙ˙ ÌÈÊÂÁ‡‰ ∑∞ ¯‡˘ Ïˆ‡Â ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡ È„ÂÓÈÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰Ó ÌÈÊÂÁ‡

∫Â‡¯ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÚÈ˘‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓÓPatrick Clawson, “Cheap Sheik”, New Republic, October 26, 1998ÆÆ±π±π∑π≠±ππ¥ ÌÈ˘Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ï˘ ÌÈÈËÒÈËËÒ‰ ÌÈÂ˙˘‰ª‰‰Â·‚ ‰ÏÎ˘‰Ï È„ÂÚÒ‰ „¯˘Ó‰ ª

∫Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ¯˙‡ Ï˘ Â˙·Â˙Îhttp://www.mohe.gov.saÆÆ≤∞Delwin Roy, “Saudi Arabian Education: Development Policy”, Middle Eastern Studies 28 (July

1992), pp. 477–508.

Æ≤±R. Hraie Dekmejian, “The Rise of Political Islam in Saudi Arabia”, Middle East Journal 48

(Autumn 1994), pp. 627–643.

Æ≤≤ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰(CDLR)∫CDLR Communiqué, no. 8, May 8, 1994; CDLR Communiqué, no. 14, August 21, 1994‰Ú„Â‰ ª

≠‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏCDLRÈÓÂÒ¯Ù ˙‡ Æ±ππ¥ ¨¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ≤ ¨CDLR Ï¢‡Â„‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· Ï·˜Ï ¯˘Ù‡ È„¯˘ÓÓCDLR ˙·Â˙ÎÏ ‰ÈÈÙ· ¨ÔÂ„ÂÏ· [email protected]Æ

˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÂ‡≤±

Æ≤≥≠‰ Ï˘ ÔÂÈÒÈ ÏÚ „ÈÚ‰Ï ÈÂ˘Ú ÈË·˘ Ú˜¯ ÏÚ ˙ÂÂÏ˙ ÌÂÒ¯ÙCDLRÏ˘ ¯Ê‚Ó Â˙Â‡· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÒÈÈ‚Ï Æ„ÂÚÒ Ï‡ È„È ÏÚ ‰ÏÙ˘‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯˜Ó ÏÚ Â‡ ˙ÓÈÈ˜ ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÏÚ ‡˜ÂÂ„ Â‡ÏÂ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰

Æ≤¥CDLR Monitor, no. 30, January 13, 1995; CDLR Monitor, no. 34, February 10, 1995;CDLR

Monitor, no. 42, April 7, 1995.

Æ≤µCDLR Monitor, March 29, 1995; CDLR Monitor, no. 41, March 31, 1995ÆÆ≤∂Al-Huquq 54, June 28, 1995; CDLR Monitor, no. 54, June 30,1995ÆÆ≤∑Al-Huquq 59, August 2, 1995; CDLR Monitor no 59, August 4, 1995ÆÆ≤∏M. S. Zein Al-Abdin, “The Saudi Terror” (Birmingham, England: Center of Islamic Studies,

February 1995), pamphlet.

Æ≤πJoseph Kostiner, The Making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: From Chieftaincy to Monarchial

State (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), pp. 116–140.Æ≥∞Joseph Kostiner, “State, Islam and Opposition in Saudi Arabia”ÆÆ≥±Ayman Al-Yassini, Religion and State in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (Boulder, Colorado:

Westview, 1985), pp. 67–68.

Æ≥≤Æµπ≠∑π ßÓÚ Ì˘Æ≥≥Al-Rasheed, “La couronne et le turban” È¯ÂË˜ÒÈÙ ÒÓÈÈß‚ Æ∑¥ ßÓÚ ˜ÈÚ·Â ∑±≠π∑ ßÓÚ (Piscatori)

ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÌÚËÓ ÌÈÂÂˆ Â·˘ ÍÈÏ‰˙‰ ˙‡ ¯‡È˙— Â‡¯˜ Î¢„·˘ Ì‡ßËÓ ÏÈ„·‰Ï ¨ÔÂ‡˜˙ÈÂÂÏ ¯˘‡ ¨ ˙ÈÂÏÈÁ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ÂÏ—Ï ˙ÙÒÂ˙ Â˘ÓÈ˘ ‰ÚÈ¯˘„Â˜‰ ˘ÂÓÈ˘Ï ÒÎÂ‰ ÂÊ Í¯„· Æ‰˙Â‡ ÛÂ˜ÚÏ Í¯„ Â‡

ª±πµ¥≠· Ô˜Â˙Â ±π≥± ˙˘· È‡Óß˙ÂÚ‰ È¯ÁÒÓ‰ James Piscatori, “Ideological Politics in Saudi

Arabia”, in James Piscatori (ed.), Islam in the Political Process (Cambridge, Mass.: Cambridge

University Press, 1983), pp. 62–63.

Æ≥¥ Â‡¯MIRA, History of DissentÆ≤ ˜¯Ù ¨

Ò‰¢Õ¢ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„≤≥

È˘ ˜¯Ù

Ò‰¢Õ¢ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„

ÔÈÏÓÂ‚‰ ÈÒÁÈ ˙‡ ·ˆÈÚ˘ ‡Â‰ ¨ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ÏˆÈÙ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ï˘ È˘ÈÏ˘‰ ‰ÎÏÓ‰ ÔÈ· ÌÈÓÈÈ˜‰Ú‹‡‡ÓÏ‰„ÚÂ˘ ÌÈÙ≠˙·¯ ˙Î¯ÚÓÓ ˜ÏÁÎ ˙‡ÊÂ ¨‰È„ÓÏ ®˙„ ÈÓÎÁ©

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ÆÈËÈÏÂÙ ‚ÂˆÈÈÏ ‰˘È¯„‰ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÂÏ ¨‰¯ÂÓ˙·

„‰ „ÒÓÓ‰ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰È˙

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Ú‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙Ó ÍÏÓ‰ ‰‰ ‰Ê‰ „ÚÈ‰ ˙‚˘‰Ï Í¯„·‹ÏÂÚÈ˙ È„È ÏÚ ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÏÈ·‚‰Ï ÏˆÈÙ ÁÈÏˆ‰ ¨‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ· ˜ÂÒÈÚ‰Ó Ì˙˜Á¯‰ ÍÂ˙ ¨‰È„Ó‰ ˙Â¯È˘Ï Ì‰È˙ÂÏÂÚÙ

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≤≥

È˘ ˜¯Ù ≤¥

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ÆÍÏÓ‰ Ï˘ ¯È˘È‰ ÂÁÂ˜ÈÙ ˙Á˙ È‡ÓˆÚ ÛÂ‚Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰µ

Ó‡‰ ÌÁÂÎœÚ‰ Ï˘ È˙‹≠‰ ˙‡ ÏˆÈÙ ÌÈ˜‰ ±π∑±≠· ÆÌÈÙÂ‚ È˘· ÈÂˆÓ ‡‡ÓÏ˙‡È‰ ÒÏß‚ÓÚ≠Ï‡ ¯‡·Î‹‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ© ‹‰ ‰˘‡¯·Â ®‡‡ÓÏÌÏ‡ÚËÏÂ·‰ ®˙„‰ ˘È‡ ¨„ÓÂÏÓ‰©

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Æ‰È¯·Á ˙‡ ‰ÓÓ‰ ‡Â‰ ÂÓˆÚ ÍÏÓ‰Â ¨‰¯˜ÂÈ∑Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ „ˆ· ‹‰„ÚÂÂ‰ ˙ÏÚÂÙ ‡‡ÓÏ ˙È˙„ ‰˜ÈÒÙÏ ‰ÚÂ·˜‰®‡‡˙Ù‡©‰ÈÁ·Ó ÆÍÏÓ‰ ‰ÓÓ Ì˙Â‡ Ì‚˘ ¨ÌÈ¯·Á ‰Ú·¯‡ ‰·Â

Ó ˜ÏÁ ‡È‰ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ ˙È˙Ï‰Ó≠Ï‡Â ‰ÈÓÏÚ≠Ï‡ ß˙ÂÁ·≠Ï‡ ˙¯‡„‡Ï ‰Ó‡Ú≠Ï‡ ‰Ò‡‡¯≠Ï‡„‡˘¯‡≠Ï‡Â ‰ÂÚ„Æ®‰ÂÂÎ‰ÏÂ ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘Ï ¨˙È˙„ ‰˜ÈÒÙÏ ¨È˙„ ¯˜ÁÓÏ ˙ÈÏÏÎ‰ ˙Â‡È˘‰©

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‡ÏÂ ¨ÏÂÚÙÏ ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ÌÈÈÏ‚ÂÙÈ¯Ëˆ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆÈÊÎ¯Ó‰ ÔÂËÏ˘· ÈÂÏ˙‰ Ì¯Â‚Ï ˙„‰Æ˘„Á‰ ÌÈÈÈÚ‰ ·ˆÓÓ ÔÂˆ¯ ÈÚ·˘ ÂÈ‰ ÌÏÂÎ

Ò‰ ÏÚ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÂÈ‡‰ÕÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„

Â‡¯ ‡Ï ÌÈÈ¯Ó˘ ˙ÂÁÂÎ Æ˙Â„‚˙‰ ÈÈÂÏÈ‚ ‡ÏÏ ÂÏ·˜˙‰ ‡Ï ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â‡¯Â‰ ¨ÌÓ‡ÂÍÈÒ ÓÈ˘ ˘‡Î ±π∂≥ ˘· ‰ÎÏÓÓÏ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË È¯Â„È˘ ÒÈÎ‰Ï Â˙ËÏÁ‰ ‡ ‰ÙÈ ÔÈÚ·

Ú ‰ÓÎÂ ¯˙Î‰‹¯Ú˙Ò‰Ï ÌÈÈ‚ÙÓ ÂÒÈ ±π∂µ ·ÓËÙÒ· Æ˙Â·ÂÁ¯· ÍÎ ÏÚ ÂÁÓÏ Â‡ˆÈ ‡‡ÓÏ‰ÓÎ· ‰ÂÎ˘ ‰Ó· ÌÈ‚Â¯‰‰ „Á‡ ÆÌÈ¯ËÂ˘‰ È„È ÏÚ Â¯ÂÂ ¨„‡È¯· ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰ ˙Á˙ ÏÚ¨ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· „ÚÒÓ Ô· „Ï‡ßÁ ‰È‰ ¢˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÎÈÙ‰Ï Ï˘ÂÎ ÔÂÈÒÈ¢ ÌÈÈ·¯Ú ÌÈÂ˙ÈÚ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË È¯Â„È˘ ±π∂∑≠· ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ‰‚È‰‰ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ‰ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÆÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ÂÈÈÁ‡

ÆÌÈ¯È„Òπ

Ò‰¢Õ¢ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„≤µ

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ÚÂ È‡ËÁ˜≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ô·œÚ¯È‡ ·„‰ Æ‰ÎÓ· ÏÂ„‚‰ „‚ÒÓ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ Â‡Ó ‰ÓÎ ÌÓ ÔÓÊ·ß‚Á‰‡‰ Ï˘ Ì·Â˘¢ ÈÂÈÎÏ ÌÈ˘¯Ù‰ „Á‡ ÈÙ· ‰ÎÊÂ ¨œ¢ÆÔ‡ÂßÁ±∞‡ˆÂÓÓ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈ˘‰

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˙Á˙ ¨ÌÈË·˘ È·Ó Â·Â¯· ·Î¯ÂÓ‰ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó· ‰˘ ‰¯˘Ú ‰ÂÓ˘ ˙¯È˘Ú ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï˘ Û‡ ÆÈÁÎÂ‰ ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒ ¨‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ï˘ Â„Â˜ÈÙ‹Ì‰È„ÈÓÏ˙ ÌÈÈ˘‰ ÂÈ‰ ¨‡‡ÓÏ

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Ú≠Ï‡ Ï˘‹ÌÈËÒÈ˜Ù ÌÈ˙ÈÂÂÎ ÌÈ¯ˆÓ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ Ï˘ ·¯ÂÚÓ ‰¯Â·Á ÂÈ‰ È‡ËÁ˜≠Ï‡Â ÈaÈ˙¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆÈ„Ó ‰·¯ ˙ÂÈˆ¯· Ì‰È˙ÂÚ„Ï ÂÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ‡Ï ‰È„ÂÚÒ È·˘Â˙ ·Â¯˘ ¨ÌÈÓÈ˙Â˙Â¯ÎÂÓ ˙Â¯ËÓ ˙ÂÏ‚˙Ó ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ¯Á‡Ï˘ ‰È„ÂÚÒÓ Ì‰È˙ÂÚÈ·˙ ÏÚ ¯ÂÁ‡Ï Ë·Ó·

Æ‡ÈÏÙ‰ÏÚ≠Ï‡ ·˙Î˘ ÌÈ¯·„‹Ò‰ ÏÚ ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ Â˙·Â‚˙ ˙‡ ÌÈÙ˜˘Ó ‰Ù˜˙‰‰ ÈÙÏ ÈaÈ˙ÕÏ˘ ¯„

ÏÎ ˙‡ ˘¯‚Ï ˘¯„Â ¨¢ÌÈ¯ˆÂ¢ ÌÚ Ì˙È¯· ˙‡ ÔÂÁ·ÏÂ ·Â˘Ï ÌÈ„ÂÚÒÏ ‡¯˜ ‡Â‰ ÆÏˆÈÙÌÚ ÌÈÈËÓÂÏÙÈ„‰ ÌÈÒÁÈ‰ ˙‡ ˜˙Ï ÔÎÂ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙Ó„‡Ó ÌÈÈÁ¯Ê‡‰Â ÌÈÈ‡·ˆ‰ ÌÈÁÓÂÓ‰

Ú· ÛÊÂ ¨˙ÂÓÏˆÓ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘ÏÂ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏËÏ „‚˙‰ ‡Â‰ Æ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘· ÛÂË˘‰ ·¯ÚÓ‰‹‡‡ÓÏ˙ËÏÂ·‰ ˙ÂÈ˘È‡· Ì‚ Â„˜Ó˙‰ ÂÈ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰ ÆÂÈ¯·„Î ¨ÔÂeÓ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘· Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙ ÏÚ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰

· È˜· ˛‡Â‰¸˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ¢ ∫Ê‡· Ô· ¨È˙„‰ „ÒÓÓ· ‰ÂÒ‡Â‰ Í‡ ¨®ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˜ÂÁ‰ ˙Â„ÂÒÈ ÔÈ·©Ú≠Ï‡ Æ¢ÌÈ˙Á˘ÂÓ ÌÈËÈÏ˘ Ï˘ Ì‰È„È ˙‡ ˜ÊÁÏ È„Î ‰· ˘Ó˙˘Ó‹Ê‡· Ô·˘ „ÂÚ ·˙Î ÈaÈ˙

ÈÓÏ ˜¯ ˙ÈÈˆÏ ÌÈ·ÈÂÁÓ Â‡¢ ∫ÛÈÒÂ‰Â ¨ÌÈ˙Á˘ÂÓ‰ „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÌÚ ˙Á‡ „È ‰˘ÚÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ˜ÂÁ ÒÈÒ· ÏÚ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ‚È‰Ó˘ ÈÓ ÆÏ‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙˜ÂÁ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÌÈÏ˘ÂÓ˘Ë„Ó‰Â ¨Â˙ÂÓ‡ ˙‡ ˘Â¯„Ï ÌÈ‡ÎÊ ÌÈ‡ ¨Ì‰Ï ÌÈ‡˙Ó˘ ‰Ó ˙‡ ˜¯ ˙„‰Ó ÌÈÏËÂÂ

Æ¢ÏËÂ·ÓÂ ÏË· ËÂÏ˘Ï Ì‰Ï˘±±Ú≠Ï‡ ¯˘‡Î˘ ÔÈÈˆÏ ·Â˘Á Ô‡Î ‹‰¯È˜ÁÏ Â¯ˆÚ ÂÈ¯·ÁÂ ÈaÈ˙ ¨ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ¢‰„È‚· È˘ÚÓ¢ Ì‰È˙ÂÏÂÚÙ ˙‡ ˙ÂÎÏ Ê‡· Ô· ·¯ÈÒ ¨±π∑∏ ıÈ˜·ÌÏ‡Ú

Ï Ô· ÁÏ‡ˆ ¨„ÒÓÓ‰ ÌÚËÓ ¯Á‡ ËÏÂ·‹¯˘‡Î Â¯¯ÁÂ˘ ‰È¯·Á˘ ¨‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È„È ˙‡ ˜ÊÈÁ ¨Ô‡„ÈÁÚ‰ ˙Â‚‰˙‰ ÆÌ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ı˜ ÌÈ˘Ï ÂÁÈË·‰‹‰ÙÈÙÁ ÏÚ ¨‰‡¯ ÍÎ ¨‰ÚÈ·ˆ‰ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ú‰ „ˆÓ ÔÂˆ¯ ÏÚÂ ¨„ÒÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÊÏ ÌÈ‡˜‰ Ï˘ ÌÓÏÂÚ ˙Ù˜˘‰ ÔÈ· ˙È˜ÏÁ‹‰Ï‡‰ ‡‡ÓÏÆ˙ÂÓÈÚÓ ÚÓÈ‰Ï ¯Ë˘Ó‰ „ˆÓÂ

ÏÂ„‚‰ „‚ÒÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÙ˜˙Â ‰˘ ¯Â·ÚÎ ÌÈ„¯ÂÓ‰ Â¯ÊÁ Ì‰È˙ÂÁË·‰ ˙Â¯ÓÏ—¯˙‡‰ ÚÏ ‰Ù ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡Ï ¯˙ÂÈ· ˘Â„˜‰‹Ú≠Ï‡ ˙ˆÂ·˜ „‚Î ‡Â˙Ù Â‡ÈˆÂÈ˘ È„Î ‡‡ÓÏ‹ÈaÈ˙

‡Â˙Ù‰Â ¨¯·Ó·Â· ≤∞≠· ‰Ú¯È‡ „‚ÒÓ‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂËÏ˙˘‰‰˘ Û‡ ÆÁÂÎ· Ì˙‡ˆÂ‰ ˙‡ Â¯˘‡ÈÂÚ‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈ·ˆÓ‹‡Â˙Ù‰ ‰ÓÒ¯ÂÙ ¨ÌÂÈ‰ Â˙Â‡· „ÂÚ ÔÈÈÚ· ËÈÏÁ‰Ï Â˘˜·˙‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

·¯˜·˘ ‰˜ÒÓ È„ÈÏ ÌÈÙÈ˜˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‡È·‰ ‰Ê ·ÂÎÈÚ Æ˙ÂˆÁ ÈÙÏ ËÚÓ ¨¯·Ó·Â· ≤¥≠· ˜¯Ú‰‹È˜ÂÏÈÁ Ì‰ÈÈ· ÂÈ‰˘Â ¨‰ÂÎ‰ ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ Í¯„ ¯·„· ‰ÓÎÒ‰ ‰ÏÈÁ˙· ‰¯¯˘ ‡Ï ‡‡ÓÏ

ÁÂÎ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ˙e˙Â‡‰ ˙„ÈÓÏ Â‡ ÌÈ„¯ÂÓ‰ ˙ˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ‰È˙ÂÈÎ˙Ï Ú‚Â· ˙ÂÚ„

È˘ ˜¯Ù ≤∂

Ú‰ Ì‡˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ Æ˘Â„˜‰ ÌÁ˙Ó·‹˙ÂÙÈÁ„ ˙˘ÂÁ˙ ‰˙Â‡Ï ÌÈÙ˙Â˘ ÂÈ‰ ÛÂ‚Î ‡‡ÓÏÆÈÂÁÈ„ ‡Ï· ˙˙È ‰˜ÈÒÙ‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘

Ú‰ ÌÈÂÚ ‰ÈÏÚ˘ ‰Ï‡˘· ˙Á˙Ù ‡Â˙Ù‰ ¨˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ‹∫·˙Î Ô„ ‰¯˜Ó· Æ‡‡ÓÏÚ≠Ï‡ ˙ˆÂ·˜¸ Ì‰ÈÏ‡ Ú‚Â· Â˙Ú„Ï Ï‡˘ „Ï‡ßÁ ÍÏÓ‰¢‹Æ¢Ì‰· ‚Â‰Ï „ˆÈÎ ‰Ï‡˘ÏÂ ˛ÈaÈ˙

Ú‰‹Ú‰ „‚ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È¯·Á Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ÏÓ ÔÂÂÎÓ· ÂÚÓ ‡‡ÓÏ‹ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ¯˘‡Î Ú˘Ù ‰ÚˆÈ· ‰ˆÂ·˜‰˘ ÍÎ· ‰¯Î‰Ï Ì˙ÂÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ˙‡ ÂÏÈ·‚‰ Ì‰ ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ „‚ Â‡

Ú‰ ÂËÈÏÁ‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ÆÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ‚ÏÙÏ ‰È¯·Á Â˘˜È· ÍÎ Ì˙Â˘Ú·˘Â ¨ÌÁ˙ÓÏ ‰˘ÏÙ‹‡‡ÓÏ ÌÂˆ¯Ó ÂÚÎÈÈ ‡Ï Ì‡Â ¨‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È¯·Á ˙‡ ÛÂ„¯Ï ˘È ÈÎ—ÆÌ˙Â‡ ‚Â¯‰Ï ˘È ±≤

Ú‰˘ Û‡‹Ú≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ÌÈ¯Ú ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‹¨‰Ù˜˙‰‰ ÈÙÏ „ÂÚ ÈaÈ˙Ú‰ ˙ˆ˜Ó˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ÔÎ Ì‡ ¯È·Ò ÆËÏÁÂÓ ÈÂÈ‚ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ‡Â˙Ù‰‹ÌÈÓÚÊ ¨ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È¯·Á Ï˘ ÌÂÈ‰ ¯„Ò ÌÚ Â‰„Ê‰ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰¯·Á‰ ·¯˜· Ì˙ÚÙ˘‰ Ô„·Â‡ ÏÚ¯„ÒÏÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„ÓÏ Ì˙ÂÓ‡ ÏÚ ¯Â·‚Ï È„Î Ô‰· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ‰Ï‡ ÔÈÚÓ ˙Â‰„Ê‰ ˙Â˘ÂÁ˙ÌÈÈ˙„‰ ÌÈÓ¯Â‚‰ ÔÈ·Ï ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈ‡˜‰ ÔÈ· Ï„·‰‰ ÔÂÓË ‡ÂÙ‡ Ô‡Î ÆÏˆÈÙ ÔÂÎ˘ÂÏ„· Í‡ ¨¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÈÙÏÎ ˙ÂÈÂ‚ÈÈ˙Ò‰ Ô˙Â‡Ï ÌÈÙ˙Â˘ ÂÈ‰ Ì‰ ÌÓ‡ ∫„ÒÓÓ‰ ·¯˜·

Æ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÈÈÚ· ÏÂÙÈË‰ Í¯„Ï Ú‚Â· Ì˙Ù˜˘‰·Ò‰Ó ÌÈˆÂ¯Ó ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ·Â¯ÕÚ≠Ï‡ ˙ˆÂ·˜ ¨ÍÎ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ ÆÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„‹‰ÚÈˆ‰ ‡Ï ÈaÈ˙

¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙„‰‡ ˙‡ Ì‰Ó ‰ÚÓÂ Ì˙ÁÏˆ‰ ÈÈÂÎÈÒ ˙‡ ‰˜Á˘ Ì‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂˆÈ˜‰¢ ÆÛÈ˜Ó ÔÂÊÁ˘Â„˜‰ „‚ÒÓ‰ ÍÂ˙ Ï‡ Ì‰Ï˘ ‰˘ÂÓÁ‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ˙‡ Ï·˜Ï ÌÏÂÚÓ ÏÂÎÈ ‡Ï ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÆÆÆ·Á¯‰

Æ¢‰˘ÚÓ‰ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó˘ ÌÈÚÈÓÏ ¯˘˜ ÈÏ· ˛¨¸±≥Ú≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Ì˙‡ˆÂ‰ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ‹È‡ËÁ˜≠Ï‡ ¨ÈaÈ˙ÁÂÎ ÏÁ‰ ∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· Æ˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÏÚ ¯‚È˙‰ ˙Â‡È¯˜Ï ı˜ ‰Ó˘ ‡Ï ‚¯Â‰Ï Ì‰ÈÓ‡Â

Ú‰ Ï˘ ‰ÎÈ˘Ó‰‹‡Â‰˘ ÍÂ˙ ¨˜ÊÁ˙‰Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÏ˘· Ú‚Ù˘ ¨˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰¯·Á‰ Ï˘ ÔÂ˙Á˙‰ ÔÂ¯È˘Ú‰ ·¯˜· „ÁÂÈÓ· ‰ÈÈ¯ÂÙ Ú˜¯˜ ‡ˆÂÓÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ‰ÓÎ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ËÙ‰ ˙Â¯ÈÎÓÓ ÌÈÁÂÂ¯‰ ˙ÁÈˆ ˙Â·˜Ú· ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÓ‰˙‡¯˘‰· ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘ „ˆÓ ˙Â„‚˙‰ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ· ¯˜ÈÚ· ∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘ ÂÈÈÙÂ‡ ÌÈÂÒ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ Ï˘

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ‰‡ÈˆÂ‰ ±π∏∏ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ÆÔ‡¯È‡· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó‰‹‰·Â ‡Â˙Ù ‡‡ÓÏ‰¯Ë˘Ó ÈÈˆ˜ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Ì˙ÁÈˆ¯· ÌÈÓ˘‡ Â‡ˆÓ˘ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ‰Ú·¯‡ ‚¯Â‰Ï ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ‰¯˘È‡‰ÓÎ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÂÙ˜˙ ±π∏π≠· Æ˙ÈÚÈ˘ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ Ï˘ ·Â¯ ˘È Â·˘ ¨ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ·ÌÈÂÒ‰ ÌÚ Û˙Â˘Ó ‰ÎÓ ‡ÂˆÓÏ ‰˘˜˙‰ ‡Ï ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Æ‰È„ÓÏ ıÂÁÓ Ì·Â¯ ¨ÌÈÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈ„ÚÈ

Â·˘Á ¯˘‡ ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘Ï Ú‚ ¯·„‰ ¯˘‡Î ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Ó ‹ ÔÂk¯˘ÈÈÚ· ®ÌÈÏÈÏ‡ È„·ÂÚ©ÆÌÈÂÒ‰Ó ÌÈ·¯±¥

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ±Ò‰¢ ÁÂÓ‰ ˙‡Õ≠· ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· ÚÈÙÂÓ ‡Â‰Â ¨¯ÈËÒÂ˜ ÛÒÂÈ Ú·Ë ¢ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„Joseph Kostiner

and Joshua Teitelbaum, “State Formation and the Saudi Monarchy”, in Joseph Kostiner (ed.)

Middle Eastern Monarchies: The Challenge of Modernity (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2000),

pp.�131–149.

Ò‰¢Õ¢ÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„≤∑

Æ≤ÆÌÈÈ˙Ï˘ÓÓ ÌÈ„¯˘Ó ÌÈ¯˘Ú ÌÈ˜‰ ÏˆÈÙÆ≥Joseph Kostiner and Joshua Teitelbaum, “State Formation and the Saudi Monarchy”ÆÆ¥Aharon Layish, “‘Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia”, in Metin Heper and Raphael Israeli

(eds.) Islam and Politics in the Modern Middle East (London: Croom Helm, 1984), pp. 29–63.

≠· Â‡¯ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ ÏÚ ˙ÈÎ„Ú ˙È„ÂÚÒ ‰Ú„Ahmed A. Al-Ghadyan, “The Judiciary in Saudi

Arabia”, Arab Law Quarterly 13 (1998), pp. 235–251.

ÆµAl-Ghadyan, “The Judiciary in Saudi Arabia”; David Long, “The Board of Grievances in Saudi

Arabia”, Middle East Journal 27 (1973), pp. 71–75.

Æ∂ÆßÁÈ˘≠Ï‡ Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ßÁÈ˘ ÒÙ˙ ÂÓÂ˜Ó ˙‡Â ¨±πππ È‡Ó· ÂÓÏÂÚÏ ÍÏ‰ Ê‡· Ô·Æ∑Layish, “‘Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia”; Alexander Bligh, “The Saudi Religious Elite

(Ulama) as Participant in the Political System of the Kingdom”, International Journal of Middle

Eastern Studies 17 (1985), pp. 37–50.

Æ∏Frank Vogel, “The Complementarity of Ifta’ and Qada’: Three Saudi Fatwas on Divorce”, in

Muhammad Khalil Masud, Brinkley Messnick, and David Powers (eds.), Islamic Legal

Interpretation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996), pp. 262–269ÂÂ ª›‚Œa ‰„ÂÓ ÏÃÈ˘Â˜Ì‰Ï˘ ÈÏÓ¯ÂÙ ‡Ï‰ ‰·Ó‰Ó ÚÂ·Ï ÈÂ˘Ú È˘Â˜‰ Æ‰ÎÏ‰ Â˜ÈÒÙ ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ÂÎÓÒ ÈÏÚ· Â„ÒÂÓ È„‚‰Ï

ÆËÂÙÈ˘‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÓÒ· ‰ÙÈÙÁ‰ÓÂÆπÓ Ô· ÏˆÈÙ ¨„Ï‡ßÁ Ï˘ ‡ÏÓ‰ ÂÈÁ‡Â ¯Á‡ ÔÈÈÁ‡‹˙ÂÓ ˙‡ ÌÂ˜Ï ‰ˆ¯˘ È˙„ È‡˜Î ¯‡Â˙ ¯˘‡ ¨„ÚÒ

Ó „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ Ï˘ Â· Ï˘ ÂÈ‡ˆ‡ˆ ÂÈ‰ ÏˆÈÙÂ „Ï‡ßÁ Æ±π∑µ≠· ÏˆÈÙ ÍÏÓ‰ ‡ Áˆ¯ ÂÈÁ‡‹‡˘ ˘‡ „ÚÒ‰ÈÏ‡˘ Ï‡‡Á Ï˘ ÔÂ¯Á‡‰ Ï˘ÂÓ‰ ‰È‰ ‰ÙËÂ Ï˘ ‰È·‡ Æ„È˘¯ Ï‡ Ï‡ÏË Ô· „ÓÁÓ · ‰ÙËÂ ‡ ‰˘È‡ÏÆ„È˘¯ Ï‡ ˙Ï˘Â˘ ÍÂ˙· Í˘Ó˙Ó ÔÂ·ÏÚÓ ÏˆÈÙ· ‰Ó˜‰ ‰Ú· ‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ Æ±π≤±≠· „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ˘ÏÙ‰¯Ë˘Ó‰ È˘‡ È„È· Â˙È· ÍÂ˙· Áˆ¯ ‡Ï‡ ¨‰‚Ù‰‰ ÍÏ‰Ó· ‰¯Â ‡Ï ¨ÌÈ„È˘¯‰ Â¯·Ò ÍÎ ¨„Ï‡ßÁ

ª˙È„ÂÚÒ‰Madawi Al-Rasheed, Politics in an Arabian Oasis: The Rashidis of Saudi Arabia

(London: I. B. Tauris, 1997), pp. 250–252˙· ‡È‰ Û‡ ¨‰„‰Ù ‡È‰ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒ Ï˘ ÂÓ‡ ÆÆ„È˘¯ Ï‡ ˙Ï˘Â˘Ï

Æ±∞James Buchan, “The Return of the Ikhwan”, in David Holden and Richard Johns, The House of

Saud (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1981), pp. 511–526.

Æ±±Joseph Kechichian, “Islamic Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia: Juhayman Al-‘Utaybi’s

‘Letters to the Saudi People’”, The Muslim World 80 (1990), pp. 1–16ÌÈËÂËÈˆ ¨ÌÈ¯Â‡È˙ ÏÈÎÓ© ‚ Ï˘‹Æ®‰ÎÓ· „‚ÒÓ‰ ÏÚ ±π∑π ¯·Ó·Â ˙Ù˜˙‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÁÂ˙ÈÂ ÔÓÈ‰ß

Æ±≤Layish, “‘Ulama and Politics in Saudi Arabia”; Mordechai Abir, Saudi Arabia: Government,

Society and the Gulf Crises (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 80–82; Joseph Kechichian, “Islamic

Revivalism and Change in Saudi Arabia: Juhayman Al-‘Utaybi’s ‘Letters to the Saudi People’”.

≠· ‰ÓÒ¯ÂÙ ‡Â˙Ù‰Foreign Broadcast Information Service Daily Report (FBIS-DR)¯·Ó·Â· ≤∂≠· ≠· ÔÎÂ ¨±π∑πJoseph Kechichian in “The Role of the Ulama in the Politics of an Islamic State:

The Case of Saudi Arabia”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 18 (1986), pp. 53–

71; Buchan, “The Return of the Ikhwan”, pp. 511–526; Jacob Goldberg, “The Saudi Arabian

Kingdom”, in Colin Legum et al. (eds.), Middle East Contemporary Survey, 1979–1980 (New

York: Holmes and Meier, 1981), pp. 681–721; Bligh, “The Saudi Religious Elite”∫Ì‚ Â‡¯ ÆßË‡ÎÚÆ±π∑π ¯·Ó·Â ¨≤µ≠≥∞ ¨

Æ±≥ ∫Â‡¯Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA), History of Dissent: The Story of

Islamic Dissent in Arabia, chapter 1, “Al Saud, Islam, and the Reform Movement”, –


Æ±¥Abir, Saudi Arabia: Government, Society, and the Gulf Crises, pp. 156–159Æ

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡≤π

‰Î ‰È‰ ÚÂ¯È‡‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ· ˙ÏÂ·¯ÚÓ ‰ÏÏÂÁ ±ππ±≠· ‰ˆ¯Ù˘ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ‰˙Â‡ ˙ÂÓ„Ê‰ ÂÊ ‰ÙÂ˜˙· Â‡¯ ÌÈÈËÈÏÂÙ ÌÈÏÈÚÙ Æ¯‡˘‰ ÏÎ ÏÚ ÏÈÙ‡‰ ÈÎ „Ú ÈËÓ¯„¯·˘Ó ÔÓÊ· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰¯·Á· ÏÁÏÁÏ ÂÏÁ‰ ˙Â·ÈˆÈ≠È‡Â ˙Â‡„Â≠È‡ ÆÌ‰È˙ÂÚÈ·˙ ÌÂ„È˜Ï

∫ı¯ÙÓ‰

˙˘¯Ù ÆÆÆı¯ÙÓ‰ ¯·˘Ó ˙ÙÂ˜˙· Â‡¯ ¨‰¯·Á‰ ÏÏÎ Ì‰ÂÓÎÂ ¨ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈ‚È‰ÓÆÏÙ¯Ú· ËÂÏ ‰È‰ ÌÈ¯·„‰ ˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰ Ï˘ ÔÂÂÈÎ‰ ÆÆÆ‰·˘ ‰ÙÂ˜˙ ¨˙È¯ÂËÒÈ‰ ÌÈÎ¯„ÌÈ¯Ê ÌÈÏÈÈÁ ∫Ô˘È‰ ¯„Ò‰ ÏÚ ‰¯ÈÓ˘· ÌÈÎÂ¯Î ÂÈ‰˘ ÌÈÈ˘˜‰Ó ‰Ú· ÂÊ ˙ÂÏÎ˙Ò‰‰˘„Á ˙È‚Ë¯ËÒ‡ ˙È¯· ‰¯ˆÂ ¨ÂÒ¯˜ ÌÈ˘È ÔÂÁËÈ· È‚˘ÂÓ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ ‰Ó„‡ ÏÚ Â‰˘ËÂÏ˘Ï ‰˙˘˜˙‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÂ ¨˙¯Á‡ ˙È·¯Ú ‰È„Ó „‚ ˙ÂÈ·¯ÚÓ ˙ÂÈ„Ó ÌÚ˙ÂÁÈ˙Ù ¯˙ÂÈ ∫ÈÂÈ˘Ï ‰ÂÂÈ˜ ÈËÒÈ¯„ÂÓ‰ ‰ÁÓ‰ ÆÁÂÎ· ˘Ó˙˘‰Ï ÈÏ· ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÏÚ¨Í„È‡Ó Æ·¯ÚÓ‰ ÁÒÂ ÈËÈÏÂÙ ‚ÂˆÈÈÂ Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡˘Â ÈÙÏÎ Ï˘ÓÓ·˙Î¯ÚÓ ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÏÚÂ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÏÚ ÛÂÎ‡Ï Â˘˜È· ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ È¯ÓÂ˘

Æ‰¯ÈÓÁÓ ˙Èa‡‰Â ÌÈÎ¯Ú±

˜ÂÓÚ ÚÂÊÚÊ ÂÏÏÂÁ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÏÚ ‰ÓÓ Ú·˘ ÌÂÈ‡‰Â ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ÌÈ˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ˙˘ÈÏÙ‰ ·¯˜·Ú‹‡‡ÓÏ‰„È˜Ù˙ ÆÌÈÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈ‚ÂÁ· Ô‰Â „ÒÓÓ‰ ˙Â¯Â˘· Ô‰ ¨ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ®˙„ ÈÓÎÁ©

„È˙Ú ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰Â ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ˙‚‰ ÏÚ ˙„˜ÙÂÓ˘ ÈÓÎ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘Æ˙ÂˆÂ·˜‰ È˙˘ ·¯˜· ÔÁ·ÓÏ „ÂÓÚÏ ‰È‰

ÌÈÂÒÏ „Â„ÈÚ ˙˜È¯Ê ‰È˙Â·˜Ú· ‰‡·˘ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓÂ ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ Â˘ÓÈ˘ ÚÂ„ÓÌÈËÈÏ˘‰ ÂÈ‰ ÌÚÏ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÔÈ·˘ ¢˙È˙¯·Á‰ ‰Ó‡¢‰ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· øÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Â‡ˆÓ˘ ¨·¢‰¯‡ ‡·ˆ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ÏÚ ÍÎ Ì˘Ï ÂÎÓ˙Ò‰ Ì‰ ¯·Ú· Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï ÌÈ·ÈÂÁÓ‰˙ÈÈ‰ „ÂÚ ÏÎ ÆÍ¯Âˆ‰ ˙Ú˘· ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙‚‰Ï ‡Â·Ï ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‡ ÂÈ‰ ¯˘‡Â ¢˜ÙÂ‡Ï ¯·ÚÓ¢ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ Â‡ˆÓ ‡Ï ¨‰ÈÂÏ‚ ‡ÏÂ ˙ÊÓÂ¯Ó ‰È„Ó‰ ÔÂÁËÈ·Ï ÂÊ ˙ÈÂˆÈÁ ‰·Â¯Ú˙„ È· ÌÈ¯ÎÂÏ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ Â‡¯˜˘ Ú‚¯‰Ó Í‡ ÆÏÂÚÙÏ ˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ‰·ÈÒ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Æ‰Ó‡· Ì˜ÏÁ ˙‡ Â¯Ù‰ Ì‰ ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡Ï ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ÏÚÂ Ì‰ÈÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï ˙Â¯ˆ‰‰ÏÙ˘‰‰ ˙Â˘ÂÁ˙ ˙‡ ‰ÈÎ¯ˆÏ ‰ÏˆÈ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ¯Á‡Ï ‰Ó˜˘ ˙ÈÏ˜È„¯‰ ˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰·¯˜· ‰¯¯ÂÚ˘ ‰„¯Á‰Â ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ÆÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒÏ ˙ÂÙ˙Â˘Ó ‰‡¯Î ÂÈ‰˘ ¨˙e„‚·‰Â

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù

˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú·

≤π

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù ≥∞

‚ÂÒ ¨¢ÌÈ¯·˘Ó Ï˘ Ï‚ÚÓ¢ ‰ÂÎ˘ ‰ÓÏ ˙ÙÒÂ ‰Ó‚Â„ ¨‰Ó„ ÍÎ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰È„ÂÚÒ· ÌÈ·¯˙Â„ÏÂ˙ ÏÎ Í˘Ó· ˙È˙„‰ ˙Â¯¯ÂÚ˙‰‰ Èˆ¯Ù ÒÈÒ·· ÁÂÓ ‰È‰˘ ˙eÙÈÁ„ Ï˘ ÌÈÂÒÓ

‰ ‰˘Á Ô‰·˘ ˙ÂÙÂ˜˙· ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰‡‹‰Ó¨ÈÏÎÏÎ ÌÂÈ‡ ˙Á˙ ‰Â˙ ‡È‰˘ ®ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈ‰˜© ÆÈ‡·ˆ Â‡ È‚ÂÏÂ‡„È‡ ¨È˙Â·¯˙ ¨È˙¯·Á≤

È¯˜ ˙˘¯Ù—˙Â‡·Ï ÔÓÈÒ

≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ô· ßˆ‡‡Ú ˙‡ ¨¯ÈÒÚ ÊÂÁÓ Ï˘ÂÓ ¨ÏˆÈÙ Ï‡ „Ï‡ßÁ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ ±π∏π≠·‡‰·‡Ó ÚÂ„È Ô˘¯„ ‰È‰ È¯˜≠Ï‡ ÆÌÈ„ÏÈ· ˙ÈÈÓ ˙ÂÏÏÚ˙‰Â ÌÂ„Ò È˘ÚÓ ÚÂˆÈ·· È¯˜

ÆÌÈÈÓ˘¯ ÌÈÈ˙Ï˘ÓÓ ÌÈÙÂ‚ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÂˆÙÂ‰ ÂÈ·˙ÎÂ ¨¯ÈÒÚ ÊÂÁÓ·˘≥˙‡ ÍÈÏ˘‰ „Ï‡ßÁ ˙‡ ÔÈ‚Ù‰Ï ÈÒÚÏ Â¯‰ ÌÈÙÏ‡ ÆÚ˘Ù ÏÎÓ ÛÁ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ Ú·˜ ÔÈ„‰ È· Í‡ ‡ÏÎÏ È¯˜≠Ï‡ÌÈÈÂÏÈ‚˘ Û‡ Æ‰È„Ó‰ È·Á¯· ˙Â˘¯„ ÚÒÓÏ È¯˜≠Ï‡ ‡ˆÈ Â¯Â¯Á˘ ÌÚ ÆÔ˘¯„· Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙ÆÂ˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰·˘ ÌÈÒÂÈÎÏ Â¯‰ ÌÈ·¯ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ· „Â‡Ó ÌÈ¯È„ ÂÈ‰ ‰Ï‡ ÔÈÚÓ ÌÈÈ·ÓÂÙ¥

ÈÎ ˙Â„Ú ‰˘ÓÈ˘Â ¨ÌÈÈ¯ÏÂÙÂÙ ÌÈ˘¯„ ÈÙÓ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ Ï˘ Ì˘˘Á ˙‡ ‰ËÈÏ·‰ ˙È¯˜˙‰˙ÂÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ÂÈË ÂÁÙÈË˘ È¯˜≠Ï‡ Ó‚Â„ ÌÈÙÒÂ „ È˘‡ ÂÈ‰ „ÒÓÓ‰ È‚ÂÁ ·¯˜·‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ È¯˜≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ¯ÏÂÙÂÙ‰ ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ Ï˘ ÂÎÁÏ Â·¯Ú ‡Ï ¯˘‡ ˙ÂÈÂˆÈ˜

Æ„ÂÚÒ Ï‡Ï Ì‚ ‰¯‰Ê‡ ˙Â‡ ˘Ó˘Ï

· Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ ‡Â˙Ù‰·„ÌÈÏÈÈÁ Ï˘ Ì˙ÒÈÎ ¯Â˘È‡ ¯‰È„ÓÏ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ ÌÈ‡˘

Ï˘ ‰ÓÂÒ¯Ù ˙‡ ÂÂÈÏ˘ ÌÈÚÂ¯È‡‰ ‡Â˙ÙÚ‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ÌÚËÓ ®˙È˙ÎÏ‰ ‰˜ÈÒÙ©‹¨‡‡ÓÏ¢¯·„Ó‰ Ô‚Ó¢ ÈÚˆ·Ó ÍÏ‰Ó· È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‡Ï ÂÁÂÎ Ï˘ Ì‡Â· ‡ ¯˘‡Ó‰

Ú‰ ÔÈ· ÍÏÂ‰Â Ï„‚‰ Û˙Â˘Ó‰ ‰ÎÓÏ ˙ÙÒÂ ˙Â„Ú ÂÈ‰ ¨¢¯·„Ó· ‰ÙÂÒ¢Â‹ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÚ ÔÈÈ‡¯˘ ·¢‰¯‡· È„ÂÚÒ Ë„ÂËÒ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÔÈ·Ï‹ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ„È˜Ù˙ ÈÏÚ·Â ‡‡ÓÏ

ÍÂ¯‡ ÔÂÈ„ ¯Á‡Ï ˜¯¢ ∫ÂÊ ÔÈÚÓ ‡Â˙Ù ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ÔÂˆ¯ ¯ÒÂÁ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰˙ÏÈ‚ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ „ÒÓÓ·¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ·Â˘Á‰ „‰ È‡ Â‡È ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ÁÙ˘Ó· ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ¯ÈÎ· ÌÚÂ ÍÏÓ‰ ÌÚ‚ˆÂ˙˘ È‡˙· ˙‡ÊÂ ¨˙Â‚ÈÈ˙Ò‰ ÍÂ˙Ó ÈÎ Û‡ ¨ÔÂÈÚ¯· ÍÂÓ˙Ï ¨Ê‡· Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ßÁÈ˘·¯Â˜Ó ‰È‰˘ ÍÏÓ‰ ¯ˆÁ· ÈÓ˘¯ „È˜Ù ¯Ó‡ ¨¢ÌÂÈ‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÈ˘ÁÂÓÏ ‰˜ˆÂÓ ‰ÁÎÂ‰ ÂÈÙÏ

ÆÌÈÂÈ„Ïµ

‰˘ÚÓÏ ÈÎÂ ¨˙ÈÚÓ˘Ó≠„Á ˙ÂÈ‰ÏÓ ‰˜ÂÁ¯ ‡È‰ ÈÎ ‰Ï‚Ó ‡Â˙Ù‰ Ï˘ ˙˜„˜Â„Ó ‰ÈÁ·„ÈÁÈ‰ ˘‚„‰Â ¨ÌÈ¯ˆÂ Ï˘ Â‡ ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ Ï˘ ¯ÂÎÊ‡ ‰· ÔÈ‡ Æ˙Â‚ÈÈ˙Ò‰ Ï˘ ‰ÓÈ ‰· ˙ËÏÂ˘Ì˙·ÂÁ¢ ÏÚÂ ¢ÌÈÈ¯˘Ù‡‰ ÌÈÚˆÓ‡‰ ÏÎ· ‰È·ÈÎ¯Ó ÏÚÂ ‰ÓÂ‡‰ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï Í¯Âˆ‰¢ ÏÚ ‡Â‰Æ¢ÆÆÆ‰ÎÒ‰ ˙‡ ÛÂ„‰Ï È„Î Â· ˘È˘ ÈÚˆÓ‡ ÏÎ ËÂ˜Ï ‰ÈÈÈÚ ÏÂ‰È ÏÚ ÌÈ„˜ÙÂÓ‰ Ï˘

∫‡Â˙Ù· ¯Ó‡ „ÂÚ

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡≥±

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ÔÎ ÏÚ‹ ËÈÏ˘‰ Ë˜˘ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ· ˙ÎÓÂ˙ ‡‡ÓÏ—˙‡ ÁÈÏˆÈ Ï‡‰ ÂÎ¯„—ÒÈ‰ÏÂ „ÈÁÙ‰Ï Ì˙ÏÂÎÈ· ˘È˘ ÌÈÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈ„ÈÂˆÓ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ˙‡·‰ ∫¯ÓÂÏÎ

Í¯Âˆ‰ È„È ÏÚ ˙·˙ÎÂÓ ÂÊ ‰·ÂÁ ÆÂÊ ‰È„Ó „‚ ‰Ù˜˙ÓÏ ˙‡ˆÏ ‰ˆ¯È ¯˘‡ ÈÓ ˙‡ÌÈ˜ÂÓÈ‰ Æ‰ÓÂ‚Ú‰ ˙Â‡ÈˆÓ‰ ·˜Ú ˙ÈÂÈÁ ‰˙˘Ú ‡È‰Â ¨˙ÂÈÁÎÂ‰ ˙Â·ÈÒ· ¯ˆÂ˘ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ÈÈÈÚ ÏÚ ‰ÂÓÓ‰ ÈÎ ÌÈ·È˙ÎÓ ‰ÒÈÒ·· ÌÈÁÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÈ‡¯‰Â ÌÈÈ˜ÂÁ‰

Æ‰ÈÂˆ¯‰ ‰¯ËÓ‰ ˙‡ ‚È˘‰Ï Â˙ÏÂÎÈ·˘ ÈÓ Ï˘ ÂÚÂÈÒ ˙‡ ˘˜·Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ∂

È¯Â„È˘·Â ¨È˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ‰ÏÂÓÚ˙‰ ÔÂ‚Ó ÈÈÚÓ ‰ÓÏÚ ‡Ï ‡Â˙Ù‰ Ï˘ ˙‚ÈÈ˙ÒÓ‰ ‰ÓÈ‰¯Ê ‡·ˆÏ ‰¯È˙Ó‰ ‰ËÏÁ‰‰ ˙‡ ¯˘‡Ï Â·Â¯ÈÒ ·˜Ú ¯ˆÚ Ê‡· Ô· ÈÎ ÂÈ‚Èˆ ÂÚË ÂÈ„¯˜‡¯ÈÚ Ï˘ ÂÈ„¯· ¯Â„È˘‰ ¯Á‡Ï „·Ï· ˙ÂËÚÓ ˙ÂÚ˘ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ˙Ó„‡ Ï‡ ÒÎÈ‰ÏËËÈˆ ‰È„ÂÚÒ Ï˘ ÂÈ„¯‰ Æ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ˆ¯Á ‰¯‰ˆ‰· ˙‡ˆÏ Â· Â¯ÈˆÙ‰Â Ê‡· Ô·Ï ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ ÂÙÂÏÂÓ‚ÏÂ ‰Î¯Ú‰Ï ÌÈÈÂ‡¯ ÌÈ˘Â ÌÈ¯ˆÂ ¨ÌÈËÒÈ‡˙‡ ÂÏÈÙ‡¢ ÈÎ ¯È‰ˆÓ˘ ÈÓÎ Ê‡· Ô· ˙‡‡Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ‰ Æ¢‰· ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ÏÚÂ ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÏÚ Ô‚‰ÏÂ ‡Â·Ï Ì˙ÂÂÎ ÏÚ Ï‡‰ Ï˘

Ú‰Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ˙˘¯ÂÙÓ ‰˜ÈÒÙ ıÏÁÏ ÁÈÏˆ‰‹‰ÓÎÒ‰ ¯Á‡ „ÈÓ˙Ó ˘ÂÙÈÁ ÍÂ˙ÓÂ ¨ÂÏ˘ ‡‡ÓÏÈÏÂ˙Ó „ÓÁÓ ßÁÈ˘ ¨ÌÈ¯ˆÓ· ˙ËÏÂ· ˙ÈÓÏÒÂÓ ˙ÂÈ˘È‡Ï È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ‰Ù ¨¯˙ÂÈ ‰·Á¯ÌÈ¯˜Ó ‰ÓÎ ËËÈˆ ‰·˘ ¨ÈÂ‡¯Ú˘ Ï˘ ÂÈÙÓ ‰¯‰ˆ‰ ‰¯„È˘ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰ ÆÈÂ‡¯Ú˘

ÆÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ ‡Ï Ï˘ Ì˙¯ÊÚ ˙‡ Ï·È˜ Û‡Â „ÓÁÓ ‡È·‰ ˘˜È· Ì‰·˘∑Ô· Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ‡ ˜¯ ÏÚ Â¯·‚ ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ˙ÂÎÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ÂÈ„È· ¯È‡˘‰Ï ˘È ÈÎ Â˙Ù˜˘‰Â È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘ÓÏ Ê‡·˙ˆÂ·˜ ¨ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó ‡Ï ÌÈÏÈÈÁ Ï˘ Ì˙ÒÈÎ ˙¯˙‰Ó Â˙Â‚ÈÈ˙Ò‰

Ú‹˙‡ ‰˙Á„ ¨¢ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰¢ ÈÂÈÎ· ÌÈ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆÂ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ‡‡ÓÏÆ‰ËÏÁ‰‰

ÁÈ˘‰’ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈ

ÌÈÏÈÈÁÏ ‰¯È˙‰˘ ‡Â˙Ù‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰Ó ÌÈ·¯ ÈÈÚ·ÏÂÎÈ „ˆÈÎ ÔÈ·‰Ï ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ‡Ï Ì‰ ÆÌÂ„‡ Â˜ ˙ÈÈˆÁ ˙ÈÁ·· ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ Ï‡ ÒÎÈ‰Ï ÌÈ¯ˆÂ

ÌÏ‡ÚÛÈ¯Á ‰Î „Â‚È· ¨Ì˙·‰ ÈÙÏ ¨˙„ÓÂÚ‰ ‰˜ÈÒÙ ˜ÂÒÙÏ ¯ÈÎ· ®ÈÓÏÒÂÓ „ÓÂÏÓ© Ï‰ÚÈ¯˘Æ®ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˜ÂÁ‰© ∏

Ú È˘‹≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ¯ÙÒ ßÁÈ˘Â ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ „‰Ù Ô· Ô‡ÓÏÒ ßÁÈ˘ ¨˙ÈÒÁÈ ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ ‡‡ÓÏ ÈÂÈÎ· ÂÚ„Â ¯˘‡ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÁ¯˘‹‰ÂÁˆ≠Ï‡ ßÁÂÈ˙‡ Â‚È‰‰ ¨®ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰©

Ì‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ¯ÏÂÙÂÙ‰ Æ˙È˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ¯Á‡Ï ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰Æ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙÂ ˙ÂÈ˙¯·Á ˙ÂÏÂÂÚ ÏÚ ˘˘Á ‡Ï·Â ÈÂÏ‚· ¯·„Ï Ì˙ÂÂÎÓ ‰Ú·π·Ï‰ ÈÂÏÈ‚

ÂÏÈË‰ ¯˘‡ ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ‰ ÈÙÏ‡ Ï˘ Ì·Ï Ï‡ ¯·È„ ‡Â‰Â ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÛÂ· ÔÚ¯Ó ÈÂÈ˘ ‰È‰ Ì‰Ï˘Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰È˘ÚÓ ˙˜„ˆ· ˜ÙÒ

Û‡‡Ë ¯ÈÚÏ ÌÂ¯„Ó ‰Á‡·≠Ï‡ ÊÂÁÓ· ±πµ∞≠· „ÏÂ ¨„Ó‡ßÚ Ë·˘Ï Ô· ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ¯‡Â˙‰ È„ÂÓÈÏ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÒÂ È˙¯ÂÒÓ ÈË·˘ ÍÂÈÁ Ï·È˜ ‡Â‰ ÆÊ‡ß‚Á‰ È¯‰·˘

Ó· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡·Ã˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· È˘‰ ¯‡Â˙‰ È„ÂÓÈÏ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÒ ±π∏±≠· Æ‰È„

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù ≥≤

‡‹˙„Â·Ú ‡˘Â Æ„ÒÂÓ Â˙Â‡ ÌÚËÓ ¯ÂË˜Â„ ¯‡Â˙ Ï·È˜ ±π∏∂≠·Â ¨‰ÎÓ· ‡¯R≠Ï‡ Ì ˙ÂÈÂÏÈÁ‰ ‰È‰ ÂÏ˘ Ë¯ÂË˜Â„‰®‰È‡ÓÏÚ©‡ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· „ÓÈÏ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Æ‹‡¯R≠Ï‡ Ì

‰È‚ÂÏÂ‡˙Ï ‰˜ÏÁÓ·®‰„È˜Ú©∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· Æ‰˜ÏÁÓ ‰˙Â‡ ˘‡¯· „ÂÓÚÏ ‰ÂÓ Û‡Â ¨ÏÚ ¯·È„ Ô‰·˘ ¨˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰È‚ÂÏÂ‡˙‰ ÏÚ ˙Â‡ˆ¯‰ ˙¯„Ò ˙ÂÎÊ· ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ÌÒ¯Ù˙‰‰ÓÎ ‡˘ ‡Â‰ ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ˙È˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ÈÙÏ ËÚÓ Æ˙Â¯Ê ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÏÂ‡„È‡ ˙ÓÂÚÏ ‰È˙ÂÏÚÓ

ÆÂÙÈÏÁÓÎ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÈÏÚÂ ÌÊÈÂÓÂ˜‰ ˙ÏÈÙ ÏÚ ˙Â‡ˆ¯‰±∞

¯ÙÒ‰ ‡È‰ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ˙ÓÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ Â˙„Â·Ú¯ß‚ÈÒÈ˜ Ï˘ Â˙ÁË·‰‡Â‰ Â·˘ ¨ÏÚ ÆÈÒ¯Ù‰ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙Âˆ¯‡ Ï˘ ËÙ‰ È·‡˘ÓÏ Ú‚Â· ·¯ÚÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÎ˙ ˙‡ Á˙Ï ¯ÓÈÈ˙Ó˙ÂÈ„ÓÂ ‰ÈËÈ¯· ¨˙Ù¯ˆ ¨·¢‰¯‡ ÈÏ‚„ Â·È·ÒÂ ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ Ï˘ ‰ÙÓ ‰ÚÈÙÂÓ ‰ÎÈ¯Î‰

∫ÌÈÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÂÓÚ È·Ï ‰ÈÈÙ· ÌÈÈ˙ÒÓ ¯ÙÒ‰ Æ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ·¯ÚÓ

‰ÁÈÏˆ‰ ¯·Î ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ Ï‡ ˛˙È¯ˆÂ‰Â ˙È·¯ÚÓ‰ È¯˜¸ ˙È·Ïˆ‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰˘È‡˘ ÈÏ· ÌÎÓ„ ÍÙ˘ÈÈ ‰·˘ ‰Ú˘‰ ‰˜ÂÁ¯ ‡Ï ÆÈÓÏÒÂÓ ÏÎ Ï˘ ÆÆÆÂ„Â·Î· ÚÂ‚ÙÏ

ÆÏ‡· ÌÎ˙ÂÓ‡ ˙˘ÈË ÏÚ Â¯È‰ˆ˙˘ „Ú Â‡ ¨ÍÎ ÏÚ ˘ÚÈÈ±±

˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï ¢˙È„ÂÚÒ¢ ÌÏÂÚ ˙Ù˜˘‰ Ï˘ ‰ÓÂÈ˜ ÏÚ ˙Â„ÈÚÓ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÈÂ‡Ë·˙‰Æ˙ÂËÏ˜· Ô˙Â‡ ÂˆÈÙ‰Â ÂÈ˙Â‡ˆ¯‰Ó ˙Â·¯ ÂÓÒ¯Ù ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈÎÓÂ˙ Æ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÏËˆ‡·

a ¯ÈÚÏ ÌÂ¯„Ó ¨¯Ò‡·≠Ï‡ ¯ÙÎ· ±πµµ≠· „ÏÂ ¨„Ï‡ßÁ Â· Ë·˘Ï Ô· ¨‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡‹‰„È¯aÏ ‰¯·Ú Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó Æ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ ÊÎ¯Ó· ¨ÌÈˆK ÊÂÁÓ·˘‹˙È·· „ÈÓÏ˙ Â˙ÂÈ‰· „ÂÚ ‰„È¯

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˙„‰ È¯˜ÈÚÂ ‰ÚÈ¯˘Ï ‰ËÏÂ˜Ù‰‡©‹®ÔÈ„≠Ï‡ ÏÂˆÌ˘ ¨ÌÈˆK ÊÂÁÓ·˘ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ ˙ÁÂÏ˘· ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ¯‡˘ Í‡ ¨±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· Â˙„Â·ÚÓ ¯ËÂÙ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ Æ‰ˆ¯Ó ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ˘ÓÈ˘ Ì‚

Æ˙ÂËÏ˜ µ∞∞≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ËÈÏ˜‰Â ÌÈ¯ÙÒ ‰¯˘ÚÎ ·˙Î ‡Â‰ ÆË¯ÂË˜Â„ ¯Â˙·±≤

¨ı¯ÙÓ‰ ¯·˘Ó ıÂ¯Ù ÌÚ „·· „· ‰‡È˘Ï ‰ÚÈ‚‰ ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ¯ÏÂÙÂÙ‰˙ÂÁÂÎ Ï˘ Ì‡Â· ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÙÒÂ ‰ÙÂ˙Ï ‰˙ÎÊ ‡È‰ ÂÏ‡ ÌÈ‚ÂÁÏ ÌÈ·¯Â˜Ó ˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÈÙ ÏÚÂ

¢ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ È˘¢ ı¯‡ Ï‡ ÌÈÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ‡·ˆ‰®ÔÈÈÓ¯Á≠Ï‡ „‡Ï·©Æ‰È„ÓÂ ‰ÎÓ ¨„ÁÂÙÓ‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Â·ÈˆÏ ˙Â˘¯ÙÂ ˙ÈÁÂ¯ ‰Î¯„‰ Â˜ÙÈÒ ÌÈÈ˘‰ ¨˙Â¯Â˜Ó Ì˙Â‡ ÈÙ ÏÚ

ÆÏ·ÏÂ·Ó‰Â±≥

ÔÈÒÁ Ì‡„ˆ Ï˘ Â˙˘ÈÏÙ ¯Á‡Ï ˘„ÂÁÎ ÚÈ‚‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙Â„‚˙‰Ï ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ˙Â‡‰ÔÂÙˆ· „‚ÒÓ· ÌÈÙ˙˙˘Ó≠˙·¯ ‰ÙÒ‡ ÈÙÏ Â¯·„· ÆÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÂÂÈÎÓ ¨±ππ∞≠· ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ

Ó‡‰ ‰ÎÒ‰ ÈÎ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ¯È‰ˆ‰ „‡È¯œ˙ÈÂÏÈÁ‰ ß˙Ú·‰ ˙‚ÏÙÓÓ ˙Ù˜˘ ‰È‡ ˙È˙˙Â¯˘Ú ‰Áˆ¯ ¯˘‡ ¨˙È¯ÂÒ‰ ß˙Ú·‰ ˙‚ÏÙÓÓ ‡Ï‡ ¨ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ˘¯„ ÂÚË˘ ÈÙÎ ¨˜‡¯ÈÚ·Ï˘ÓÓÏ ‰Ù¯Ëˆ‰ ˙È¯ÂÒ‰ ß˙Ú·‰ Æ±π∏≤ ˙˘· ‰ÓÁ ÈÚÂ¯È‡· ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ‰ÈÁ¯Ê‡Ó ÌÈÙÏ‡ÏÂÙÈ‡‰ Ï˘· ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÙÈ¯Á· ¯˜È· ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Æ˙È˜‡¯ÈÚ≠ÈË‡‰ ‰ÈˆÈÏ‡Â˜· È„ÂÚÒ‰‡Ï ÌÈÏÈÈÁÏ ‰‡¯˜˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ Ï˘·Â ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ ¯·„· ˙ÂÚÈ„È‰ ÏÚ ‰ÏÈÁ˙· ‰ÏÈË‰˘È„Î ÌÈ¯ÙÂÎ‰ ÌÚ ¯Â·ÁÏ¢ ¨¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¨¢ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ ¯ÂÒ‡¢ Æ‰È„Ó‰ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ

Ó‡‰ ÌÂÈ‡‰ ‰˘ÚÓÏ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ·¢‰¯‡ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ¢ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ· ÌÁÏÈ‰Ïœ˙ÂÈ‰ ¨È˙

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡≥≥

ı¯ÙÓ‰ Ï˘ ËÙ‰ ˙Â¯ˆÂ‡ ÏÚ ËÏ˙˘‰Ï ‰Ï˙Ó‡·Î ˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ˙È˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ· ‰˘Ó˙˘‰˘„‚ ·¯ÚÓ‰ Ï˘ ‡Ï‡¢ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ÔÚË ¨¢˜‡¯ÈÚ „‚ ÌÏÂÚ‰ Ï˘ ·ˆÓ Ô‡Î ÔÈ‡¢ ∫ÈÒ¯Ù‰˜‡¯ÈÚ ‡Ï Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ˙‡ ‰˘·Î ‰˜È¯Ó‡ ¨˙ÈÂÂÎ ˙‡ ‰˘·Î ˜‡¯ÈÚ Ì‡ ÆÆÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰

Ó‡‰ ·ÈÂ‡‰ ‡È‰œ·¯ÚÓ‰Â ‰˜È¯Ó‡ Ï·‡ ¨‰Ú˘‰ ·ÈÂ‡ ÈÏÂ‡ ‡È‰ ˜‡¯ÈÚ ÆÆÆ·¯ÚÓ‰ ‡Ï‡ ¨È˙ÆÍÎ ÏÎ ‰ËÂ· ˙Â‡Ë·˙‰ ˙¯Âˆ· ˙Ï‚¯ÂÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÊÂ‡‰ Æ¢ÔÈ„‰ ÌÂÈ È·ÈÂ‡ Ì‰‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ È·Á¯· ÂˆÙÂ‰ ¯˘‡ ¨ÌÈ˜˙ÂÚ ÈÂÈÏÈÓ ‰ÓÎ· ÂÏÙÎÂ˘Â ÂËÏ˜Â‰ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯·„

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¯Âˆ˜Ï Â‡· ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ÈÎ ÔÚËÂ ¨‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰‰ ˙ˆÂ¯Ó· ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙ÂÈ„Ó Ï˘ Ô˙ÒÈ¯˜ ÍÈÏ‰˙¯˙ÂÈ ˘Â· ß‚¯Âß‚ ‡È˘· ‰ÈÓ‡‰ ¯˘‡ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÏ˘ÈÎ ˙Â¯ÈÙ ˙‡

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ÌÈ·¯ÚÓ˙Ó ¯˙ÂÈ‰ ˙Â„ÂÒÈ‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÓˆÚ˙‰Ï ‰‡¯Î ‰Ó¯˙ ·¢‰¯‡ ÈÏÈÈÁ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÁÎÂÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Æ·¯ÚÓÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ·Â¯˜ ‰È‰ Ì‰ÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡ ¯˘‡ ¨‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡·‰¯·Á‰ ˙Â„ÂÒÈ ˙‡ ¯Ú¯ÚÏ ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ‰ÈˆÓ‡Ó ÌÚ ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÌÈÙ˙˘Ó ¢ÌÈÂÏÈÁ¢‰˘ ÂÈÓ‡‰

Æ‰È„Ó· ˙„‰ ÔÂËÏ˘Ï ı˜ ÌÈ˘ÏÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰±∂˙‡ˆÂÈ ˙È¯˜˙ ‰Ú¯È‡ ±ππ∞ ¯·Ó·Â· ∂≠· ÌÓ‡ Æ¯ÈÚ‰ È·Á¯· ˙Â‚‰Â ÂÏÁ‰Â Ô‰È‚‰ ˙‡ Â¯ËÈÙ ÌÈ˘ ÌÈÚ·˘ ∫„‡È¯ ‰¯È·‰ ¯ÈÚ· ÔÙÂ„

‰‚È‰ ÔÂÈ˘È¯ ‰È‰ ÔÏÂÎÏ— ‰ÙÂ¯È‡· Â‡ ·¢‰¯‡· ÔÂÈ˘È¯ ÂÏ·È˜Â ‰‚È‰ Â„ÓÏ Ô‰ -Ï·‡ ¯˙ÂÈ „ÂÚ ¯ÂÓÁ ÈÙÂ‡ ‰Ï·È˜ ÂÂ˜ ÒÂËËÒ· ÂÊ ˙Â¯‚˙‰ Æ‚Â‰Ï ÌÈ˘ ÏÚ ¯ÒÂ‡ ‰È„ÂÚÒ· ˜ÂÁ‰

Æ¯˙ÂÈ ÈËÈÏÂÙÂÓÒÂ˜‰ ¨Ê‡ß‚Á ¯ÂÊ‡· ‡ÏÂ ¨ÌÊÈ·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ÊÎ¯Ó ¨„ß‚· ‰˘Á¯˙‰˘ ¯Á‡Ó±∑˙Ú„Ï ˙ÂÁÂÎ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÁÎÂ ÔÈ·Ï ÌÈ˘‰ È˘ÚÓ ÔÈ· ¯È˘È ¯˘˜ ‰È‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Â‚‰ ¨ÌÈ¯ˆ˜ ÌÈÈÒÎÓ· ˙Â˘Â·Ï ¨˙ÂÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ˙ÂÏÈÈÁ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙‡Ê ¨‰È„Ó· ·¢‰¯‡ ‡·ˆ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ÓÏÒ ¨„‡È¯ Ï˘ Ï˘ÂÓ‰˘ Ì‚ Â¯·Ò Ì‰ Æ„‡È¯ ˙Â·ÂÁ¯· ˙ÂÈ‡·ˆ ˙ÂÈ‡˘Ó·ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Æ˙Â¯¯ÂÒ‰ ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈ˘‰ È˘ÚÓ· È‡˘Á· ÍÓ˙ ¨ÊÈÊÚÔ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï Â‡ ˙ÂÈÈÈ¯·Ú‰ ˙‡ ˘ÈÚ‰Ï ÂÚ·˙˘ ˙ÂÓÂˆÚ ÏÚ ÂÓ˙Á Ì„‡ È· ˙Â‡ÓÂ ¨ÌÈÓÚÊ˙‡ ¯ËÈÙÂ ˜ÂÁ‰ ÏÚ ‰¯·Ú Ì‰ ÌÈ˘‰ È˘ÚÓ ÈÎ ÊÈ¯Î‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÏÂÚÙÏ ıÏ‡ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ Æ‚¯Â‰ÏÌÈ˘ ÏÚ ÏÁ‰ ¯ÂÒÈ‡‰ ˙‡ ¯˘È‡Â ·˘ ‰·Â ‡Â˙Ù Ê‡· Ô· ‡ÈˆÂ‰ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ÆÌ‰È˙Â¯˘ÓÓ ÔÏÂÎ

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·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ˙ÂÚÈ

¯ˆÂ˘ „Á‰ ·ˆÓ‰ ÏÚ Ô‚¯Â‡Ó· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Â·È‚‰ ‰·˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ‰ ‰˙¯˙ÂÎ˘ ¨‰ÓÂˆÚ Â·˙Î Ì‰ Æ±ππ± È‡Ó· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰È„Ó·— ·Ï‡ËÓ≠Ï‡ ·‡˙Î·˙ÎÓ©

®˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰—ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ· ‰ˆÙÂ‰˘ Á‡Ï È‡Ó ÚˆÓ‡· Æ‰˘˜Â‰ Í‡ ËÂ˘Ù‰ ‰ÈÙÂ‡ ‡ ‰Ù˜È˘ ÌÈ˜‰Ï Â‡¯˜ Ì‰ ‰ÓÂˆÚ· Æ„‰Ù ÍÏÓÏ ÈÓ˘¯ ÔÙÂ‡· ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ ‰˘‚Â‰ ¨ÌÈ˜˙ÂÚ ˙Â··¯·‰˜· ÌÈÏÂÚ ÌÈ‡˘ ˙Â˜˙‰Â ÌÈ˜ÂÁ‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÏË·Ï ÂÚ·˙ ¨‰ÈÂÏ˙ È˙Ï· ˙ˆÚÈÈÓ ‰ˆÚÂÓÈ‡˘Â ÏÎ˘ Â˘¯„Â ¨ÍÎ Ì˘Ï ÂÓ˜ÂÈ˘ ˙ÂÓÈ‡˙Ó ˙Â„ÚÂÂ· ËÏÁÂÈ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ÌÚ „Á‡Â¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¨˜„ˆ‰ Æ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘Ó Ì‰È„È Â˜ÈÁ¯ÈÂ ‰‰Â·‚ ¯ÒÂÓ ˙Ó¯ ÂÈ‚ÙÈ ˙ÂÈ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙Â¯˘Ó‰˘È Æ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰ È¯Ê‚Ó ÏÎ· ÌÈÙ ‡Â˘Ó ‡Ï·Â Ô‚Â‰ ÔÙÂ‡· Â˘ÚÈ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ È˘È‚Ó˘È ÆÌÈÏÂÙÂÂÓ ˜Â¯ÈÙÂ ˙ÂÏÓÚ ˙˙ÁÙ‰ ÍÂ˙ ¨È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÔÂ‰‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÂ˘ ‰˜ÂÏÁÏ ‚Â‡„ÏÂ„È˜Ù˙˘ ¨˜ÊÁ ‡·ˆ ˙Â·Ï ˘È Æ‰ˆÂˆ˜ ˙È·È¯· ˙Â‡ÂÂÏ‰‰ ˙ËÈ˘ ˙‡ ÌÈ˜·‰Ó ˘¯˘ÏÍÂ˙ È¯˘Ù‡ ¯Â˜Ó ÏÎÓ ˜˘· Â„ÈÈˆÏÂ ¨ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ ÏÚÂ ‰È„Ó‰ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï ‰È‰È¨‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ È˘È‚Ó ÂÚË ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÈÚˆÓ‡ ÏÚ Æ˙ÈÓÂ˜Ó ˘ ÈÈ˘Ú˙ ÁÂ˙ÈÙÏ ÂÙÈ„Ú Ô˙Ó˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÂÚ„ÂÓ‰ ‡ÏÚ‰ È„È ÏÚ È˙¯·Á‰ ÒÂÓ‰ ÂÂ¯˜Ú ‡ ‡Ë·ÏÂ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‡ ¯˘ÏÏÚ ÒÒ·˙‰Ï ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ıÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ˙ÂÏ·‚Ó ÍÂ˙· ¨˙Ó‡ ÁÂÂÈ„Â ‰Â· ˙¯Â˜È·‰ÈÏÚÂ ¨‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ÌÚ „Á‡ ‰˜· ˙ÂÏÂÚ ÔÈ‡˘ ˙Â˙È¯· ÏÚ ÍÓ˙Ò‰Ï ÈÏ· ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ Ò¯ËÈ‡‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÈÙÂ‡ ‡ ÂÙ˜˘È˘ È„Î ÂÈÂ¯È¯‚˘· ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ÍÂ¯ÚÏ È ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ È„ÚÈ ‡ ıÓ‡Ï˘È ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ˆÙ‰Ï ÌÈ˘„˜ÂÓ‰ ÂÏ‡ ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ ˜ÊÁÏ ˘È Æ‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ˙‡ ÁÈË·‰Ï ˘È ÆÈ‡ÓˆÚ ÔÙÂ‡· ÏÂÚÙÏ Ì‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ÏÂ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ ˙‡ „Á‡Ï

ÆÌÈÏ·Â˜Ó ÌÈÈ˙„ ÌÈ‚ÈÈÒÏ Ì‡˙‰· Ë¯Ù‰≤±

Ú‰ „ˆÓ ˜¯ ‡Ï ÔÂ˘‡¯ Ô‚¯Â‡Ó ÔÂÈÒÈ ‰È‰ ÍÓÒÓ‰‹‰ÓÎ „ˆÓ Ì‚ ‡Ï‡ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‹˙ÂËÏÁ‰‰ ˙Ï·˜ ÍÈÏ‰˙· ÌÈ¯ÈÎ· ˙„ È˘‡ Ï˘ Ì˙ÚÙ˘‰ ˙‡ ÌÈˆÚ‰Ï ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ú‰ ÈÏ‚¯ ˙‡ ˜ÂÁ„Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙¯·Â‚‰ Â˙ÈÈË „‚ ÌÁÏÈ‰ÏÂ ¨‰È„Ó·‹‰¯ÈÊ‰ ÈÏÂ˘Ï ‡‡ÓÏ¨˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÈÚˆÓ‡ ÏÚ ËÂÏ˘Ï ¨ıÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘‰Ï Âˆ¯ ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ Æ˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰‰Ê ‰È‰ ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ¯ÒÓ‰ ˙ˆÙ‰Ï ÌÈ·‡˘Ó ¯˙ÂÈ Ï·˜ÏÂ ÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ÌÂÁ˙· ÌÁÂÎ ˙‡ ÏÈ„‚‰Ï

‡‰ ˙ÙÂ˜˙Ï ¯ÂÁ‡Ï ÔÂÚ˘‰ ˙‡ ··ÂÒÏ Â˘˜È· ÂÏÈ‡ÎœÚ‰ Â‰ ‰·˘ ¨Ô‡ÂßÁ‹‰ÚÙ˘‰Ó ‡‡ÓÏÈ·ˆÚÓ ˙‡ ‰Á‰˘ „ÈÁÈ‰ Â˜‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÂ¯˜Ú ÌÂ„È˜ ‰È‰ ¨Â¯·Ò ÍÎ ¨‰·Â ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡≥µ

È¯·„Ï Æ˙ÂÓÈ˙Á ÌÈÈ˙˘Â ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ ‰‡˘ ˙È·ÓÂÙ‰ ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ ˙Ò¯‚ Æ˙È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó‰È˘ ÂÓ ÌÈÓ˙ÂÁ‰ ÌÚ Æ¥∞∞≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈÏ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· ˙ÂÓÈ˙Á‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ÚÈ‚‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

Ú ¨È¯˜≠Ï‡ ßˆ‡‡Ú Ì‚ ÂÓÎ ¨ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ÃÂÃ≠Ï‡ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·ÚÂ ¯ÓÚ≠Ï‡ ¯ˆ‡ ¨È¯˜≠Ï‡ ßˆÆÔÈ¯·ß‚≤≤

Ú≠Ï‡ ÁÏ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ßÁÈ˘Â Ê‡· Ô·˘ ˙ÂÚË· ÂÁÈ‰ ÌÈ·¯‹ ÔÈÓÈß˙—ÈÓÂ ¯ÈÎ· ÌÏ‡Ú ˙„ È‡˘Â· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰¯ÂÙ‰ ¯ÙÂÒ‰ ‰È‰˘—·˙ÎÓ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ ÌÚ Ì‰ Û‡ ÂÓ

Æ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰≤≥Ú≠Ï‡Â Ê‡· Ô· ‹‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÂÚÈ·‰ Ì‰·˘ ÌÈÈ‡˘Á ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ ÍÏÓÏ ÂÁÏ˘ ÔÎ‡ ÔÈÓÈß˙Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ˙‡ ÒÎÏ ÂÏ ÂÚÈˆ‰Â ¨‰ÓÂˆÚ·‹Æ˙ÂÓ¯ÂÙ¯‰ ÌÂ˘ÈÈ· ÔÂ„Ï È„Î ‡‡ÓÏ

ıÂÚÈÈ Ô˙Ó Ï˘ ˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ÏÚ ÂÒÒ·˙‰ Ì‰È˘ÚÓ®‰ÁÈˆ©˘È˘ Í¯„Ï Ú‚Â· ËÈÏ˘Ï È‡˘Á ÆÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˜ÂÁ‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ‰· ‚Â‰Ï≤¥

ÂÊ ‡Ï ÆÏÓ‚‰ ·‚ ˙‡ ¯·˘˘ ˘˜‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ¯Â·Ú ‰È‰ ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ ÌÂÒ¯Ù‰ÚÈ·ˆ‰ Ì‚ ‡È‰ ‡Ï‡ ¨¯È˙Ò‰Ï ÛÈ„Ú‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰˘ ÌÈÈÈÚ ÏÂÎ ÈÈÚÏ ‰Ù˘Á ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰˘ „·Ï·ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ˙Â·Á¯‰ ˙Â‚¯‡˙‰‰ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ Ï˘ Ô˙Â˘Á¯˙‰Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ „ˆÓ ˙ÂÚ„ÂÓ ¯ÒÂÁ ÏÚ

Ú ˙Â‡Ó Ú·¯‡ Ì˙Â‡ ¨‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰‹˙Â‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ÌÈˆ¯ÓÂ ÌÈ˘¯„ ¨ÌÈËÙÂ˘ ¨‡‡ÓÏÌ‰ÈÏÚ ¯Ò‡Â ¨ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ È„È ÏÚ ˙ÈË¯Ù ‰¯È˜ÁÏ ÂÓÂÊ ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ‰ ÏÚ ÂÓ˙Á˘„ß‚· ˙Â‚Ù‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· ‰¯‰Ó „Ú Â¯¯ÁÂ˘ Í‡ Â¯Ò‡ Û‡ ÌÈ„Á‡ Æ˙Âˆ¯‰Ï Â‡ ÚÂÒÏ

Æ¯ÈÒÚ·Â≤µ

˙‡ ÂË¯ÈÙ Â·Â ÛÒÂ ·˙ÎÓ ÌÈÈ¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ Â˘È‚‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ·Â˙ÎÏ Ì‰Ó ˘¯„˘ ‡Â‰ Ê‡· Ô· ¨Ì˙ÚËÏ ÆÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ·˙ÎÓ· ÂÏÚÂ‰ ¯˘‡ ˙ÂÂ˘‰ ˙Â„Â˜‰

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓÏ Ô˘È‚‰Ï È„Î ÂÏÏ‰ ˙Â¯‰·‰‰ ˙‡‹‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÂÂ˘Ï˘ ¨‰Ê ÍÓÒÓ· Æ‡‡ÓÏÌ˙ÂÂÎ· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÈÎ ÌÈ¯ÂËÓ¯ÂÙ¯ ÌÓˆÚ ÈÈÚ· Â·˘Á˘ ÈÓ Â¯È‰ˆ‰ ¨¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ‰˘˜ÂÚÈ„Â‰ ‰˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ˘ ¨˙ˆÚÈÈÓ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÈÎ Ì‚ ÂÚË Ì‰ ÆÌ„Â˜‰ ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ ˙‡ ÌÒ¯ÙÏ¨¢ÌÈÙ ˙„ÓÚ‰¢ ˙ˆÚÂÓ ‡ÏÂ ÔÈËÂÏÁÏ ˙È‡ÓˆÚ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ÎÈ¯ˆ ¨±ππ∞ ¯·Ó·Â· „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰˙Â˜˙Â ÌÈÏÏÎ ¨ÌÈ˜ÂÁ Ï˘ ‰ÓÈ˘¯ Ì‚ ‰ÏÏÎ ‰¯‰·‰‰ ·˙ÎÓ· Æ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ‰¯˜˘ ÈÙÎÈ¯ÒÁ ÌÈÂÏÈÁ È„È ÏÚ ÂÁÒÂ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Ì˙ˆ˜ ¨‰ÚÈ¯˘Ï ÌÈ„‚ÂÓ ÂÈ‰ ¯˘‡Â Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ıÓÈ‡˘„‚Â ÌÈ·¯Â˜Ó‰ ˙Ù„Ú‰ „‚ ¨‰ÈÏÙ‡‰ „‚ Â‡ˆÈ ÌÈ¯ÂËÓ¯ÂÙ¯‰ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÚ„Ó· ‰ÏÎ˘‰ÂˆÈÙ‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰·ÚÂ˙· Ì˙ÚËÏ ÌÈÚÂ‚ ÂÈ‰ ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÈÚˆÓ‡ Æ„ÒÓÓ· Â˘Ù˘ ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘‰

˙ÂÈÈÓ ˙ÂÊÈÓ¯Â ˙ÂÙÂ˘Á ÌÈ˘ Ï˘ ÌÈÓÂÏÈˆ ¨ÌÈÈÒ¯‰ ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯—·˙ÎÓ‰ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ˘ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ ÔÚË ¨Â‡„ÈÂ ˙ÂËÏ˜ ˙¯Î˘‰Ï ˙Â·¯ ˙ÂÈÂÁ Æ‰È„Ó‰ ÏÚ Á˜ÙÓ˘ ÈÓÎ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÙÏÎ ÂÙ‰˙ÓÂ˘˙ Â˘È„˜‰ ÌÈÏ˜È„¯‰ Æ¯˙ÂÈ· ÚÂ¯‚‰ ‚ÂÒ‰Ó ‰ÈÙ¯‚Â¯ÂÙ ˙Â¯ÎÂÓ ¨‰¯‰·‰‰ ·˙ÎÓ·‚Â˘‚˘‰Ó Ì˙ÚËÏ ‰‰ ‡Ï˘ ¯Ê‚Ó ¨˙„ ˙Â„ÒÂÓÏ ÌÈ‡˙Ó ÔÂÓÈÓ· ¯ÂÒÁÓÏ ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ·ÏÌÂÎÒ˘ ‡Â‰¢ ¨·˙ÎÓ‰ È·˙ÂÎ Â˘È‚„‰ ¨¢¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÚˆÓ˘ ‰Ó¢ ÆËÙ‰ ÈÁÂÂ¯ ˙Â·˜Ú· ÈÏÎÏÎ‰

˙Á‡ Ï‚¯Â„Î ˙ˆÂ·˜Ï ‰ˆ˜ÂÓ‰ ÛÒÎ‰— ˙Â¯ÂÎ˘ÓÂ ÏÂ‰È ¨ÔÂÓÈ‡ ¨„ÂÈˆ ÔÂÓÈÓÏ —‰ÏÂÚ Ì‰ ¨Ë¯Ù‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ¯„ÚÈ‰Ï ˙Â„Ú‰ Æ¢˛ÌÈÈ˙„‰¸ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ‰ ÏÏÎÏ ÌÈ„ÚÂÈÓ‰ ÌÈ·Èˆ˜˙‰ ÏÚÌ‰˘ Û‡ ¨Ô‰Ï ÌÈÙÂ˘Á ÂÈ‰ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ ·Â¯˘ ˙Â„¯Ë‰· ‰˙Ï‚˙‰ ¨ÂÂÏ˙‰

‰ˆÚ ˘È‚‰Ï ‰ÚÈ¯˘· ˙¯„‚ÂÓ‰ ‰·ÂÁ‰ ˙‡ Â‡ÏÈÓ ˜¯®‰ÁÈˆ©ÆËÈÏ˘Ï ≤∂

ÆÂÏÏ‰ ˙„‰ È˘‡ ·¯˜· ˙¯·Â‚‰ ¯ÂÎÈ‰ ˙˘ÂÁ˙ ˙‡ Û˜È˘ È¯Â·Èˆ ÁÈ˘ Ï˘ ‰Ê ‚ÂÒÚ‰ ˙‡ Û˙˘Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ÔÈ˜˙ Ï˘ÓÓ ¨Ì˙ËÈ˘Ï‹Â˘¯ÂÈ Ì‡ ¨Ì‰È¯·„Ï ÆÏ‰ÈÓ‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙ ÏÎ· ‡‡ÓÏ

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù ≥∂

Ú‰‹Â˘ÚÈ Ì‰ ¨˙Â¯‰·‰‰ ·˙ÎÓ·Â ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ· ÂÏÚ‰˘ ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒÏ ÌÈ‡¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‡‡ÓÏ˙‡Ê ‰ÁÈË·Ó‰ ¨‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ È„È ÏÚ ÌÈÁÂÓ Ì‰È˘ÚÓ ÏÎ˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ¨˙‚Â‰Â ‰˙Â‡ ‰¯Âˆ· ˙‡Ê

Æ‰Ú·Ë ÌˆÚÓÏ˘ ˙È„ÈÓ‰ Ì˙Â·¯Ú˙‰Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˜˜Ê ÌÈÏÈÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ˙Â„¯Ë‰‰Â ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰ ÁÎÂÏ

Ú‰‹ÁÈÏˆ‰ ±ππ± ÈÂÈ· ≥≠· ÆÂÊ Ï¯Â‚ ˙¯‰ ‰Ú˘· Â˙„ÓÚ· ÂÎÓ˙È˘ È„Î ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ È¯ÈÎ· ÏÚ ÂÂˆ¯ ˙‡ ÛÂÎ‡Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰‹Æ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓÏ ÈÂÈ‚ ÂÓÒ¯ÙÈ˘ È„Î ‡‡ÓÏ

˙ˆÚÂÓÓ Ô‰Â ¨ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „¯˘Ó ÍÂ˙· ÛÂ‚ ¨‰‰Â·‚‰ ˙ÈËÙ˘Ó‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰Ó Ô‰ ‰‡· ‰·Â‚˙‰Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ·‹ıÂÚÈÈ˘ Û‡ ÈÎ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙ÂˆÚÂÓ‰ È˙˘ ÂÓÒ¯Ù˘ ˙Â¯‚È‡· ˙È¯˜ÈÚ‰ ‰„Â˜‰ Æ‡‡ÓÏÚ È„È ÏÚ‹ÔÈÚÓ ‰Ê ÁÂÒÈ· Â‡¯˘ ÂÈ‰ ÆÈ·ÓÂÙ· ‰˘ÚÈÈ ¯·„‰˘ ¯ÂÒ‡ ¨¯˙ÂÓ ‰˘ÚÓ ‡Â‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ú≠Ï‡Â Ê‡· Ô· ÂÓÎ ÌÈ˘‡˘ ˙ÂÈ‰ ¨˙ÂÏˆ˙‰‹·˙ÎÓ ÌÚ ÈÓ˘¯ ‡Ï ÔÙÂ‡· ¯·Ú· Â‰„Ê‰ ÔÈÓÈß˙Æ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰≤∑Ú‰˘ Û‡ ÈÎ ‰‡¯ ‹ÌÓÏÂÚ ˙Ù˜˘‰Ï ‰·¯ ‰„ÈÓ· ÌÈÙ˙Â˘ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

ÚÂ¯È‡‰ ÆÂÏ‰È˘ È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÔÂÈ„Ï Ú‚Â· ˙ÂÁÂ≠È‡ Â˘Á Ì‰ ¨ÌÈÏ˜È„¯‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘Ú‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙· ˙ÂÎÊÏ ÏÂÎÈ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÈÎ ÁÈÎÂ‰ Û‡‹‡Â‰ Ì‡ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ú‰ ÔÈ· ˙ÂÙ˜˘‰ ÈÏ„·‰ ÏˆÏ ‡ÂÙ‡ ÁÈÏˆ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Æ˜ÈÙÒÓ ıÁÏ ÏÈÚÙÓ‹ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÆıÂÚÈÈ‰ Ô˙Ó Â‡ ˙¯Â˜È·‰ ˙ÚÓ˘‰ ÔÙÂ‡Ï Ú‚Â‰ ÏÎ· ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÔÈ·Ï

Ú‰ ÏÚ Â˙Â¯Ó ˙‡ ˙ÂÙÎÏ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ÁÏˆ‰ Û‡ ÏÚ‹¯„Ò· ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰ ¨ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ Ï˘ ÌÂÈ‰‹ÂÏÈ‚˘ ‰ÊÂÚ˙‰ ‰¯·‚ ±ππ± Ï˘ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ˙ÈˆÁÓ· Æ‰ÎÚ„ ‡Ï ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

ÂÎÊ Ì‰È˙ÂÚ„ ˙‡ ÂÚÈÓ˘‰ Ô‰·˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜Â ¨¯Ë˘Ó‰ „‚ Ì‰È˙ÂÙ˜˙‰· ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡Ú‰ Æ‰·Á¯ ‰ˆÂÙ˙Ï‹ ‰ÈÈËÒ‰ ÏÚ Ì‰· Â¯Ú‚ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÁ©‹®ß‚Â¯ßÌ‰ÈÈÚ· ‰È‰˘ ‰ÓÓ

ÆÔÂÎ‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ·È˙‰ıÈÙ‰Ï ˙¯Á‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ‰ËÈÏÁ‰ ¨‰¯‰·‰‰ ·˙ÎÓ ˙‡ ‰˘È‚Ó ˙Á‡ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ˙ˆÂ·˜ „ÂÚ·ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ‰ˆÙÂ‰ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ˙ËÏ˜‰ Æ˙¯ÎÂÓ ‡Ï ˙ÂÈ˘È‡ Ï˘ ‰ÏÂ˜ ÚÓ˘ Ô‰·˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜ È˙˘

¢ÏÚ≠Á˙Â˙¢ Ì˘‰ ÚÈÙÂ‰ ÌÈ˜˙ÂÚ‰ ˙È·¯Ó ÏÚ Æ±ππ±—‡È˘ Á˙ÈÙ˘ ÏÂ„‚‰ Á˙Â˙Ï ¯ÂÎÊ‡ ÔÈÒÁ Ì‡„ˆ ˜‡¯ÈÚ—˙ËÏ˜· Ô˘¯„‰ ÆÏ˘ÓÓ‰ ·ˆÈ ÂÈÙÏ˘ ¯‚˙‡‰ Ï„Â‚ ˙‡ ¯‡˙Ï È„Î

ÈÙ ÏÚ ÌÈ‚‰Â ÌÈ‡ ÂÏÏ‰ Ì‡ ˙ÏËÂ·ÓÂ ‰ÏË· ÌÈÎÈÒÏ ˙ÂÓ‡ Ï˘ ‰·ÂÁ ÏÎ˘ ˘È‚„‰‡˘Â ˙˘Ó˘Ó ‡È‰ ÈÎ „Ú ¨˙È˙ÈÈ¯Â¯Ú˘ ‰Î ÂÈ‚È‰ÓÓ ‰ÓÎ Ï˘ Ì˙Â‚‰˙‰¢ Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰˜ÚÊ ¨¢ÂÏ˘ ÔÈËÈÂÓÏ ÌÈ˜ÈÊÓÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ıÂÁÓ ¯Â‡ ÌÈ‡Â¯‰ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÏÂ ˙Â·˙ÎÏ

Æ¯·Â„‰≤∏

‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ È¯·„ÏÂ ¨±ππ± ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ÌÈ˜˙ÂÚ Ï˘ ÏÂ„‚ ¯ÙÒÓ· ‰ˆÙÂ‰ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ˙ËÏ˜‰ÌÈ‡˘Â Ï˘ ·Á¯ ÔÂÂ‚Ó ÂÁ· ˙ÂËÏ˜‰ È˙˘· ÌÈ¯·Â„‰ Æ‰ÏÂ„‚ ‰ÚÙ˘‰ ˙ÏÚ· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ÏÚ Ì‰È˙ÂÚË ˙‡ ÌÒÒ·· ¨˙¯Â˜È· Ì‰ÈÏÚ ÂÁ˙ÓÂ ‰È„ÂÚÒ Ï˘ ıÂÁ‰Â ÌÈÙ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó·˙ˆÙÂÓ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ‰ÏÁ‰ ¯˘‡ È¯˜≠Ï‡ ßˆ‡‡Ú Ï˘ ÂÈ¯·„ ‰·Â ˙¯Á‡ ˙ËÏ˜ ÆÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó‡¯˜ ¯˘‡ ¨È¯˜≠Ï‡ ÆÂÊ ‰ÙÂ˜˙· ‰·¯ ˙ÂÈ¯ÏÂÙÂÙ· ˙ÂÎÊÏ ‰ÙÈÒÂ‰Â ¨ÔÎÏ Ì„Â˜ ÌÈÈ˙˘˙ÂÓ‰· Ï˘ ‰ÓÂ‡¢ ‰˙Â‡ ‰ÈÎÂ ·¢‰¯‡· ÁÏ˙˘‰ ¨¢‰È˙È‡¯˘ ÈÙÎ ‰˜È¯Ó‡¢ ÂÏ˘ ˙ËÏ˜ÏÌÈ˘ ¨ÌÈ¯·‚Ï ÌÈ‡˘È ÌÈ¯·‚ ‰˜È¯Ó‡· ∫„ÂÚÂ ˙‡Ê Æ¢·Â˜¯ ÔÂÊÓ ˙ÏÈÎ‡·Â ÛÂ‡È· ˙Â˜ÂÒÚ‰ÏÈ·ÂÓ ÏÂÎ‰˘Î ¨‰˜Ê ÏÈ‚Ï ÌÚÈ‚‰ ÌÚ ˙ÂÁ‡Ï ÌÈ·ÊÚ ÌÈ¯Â‰Â ¨ÔÈ‡Â˘ÈÏ ıÂÁÓ ˙Â„ÏÂÈ

Æ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ‰˙ÚÈ˜˘Ï≤π·¢‰¯‡ ‡·ˆ ˙‡ ÔÈÓÊ‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¢ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡¢‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ ÆÈ¯˜≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈÈÊ‡ÓÓ ¨Ô·ÂÓÎ ¨‰˜ÓÁ ‡Ï ‰È„ÓÂ ‰ÎÓ Ï˘ Ôˆ¯‡Ï ‡Â·Ï

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡≥∑

˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ ˙Â˘È‚¯ ˙ÂÏÚ· ˙Â¯ËÓ È˙˘ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÂÙ˜˙ ±ππ± ¯·Óˆ„·ÌÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÁ˙‰ ˙„Â‚‡Â ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÌÈ˘Ï ÍÂÈÁ‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ ∫„ÁÂÈÓ· ‰‰Â·‚

Ú‰ ˙ËÈÏ˘· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÌÈ˘Ï ÍÂÈÁ‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ Æ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰‹˙‡Ê ˙Â¯ÓÏÂ ¨ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ˙ÂÈÂÓ„ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ˘‰ ˙„Â‚‡· Æ˙ÂˆÂ¯Ù Ô˙Â‡ ÂÈÎÂ ˙ÂÎÁÓ‰ ÌÈ˘· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÂÁÏ˙˘‰ÈÏÂ‡ Â‡ ¨ÂÏÏ‰ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰‰ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ ‰ÓÎ Ì‚ Ô‰· ¨˙Â·¯ ˙ÂÚÂ„È

ÚÏÂ ¯Ë˘ÓÏ ˙ÈÈˆÏ ÌÈ¯Ó˘‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ·Â¯ ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ¨ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÔÈÈÙÂ‡ ÏÏ‚·‹‡‡ÓÏ˙ÂÈÒ¯‡ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜‰¢ ‰ÈÎ˘ ‰Ó ˙‡ ÏÒÙÂ ÌÚÙ‰ Ì‚ ÒÈÈ‚˙‰ Ê‡· Ô· ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰„‚ ˙ÂÈÂ˜Â ÌÈ¯˜˘¢ ÂˆÈÙ‰˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜· ÛÊ Û‡ ‡Â‰ Æ¢ÌÈ·¯· Ô˙ˆÙ‰Â ˙ÂÁÎÂÓ È˙Ï·Â

˙ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ‰ „Á‡· Â¯·„· Æ¢ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰Â Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰‹È˙Â¯È˘ ˘‡¯ ¨ÏˆÈÙ Ï‡ Èk¯‡Â‰ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙‡ ÂˆÈÓ˘‰ Ì‰ ÈÎ Â¯Ó‡· ¨˙Â‡˜· ÌÈËËÈÏÈÓ‰ ˙‡ ¨ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰

Æ˙Â‡ˆÂ˙· ˙‡˘Ï Â‡ Ì‰È˙ÂÚË ˙‡ ÁÈÎÂ‰Ï Ì‰Ó ˘¯„≥∞

±ππ± ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· „È¯„Ó· ÏÁ‰˘ È·¯Ú≠ÈÏ‡¯˘È‰ ÌÂÏ˘‰ ÍÈÏ‰˙· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰„‚ÒÓ‰ Ï˘ Ô˘¯„‰ ¯ËÂÙ ±ππ≤ ¯‡ÂÈ· ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ „ˆÓ ˙ÙÒÂ ˙Â„‚˙‰ ‰¯¯ÂÚÂÎÓ˙ Ô‰·˘ ÌÂÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÚÈ·‰Ï ·¯ÈÒ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨„ÂÚÒ ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡·ÂÁÓ ÌÈˆ¯Ó‰ Ï‚ÒÓ ÌÈ¯·Á ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ ¯Â·Ú ˙·‡ÂÎ ‰„Â˜ ‰È‰ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰ ¯„ÚÈ‰ ÆÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ‰Ú„Â˘ ¨‰„ÚÂ ÂÓÈ˜‰ Ì‰ ¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ÆÊ‡· Ô· ÌÚ Â˘‚ÙÂ Ô˘¯„‰ È¯ÂËÈÙ ÏÚÛÈ˜Ó ÍÓÒÓ ÔÈÎ‰Ï Ì‰Ï ıÚÈ Ê‡· Ô· Æ¢ıÂÚÈÈÂ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï ˙È‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰¢ Ì˘·

— ¯ÎÊÓ —≠Ï‡Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ÌÚ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ‰˘‚Ù ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ ÆÌ‰È˙ÂÂÏ˙ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÂË¯ÙÈ Â·˘ Æ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ ÌÚ ÂÓ˘ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ÌÚÂ ¨‰„ÂÚ≥±

ÏÚ È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ Ï˘ Â˙·Â‚˙ ¯·„· ˙ÂÚÈ„È Ë˘Ù˙‰Ï ÂÏÁ‰ ¯·Î ±ππ≤ ¯‡ÂÈ „ÚÈÚˆÓ‡Â ·¯ÚÓ· ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÈÏÎ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ ˘„ÂÁ Â˙Â‡· ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙÂÊÚ‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Â¯ˆÚ˘ ÌÈÓ‡Ó‡ ÏÚÂ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ È˘¯„ ÏÚ ˙È·¯Ú‰ ‰Ù˘· ‰¯Ê‰ ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰„‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ Æ·¯Ú ˙ÂÈ„ÓÏ Ï‡¯˘È ÔÈ· ˙Â¯È˘È‰ ÌÂÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙ÎÈÓ˙ ˙‡ ¯˜·Ï

Æ¢Â¯„¯„˙È ÌÈÈÈÚ‰ Ì‡¢ ÂÏÙÂËÈ ¢ÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ˙Â‚‰˙‰ ÈÈÂÏÈ‚¢˘ ˜¯ ÊÓ¯≥≤‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ï¯‚‰ ÌÈ¯·„ ¯Ó‡ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÁ¯Ê‡‰ ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙Â¯È˘ „˜ÙÓ ¨ßÁÈ˘≠Ï‡ Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô·

¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ˘¯ÂÙÓ—˙ÂÙÈ˜˙· ˜ÂÁ‰ ˙‡ ÛÂÎ‡Ï ‚‡„È ¨¯Ó‡ ÍÎ ¨Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ∫È„ÂÚÒ ‰„ÈÓ ‰˜· Æ¢‰Â¯Á‡‰ ˙Ú· ÌÈÚ˘Ù ÂÚˆÈ·˘ Ì˘Ù· ÌÈÏÂÁ ÌÈ˘‡¢ Ï˘ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ ÏÚ≥≥˘ÈÁÎ‰ ˙‡Ê ÌÚ

¯Ó‡˘ ¢È‡¯Á‡ ¯Â˜Ó¢ ‰ËËÈˆ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ˙ÂÎÂÒÂ ¨ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ˙‡ Û˜Â˙· Ï˘ÓÓ‰ÌÈ˘˜·Ó Â‡ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ˙ÎÏÓÓ· ˙ÂÚ„ È˜ÂÏÈÁÂ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ¢ ÏÚ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„Ï Ú‚Â· ÈÎ

Æ¢˙Ó‡ Ï˘ ıÓ˘ ÂÏÂ Ì‰· ÔÈ‡Â ÒÈÒ· ÈÏÂË ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ÏÎ˘ ¯ÓÂÏÂ ¯ÂÊÁÏ≥¥

„ÚÂ˘ ¨·¯Ú ˙ÂÈ„ÓÏ Ï‡¯˘È ÔÈ· ÌÂÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· È„„ˆ≠·¯‰ ˜ÏÁ‰ ˙ÁÈ˙Ù ÌÚ „·· „· Í¯ÚÈ‰Ï— ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰· —È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ Ë˜ ¨‰·˜ÒÂÓ· ˘„ÂÁ Â˙Â‡ Í˘Ó‰·

Ú ‰ÓÎ „‚ ÌÈÚˆÓ‡‹˙ÂÓÂ˜ÓÓ Â˜ÏÂÒ ÌÈ¯Á‡Â ¨Â¯ˆÚ ÌÈ„Á‡ ÆÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‡‡ÓÏÆÌ˙„Â·Ú≥µ„‚ ¨˙ÂËÏ˜ÂÓ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· Ì‡Â ÌÈ˘¯„‰ ÔÎÂ„Ó Ì‡ ¨ÈÂÏ‚· Â‡Ë·˙‰˘ Ì‰· ÂÈ‰

ÆÌÂÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰≥∂‰ˆÂ·˜· ÌÈ¯·Á ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Ó ‰ÓÎ ÂÓ˘Â ÛÙÂ¯ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ˙ÏÚ·‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ‰ÂÁˆ≠Ï‡ ®˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙Â¯¯ÂÚ˙‰‰© —ÁÂÓ

ÔÂ‚¯‡· Â˜ÒÚ Ì‰ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ÈÙÏ Æ‰È„Ó· ˙È˙„‰ ‰ÈÈÁ˙‰ ˙Ó‚Ó Ï˘ ¯˘˜‰· Â· Â˘Ó˙˘‰˘ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‡ ÂÈ‰˘ ‰‚Ù‰ ¨ÌÂÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈ‚Èˆ‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ „‚ ‰‚Ù‰

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù ≥∏

ÆÌ„‡ È· ÛÏ‡Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ‰· Û˙˙˘‰Ï≥∑˙ÂÁÈ˘Ï Â˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÁÂÈÓ· ‰ËÂ· ‰È‰ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ≠Ï‡ ÆÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ÔÂ·˘Á ÏÚ ÌÈ„Â‰È‰ ˙ÂÓˆÚ˙‰Ï ˜¯Â Í‡ ÂÏÈ·ÂÈ Ô‰˘ ÔÚË ‡Â‰ ÆÌÂÏ˘‰¨ÛÈÒÂ‰ ‡Â‰ ¨¢¯ÏËÈ‰¢ ÆÌÈÓÈ‰ ı˜ „Ú Ï·Ò ˜¯ ÌÈ„Â‰ÈÏ ÁÈË·‰ Ï‡‰˘ Â¯Ó‡· ÌÎÈÒ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ

‰ ˙ÚÂ˙ Ì‚ ÍÎÂ ¨ÂÊ ‰ÁË·‰Ó ˜ÏÁ ‰È‰¢„‡‰ß‚Æ˛ÔÈËÒÏÙ¸ ¯Â¯Á˘Ï ‰ÚÂ˙‰Â ≥∏

·¯Ú· ˙ÈÏ˜È„¯‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ ·¯˜· ¯˙ÂÈ· ˙Â¯ÂÓÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÁ˙Ù˙‰‰ ˙Á‡Î È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÏÚ ÊÈ¯Î‰Ï ‰‡È¯˜‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰¯Ù‡Î≥π Æ¯ÈÙÎ˙ÏÚ ‰Ê¯Î‰‰ Â‡ ¨

ÈÙÏÎ ˙ÂÙ‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰¯ÂÓÁ‰ ‰Ó˘‡‰‰ ‡È‰ ¨¯Á‡ Â‡ ‰Ê Ì„‡ Ïˆ‡ ‰ÂÓ‡ ¯„ÚÈ‰‰Ê¯Î‰ ‰˘Â¯ÈÙ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‡È‰ ÂÓÂÈ˜ ˙ÈÏÎ˙˘ ¯Ë˘Ó· ¯·Â„Ó˘Î È‡„ÂÂ· ¨ÈÓÏÒÂÓ

Ú· ÌÈËÏÂ·‰ ÔÓ ÌÈ·¯˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ Æ˙ÂÈ¯ÒÂÓ ˙Â˘ÏÂÁ ÏÚ ˜¯ ‡ÏÂ ¯˜ÈÚ· ‰¯ÈÙÎ ÏÚ‹‡‡ÓÏ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ ÌÚ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ‰ Ì˙Ò‰ ÔÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨ÂÊ ‰Ó˘‡‰ ÌÚ ÌÈÓÈÎÒÓ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰‚ÈÈ˙Ò‰Ï Ì‰Ï Ì¯‚ ÁÂÎ‰ ÊÎ¯ÓÏ ·Â¯˜ ÌÓÂ˜ÈÓ ÌÏÂ‡Â ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÈÙÏÎ ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰˘‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰· ÌÈ„˜˙ ¯ÒÁ ·ˆÓ ‰Ê ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨Â˙¯ÓÂÁ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÆÈÂÏ‚· Ì‰È˙Â˘ÂÁ˙ ˙‡ ÚÈ·‰ÏÓ

‡‰ „¯Ó ÔÓÊ· È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ „‚ ‰ÚÓ˘Â‰ ¯·Î ¯ÈÙÎ˙‰ ˙Ê¯Î‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰œÌÈ˘· Ô‡ÂßÁ±π≤∑—Ú≠Ï‡ ÔÓÈ‰Âß‚ ÚˆÈ·˘ ‰Ù˜˙‰‰ ˙Ú· ±π∑π≠· ·Â˘Â ¨±π≥∞‹ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈ¯˜Ó‰ È˘· ÆÈaÈ˙

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· Â‡ˆÈ‹Ì‰ÈÙ Â‡ÏÈÓ Ì‰ ÌÚÙ‰ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰˙‚‰Ï ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÆÌÈÓ

‰ÁÎÂ˙‰ ¯ÎÊÓ

Ï˘ Â¯Â·ÈÁ ˙‡ „ÂÚÒ ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ıÂÚÈÈÏÂ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ ‰‚¯‡ ±ππ≤ ıÈ˜·ÂÓÓ ‰˘˜È· ‰ÂÂÏ ·˙ÎÓ· ÆÂ˙Úˆ‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ¨Ê‡· Ô·Ï ‰˘È‚‰˘ Ë¯ÂÙÓ ˙ÂÂÏ˙ ¯ÎÊÓÔÂ˙ÈÚÏ ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ÔÎÂ˙ ÛÏ„Â‰ ˙‡Ê ÌÂ˜Ó· ÌÏÂ‡ Æ„‰Ù ÍÏÓÏ Â˘È‚‰ÏÂ ¯ÎÊÓ· ÔÈÈÚÏ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰

ÈÓÂÈ‰¯¯ÁÓ≠Ï‡ÆÒÈ¯Ù· ¯Â‡Ï ‡ˆÂÈ‰ ¥∞ ¢‰ÁÎÂ˙‰ ¯ÎÊÓ¢ ‰ÂÎ˘ ¨ÍÓÒÓ‰ Ó©‹≠Ï‡ ˙¯Îß„®‰ÁÈˆ¨¥±Ú ‰‡ÓÓ ¯˙ÂÈ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÓÈ˙Á ˙‡ ‡˘ ‹Æ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙Â‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡Ó ÌÈˆ¯ÓÂ ‡‡ÓÏ

‰ÏÏ‡„·ÚÂ ÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¨‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Â·˙Î ¯ÎÊÓÏ ‡Â·Ó‰ ˙‡ÆÈÏ‡Ïß‚≠Ï‡¥≤‰Á˙Ó ¨±ππ± Ï˘ ‰ÓÂˆÚ‰ ÔÂ˘ÏÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÙÈ¯Á ÔÂ˘Ï· ·˙Î˘ ¨ÍÓÒÓ·

ÂÈ‚ ÌÈÓÂÁ˙ ‰ÓÎÏ ÌÒÁÈÈ˙‰· Æ˙„‰ È˘‡ ·¯˜· ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ ÂÚˆÈ·˘ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰ ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È·¨Ô„¯È ÔÂ‚Î ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‡Ï ÌÈ¯Ë˘ÓÏ ÚÂÈÒ Â˙˘ ÏÚ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ ˙‡ ¯ÎÊÓ‰ È·˙ÂÎ

˙ ¯·„· ¯·Ú‰ ÔÓ ˙Â˘˘Á ÂÏÚ‰Â Â·˘ Ì‚ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ‰ Æ‰ÈÒÂ¯Â ‰È¯ÂÒ ¨ÌÈ¯ˆÓ ¨‰È¯Èß‚Ï‡œ·Âˆ˜‰·ÂÁ È‡·ˆ ˙Â¯È˘ ˙‚‰‰· ˙‡Ê ÌÂ˜Ó· ÂÎÓ˙Â ¨˙ÂÈÙÈˆ· „ÓÚ ‡Ï ¯˘‡ ‡·ˆ Ï˘ ¯˙ÈÏ˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÙÏÎ Ì‰Ï˘ ÊÂ·‰ È˘Á¯ ˙‡ ÂÚÈ·‰ Ì‚ ¯ÎÊÓ‰ È˘È‚Ó ÆÌÈ‡ÂÏÈÓ ˙Â„ÈÁÈ Ï˘ Ô˙Ó˜‰·ÂÌ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ˙‡ ÏÈ„‚‰Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÏÚ ÈÎ Â¯Ó‡ Ì‰ Æ‰ÈÒÂ·· ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ ˙Â‡ ÚÂÈÒ Ô˙ ‡Ï˘ ÏÚµ∞•≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈ Ï˘ Á˙ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ¯Â„È˘ ÂÒÙ˙ Ê‡ ¯·Î© ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË·Â ÂÈ„¯· ˙„‰ È¯Â„È˘ Ï˘ÌÚÈ·‰· Æ¢ÌÈÂÂÓ ÌÈÈ·¯ÚÓ ÌÈÈÁ ˙ÂÂ‚Ò¢ ÌÈ¯‡ÙÓ‰ ÌÈ¯Â„È˘ ¯ÂÒ‡ÏÂ ®ÌÈ¯Â„È˘‰ ÏÏÎÓ

ÚÏ ‰˙È˘ ˙ÂÈ„ÚÏ·‰ ·˜Ú ÌÓÚÊ ˙‡ ˙ÙÒÂ ÌÚÙ‹Â˘¯„ ¨˙„‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ Ï˘ Ì¯Â˘È‡ ˙Ï·˜· Í¯Âˆ‰ ‡ÏÏ ¨ËÏÁÂÓ ÈÂËÈ· ˘ÙÂÁ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰‹‡‡ÓÏ

‰ˆÚÂÓ ÁÂ˜ÈÙ· Ì‰Ï˘Ó ¯Â„È˘ ˙Â¯·ÁÂ ÌÈÂ˙ÈÚ ˙˘¯ ÌÈ˜‰Ï Â˘¯„ Ì‚ Ì‰ ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡≥π

Ú Ï˘ ‰ÂÈÏÚ ˙ˆÚÈÈÓ‹Æ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ Ï˘ ÌÈ‚ÂÁ Ì˙Â‡Ï Ì˙Ò‰ ÔÓ ÂÎÈÈ˙˘È ‰È¯·Á˘ ¨‡‡ÓÏ¥≥

Ï˘Â Ï˘ÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÏ‚¯ ˙‡ ˜ÂÁ„Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¯ÎÊÓ‰ È·˙ÂÎ ˙ÂÂÎ ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ÌÈÏÈÓ·Ú‰‹˙„Ï ·È˘‰ÏÂ ¨‰È„Ó· Ì‡ÏÒ‡ ÈÈÈÚ· ÌÈÈ„ÚÏ· ÌÈ˜ÒÂÙÎ Ì„È˜Ù˙Ó ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

˙ÂÓ¯ÂÙ¯‰ ˙‡ ÏˆÈÙ ÍÁ Ì¯Ë·Â „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ÈÙÏ ‰˙‰ ÂÓÓ˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÊÂ·Ó‰ ÈÙÂ‡‰ ˙‡ÚÈ„Â‰ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰˘ ˙Â˘„Á‰ ˙Â˜˙‰ ÈÎ ¯Â¯· ‰È‰ ÍÓÒÓ‰ È·˙ÂÎ ÂË˜˘ ÔÂ˘Ï‰Ó ÆÂÏ˘Æ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙‡ Â˜ÙÈÒ ‡Ï ®∑ ˜¯Ù Â‡¯© ±ππ≤ Ò¯Ó· Ô‰ÈÏÚ

ÆÏ˜ ‰È‰È ‡Ï ÌÈÂˆÈ˜· ˜·‡Ó‰ ∫ÍÏÓÏ ¯Â¯· ¯ÒÓ ÍÎ· ‰È‰Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ˙‡ ÒÈÈ‚Â ‰ÓÁÏÓ ·È˘‰ „‰Ù ÌÏÂ‡‹ÚˆÓ‡· Æ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ÏÚ ·È‚‰Ï ‡‡ÓÏ

‡È‰ Â·Â ¨‰È¯·Á ¯‡˘Â Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÈ˙Á· ˙Ú„ ÈÂÏÈ‚ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰ÓÒ¯Ù ±ππ≤ ¯·ÓËÙÒ·¯ÂÚÓ ‰È‰ ÂÓˆÚ Ê‡· Ô· Ô‰ÈÙÏÂ ÂÓÒ¯Ù˙‰˘ ¢‡ÂÂ˘‰ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰¢ ˙‡ ‰ÁÂ„Â ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰‚Ó˙ÂÈ„· ˙Á¯Ù‰· ¨˙Â¯˙Á‰ „Â„ÈÚ· ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ˘‡‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ Æ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ˙·È˙Î·‰˙˘Ú˘ ˙ÈÂˆÓ‰ ‰„Â·Ú‰ ÏÎÓ ˙ÂÓÏÚ˙‰·Â ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ· ÌÈÈÂ˜ÈÏ ¯·„· ÌÈÓÊ‚ÂÓ ÌÈ¯Â‡È˙Â˙ÂÏ·Â˜Ó‰ ˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂËÈ˘‰ ˙‡ „‚ ¨‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ È¯·Á Â·˙Î ÍÎ ¨¯ÎÊÓ‰ Æ‰È„Ó‰ È„È ÏÚ¢˙Â‚¯ÂÁ ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ ˙ÂÙ˜˘‰ ÈÏÚ· ÌÈÓ¯Â‚ ÌÚ ÌÈ¯˘˜¢ ÂÏ‰È ÂÈÓ˙ÂÁÂ ¨È˙„ ıÂÚÈÈ Ô˙ÓÏ

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Ì‰˘ ˙ÈÈˆÓ‰ ‰¯Ú‰ ‰˙ÂÂÏ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ È¯·ÁÓ ‰Ú·˘ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÓÈ˙ÁÏ ÈÎ ÔÈÈˆÏ ·Â˘Á‰ÒÂÎ˘ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙·È˘È· ÂÁÎ ‡Ï Ì‰ ‰˘ÚÓÏ ÈÎ ¯¯·˙‰ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ Æ˙ÂÈ‡ÂÙ¯ ˙Â·ÈÒÓ Â¯„Ú

Æ˙ÙÙÂ¯ ˙Â‡È¯· Ï˘ ‰Ï˙Ó‡· ¨¯ÎÊÓ· ÔÂ„Ï È„Î¥µÌÂ˘Ó ‰Ê „Úˆ ÂË˜ Ì‰˘ ¯·Ò „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ‰Ó ¨¯ÎÊÓ· ÂÎÓ˙ Ì‰ ‰˘ÚÓÏ˘ ÁÈ‰Ï „Â‡Ó ¯È·Ò Æ¯ÎÊÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙Â‚Ï ÌÈÎÂÓ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï˘

Ú‰ ·¯˜· ÂÏÈÙ‡ ˙Â¯ÂÓÁ ˙ÂÈÚ· ÂÈ‰ ÍÏÓÏ ÈÎ „ÈÚ‰˘‹¯·Ó·Â ˘„ÂÁ ÛÂÒ· ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÓ‡‰ ÌÙÂˆ¯Ù ˙‡ ÍÏÓ‰ Û˘ÁœÌÈÓÈ ‰ÓÎ ¯Â·ÚÎÂ ¨ÌÈ˘„Á ‰ˆÚÂÓ È¯·Á ‰¯˘Ú ‰ÈÓ ‡Â‰ ÆÈ˙

Ú‰ ˙Ú·˘ ˙‡ ˜ÏÈÒ‹ÂÏÎÂÈ˘ È„ÎÓ ÌÈÏÂÁ ÂÈ‰ Ì‰ Ì˙ÚËÏ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨¢ÌÈÏÂÁ¢‰ ‡‡ÓÏÆÌ„È˜Ù˙ ˙‡ ‡ÏÓÏÂ ÍÈ˘Ó‰Ï¥∂

˙È˘ÁÂÓ ˙Â„Ú ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰È„Ó· ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰ ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁÓ ‰Ú·˘ Ï˘ ¢ÌÈÏÂÁ‰ ˙˙È·˘¢ÌÈ„Á‡ Æ„ÒÓÓ‰ ˙Â¯Â˘ ÍÂ˙ Ï‡ Ì˙¯È„Á· Ì‰È˙ÂÂÈÚ¯Â ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÂÏÁ˘ ˙ÂÁÏˆ‰Ï

Ú‰Ó‹ÚÏ ÂÈ‰˘ ˙Â˘˘Á Ì˙Â‡Ï ÌÈÙ˙Â˘ ‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‹‡‡ÓÏÂÓÂÈ˜ ¯·„ ˙‡ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Â˘ÈÁÎ‰ ¯·Óˆ„ ˘„ÂÁ ÚˆÓ‡· ÌÏÂ‡ ¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ÔÈ·Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÔÈ· Â‰˘ÏÎ Ú¯˜ Ï˘‹Æ‡‡ÓÏ¥∑„ÈÚ‰ ‰˘ÁÎ‰· Í¯Âˆ‰ ÌˆÚ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ Æ‰ÈÚ·‰ ˙¯ÓÂÁ ÏÚ

˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ· ÛÊÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË· „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ÚÈÙÂ‰ ÂÊ ˙È¯˜˙ ¯Á‡ÏÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ ÆÈ·ÓÂÙ· ‰È„Ó‰ ˙ÂÈÚ· ˙‡Â Ì‰È˙ÂÂÏ˙ ˙‡ ÂÁË˘˘ ÏÚ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰·¯ÚÏ Â‡ ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ„ÓÏ ‰·ÂË ‰¯Â˘· ÂÈ‡ ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ‰‡Â‚‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰˙Â‚Â‰‰ Ú„ÈÓ ˙¯·Ú‰Ï ˙ÂËÈ˘ ÂˆÓÈ‡ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ÌÂ„È˜Ï ¨ÍÏÓ‰ È¯·„Ï ¨‰Ó¯˙ ‡Ï ¨ÌÈÊÂ¯ÎÂ ˙ÂËÏ˜ ˙ˆÙ‰ ÔÂ‚Î ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó·˙¯˘Ï ‡È‰ ‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘ ˙È„ÚÏ·‰ ‰˙¯ËÓ ÈÎ ¯·Ò „‰Ù Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ï˘ ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡‰ÌÈ„‚˙Ó‰ ÌÈÚÂË ÍÎ ÌÂ˘ÓÂ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ‰¯Â˜ ÔÎ‡˘ ÈÙÎ ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙‡ ‰Ó‡˙¯Â˜È·Ï ·È˘˜‰Ï „ÈÓ˙ ÌÈÎÂÓ ÂÈ‰ ¨„‰Ù ÛÈÒÂ‰ ¨ÌÈ‚È‰Ó‰ Æ˙„‰ Ì˘· ˙ÈÓ˘¯‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„ÓÏ˙ÂËÏ˜· ¨ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈÓÂ¯ÂÙ· Â‡ ÌÈÂ„ÚÂÓ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ‰Ù ÏÚ· Â‡ ·˙Î· ˙ÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï

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ÂÓÚ ‡È·‰ ¢¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙·ÂËÏ ÌÈ¯Â˘˜ ÌÈ‡˘ ÌÈÈÈÚÏ Â‡ ˙ÂÈ¯ÓÂÁ ˙Â¯ËÓÏ¢ ÌÈÊÂ¯Î·ÂÆ˜Ê ˜¯

‰Ó ˘È Â‰˘ÈÓÏ Ì‡ Ï·‡ ÆÏ‡‰ Ì˘· ıÂÚÈÈ Ô˙ÓÏ ÂÏ·‚ÂÈ ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó‰ ÈÎ ‰ÂÂ˜Ó È‡¯Â˙· ÆÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ·Â ¯ÂÊ‡ ÏÎ· ¨ÌÓÚ ¯·„ÏÂ ÌÈÂÓÓÏ ˙ÂÙÏ ÏÂÎÈ „ÈÓ˙ ‡Â‰ ¨¯ÓÂÏ¯˘‡Â ÆÈ·ÓÂÙ· ‰Ï‡Î ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï ‡Â‰ ÈÂˆ¯ ÂÈ‡˘ ‰Ó ÆıÂÁÂ ÈÂˆ¯ ¯·„‰ ¨‰ˆÚ

È·ÓÂÙ· ÌÈ¯·„ ˙ÚÓ˘‰Ï—¯È‰·‰Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ È‡ ¨ÂÊ ‰ÚÙÂ˙Ó ÔÈÚ ÂÓÏÚ‰ ¯·Ú·˘ Û‡ ‰Â˘‡¯·Â ˘‡¯· ˜ÈÊÓ ¯˘‡ ¯·„ ÏÎÓ ÔÈÚ ˙ÓÏÚ‰ ‰È‰˙ ‡Ï ÈÎ ÈÚÓ˘Ó≠„Á ÔÙÂ‡·

ÆÌÈÈ˜‰ ·ˆÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰˘Ó‰ ¯·„ ÏÎÓÂ ¨ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ Ò¯ËÈ‡Ï ÔÎÂ ‰ÂÓ‡‰ È¯˜ÈÚÏ¥∏

Ú Ï˘ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜‹˘‡Â ÔÂˆ¯ ÍÂ˙Ó ÌÈ˘‚ÙÓ Ï‰Ï ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‡‡ÓÏ˜¯Â Í‡ Â‡ÏÈÓ Ì˙ËÈ˘Ï˘ ¨Ì‰È¯·Á ¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ˙ÂÁÓÏ ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ Í¯„‰ ˙‡ ‡ÂˆÓÏ¨¯ÈÎ· ÌÏ‡Ú ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ Â¯ˆÚ ±ππ≤ ¯·Óˆ„· Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ Ì‰ÈÏÚ ˙ÏËÂÓ‰ ‰·ÂÁ‰ ˙‡

Ú‰ Æ·¯ ÁÂÎ ˙ÏÚÙ‰ ÍÂ˙ ¨ÌÈˆKÓ Ô‡Èa„≠Ï‡ ÌÈ‰¯·‡ ßÁÈ˘‹Â˙È·· ‰·È˘ÈÏ ÂÒÎ˙‰ ‡‡ÓÏ˙Â‡¯Ï Âˆ¯˘ ÈÓ ÌÈÙ˙˙˘Ó‰ ·¯˜· ÂÈ‰˘ Û‡ Æ‰È‚ÂÒ· ÔÂ„Ï È„Î ÁÈÙÈÏˆ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁ ßÁÈ˘ Ï˘Â· ˘Ó˙˘‰Ï ‰˙ˆ¯˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰Ë˜ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨„„Â· ‰¯˜Ó Ô‡È·„ ßÁÈ˘ Ï˘ Â¯ˆÚÓ·

Ú‰ Ï˘ ÌÏ‚„ ˙‡ ÛÈÈ ¯˘‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ˙Ó˜‰Ï ‰Ï˙Ó‡·Î‹ÏÚ ˙¯Â˜È· ÁÂ˙ÓÏ Âˆ¯˘ ‡‡ÓÏÆ˙ÂÏ·‚‰ ÏÎ ‡ÏÏ ¯Ë˘Ó‰¥πÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰ ˙‡ „ÒÈÈÏ ÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ‰„È˙Ú ‰˘ ¯Â·ÚÎ

˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰(CDLR)Æµ∞

ÔÈ· ÍÏÂ‰Â Ï„‚‰ Û˙Â˘Ó‰ ‰ÎÓ‰ ÏÚ ÂÚÈ·ˆ‰ ±ππ≥≠· ÂÚ¯È‡˘ ˙ÂÙÒÂ ˙ÂÈ¯˜˙ È˙˘È˜‡¯ÈÚ≠Â¯Ù‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ÌÒ¯Ù ¨‰˘ ‰˙Â‡· Ò¯Ó· ¨‰Â˘‡¯‰ ˙È¯˜˙· Æ„ÒÓÓÏ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰

¨ÒÈ¯Ù· ¯Â‡Ï ‡ˆÂÈ‰¨¯¯ÁÓ≠Ï‡ßÁÈ˘‰ ¨„ÒÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁÓ „Á‡ Ï˘ ÂÓÚËÓ ‡Â˙Ù ˙‡ ‰Ù˜˙ ‡Â˙Ù‰ ÆÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·ÚËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯‡˘≠Ï‡‡ˆÂÈ‰ ·Â˘Á È„ÂÚÒ ÔÂÓÂÈ ¨

¯˙ÂÈ Û‡ ·Â˘Á˘ ‰ÓÂ ¨‰È„ÓÏ ıÂÁÓ Ì‚ ¯Â‡Ï—ÍÈÒ‰ ¨„‡È¯ Ï˘ÂÓ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÏÚ·· ‡ˆÓ ÆÂÈ·Â ¨ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ÓÏÒµ±ÏÚ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· ‰ÙÈ¯Á ˙¯Â˜È· ÁÈË‰ ÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡

˙ÂÈ˜Á˘Â ÌÈ˜Á˘ ÏÚ ˙ÂÓÏÂˆÓ ˙Â·˙Î „ˆ· ¨ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÊ·Ó‰ ˙ÂÚÈ„È ÌÒ¯Ù˘‡Â˙Ù‰ ‰˙ÎÊ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÆÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ˙‡ ıÈÙ‰Ï Â‡ ˙Â˜Ï ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ ÏÚ ¯Ò‡Â ¨ÌÈ¯ÙÂÎ

Æ„ÂÚÒ ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ‰·Á¯ ‰ˆÂÙ˙Ïµ≤

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‰ ˙‡ ÍÂ¯ÚÏ ÚÈˆ‰ ‡Â‰Ú‹‰¯ÓÓ ¯ÈÚ· ‡È·‰ Ï˘ Â„‚ÒÓ· ¯˜·Ï Â‡ ‰ÎÓ· ÃÆ‰È„µ≥ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡¥±

˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó ÍÎÈÙÏÂ ¨ÌÈÏ ¯·ÚÓ ÌÈ„ÂÓÈÏÏ Ì‰È„ÏÈ ˙‡ ÁÂÏ˘Ï Â‚‰ ÔÂÈÏÚ‰ „ÓÚÓ‰ È· ÌÈ·¯¢ÌÈ·ÂË¢ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ ∫‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Â ‰ËÈÏ‡‰ ÈÈÚÓ ‰ÓÏÚ ‡Ï Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ Â˙¯‰Ê‡

ÆıÈ˜‰ ˙ÂÚ· Ï¢ÂÁÏ Ì‰È„ÏÈ ˙‡ ÌÈÁÏÂ˘ ÌÈ‡

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ±Joseph Kostiner, “Saudi Arabia”, in Ami Ayalon (ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey

(MECS), 1991 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1993), pp. 613–640.

Æ≤ ∫Â‡¯ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÈÈÁ˙‰ ˙ÚÙÂ‰· Â„È˜Ù˙Â ¢ÌÈ¯·˘Ó‰ Ï‚ÚÓ¢ ÔÂÈÚ¯ ÏÚR. Hrair Dekmejian,

“Islamic Revival: Catalysts, Categories, and Consequences”, in Shireen Hunter (ed.), The Politics

of Islamic Revival (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988), pp. 3–19.

Æ≥ ¨È¯˜≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ô· „‡‡Ú ‰Ó‚Â„Ï Â‡¯ÈÏÈaÒ ‡ß„‰ ÏR≠Ï‡ ¯‡„ ∫„‡È¯© ˛ÈÏ˘ ·È˙‰ Â‰Ê ¨¯ÂÓ‡¸ ÌÈ‚Èˆ Ï˘ ÌÈÒ¯ËÂ˜ Æ˙ÂÈ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙Â„Â·Ú‰Â ‰„Â·Ú‰ „¯˘Ó È„È ÏÚ ıÙÂÓ‰ ®ÍÈ¯‡˙ ‡ÏÏ ¨¯˘≠ÏÏ ÔËÂ

Ú≠Ï‡ ¯ˆ‡Â ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ „‰Ù Ô· Ô‡ÓÏÒ ÔÂ‚Î ¨ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ·¯˜Ó ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈËÏÂ·‹Í¯„· ÂˆÙÂ‰ ¨¯ÓÆ‰ÓÂ„

Æ¥ ∫Â‡¯Movement for Islamic Reform in Arabia (MIRA), History of Dissent: The Story of Islamic

Dissent in Arabia, chapter 1, “Al Saud, Islam, and the Reform Movement”,


ÆµNawaf Obaid, “Improving U.S. Intelligence Analysis on the Saudi Decision-Making Process”,

John F. Kennedy School of Government, May 1, 1998Ú Ï˘ Â¯Ó‡Ó ª‹ „È·(Obaid)· Ì‚ ÔÂ„ ≠Ï‡È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠·Â ¨±ππ∏ ÈÏÂÈ· ±µ ¨The Independent, September 2, 1998Æ

Æ∂ ≠· ÚÈÙÂÓ ±ππ∞ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±≥≠· „‡È¯ ÂÈ„¯· ÁÂe„˘ ÈÙÎ ‡Â˙Ù‰ Ï˘ Ì‚¯Â˙Ó‰ ÁÒÂ‰“Ulema Council

Supports Actions of King Fahd”, FBIS-DR-90-157, August 14, 1990, p. 26È¯Â˜Ó‰ ÁÒÂ‰ ª· ÚÈÙÂÓ ˙È·¯Ú·Ú‹ßË‡kÆ±ππ∞ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±¥ ¨

Æ∑Jacob Goldberg, “Saudi Arabia”, in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 1990 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview,

1992), pp. 606–607; Riyadh TV, September 19, reported in “Scholar Justifies Non-Muslim Aid

in Crisis”, FBIS-DR-90-183, p. 18.

Æ∏ ∫Â‡¯MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 3, “The Gulf Crisis and the Islamic Revival”, ∫˙·Â˙Î·http://www.miraserve.com/chap3.html

Æπ ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ˆ˜ ∫‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯‰ ÈÎ˙¸ Æ±ππµ ¨ÔÂË‚È˘ÂÂ Æ˛‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Ì¯ÂÙÈÒ ∫˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú·

Æ±∞ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª±∂≠±∑ ßÓÚ ¨‰Ïß‚Ó≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· π≠±µ ¨Æ±± ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ¯ÙÒÂÃß‚ÈÏßÁ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ‰Èk¯Ó‡≠Ï‡ Û‡„‰‡≠Ï‡ ∫¯ß‚ÈÒÈ˜ „Ú∫Ò‡Ï‡„©

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ Æ±µ∏ ßÓÚ ¨®ÍÈ¯‡˙ ‡ÏÏ ¨ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ·‡˙Î≠Ï‡ ˙‡Ò‡‡Ó‹‰Ê‰ ¯ÙÒ‰Ó ÂËËÈˆ ‡‡ÓÏÁÂ˙ÈÏÂ ÙÒ‰ ÔÎÂ˙ Ï˘ Ë¯ÂÙÓ Â‡È˙Ï ÆÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â¯ˆÚÓ ‡ È˙‰Ï ±ππ¥ ·ÓËÙÒÓ Ì˙ËÏÁ‰·

∫Â‡¯ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙Ù˜˘‰Mamoun Fandy, “Safar Al-Hawali: Saudi Islamist or Saudi

Nationalist?” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations 9 (March 1998), pp. 5–21.

Æ±≤ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª±∑≠±∏ ßÓÚ ¨“Salman bin Fahd Al-Auda:

Short Biography” ˙ˆÙ‰· ¨MSANEWSÆ¯·ÁÓ‰ ˙ÂÏÚ··Â Æ±≥ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡Æ±∏ ßÓÚ ¨Æ±¥Peter Wilson and Douglas Graham, Saudi Arabia: The Coming Storm (Armonk, N.Y.: M.E.

Sharpe, 1994), pp. 61–62 ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ ª‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª±±≠±¥ ßÓÚ MIRA,

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù ¥≤

History of Dissent, chapter 3; Goldberg, “Saudi Arabia”, p. 617.

Æ±µ ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª±≥≠±¥ ßÓÚ MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter�3ÆÆ±∂ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡Æ≤∞ ßÚ ¨Æ±∑ ∫Â‡¯ ˙Â‚‰‰ ˙˙È·˘ ÏÚGoldberg, “Saudi Arabia”, pp. 621–623ÆÆ±∏ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª≤∞≠≤± ßÓÚ ¨Goldberg, “Saudi Arabia”,

pp.�621–623.

Æ±πGoldberg, “Saudi Arabia”, pp. 619–620˙Â·˜Ú· ¨˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÓ¯ÂÙ¯ „‰Ù ÁÈË·‰ ¯Â˘Ú ÈÙÏ ¯·Î ÆÆÈÚÈ˘‰ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ· ‰ÒÈÒ˙

Æ≤∞ ∫Â‡¯Aziz Abu Hamad, “Empty Reforms: Saudi Arabia’s New Basic Laws”, Middle East Watch

(a publication of Human Rights Watch), May 1992; Mordechai Abir, Saudi Arabia: Government,

Society, and the Gulf Crises (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 186–189.

Æ≤± ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª±∞∏≠±∞π ßÓÚ ¨·Ú˘≠Ï‡ËÒ˜Ë© ±ππ± È‡Ó· ≤± Æ®˙È·¯Ú· ‡ÏÓ

Æ≤≤ ˙¯˙ÂÎ· ¨‰ÚÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ‰¯ÈÙÎ‰ ÏÚ ÊÂ¯Î ·˙Î ¯ÓÚ≠Ï‡¢„ÈÁÂ˙≠Ï‡ „‡Ï· ÈÙ ‰ßˆÙ‡¯≠Ï‡ Ï‡ÂÁ‡¢ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ ÌÚ ¯ˆÚÓÓ ¯¯ÁÂ˘ ‡Â‰ Æ˛ÌÊÈ‡˙ÂÂÓ‰ ı¯‡· ®ÌÈÚÈ˘‰© ÌÈ„‚˙Ó‰ Ï˘ Ì„ÓÚÓ¸

ÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ßÁÈ˘ Æ±πππ ÈÂÈ·—‰ Ï˘ ˙ÈÏÏÎ‰ ˙Â‡È˘‰ ¯·Á ‡‡˙Ù‡ ¨‰ÂÚ„Â „‡˘¯‡¨ ÆÌÈ¯ÙÂÎ Ì˙ÂÈ‰ Ï˘· ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ‡ ‚Â¯‰Ï È ÈÎ ·˙Î ‰·˘ ‡Â˙Ù· Ú„ÂR. Hrair Dekmejian˙‡ Á˙È

¯ÎÊÓ ÏÚÂ ˙ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ ÏÚ ÂÓ˙Á˘ ÈÓ ÏÚ ÂÒÒ·˙‰· ¨ÂÊ ˙ÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ËÈÏ‡ Ï˘ È˙¯·Á‰ ‰·Î¯‰¯ÂÊ‡Ó Ì¯Â˜Ó· ÂÈ‰ ‰È¯·Á ·Â¯ Æ˙ÈÒÁÈ „ÈÁ‡ ‰È‰ ‰ËÈÏ‡‰ ·Î¯‰ Æ®ÔÏ‰Ï Â‡¯© ±ππ≤ ¯·ÓËÙÒÓ ‰ÁÎÂ˙‰„ÒÓÓ· ‰ÈÓ„˜‡· Â¯˘Ó· Â˜ÈÊÁ‰Â ®‰ÁÎÂ˙‰ ÎÊÓ ÈÓ˙ÂÁÓ ∑≤•≠Â ÂÚÈ·˙‰ ·˙ÎÓ ÈÓ˙ÂÁÓ ∂≥•© „ß‚

Æ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ÂÚÈÓ˘‰˘ ˙¯Â˜È·· ÂÚ„Â ¯·Î Ì‰Ó ¯ÒÈ¯˙Î ÆÌ‰È˘· Â‡ È˙„‰R. Hrair Dekmejian,

“The Rise of Political Islam in Saudi Arabia”, Middle East Journal 48 (autumn 1994),

pp.�635–638.

Æ≤≥ ∫Â‡¯Abu Hamad È¯ˆÓ‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· ¨¯˙ÂÈ· ‰ˆÂÙ‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰˘ ‡È‰ ˙Â‡„ÂÂ‰≠È‡Ï ‰·ÈÒ‰ Æ·Ú˘≠Ï‡≤±≠· Ô·˘ ‰¯Ú‰ ˜¯ ‡Ï‡ ¨Ì‰È˙ÂÓÈ˙Á ˙‡ ˙ÏÏÂÎ ‰È‡ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ È„È ÏÚ ˘„ÁÓ ‰ÒÙ„Â‰˘Â ¨±ππ± È‡Ó·

Ú≠Ï‡˘Â ÌÈÙÈÚÒ‰ „Á‡Ï ¢˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ÒÈÒ· ÏÚ¢ ÌÈÏÈÓ‰ ‡ ÛÈÒÂ‰ Ê‡·‹ÂÂ˜È˙· ÍÓÂ˙ ÔÈÓÈß˙ÏÚ ÂÓ˙Á ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ È˘ ÈÎ ÔÚÂË ÂÈ‡ ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ ÆÍÏÓÏ ˘‚Â‰˘ ˜˙ÂÚ· ÏÏÎ ÔÂ˜È˙‰˘Â ¨Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘

Ï ‰˙ÎÊ ‡È‰˘ ‡Ï‡ ¨‰ÓÂˆÚ‰‰ÈÎÊ˙ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ®¯Â˘È‡© ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ‡ Æ∂∞ ßÓÚ ¨œ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Ì˙ÓÈ˙Á Æ„¯Ù ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ·˙ÎÓ ÁÂÏ˘Ï Ì‰ÈÏÚ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨·˙ÎÓ‰ ÏÚ ÂÓ˙Á ÂÏÈ

ÆÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ „ÒÓÓ‰ ÍÂ˙ Ï‡ ÌÈÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯‰ Ï˘ Ì˙¯È„Á ˙„ÈÓÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ˆ¯Á ˙Â„Ú ˙˘Ó˘ÓÆ≤¥ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ Æ±ππ± ÏÈ¯Ù‡ È‰Ï˘· Â·˙Î „‰ÙÏ ÌÈ·˙ÎÓ‰‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡¨

ª±∞±≠±±µ ßÓÚ‰È·¯ÚÏ‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡Æ±≤≠±≥ ßÓÚ ¨±ππ± ¯·ÓËÙÒ ¨Æ≤µÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ± ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ± Äbir, Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf

Crises, p. 192.

Æ≤∂ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª±±∑≠±≤∂ ßÓÚ ¨È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ± ¨Â ª±ππ±‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡Æ®˙Â¯‰·‰‰ ·˙ÎÓ Ï˘ ÂÎÂ˙ ÚÈÙÂÓ Ì˘© ±ππ± ¯·ÓËÙÒ ¨

Æ≤∑Kostiner, “Saudi Arabia”, p. 628; Abir, Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf Crises,

p. 192; Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Saudi Arabia, no. 2 (1991).

Æ≤∏International Herald Tribune, March 10, 1992ÆÆ≤π ∫Â‡¯MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 8, “‘Supergun’ in Riyadh”,∫˙·Â˙Î· ¨

http://www.miraserve.com/chap8.html Ì‚ Â‡¯ ªInternational Herald Tribune, March 10, 1992ÆÆ≥∞Abir, Saudi Arabia: Government, Society and the Gulf Crises, pp. 194-198ÆÆ≥± ∫Â‡¯MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 9, “The Memorandum of Advice”∫˙·Â˙Î· ¨

http://www.miraserve.com/chap9.htmlÆ

ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫‰ËÈÏ˘ Ô„·‡¥≥

Æ≥≤ Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ≠· ¨¯‡ÂÈ· ≤∏ ¨Foreign Broadcast Information Service Near East and

South Asia Daily Report (FBIS-NES), January 31, 1992.

Æ≥≥ Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ≠· ¨¯‡ÂÈ· ≥∞ ¨“Public Security Director on ‘Sick-Minded People’”,

FBIS-NES-92-023, February 4, 1992, p. 25.

Æ≥¥Saudi Press Agency (SPA), February 8, in “‘Source’ Says Reports ‘Baseless’”, FBIS-NES-92-027,

February 10, 1992, p. 25. See also SPA, February 3, in “‘Official Source’ Denies Arrest, Dissent”,


Æ≥µ Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ≠· ¨±ππ≤ ¯‡ÂÈ· ±±≠±≤ ¨“Authorities Round UpDissident Imams,

Preachers”, FBIS-NES-92-011, January 16, 1992, p. 24ªÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ≠· ±ππ≤ ‡ÂÈ· ≤∏ “Judge Dismissed for Opposing U.S. Presence”, FBIS-NES-92-032, February 4, 1992, p. 24ª

·Ú˘≠Ï‡ ≠· ¨ππ≤± ¯‡Â¯·Ù· ¥ ¨®¯È‰˜© “Authorities Arrest 250 Preachers, Launch Manhunt”,


Æ≥∂ Ò¯Ù Ò‡¯Ù Òß‚‡(AFP)Æ±ππ≤ ¯‡ÂÈ· ≤π ¨Æ≥∑Youssef Ibrahim, “Saudi King Takes On Islamic Militants”, New York Times, January 30, 1992,

p. A3; Christian Science Monitor, March 16, 1992.

Æ≥∏ı¯‡‰Æ®ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±ππ≤ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ≤± ¨Æ≥π Â‡¯¯ÈÙÒ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≤ Ò¯Ó· ≥ ¨Æ¥∞ ∫Â‡¯MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 10, “Reactions to the Memorandum”,˙·Â˙Î· ¨

http://www.miraserve.com/chap10.html

Æ¥±‰È„Ó‰ ÈÓÈ· „ÂÚ ‰ÏÁ‰ ¯˘‡ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙„·ÂÎÓ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ÂÈ‰ ‰Ï‡ ÔÂ‚Î ıÂÚÈÈ Â‡ ‰ÁÎÂ˙ ÈÈÂËÈ·ÈÏ·Á‰ ÔËÙ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ Â˙¯Â˙ ÏÚ ˙ÒÒÂ·Ó ‰˙ÈÈ‰Â ¨‰¯˘Ú≠‰ÂÓ˘‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ÚˆÓ‡· ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰

ÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰ Â¯Â·ÈÁ˘ ¨‰ÈÓÈ˙ Ô·‡‰ÈÚ¯˘≠Ï‡ ‰Ò‡ÈÒ≠Ï‡˙È‚˘ÂÓ ˙¯‚ÒÓ ˘ÓÈ˘ ˛˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰È„Ó‰¸ ÚÈˆ‰Ï ˙ÂÎÊ‰ ˙˙È ÍÎÏ ÌÈÎÓÒÂÓ‰ ÌÈ˘‡Ï˘ ·˙Î ‰ÈÓÈ˙ Ô·‡ Æ·‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· „ÓÁÓÏ‰ÁÈˆ

Æ®‰ÁÎÂ˙ ‰ˆÚ©M.J. Crawford, “Civil War, Foreign Intervention, and the Question of Legitimacy:

A Nineteenth Century Sa‘udi Qadi’s Dilemma”, International Journal of Middle Eastern Studies

14 (1982), pp. 227–248.

Æ¥≤ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª∂¥ ßÓÚ ¨¯¯ÁÓ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≤ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±¥ ¨Æ¥≥ Ï˘ÓÏ Â‡¯ Æ˙Â¯Âˆ ‰ÓÎ· ÌÒ¯ÂÙ ¯ÎÊÓ‰ÈÚÂ≠Ï‡∫· ÚÈÙÂÓ ˙ÈÏ‚‡· ÂÎÂ˙ ¯Èˆ˜˙ Æ±ππ≥ ¯‡ÂÈ ¨

MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 10 ∫Ì‚ Â‡¯ ÆYoussef M. Ibrahim, “Saudi Clergymen Seek

Tighter Islamic Rule”, New York Times, October 8, 1992, p. A6; Washington Post, December�18,

1992.

Æ¥¥ Â‡¯‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡· ‡ˆÓ ˙Ú„‰ ÈÂÏÈ‚ Ï˘ ‡ÏÓ‰ ÂÎÂ˙ Æ±ππ± ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±∏ ¨ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ Ì‚ Â‡¯ ª±≤∏≠±≤π ßÓÚ ¨¯¯ÁÓ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≤ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±¥ ¨

Æ¥µSunday Times, December 13, 1992ÆÆ¥∂ ≠· ¨±ππ≤ ¯·Ó·Â· ≥∞ ¨„‡È¯ Ï˘ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰“King Fahd Appoints 10 to Senior Ulema Body”,

FBIS-NES-92-231, December 1, 1992, p. 20.

Æ¥∑ßË‡ÎÚÆ±ππ≤ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±π ¨Æ¥∏ ≠· ¨±ππ≤ ¯·Óˆ„· ≤∞ ¨„‡È¯ Ï˘ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË‰“King Fahd Addresses Citizens on Islam, Future”,

FBIS-NES-92-245, December 21, 1992, p. 26ªËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ Æ±ππ≤ ¯·Óˆ„· ≤≤ ¨Æ¥π ∫Â‡¯MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 11, “The Committee for the Defence of Legitimate

Rights”, ˙·Â˙Î· http://www.miraserve.com/chap11.htmlÆÆµ∞ Â‡¯AFP≠‰ Ï˘ Â˙Ó˜‰Ï Ô‡È·„ Ï˘ Â¯ˆÚÓ ÔÈ·˘ ¯˘˜‰ ÏÚ ‰ÁÂÂÈ„· ¨CDLR≠· ±ππ≥ È‡Ó· π≠·

“Human Rights Group to Fight ‘Oppression, Injustice’”, FBIS-NES-93-083, May 11, 1993,

p.�24.

È˘ÈÏ˘ ˜¯Ù ¥¥

Æµ±‡¯˜Â ÌÈ„‚Â· ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÏÚ ÊÈ¯Î‰ ‰·˘ ¨±ππ±≠Ó ÂÏ˘ ‡Â˙Ù‰ ˙ÂÎÊ· ·ËÈ‰ ¯ÎÂÓ ‰È‰ ÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡ Ô· Â‡¯ ÆÌ˙Â‡ ‚Â¯‰Ï‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡Æ±ππ± ¯·Óˆ„ ¨

Æµ≤ Â‡¯¨¯¯ÁÓ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≥ Ò¯Ó· ≤π Æµ≥ Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡‰ Æ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ±¥ ¨Ú‹‰¯Ó˙ÂÚÏ ıÂÁÓ ÍÂ¯ÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ ÈÓÏÒÂÓ˘ ‰·ÚÎ· ˙Â˘¯ ¯Â˜È· ‡Â‰

Æß‚Á‰

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLR¥µ

¨¯˙ÂÈ· ·Á¯‰ ÌÂÒ¯ÙÏ ‰ÎÊ Ì‚ ¯˘‡ ¨˙ÈÂÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÊÚÂ‰ ÈÂÏÈ‚‰Â˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ ÈÓ˘¯ ÂÚÈ„Â‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‰˘È˘ ˘‡Î ±ππ≥ È‡Ó· ≥≠· Ú¯È‡

˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰ Ï˘— CDLRÆ±

≠· „‰Ù ÍÏÓÏ ˘‚Â‰˘ ¢‰ÁÎÂ˙‰ ¯ÎÊÓ¢ ÈÓ˙ÂÁ ÌÚ Ì‚ ÂÓ ÌÈ„ÒÈÈÓ‰ ˙˘˘Ó ‰Ú·¯‡≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÓˆÚ˙‰Â ‰ÓÂÈ˜ Í˘Ó‰Ï ÔÓÈÒ „ÂÚ ¨±ππ≤

˙≠Ï‡ „ÂÓÁ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯¢„ ßÁÈ˘ ÂÈ‰ ‰Ú·¯‡‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‹‚ÈÂœ ¨È¯ßÈßˆ‡˜Ì‡Ó‡ Ì˘ ÏÚ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ‰ÂÒÏ ‰˜ÏÁÓ‰ ˘‡¯ ·˘ÂÈÂ ¯·Ú˘Ï ®ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ÔÈÈ„©Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ßÁÈ˘ ªÔÈ„ Í¯ÂÚ ¨È„Â˘¯≠Ï‡ ÌÈ‰‡¯·‡ Ô· Ô‡ÓÈÏÒ ª„‡È¯· „ÂÚÒ Ô· „ÓÁÓÏ˘ Â·¯Â˜ÓÂ ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙ÂÂÏ˙Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˘‡¯ ·˘ÂÈ ¯·Ú˘Ï ¨ÔÈ„ Í¯ÂÚ ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÈÏÒ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯¢„ ßÁÈ˘Â ªÊ‡· Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ßÁÈ˘ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ· ·Â˘Á‰ ˙„‰ ˘È‡

Æ¯ÈÎ· È„ÒÓÓ ˙„ ˘È‡ ¨ÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡ Ô· Ô‡ÓÁ¯‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯¢„Â ¨ÍÂÈÁ‰ „¯˘Ó· ¯ÈÎ· ÈÓ˘¯ „È˜Ù ¨ÁÈÙÈÏˆ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯Á‡‰ È˘„ÓÁÓ Ì‡Ó‡ Ì˘ ÏÚ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ˙„ È„ÂÓÈÏÏ ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯ÙÂ ¯¯Â˘Ó ¨„Ó‡Á≠Ï‡ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ‰˜ÈÊÈÙÏ ‰ˆ¯Ó ¨„ÓÁÓ ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ï˘ Â· Æ„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡

≠Ï ·¯Â˜Ó ‰È‰Â ¢‰ÁÎÂ˙‰ ¯ÎÊÓ¢ ÏÚ ‡Â‰ Ì‚ Ì˙Á ¨„ÂÚÒCDLRÍÓÒÓ ÏÚ Ì˙Á ‡Ï Í‡ ¨Æ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÎÓ‰ ‰¯‰ˆ‰‰≤˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÈÚˆÓ‡ È¯Á‡ ÈÂÏ‚· Â¯ÊÈÁ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÏÈÚÙ

·¢‰¯‡ ˙Â¯È¯‚˘· ÌÈÈÓ˘¯ ÌÈ„È˜Ù ÌÚ Â˘‚ÙÂ ¨ÌÈÒ˜Ù ¯Â‚È˘ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈÈ·¯ÚÓ‰Æ„‡È¯·≥

®ÈÒ≠È·≠È·‰© ˙ÈËÈ¯·‰ ¯Â„È˘‰ ˙Â˘¯Ï È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ÔÈÈ‡¯˙‰ È‡Ó· ∂≠·Æ˙ÙËÂ˘ ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ¯·Â„‰ „ÓÁÓ Â·· Â¯ÊÚÈ‰· ¨„‡È¯Ó ÈÁ ¯Â„È˘·¥È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ÔÈÈˆ ÔÂÈ‡È¯·

ÔÓÈ˙· ÂÎ¯Ú˘ ˙ÂÈ˙‚ÏÙÓ≠·¯‰ ˙Â¯ÈÁ·Ï Â˜ÏÁ· ¯Â˘˜ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ˙ÚÙÂ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ÈÎ¨ÌÈÏÈÎ˘Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ˘È ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰¯·Á·˘ ÚÎÂ˘Ó È‡¢ ∫¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ Æ‰˘ ‰˙Â‡· ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤∑≠·‰Â·‚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘ ‰· ˘È˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙Â¯ÈÁ· ˙ÎÈ¯ÚÏ ˛˙ÈÓÈ˙‰ ‰¯·Á‰Ó¸ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÓÈ‡˙Ó ‡È‰˘Ô‡Î ÏÂÁÏ ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ú Ô‰˘Â ¨˙Â¯ÈÁ· ˙ÎÈ¯ÚÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ‡˙Ó‰ ¨ÈÂÈ·‰ „ÓÚÓ‰ È· Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈÂÈÈÚ ¯˜ÈÚ ÈÎ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ˘È‚„‰ ÈÒ≠È·≠È·‰ ·˙Î Ï˘ Â„Â„ÈÚ· Æ¢ÍÎÓ ¯˙ÂÈ Û‡Â ‰ÁÏˆ‰

≠‰ Ï˘CDLR˘¯ÈÙ ·˙Î‰˘ ÌÈ¯·„ ¨ÌÈÈ˜˙ ËÙ˘Ó ÈÏ‰ÂÂ Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ „Â·ÈÎ ‡Â‰ ≠Ï‡ Æ¢˙ÈÁ¯Ê‡ ‰¯·ÁÎ ·¯ÚÓ· ÂÏ ¯ÎeÓ˘ ‰Ó Ï˘ ˙ÈÏÏÎ ‰ÈˆÊÈ¯„ÂÓ Ï˘ ‚ÂÒ¢Î ˙ÂÈ·È‡·

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù

ÓÈÒÂ„ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰ÙÂ„ÓËÏÈÒËÈ˙‰˜ÈˆÂÈ˙∫ ‰˜Ó˙ ‰≠CDLR

¥µ

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù ¥∂

◊ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ÏÚÂÙ ‡Â‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰ÁÏˆ‰ ‰ÂÎ „ÚÂÂÏ ÈÎ ÔÚË È¯ÚÒÓœÁÈÃ‰‰Â ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÒÁÂ Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙ÓÚ‹‡‡ÓÏÆµ

≠‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÈÈÙCDLRÂÈ‰ Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊÏ ÔÂ‚¯‡Î ÂÓˆÚ ˙‡ ‚Èˆ‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰Â ·¯ÚÓÏ ÂÂ„˘ ¢ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰¢Ó ‰Â˘ ‰È‰ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ÆÈ¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ Ï˘ ÂÂÎ˙ È¯Ù

≥ ˜¯Ù·— ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ „‰Ù Ô· Ô‡ÓÏÒÂ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ¯ÙÒ —ÍÁ˙‰˘ ÍÎ· ˘‰ ÔÂ‚Ò ÌÚ ÁÂ· ˘Á ‡Â‰ Æ˙ÙËÂ˘ ˙ÈÏ‚‡ ¯·È„Â ·¯ÚÓ·œÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ ÂÓÎ ‡Ï˘Â ¨È·¯ÚÓ‰ ÁÈ

ÌÈ‡˙˙˘ ‰˘„Á ¢‰ÊÈ¯‡¢· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ ¯ÒÓ‰ ˙‡ ÛËÚ ‡Â‰ ¨ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰˙≠Ï‡ ÔÒÁ ÂÓÎ ÌÈ˘È‡Ï ¯˙ÂÈ ‰Ó„ ‡Â‰ ÔÎ Â˙Â˘Ú· ÆÈ·¯ÚÓ‰ „ÚÈ‰ Ï‰˜Ï‹Â‡ Ô‡„ÂÒÓ È·‡¯

Æ‰ÈÒÈÂ˙Ó È˘ÂßÚ≠Ï‡ „È˘¯∂

≠‰ Ï˘ „ÂÒÈ‰ ˙¯‰ˆ‰CDLR ‰˙ÂÎ˘ ¨Á‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ÌÈ˘Ï¢ ‰ÈÈÙ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨®‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯‰© ‰ È„È ÏÚ ˙ÂeˆÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ Ô‚‰ÏÂ ÆÆÆÌÈ‡Î„· ÍÂÓ˙ÏÂ ˜„ˆ≠È‡Ï ı˜‰ÚÈ¯˘˜ÂÁ‰©

˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ˜ÈÒÙ‰ÏÂ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ·‚‰‰ ˙‡ ¯ÈÒ‰Ï Ì‚ ‡¯˜ ÍÓÒÓ‰ Æ¢®ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ÌÈÓÈÈ˜‰ ÌÈ˜ÂÁ‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ˘„ÁÓ ÔÂÁ·ÏÂ ¨˙Úˆ·Ó‰Ó ˙È˙„‰ ˙Â˘¯‰ ˙‡ „È¯Ù‰Ï ¨ÌÈÈÂÈÚ·

ÆÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˜ÂÁ‰ ÌÚ „Á‡ ‰˜· ÌÈÏÂÚ Ì‰˘ ‡„ÂÂÏ È„Î∑≠‰ È¯·Á ¨˙Â¯Á‡ ÌÈÏÈÓ· CDLR

ÈÈÈÚ· ˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ¯˙ÈÏ ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ÌÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ Ï˘ Ì˙‡È¯˜ ÏÚ Ì‰È¯·„· Â¯ÊÁ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ È˘‡ ÏÚ ˜ÂÁ‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ˜Â„‰ ÁÂ˜ÈÙÏÂ ‰È„Ó‰—¨Ì˙ÚËÏ ¨˙ÂÒÒÂ·Ó‰ ˙Â˘È¯„

ÛÂ‚ Ï˘ „È˜Ù˙ Ì‰ÈÏÚ ÂÏ·È˜ Ì‰ ÌÈ¯ÈÎ· ˙„ È˘‡Î ¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ¯˙È ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÂ¯˜Ú ÏÚÌ‡˙ Ì˙Ú„Ï˘ „È˜Ù˙ ¨˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ „ˆÓ ÚÂ¯‚ ÒÁÈ ÏÚ ˙ÂÂÏ˙ ¯·„· Ú„ÈÓ ˙ˆÙ‰Ï ÈÊÎ¯Ó

Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ È·È˙Î˙ ˙‡≠‰ ˙‡ ‡Î„Ï Â¯‰ÈÓ ‰È„ÂÚÒ· ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰CDLRÔÓÈÊ ¨„‡È¯ ÊÂÁÓ Ï˘ÂÓ ¨Ô‡ÓÏÒ ÍÈÒ‰ Æ

˙ÂÏ·Â˜Ó‰ ˙ÂÓ¯Â‰ ˙‡ Â¯Ù‰ Ì‰ ÈÎ Ì‰Ï ÚÈ„Â‰Â È‡Ó· ∏≠· ‰˘È‚ÙÏ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È¯·Á ˙‡Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ·∏Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ‰ÓÒ¯Ù ÌÈÓÈ ‰ÓÎ ¯Â·ÚÎ ‹≠‰ ‰ÈÙÏÂ ‰Ê¯Î‰ ‡‡ÓÏCDLR‡Â‰

¨Ï‡‰ È˜ÂÁ ÈÙ ÏÚ ˙Ï˘ÂÓ ¨Ï‡Ï Á·˘‰ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ˙ÎÏÓÓ˘ ¯Á‡Ó¢ È˜ÂÁ È˙Ï· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÔÈ„‰ È˙·ÂÌÈÈÚ¯˘‡È·‰Ï ˙ÂÎÊ‰ ˘È‡ ÏÎÏÂ ¨‰È„Ó‰ ÏÎ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÌÈ¯ÂÊÙ ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰

Æ¢ÆÆÆÌÈÓÈ‡˙Ó‰ ÌÈÓ¯Â‚‰ ÈÙÏ ÂÈ˙ÂÂÏ˙ ˙‡πÈÏÈÚÙ ˙‡ ¯ËÙÏ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ‰¯Â‰ ˙¯ÁÓÏ˘ ÌÂÈ· ≠‰CDLR ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ ÆÔÂ‚¯‡· ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÔÈ„‰ ÈÎ¯ÂÚ Ï˘ Ì‰È„¯˘Ó ˙‡ ¯‚ÒÂ Ì‰È˙Â¯˘ÓÓ

ÆÌÈÏÈÚÙ‰ Â¯ˆÚ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï±∞

≠‰ ¯·Â„CDLR¨˙È·¯ÚÓ‰ ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ˙‡ ·¯ÚÏ ¯·Ú· ÒÒÈ‰ ‡Ï˘ ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ¨˙Â¯ÓÏ ÆÌÈ·˙Î‰ ˙ÂÏ‡˘Ó ˜ÓÁ˙‰Ï ÏÁ‰ ÔÎ ÏÚÂ ¨˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ „ˆÓ ÌÈˆÁÏÏ ˙ÚÎ ÔÂ˙ ‰È‰

≠‰ ÍÈ˘Ó‰ ˙‡ÊCDLR Â‚Èˆ‰ ±ππ≥ ÈÂÈ· ÌÒ¯ÂÙ˘ Ë¯ÂÙÓ ÍÓÒÓ· Æ·˙Î· ˙ÂÚ„Â‰ ÌÒ¯ÙÏ ≠‰ È¯·ÁCDLRÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰ ÏÚ Â·È‚‰Â ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ Â„È˜Ù˙ ¯·„· Ì˙ÒÈÙ˙ ˙‡

˙Â¯ËÓ ˙Ó˘‚‰Ï ÌÈ˜·‡Â ÌÈÏÚÂÙ „ÚÂÂ‰ È¯·Á¢˙ÂÈÚ¯˘Ì‰Â ¢˛Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ È˜ÂÁ ÈÙÏ¸ ÏÚ ˙¯ÒÂ‡ ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ Í˘Ó‰· ÆÍÓÒÓ· ·˙Î ¨Ì˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï· ÌÈÁÂË·ÏÚ ˙ÂÎÓ˙Ò‰ ÍÂ˙ ˙È˙„ ‰È‚ÂÒÏ ˙Ú‚Â‰ ‰ËÏÁ‰Ï ÚÈ‚‰ ¯˘‡ ÌÏ‡Ú ˘ÈÚ‰Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰˙ÂÏÈÚÙ˘ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ ÌÈ¯Â·Ò Ì‡ ÆÂ˙Ú„ ÌÚ ÌÈÎÒÓ ‡Â‰ ÔÈ‡˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˜¯ ¨ÌÈÈ˙„ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó„ÚÂÂ‰ È¯·Á Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ˙‡Ê ÁÈÎÂ‰Ï Ì‰ÈÏÚ ‰È‰È ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ È˜ÂÁ ˙‡ ˙„‚Â „ÚÂÂ‰

≠‰ ÈÎ Â˘È‚„‰CDLR˙ÈËÂÙÈ˘ ˙ÂÎÓÒ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ¯ÓÈÈ˙Ó ‡Â‰ ÔÈ‡ ÈÎÂ ¨˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ ‰‚ÏÙÓ ÂÈ‡ ÆÌÈÓÈÈ˜ ÌÈÈÓ˘¯ ÌÈÙÂ‚Ï ‰ÙÂÏÁ Â‡±±

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLR¥∑

≠‰CDLR‰ÏÂ‚ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ∫

ÁÈ‚‰Â ÔÓÈ˙ Í¯„ ¯·Ú ¨˙¯˙ÁÓÏ „¯È ¨±ππ≥ ¯·Ó·Â· ¯ˆÚÓÓ ¯¯ÁÂ˘ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ≠‰ Ï˘ È˘‡¯‰ „¯˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ˜‰ Ì˘ ¨±ππ¥ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÛÂÒ·ÏCDLRÏÚ· Â˙ÂÈ‰· Æ

˙ˆÙ‰ ˙Â·È˘Á ˙‡ ‰¯‰Ó „Ú È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ÔÈ·‰ ¨˙È˜È¯Ó‡ ˙ÈÁ¯Ê‡Ï ÈÂ˘Â È·¯ÚÓ ÍÂÈÁ‡Â‰ ÍÎ Ì˘Ï Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Ô‰Â ·¯ÚÓ· Ô‰ ¨¯˘Ù‡‰ ÏÎÎ ·Á¯ ¯Â·Èˆ ·¯˜· ÂÏ˘ ¯ÒÓ‰

¨ÂÏ˘ ÔÂÏÚ‰ ˙‡ ÔÎÂ ÌÈË˜ÈÂÓÂ˜ Â˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ıÈÙ‰Â ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡‰ ¯‡Â„· ˘Ó˙˘‰CDLR

Monitor≠Ï‡ ÆÒ˜Ù‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ·Â¯ ÈÙ ÏÚ ‰˙˘Ú ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ÌÈ¯ÒÓ ˙ÁÈÏ˘ ª ˙Â¯·Á· ‚ÂÈÁ ÈÒÈË¯Î Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓ ‰ÎÏÓÓ· ÂÈÎÓÂ˙ ˙ÚÈ„ÈÏ ÌÒ¯Ù Ì‚ È¯ÚÒÓAT&T≠Â

MCI≠‰ ÌÚ ˘˜ ÂˆÈÏ ˘Ù‡ „ˆÈÎ Â¯ÂÓ‰ Â˜ÈÂ„Ó Â‡¯Â‰ ÈÈÂÂÏ· CDLR˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÊ‡‰‰ ÙÈ˜Ú ÍÂ˙ ·¢‰¯‡· ÔÂÙÏË ÙÒÓÏ ÌÈÁ ÁÈ˘

‡ Ó„˜˙Ó ¯Â˘˜˙ ÈÈ‚ÂÏÂÎË· È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ‰˘Ú˘œÌÈ„˜˙ ¯ÒÁ ‰ˆÂÙ˙Ï ÚÈ‚‰Ï ÂÏ ˘Ù≠‰˘ ÌÂÒ¯Ù‰ Æ‰Ï ‰ˆÂÁÓÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ È¯ÒÓ Ï˘CDLRÂ˙˘· ¯·Î ÂÏ ‰ÎÊ

¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÊÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡· ÌÈÂ˘ ÌÈÓ¯Ê Ï˘ Ì¯·Â„Î ¯ ‡Ï ÂÂÈÏÚ „ÓÚ ÂÏ ÈÚ‰ ‰Â˘‡¯‰‡Ë·˙‰Ï Â˘˘Á˘ ÌÈÈÏ¯·ÈÏ ÌÈËÒÈ¯„ÂÓ Ï˘Â ÂÈË·˘ ÂˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ Ô¯·„ ‡˘ÂÎ Û‡ ‡Ï‡

≠‰ Ï˘ ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ¯ÒÓ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ÌÈË·È‰· ÂÎÓ˙ ˙‡Ê ÌÚÂ ÈÂÏ‚·CDLRÆÏ˘ ÌÓ˘· ˙ÂÈÙ ÌÂÒ¯ÙÏ ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÌÈÂ˘‡¯‰ ÂÈ˘„ÂÁ ˙‡ „ÚÈÈ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰ ÌÚ ÆÂ˙ÁÈ¯· ¯Á‡Ï Â¯ˆÚ˘ Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Ó ÌÈ„Á‡ Ï˘Â ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙÈ·Â ÂÈÒÈ‚ È˘ ¨ÂÈÁ‡ ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ¯ÈÚˆ‰ Â· ¨‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰Ó ÌÈ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ‰ÓÎ ÂÓ

≠‰ ÁÂÂÈ„ ÏÂÎ‰ ÍÒ· ÆÌÈ¯Á‡ ‰ÁÙ˘ÓCDLRÌ‰Ó ÌÈ·¯ ¨ÂÈÎÓÂ˙Ó ˙Â¯˘Ú Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ÆÌÈˆK ÊÂÁÓÓ±≤≠‰ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ ÌÚ ·ËÈ‰ Â·Ï˙˘‰ ÂÏ‡ ˙ÂÈÂ˘‡¯ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ CDLR˙‡ ‚Èˆ‰Ï

ÆË¯Ù‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ÔÚÓÏ ÌÁÂÏ‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡Î ÂÓˆÚ±ππ¥ ¯·Ó·Â· ‰˙Á„ ¨„ÂÚÒ Ï‡· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ Ï˘ ‰ÎÂ¯‡ ˙¯ÂÒÓ ˙ÏÚ· ‰È„Ó ¨‰ÈËÈ¯·

Æ‰ÈÏÚ ¯Ú¯Ú˘ ‰ËÏÁ‰ ¨ÈÈ„Ó ËÏ˜Ó ÂÏ ˜ÈÚ‰Ï È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙˘˜· ˙‡±≥±ππ∂ ¯‡ÂÈ· Ò¯ËÈ‡‰¢ ÆÌÈÈ·È¯˜· ‰˜ÈÈÓÂ„ È‡‰ Ï‡ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ˘¯‚Ï ‰ÈËÈ¯·· ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ Â¯Â‰

Â˜„ÈÂ Ô‡ ÌÈÙ‰ ˙¯˘ ‰¯Ó‡ ¨¢˘¯Â‚È ˘È‡‰ ÈÎ ·ÈÈÁÓ ÈËÈ¯·‰›·˘Á˙‰Ï ÂÈÏÚ¢ ÆaÓÆ¢‡ÂˆÈÏ ÌÈÚ‚Â‰ ÌÈ„·Î ÌÈÈÙÒÎ ÌÈÏÂ˜È˘·±¥¯ÂÚ¯Ú· Ô„˘ ËÙÂ˘ ‰¯Â‰ Ò¯Ó ˘„ÂÁ· ÌÏÂ‡Â

ÆÈÈ„Ó ËÏ˜Ó Ï·˜Ï È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙˘˜· ˙‡ ÏÂ˜˘ÏÂ ·Â˘Ï±µ˘‡Â˘ ¯Á‡Ï ¨ÏÈ¯Ù‡· Ú·¯‡ ‰ÈËÈ¯·· ˙Â‰˘Ï ÂÏ ¯˘Ù‡Ï ÈËÈ¯·‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ËÈÏÁ‰ ¨˙Â¯È‰Ó· Â˘¯‚Ï ˙Â¯˘Ù‡‰Ó

‰ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ¨ÌÈ˘ŒÆ‡ÏÓ ÈÈ„Ó ËÏ˜Ó Ô˙Ó ÔÈ·Ï ˘Â¯È‚ ÔÈ· ‰¯˘Ù ÔÈÚÓ ‰È‰˘ ¯„Ò±∂

≠Ï ¨˙ÈÏÏÎ‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏ ˙ÂÂÈ‡¯·CDLR Monitor ˙È·¯Ú‰ ‰Ù˘· ÂÏÈ·˜ÓÏÂ ≠Ï‡˜Â˜Á˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó „ˆÓ ‰ÈÏÙ‡Â ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘ ÂÈÈÚ· ·˘Á˘ ‰Ó· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÊÎ¯˙‰ ¨

Æ˙È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ‰ÙÂ˜‰ ÔÂ·˘Á ÏÚ±∑Û˜È‰≠·Á¯ ‰Èˆ˜ÈÂÓÂ˜ÏË Ë˜ÈÂ¯Ù· ÈÎ Ì‰· ÔÚË ¨‰Ó‚Â„Ï ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ˙¯·Á ‰˘È‚‰Ericsson˙¯·Á Ï˘ ‰˙Úˆ‰Ó µ∞•≠Ó ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰ÎÂÓ‰ ¯ÈÁÓ ˙Úˆ‰

AT&T ˙¯·ÁÏ Â‚ˆÂ‰ ¯˘‡ Ê¯ÎÓ‰ È‡˙ ÈÎÂ Ëricsson ÌÈÂ˘ ÂÈ‰ — ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈÙÈ˜ÓÂ —≠Ï Â‚ˆÂ‰˘ ÌÈ‡˙‰ÓAT&T Ï˘ ‰˙Úˆ‰ ‰˙ÎÊ ˙‡Ê ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÆAT&T¨¢ÔÈÈˆÏ ˜¯ ¯˙Â¢ Æ

¯ÈÚ‰˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡ —Ï˘ ‰‚Èˆ ‡Â‰ ˛„‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ Ï˘ Â·¸ „‰Ù Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú˘¢ ¨˘·ÂÈ· ¸ ÂÊ ‰¯·ÁAT&TÆ¢‰È„ÂÚÒ· ˛±∏≠‰ CDLRÌÈÓ· ¯ÂÒÁÓ Ï˘ ˙Â·¯ ˙Â‡Ó‚Â„ ‰ËÏ·‰· ¯‡È˙

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù ¥∏

ÌÈ„·ÂÚÏ ÌÏ˘Ï ÂÈ˙ÂÈÂ·ÈÈÁ˙‰· „ÓÚ ‡Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ Ì‰·˘ ÌÈ¯˜Ó ÔÎÂ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ· ÏÓ˘Á·ÂÆÌÈÏ·˜ÏÂ±πÆ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ·¯˜· ˙ÂÈ¯Â¯Ú˘Ï ·Ï‰ ˙ÓÂ˘˙ ˙‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ‰Ù‰ ÍÎ ÍÂ˙·

¨ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙ ÏÚ ¨„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ·Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ Ï·È˜ ±ππ¥ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ¨‰Ó‚Â„ÏÆ®¯ÏÂ„ ÔÂÈÏÈÓ ≤∂Æ∂∂≠Î© Ï‡È¯ ÔÂÈÏÈÓ ±∞∞ Ï˘ ÌÂÎÒ≤∞ ÔÂÂÎ˙‰ ÂÏ‡ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ ÌÂÒ¯Ù·

≠‰CDLR˘ÂÎ¯ ˙‡ ˙Ê·Ê·Ó ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó „ÂÚ· ÌÈÏ·ÂÒ ÌÚ‰ ÈËÂ˘Ù ÈÎ ˙Â‡¯‰Ï Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰

¨‰ÓÓ ¯Ú˙‰ Û‡ ÌÈ˙ÚÏÂ ¨˙ÂÓÈÏ‡· ‰ÈÂÏ‚ ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÚÈ·‰ ‡Ï˘ Û‡≤±≠‰ ¯È‰Ê‰ CDLR

ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Æ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÈÏÈÚÙ ˙‡ ‡Î„Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÍÈ˘ÓÈ Ì‡ ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡Ï ¯„¯„˙‰Ï ÏÂÏÚ ·ˆÓ‰˘˘‰¢ ˙ÚÈÓ ˙‡ Â˙ÂÎÊÏ Û˜Êœ‰„ÈÁÈ‰ ˙È¯˘Ù‡‰ ‰ÙÂÏÁ‰¢ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ÔÚËÂ ¨¢Ôˆ˜ÂÓ‰ È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÁÈ

¨˙Â˙ÈÁ˘‰ ˙ÂÚÙÂ˙· ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ·˜Ú Ë˘Ù˙‰Ï ˙ÂÓÈÈ‡Ó‰ ˙ÂÈËÂ‡ÎÂ ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡ ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÈÎ¯„ÏÌÈ¯Á‡ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙Â‡È¯˜ ˙‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÌÒ¯Ù ÔÎ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ Æ¢Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ· ‰ÚÈ‚Ù‰Â ÈÂÎÈ„‰˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Ó ‰˘ÈÓÁ ‚Â¯‰Ï ÂÁÈË·‰˘ ¢ÌÈ·‰Ï ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ¢ ‰ÓÎ ËËÈˆ ‡Â‰ Æ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡Ï

¯·Á ÏÎ ÏÚ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰CDLR≠· Â‡¢ ÆÚ‚Ù˘ CDLRÂ¯„¯„˙È ÌÈ¯·„‰˘ ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó ÂÈ‡ ≠‰˘ ÔÈÈˆÏ ·Â˘Á Æ¢˜ÂÙÈ‡Ï ÌÈ‡¯Â˜ Â‡ ÔÎ ÏÚÂ ¨ÍÎ È„Î „ÚCDLRÌÒ¯Ù˘ ÔÂ˘‡¯‰ ‰È‰

ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙Ú„Â‰ ˙‡Ô‡Ó‡≠Ï‡ ·‡‡˙Î˙ÂÏÂÚÙ Úˆ·Ï ÌÈÈ‡ ¯˘‡ ¨®‰ÂÓ‡‰ È„Â„‚© a È¯ˆÚÓ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡‹≠‰¢ Æ®ÔÏ‰Ï Â‡¯© ±ππ¥ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ‰„È¯CDLR

ÌÈ¯ˆÓ˛·¸Ó ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯‰ ˛Ì„Ó ‰·Â˜Ú¸ ‰È‰˙ ‡È‰ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ· ÂÊÎ ‰Ó‚Ó ÏÈÁ˙˙ Ì‡˘ ¯È‰ÊÓÆ¢˙Â¯ÈÒÓ È¯Â„Á ÌÈËËÈÏÈÓ ÈÙÏ‡ Ì‰· ˘ÈÂ ¨ÌÈ˘‡‰ È„È· ÈÂˆÓ ·¯ ˜˘ Æ‰È¯Èß‚Ï‡· Â‡≤≤

≠‰CDLRÔÂÈ„‰ ÌÂ„È˜Ï ÏÚÂÙ‰ ¯Â‡Â ÌÎÁÂ˙Ó ÔÂ‚¯‡ Ï˘ ˙ÈÓ„˙ ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ·¯˜· ¯ˆÈ Â‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡ Ï˘ ‚ÂÒ ÏÎ˘ ¯Á˘‰ ˙¯ÒÁ ‰ÂÓ‡‰ ˙‡ ˘¯˘Ï¢ ˘˜È· ‡Â‰ Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ· È¯Â·Èˆ‰

‡Â‰ ‰ÙÒ‡Ì‡¯ÁÈ˙Ï· ˜ÏÁ¢Â ‰ÂÒÏÂ Ô‡¯Â˜Ï ÔÈËÂÏÁÏ ·ÈÂÁÓ ÂÓˆÚ ‰‡¯ ‡Â‰Â ¨¢˛¯ÂÒ‡¸ ‰Ó „¯Ù ‰ÂÁˆÆ¢‰ÎÏÓÓ· ®˙Â¯¯ÂÚ˙‰©≤≥≠‰ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ CDLR·¯Ú˘ ¯Â¯È·· ¯È‰ˆ‰

˙È¯ËÈÏËÂË ‰È„Ó ‡È‰¢ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰—‰¯·Á ‰È‡¢ È‡„ÂÂ· ÂÊ Æ¢ÌÚ‰ ÔÂˆ¯Ï ËÏÁÂÓ‰ „Â‚È‰ Æ¢‰È·È„˜Ò· ˙ÂÈË¯˜ÂÓ„≠Ï‡ÈˆÂÒ‰ ˙ÂÈ„Ó‰ ˙Â˘ÂÚ˘ ÂÓÎ ˛¨¸ ÊÎ¯Ó· Ì„‡‰ ˙‡ ‰·ÈˆÓ‰≤¥

Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙Â‡¯Ï ‰ˆÂ¯ ‰È‰˘ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ‚ÂÒ Â‰Ó ˘¯ÂÙÓ· ÔÈÈˆÏÓ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÚÓ ˙‡Ê ÌÚ‰È„Ó ‡Ï Í‡ ¨˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰È„Ó ‰È‰˙¢ ‰˘„Á‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú˘ ¯Ó‡ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ

ÂÊ ÔÈÚÓ ‰È„ÓÏ Ï„ÂÓ ÌÈÈ˜ Æ˙ÈË¯˜Â‡˙—Æ¢‡È·‰ ˙ÂÓ ¯Á‡Ï ˙ÂÙÈÏßÁ‰ ≤µ

≠‰CDLRÂÊ Æ˙È·¯ÚÓ‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ· ¢Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ÔÚÓÏ ÔÂ‚¯‡¢ ˙Â·Â¯˜ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ ‰ÂÎ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú‰ ¨·¯ÚÓ‰ ˙Âˆ¯‡ ˙ÎÈÓ˙ ˙‡ ˘ÂÎ¯Ï È„Î ¯ÂˆÈÏ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ˘˜È·˘ ˙ÈÓ„˙‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰

≠‰ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â˘È¯„Ó ‰ÓÎ ¨ÌÓ‡Â Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÏÚ ıÁÏ Ì¯Â‚ ˘Ó˘ÏCDLRÌÈÈÊÂ‡Ï ÂÓÚ ¨È˘ÙÂÁ È¯Â·Èˆ ÔÂÈ„ Ï‰Ï ˙ÂÎÊ‰ ¨˙ÂËÏÁ‰ ˙Ï·˜· ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÏÂ„‚ ˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ∫˙ÂÈ·¯ÚÓ‰

≠‰ ˙Â˘È¯„˘ Û‡ Æ·¢ÂÈÎÂ ˙È˘ÙÂÁ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚCDLR˘ÙÂÁ ¨Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ· Ô˜ÏÁ· Â˜ÒÚ ‡Ï‡ ¨‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„‰ ÈÎ¯ÚÏ ˙Â·ÈÂÁÓ ÍÂ˙Ó ÂÚ· ‡Ï Ô‰ ¨˙ÂÈ¯˙È¯ÂËÂ‡Ï ˙Â„‚˙‰‰Â ÈÂËÈ·‰

Ó‡‰ ÂÈ˙Â˘È¯„˘ È„Î ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÎ¯Ú ÔÈÈˆÏ ˘È˘ ‰Ù˜˘‰‰ ÍÂ˙Óœ≠‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ˙CDLR∫ÂÚÈÈ ÚÏ Â˙ÈÈˆ ‡Ï˘ ÈÓ ÈÙÏ Ì‚ ‰ÂÚ„‰ ˙ÂÈÂÏÈÚÙ ˙‡ Á˙ÙÈ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰˘ ‰ˆ¯ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰‹‡‡ÓÏ

˙˙˘Â˙ ıÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó˘Â ¨˙Â„Ù˜ ¯˙È· ÂÙÎ‡ÈÈ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ È˜ÂÁ˘ Â˘¯„ Ì‰ ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰Æ¢˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡¢ ÌÏÂÚ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ ÏÚ

≠‰CDLR˙‡ ‰Ï‡˘ ÔÓÈÒ· Â„ÈÓÚ‰· ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÒÈÒ· Ï˘ Â·Ï ·Ï ˙‡ Û˜˙

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLR¥π

Ú‰ ÔÈ· ˙È˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ˙È¯·‰‹Ï ‡‡ÓÏ‡‹‡‡¯Ó≠‰ ÈÈÚ· Æ®ÌÈÎÈÒ© CDLRÚ‰ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ‹‡Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏ‡‰ ÂÈ‚Ù‰˘ „Â·Î‰ ¨ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ˙ÚËÏ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰È‡ËÁÏ ÈÂÒÈÎ‹ÈÓÎÁ ÈÙÏÎ ‡‡¯Ó

ÚÏ ¯˘‡ Æ„·Ï· ÌÈÙ ˙„ÓÚ‰ ‰È‰ ˙„‰‹≠‰ ·˙Î ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏCDLRÂÚÈÈÒ ÆÆÆÌ‰¢ ∫Æ¢‰·ÂÏÚ‰ ˙Â‡ÈˆÓ‰ ˙‡ ÌÓÈÏÚ‰· ¨˙È·ÂÈÁ ˙ÈÓ„˙ ¯ÂˆÈÏ ˛„ÂÚÒ Ï‡¸ ÌÈÏÎÂÏ≤∂¯˘‡Î ≠‰ ·˙Î ¨˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ Ï˘ Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙ ˙‡ ÒÈÈ‚Ï ÁÈÏˆ‰ ‡Ï „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ „ÒÈÈÓCDLR¨

ÈÓÎÁ Ï˘ Ì˙Â„‚˙‰ ˙‡ ¯¯ÂÚÏ¢ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ÁÈÏˆ‰ ¨Â˙ÚËÏ Æ‰˜È˙˘ Ì‰ÈÏÚ ‰ÙÎ ‡Â‰¯È˙Î‰Ï ¯‰ÈÓ ‡Â‰ Æ¢¯˙ÂÈ· ‰·Á¯‰ ˙È˙¯·Á‰ ‰ÚÙ˘‰‰ ÈÏÚ· Ï˘Â ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈÓÈ‰Ó‰ ˙„‰

Â È˘‡¯ ÌÏ‡Ú ¯‡Â˙· ÂÓˆÚÈ˙ÙÂÓ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ˜‰· ®˙„ ÈÈÈÚ· ˜ÒÂÙ© Æ‰·¯ ‰„ÈÙ˜· ¯Á· ‰È¯·Á ˙‡˘ ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ≤∑ÈÓÎÁ ˙‡ „‰Ù Û˜Ú ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ˙Ú„Ï

˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ÏÚ ËÏ˙˘‰Ï ÔÂÈÒÈ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙Ó˜‰ Â„È„ÏÂ ¨ÌÈÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙„‰ÍÈÒ‰ ‰‚‰‰ ¯˘ Ï˘ Â˙¯ÈÁ· ÏÚ ‰ÁÓ ‡Â‰ Æ¢„ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ÁÒÂ· Ì‡ÏÒ‡¢ ˘·‚ÏÂ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰

Ú„Â ‰Ï‰˘ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ¨‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˘‡¯Ï ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ËÏÒ— ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÔÚË ÍÎ —ÂÒÁÈ· Æ¢˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁÏÂ ÌÈ˘¯„Ï Â˙‡˘·Â È¯ÊÎ‡‰¢≤∏

≠‰ Ì˜Â‰˘ ˙Ú·CDLR¨ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ „‚ ÂÈ˜ÂÓÈ ˙Î‰· È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˜ÒÚ ÆÂ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÓ ÏÂ„ÁÏÂ ‰È„Ó‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙· ¯‡˘È‰Ï ‰ÂÂËˆ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Æ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ÍÏÓ‰ ‰¯Â‰ ¨‰Ï‡ ˙Â˘È¯„Ï ÌÈÎÒÓ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ÌÈ¯˘‡Ó‰ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ ÏÚ ÌÂ˙ÁÏ ·¯ÈÒ ¯˘‡Î

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓÏ ±ππ≥ ¯·ÓËÙÒ·‹≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜ÂÓ‰ ÂÈ˙Â‡ˆ¯‰·Â ÂÈ·˙Î· ÔÈÈÚÏ ‡‡ÓÏÔÎ ÏÚÂ Â‚˘ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ È˘ ÈÎ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰Ú·˜ ˙‡Ê ˙Â·˜Ú· Æ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ‰Ï‡·Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ˙Âˆ¯‰Ï Ì‰ÈÏÚ ¯ÂÒ‡Ï ˘È ¨Â·¯ÒÈ Ì‡ ÆÌ‰È¯·„Ó Ì‰· Â¯ÊÁÈ˘ È„Î ¯Â¯È·Ï ÌÈÓÊ‰Ï ˘ÈÌ˘ ¨‰„ß‚· ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘ÓÏ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ È˘ ÂÓÂÊ ˘„ÂÁ‰ Â˙Â‡ Í˘Ó‰· Æ˙ÂËÏ˜ ËÈÏ˜‰Ï Â‡

ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ „˜ÙÓ ÌÚÂ „¯˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÈÓ˘¯ „È˜Ù ÌÚ Â˘‚Ù®ß˙Á‡·Ó≠Ï‡© ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó ˘È‡ ÆÏÂ„ÁÏÂ Ì˙ÂÚË· ·˙Î· ˙Â„Â‰Ï ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ È˘Ó ˘¯„Â ¨˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ Ï˘ ‰¯Â˘ Ì‰ÈÊÂ‡· ‡¯˜

ÆÂ·¯ÈÒ Ì‰ ÆÌ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÓ≤π

a· ‰‚Ù‰‰‹ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓÂ ‰„È¯

˙¯Â˜È· ÂÁ˙Ó ‰È‚È‰ÓÂ ±ππ¥ ıÈ˜· ‰¯·‚˙‰ ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÈÂÒ‰ ÂÏÈÚÙ‰¨ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ∫‰Ó‚Â„Ï ÆÈ·ÂÈÁ ¯Â‡· ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ¯È‡‰Ï È„Î Â· ‰È‰˘ ‰Ó ÏÎ ÏÚ ˙È·ÓÂÙ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ˙¯Á·‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ ÏÚ ‰ÂÂ‡‚ ‡ÏÓ ‰È‰ ¨‰È„Ó‰ ÈÁ¯Ê‡Ó ÌÈ·¯ÎÂÁÎÂ ¨È˙ÂÎÏÓ ÚÂ¯È‡ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ˜Á˘Ó‰ Æ·¢‰¯‡· ÂÎ¯Ú˘ Ï‚¯Â„Î· ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÚÈ·‚ È˜Á˘Ó·ÔÙÏË Û‡ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ Æ·¢‰¯‡· Â„ÓÏ˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ ÈÙÏ‡ ÔÎÂ ÌÈÎÈÒ ‰ÓÎ Ì‰·

Æ˙È‚Ï·‰ ˙¯Á·‰ ÏÂÓ ‰˜Á˘Ó ·¯Ú ˙¯Á·‰ ÔÓ‡ÓÏ≥∞± ‰ÁˆÈ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙¯Á·‰ —∞Â‡·˘ ‰ÁÓ˘‰ ˙Â‚È‚Á· Æ¯Ó‚‰ ·Ï˘Ï ˙ÂÏÂÚ‰ ‰¯˘Ú ˘˘ ·¯˜· ‰ÓÂ˜Ó ˙‡ ‰ÁÈË·‰ÂÌÚ Æ¯ÏÂ„ ≤∂∑¨∞∞∞ Ï˘ ÒÂÂ· ÚÂÈ Ô˜Á˘ ÏÎÏ ÈÎ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ È‚Èˆ ÂÚÈ„Â‰ ÔÂÁˆÈ‰ Â·˜Ú·‰Ù ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ÆÂÏÂÎ ÚÂ¯È‡‰ ÁÎÂÏ ÁÂ¯ ˙¯ÂÓ ÂÚÈ·‰ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ¨˙‡ÊÂÊ ‡Ï Æ¢Ï‚¯Â„Î‰ ˙Ò¯‡Ù¢Ó ÌÏÚ˙‰Ï Ì‰Ï ‡¯˜Â ·¢‰¯‡· Â„ÓÏ˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈË„ÂËÒÏ˙„‚Â ˙ÂÙÈÏ‡‰ È˜Á˘Ó· ˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰‰˘ ‡Ï‡ ¨¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ ¨ÌÈÙÒÎ ÊÂ·Ê·· ¯·Â„Ó˘ „·Ï·

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù µ∞

Ï‰Ï Â‡ ÌÈÓÒ· ˘Ó˙˘‰Ï ¨˙Â˙˘Ï ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ ˙Â˙ÙÏ ‰ÏÂÏÚÂ È˙„‰ ÌÈÈÁ‰ Á¯Â‡ ˙‡˙ˆÙ‰· ˜ÂÒÚÏ ·¢‰¯‡· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰ ÏÚ ¨ÔÚË ‡Â‰ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÂ˜Ó· ÆÌÈ¯ÂÒ‡ ÌÈÒÁÈ

ÆÂÈ·ÈÂ‡ ˙Ò·‰· ÊÎ¯˙‰ÏÂ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰≥±

≠‰ È„ÒÈÈÓÓ ˙„ ÈÓÎÁ ‰ÓÎ ÌÓÚÂ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡Â ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡CDLR‰‚Ó‰ ‰¯‰ˆ‰ ÂÓÒ¯Ù ¨È‡Ó ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ¨Ì˘ ‰ˆ¯Ù˘ ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Ú· ÔÓÈ˙ ÌÂ¯„· È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙ÎÈÓ˙ ˙‡

Ú‰Â ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ ˙‡ ÂÁˆ¯ ÆÆÆ˛¯˘‡¸ ÌÂ¯„· ÌÈËÒÈÂÓÂ˜‰ ÈÚ˘Ù¢ ÏÚ Â¯·È„ Ì‰ Æ±ππ¥‹‡‡ÓÏ ˙Ó‡‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÁˆÈ È„ÈÏ ‡È·‰Ï¢ ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡Ï Ë‰Ï· Â‡¯˜Â ¨¢Ì‰Ï˘®˜Á≠Ï‡©ÌÈÎÏÂ‰‰ Ï˘Â

ÌÈÏÈÏ‡‰ ˙„Â·Ú ÏÚ ‰¯Â‡Ï®k¯˘≠Ï‡©Æ¢‰ÁÏÂÙ ˙‡ ÌÈÓÈÈ˜Ó‰ ÏÚÂ ≥≤„Â‚È‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Î¯˘ ‰ Ï˘ ˙Èa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‰È¯Ë˜Â„Ï ¯ÂÓ‚‰„ÈÁÂ˙‡ÂÙ‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÂÊ ÔÈÚÓ ‰¯‰ˆ‰ Æ®Ï‡‰ ˙Â„Á‡©

k¯˘‰ ¯ÂÚÈ· ÏÚ ‰¯Â‡ÎÏ ÒÒÂ·Ó ‰È‰ ÂÓÂÈ˜ ÌˆÚ˘ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ˙ÊÓÂ¯Ó ‰Ù˜˙‰≠Ï‡ ÂÙ˜˙ Ô‰·˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜ Ï˘ Ô˙ˆÙ‰Ï ‰Ó„˜ ÔÓÈ˙Ï Ú‚Â· ‰¯‰ˆ‰‰ ÆÈ·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ¯ÒÓ‰ ˙ˆÙ‰Â

ÆÔÓÈ˙· ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Ú· È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙„ÓÚ ˙‡ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Â ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≥≥

‰ˆÂ‡˙ ¯·ˆ ±ππ¥ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ÔÂ„ÂÏÏ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÁÈ¯· ˙Â·˜Ú· ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰ Ï‚ÆÌÈˆK ÊÂÁÓ· ÌÚÙ‰ Ì‚ ÊÎ¯˙‰ ¨˙ÂÓ„Â˜ ÌÈÓÚÙ· ÂÓÎÂ ¨ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ÍÏ‰Ó·≥¥¯·ÓËÙÒ· π≠·

‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Â ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ Â¯ˆÚ— ¯ˆÚÓÓ ‡Â‰ Ì‚ ˘˘Á˘ —¯˙˙Ò‰Ï ¯‰ÈÓ aÏ ‰ÈÙ˘ ˙ÂÈÂÎÓ ≤∞ Ï˘ ‰¯ÈÈ˘ ˘‡¯· ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±±≠· ·Â˘ ÚÈÙÂ‰ ‡Â‰ Æ„‡È¯·‹Æ‰„È¯

‡Î„Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÈˆÓ‡ÓÏ „‚˙‰Ï ÂÈÎÓÂ˙Ï ‡¯˜ ‰·Â ¨‰˘¯„ ‡˘ ¯ÈÚ· „‚ÒÓÏ ÂÚÈ‚‰ ÌÚa· Ï˘ÂÓ Ï˘ Â˙ÊÂÁ‡Ï ÔÓÂÊ ‡Â‰ ‰˘¯„‰ ¯Á‡Ï Æ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙‡‹¯ˆÚÈÈ˘ ˘˘ÁÓ Í‡ ¨‰„È¯

≠‰ ÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙÏ˘ ‰¯ÈÈ˘· ‰ÂÂÏÓ Ì˘Ï Ì‚ ÚÈ‚‰ ‡Â‰CDLRÂ˙È·· Æ˘È‡ ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÓÁ ‰˙Ó ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÓ ÏÂ„ÁÏ Â˙ÓÎÒ‰ ÏÚ ¯È‰ˆÓ ‡Â‰ Â·˘ ÍÓÒÓ ÏÚ ÌÂ˙ÁÏ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ·¯ÈÒ Ï˘ÂÓ‰ Ï˘˙ÂÙÒ‡ ˙¯ÁÓÏ˘ ÌÂÈ·Â ÌÂÈ Â˙Â‡· ÂÎ¯Ú Ì˘ ¨ÂÏ˘ „‚ÒÓÏ ¯ÊÁ ˙‡Ê ÌÂ˜Ó·Â ¨˙ÈÂÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓÏ ‰ÓÂˆÚ Â˘È‚‰ ÂÈÎÓÂ˙ ÆÌÈÙ˙˙˘Ó≠˙Â·¯‹‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÓÈ˘‡‰ ‰·Â ¨‡‡ÓÏ≠‰ ÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ˙ÂÒÎ˙‰‰Â ÈÂËÈ·‰ ˘ÙÂÁ·Â Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ· ‰ÚÈ‚ÙÏ ˙ÂÙ˙Â˘·CDLR

ÆÌÊ‚ÂÓ ‰È‰ ÁÂÂÈ„‰˘ ¯Ú˘Ï ˘È Í‡ ¨˙ÂÓÈ˙Á ÛÏ‡ ÌÈ¯˘Ú ÂÊ ‰ÓÂˆÚ ‰‡˘a· ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ÔÂÁËÈ· È˘‡ Â¯ˆÚ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±≥≠·‹Ï˘ ÛÒÂ Ï‚ ¯¯ÂÚ ¯·„‰ Æ‰„È¯

ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙‡ ÚÎ˘Ï ÂÒÈ ¢ÌÈÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ˙„ ÈÓÎÁ¢ Æ¯ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ÂÓ Ï˘ Â˙È· ÏÂÓ ˙ÂÏÂ„‚ ˙Â‚Ù‰ ÔÂÁˆÈ· ÂÎÊ ¢˘„Á‰ ¯Â„‰Ó ˙„ ÈÓÎÁ¢ Í‡ ¨˙ÂÁÓÏ ‡Ï˘—≠‰ ÁÂÂÈ„ ÍÎ CDLRÍÈ¯Ú‰˘ ¨ÆÌÈÙÏ‡ ˙ÂÓ˘· ‰‡ÁÓ‰ ˙Â‚Ù‰· ÌÈÙ˙˙˘Ó‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡≥µÂÁÂÂÈ„ „‡È¯· ÌÈ¯Ê ÌÈËÓÂÏÙÈ„

ÆÏ˘ÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÂÚÓÏ Â¯„Á ÌÈÏÈÚÙ ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÓÁ ÈÎ≥∂Í˘Ó· ‰‡ÁÓ ˙Â‚Ù‰ ÂÈ‰ „‡È¯· Ì‚ Ï˘ ˙ÂÙÒ‡· ÌÈ¯·„ ‡˘˘ ¯Á‡Ï ¨¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±∂≠· ·Â˘ ¯ˆÚ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ÆÌÈ„Á‡ ÌÈÓÈ

≠‰ ÆÔ‡¯‰ÊÂ „Ó‡ßÚ ÈË·˘CDLR‰ÙÂ˜˙· Â˘Ú˘ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÂÏ˘Â ÛÏ‡ ÏÚ ÁÂÂÈ„ ÆÌÈÚÂ¯È‡Ï ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ÏÓ ‰ÏÈÁ˙· ÂÚÓ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰Â ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ ÌÏÂ‡Â ¨ÂÊ≥∑

¨¯ÎÂÓ ‡Ï ÔÂ‚¯‡ ÌÒ¯Ù ÔÓÊ Â˙Â‡·¨Ô‡ÓÈ‡≠Ï‡ ·‡‡˙Î˙ÂÈÂ˘¯Ï ‰ÙÂÓ‰ ÌÂËÓÈËÏÂ‡ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ¯¯ÁÂ˘È ‡Ï Ì‡˘ ÌÈÈ‡ Â·Â ¨˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰—¨ÌÈÈ·¯ÚÓ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ È˘‡ ÂÚ‚ÙÈ

ÂÚ‚ÙÈÂ ¨ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ È˘‡Â ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È· ¨ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ Ï˘ ˙ÂÙÈËÁ ÂÚˆ·È„‡‰ß‚‰ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙÏ ‰¯ÈÊ ‡Â‰ ÂÏÂÎ ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ¢ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙ÂÏÚ··˘ ˙Â¯·Á·È˘ÙÂÁ ÌÈ··Â˙ÒÓ ÌÈ„Â‰ÈÂ ÌÈ¯ˆÂ˘ ˙Ú„‰ ÏÚ Ï·˜˙Ó ‰Ê ÔÈ‡¢ ÆÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ¯È‰ˆ‰ ¨¢ÂÏ˘

Ú‰ „ÂÚ· È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ È·Á¯·‹Æ¢¯Ò‡Ó· ÌÈ˜ÊÁÂÓ ‡‡ÓÏ≥∏

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLRµ±

≠‰ Û˜˙ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰ ÏÚ Â˙·Â‚˙·CDLR∫˙ÂÙÈ¯Á ÌÈÏÈÓ·

¨‰ÒÁÓ Ì‰Ï Ô˙ÂÂ ÌÈÚ˘ÂÙÂ ÌÈËÁÒ ¨ÌÈÒ‡ ¨ÌÈÁˆÂ¯ ÁÙËÓ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ˘ ¯·„‰ ÈÂ¯È‡Ï˘ ÔÂÚ¯È‚ ÏÂÓ ÌÂÈÎ ·ˆÈ ‡Â‰Â ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ±≤∞ Ï˘ ‰¯˙È ‰Á·‰ ‡Ï· Ê·Ê·˘˙Â‡ˆÂ‰Â ˙ÏÚÂ˙ È¯ÒÁ ‰ÓÈÁÏ ÈÚˆÓ‡Â ˜˘ Ï˘ ˙Â˘ÈÎ¯ ÏÏ‚· ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ π∞ÂÂ‡˙ ˙‡ ÚÈ·˘‰Ï Âˆ¯˘ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È· Ï˘ ÌÈÈ˘È‡ ˙Â‚ÂÚ˙ ÏÚ›˙

È ¨‰Ú·Â˘ ˙ÂÚ„ÂÈ ÔÈ‡˘ Ì‰Ï˘ ÌÈ¯˘·‰ÃÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ È˘ Ï‡ ‰ÓÈ˘‡Ó Ú·ˆ‡ ‰ÙÔÈËÂÏÁÏ ÌÈÙÁ‰ ÌÈ˘‡ ¨‰˘Â„˜‰ ı¯‡‰ È· ÌÈÏÈˆ‡Â Ì˙„· ÌÈ˜Â„‡ ¨ÌÈÂ‚‰

Æ‰Ï‡ ÔÂ‚Î ÌÈÚ˘ÙÓ≥π

Ô‰ÈÈ˙Ï ÂˆÈÏÓ‰ Ô‰·Â ˙Â¯‰Ê‡ ‰ÈËÈ¯·Â ·¢‰¯‡ ˙ÂÈÂ¯È¯‚˘ ÂÓÒ¯Ù ˙Â‚Ù‰‰ ˙Â·˜Ú·Æ¢ÌÈ˘¯„‰ ˙Â¯È‰Ê‰ ÈÚˆÓ‡¢ ˙‡ ËÂ˜Ï¥∞

¯Â‡ ÍÙ˘ ¢˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ ˙Â˘È¯„¢ ˙¯˙ÂÎ‰ ˙Á˙ ¯·ÓËÙÒ È¯ˆÚÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÒ¯ÂÙ˘ ÍÓÒÓÂÓÒ¯Ù˘ ÌÈÓÂ„ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ· ÂÓÎ ÆÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡Â ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÂÈÚ¯Ó ‰ÓÎ ÏÚÈÓÎÁ Â‡¯˜ ¨˙ÈÂÂÎÏ ˙È˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ‰˘ÈÏÙ‰ Ê‡Ó ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ÌÈÏÂÚ ÌÈ‡˘ ˙Â˜˙‰Â ÌÈ˜ÂÁ‰ ÏÎ ÏÂËÈ·ÏÂ ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ Ï˘ ˙ËÏÁÂÓ ‰ÙÈÎ‡Ï ÌÚÙ‰ Ì‚ ˙„‰Æ˙„ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ÏÂ È˙¯·Á „ÓÚÓ· ˙ÂÏ˙ ‡ÏÏ ¢ÔÂÈÂÂ˘Â ˜„ˆ¢Ï ¨‰ÓÚ „Á‡ ‰˜·

Ú‰Â ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú˘ Ì˙ÚÈ·˙Ï ‰„ÁÂÈ ˙„ÁÂÈÓ ˙Â·È˘Á‹˙¯Â˘· ˙‡ Â‡˘ÈÈ ‰Ï˘ ‡‡ÓÏ‰„ÈÁÂ˙¯È„‚‰Ï ˘È¢ ∫‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ˙ÂÏÂ·‚Ï ¯·ÚÓ Ï‡ ˙È·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‰ÂÚ„‰ ˙‡ ÂˆÈÙÈÂ ÌÏÂÚÏ

Ó‡ ¯ÒÓœÏ‚„ ˙Ù‰Â ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ·Â Ì‡ÏÒ‡· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ Â¯˜ÈÚ˘ ¨Âˆ¯‡ ¯Â·Ú· È„ÂÁÈÈÂ È˙ÍÓÒÓ‰ ‡¯˜ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ¢‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘ ıÂÁ‰Â ÌÈÙ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó· Û˜˙˘È ‡Â‰˘ ÍÎ ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰—

ÏÚ ‰‚‰·Â ÌÏÂÚÏ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ¯ÒÓ ˙¯·Ú‰· ˙„˜ÂÓÓ‰ ıÂÁ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ÔÎ˙Ï‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡‰‡‹‰Ó¨‰ÚÈ¯˘Ï ÌÈ„‚˙Ó‰ ÌÈÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ˙Â„ÒÂÓÂ ÌÈÂ‚¯‡ ÈÙÓ

˙ÂÈÂ¯È¯‚˘‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÁ‰ÏÂ ¨ÌÏÂÚ· ÌÂ˜Ó ÏÎ· ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ˙˜ÂˆÓ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ Ï·˜ÏÆÂÏÏ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ·ÈÂÁÓ‰ ˙‡ ˘ÓÓÏ ÂÏÎÂÈ˘ È„Î¥±

‰ ˙‡ Â¯ÈÎÊ‰ ‰Ï‡Î ˙ÂÚ„‡œÔ‡ÂßÁ˙È˘‡¯· ˙È·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ‰ÏÂÎÒ‡‰ È„ÈÒÁ ¨„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ Ï˘ ‰ÓÎ È ÔÎ‡ ÆÂÏ ‰ˆÂÁÓ Û‡Â ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ· ‰˙ÚÙ˘‰ ‡ ·ÈÁ¯‰Ï Âˆ¯˘ ÌÈ¯˘Ú‰ ‰‡Ó‰

‡‰ ÔÈ·Ï ‰Â¯Á‡‰ ˙Ú‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÔÈ· ÔÂÈÓ„ ÈÂÂ˜œÌ‰È˘ ÆÔ‡ÂßÁ˙ÂÈÎ˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ¯ÂÓ˘Ï Â˙¯ËÓ˘ ¨˙ÈÂˆÈ˜ ˙Â¯Ó˘· ÔÈÈÙÂ‡Ó‰ ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ ¯Â·Èˆ ÌÈ‚ˆÈÈÓÏ˘ Ì‚‰Ó ÂÏÈÙ‡ ÆÌÈÙ‰Â ıÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó È„·Â¯ ÏÎ ÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘Ó‰ ÈÁ ÁÂÎÎ ÌÊÈ·‡‰ÂÂ‰

‡‰œ˙ÂÏ˙‰ ˙ÈÈÁ„ Ï˘ ‰ÂÂÒÓ· ¨˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÚÈ·˙· „‰Ï ‰ÎÊ ˜˘ ˙‡˘Ï Ô‡ÂßÁÏ˘ÓÓ‰Ó ÂÚ·˙ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Æ·¢‰¯‡· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰

Ï˘ ÏÂ„‚ ¯ÙÒÓ ÔÓ‡ÏÂ ˙˘ÂÓÁ˙Â ˜˘ Ï˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ·‡˘Ó ÏÚ· ˜ÊÁ ‡·ˆ ˙Â·Ï‡‰ ·¯˜· ˜˘ ˙‡˘Ï ÌÈÏ‚ÂÒÓ˘ ÈÓ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÔÓ‡Ï ªÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ‹¨˛ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈ‰˜¸ ‰Ó

‡‰ ÏÎ˘ ÍÎ‹˙Â˘ÚÏ ªÍÎ· Í¯Âˆ ‰È‰È Ì‡ È‡·ˆ ‰„Â˙Ú ÁÂÎÏ ÍÂÙ‰Ï ÏÎÂ˙ ‰ÓÆÂÓˆÚ· ˜˘ ¯ˆÈÈÏ ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó¥≤

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù µ≤

·ÈÂ‡¢ ˙‡ ÂÒÂ¯ ˜‡ßÊ≠Ô‡ßÊ· ‰‡¯ ‡Â‰ Æ˙Â¯ÈÁ·ÏÂ ‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„Ï ÊÂ·· ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡·ÈÂÁÓ ‰˙‡ ˙¯Á·˘ Ú‚¯ÓÂ ÆÛÒÎ ‰·¯‰ ¨ÛÒÎÏ ˜Â˜Ê ‰˙‡ ¯Á·È‰Ï È„Î¢˘ ¯È‰ˆ‰Â ¨¢˙„‰

Æ¢ÌÈÁÙÂ˜Ó‰ ˙‡ ÁÈÊÓÂ ÌÈ¯È˘Ú‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡Ï¥≥ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÔÈ· ÌÈÁÂÎÈÂÂ‰ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡· ‰‡È˘· ¨˙Â˙ÈÁ˘· ·Â¯Ï Â„˜Ó˙‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÔÈ·Ï ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰¨‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„Ï Ú‚Â· Ï‡˘ ¯˘‡Î ¨ÌÓ‡Â Æ‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„‰ ÌÂ˘ÈÈ· ˙ÂÁÙÂ ¨ÁÂÎ ˙˜ÂÏÁ·ÂÌÂ˘˘ ÌÈÚÎÂ˘Ó Â‡¢ ∫ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÊÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ÔÂ˘Ï· Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘ ˘Ó˙˘‰¯·Á Â˙ÂÈ‰ ˙ÂÎÊ· Â‡ ¨ÂÙÒÎ ˙ÂÎÊ· ¯˜ÈÚ· ‡Ï‡ ÂÈ¯Â˘ÈÎ ·˜Ú ËÓÏ¯ÙÏ ¯Á· ÂÈ‡ ‚Èˆ

Æ¢˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ‰‚ÏÙÓ·¥¥

Ú‰ ˙ÂÎÊ ÏÚ Ô‚‰ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡‹· ÈÂÏ˙ È˙Ï·Â È˘ÙÂÁ ÔÙÂ‡· ˜ÂÒÚÏ ‡‡ÓÏ‰ÂÚ„Æ®‰ÙË‰© ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰˙¯˙ÂÎ ¯˘‡Â ¨Â¯ˆÚÓ ÈÙÏ ¯ˆ˜ ÔÓÊ ‡˘˘ ‰‡ˆ¯‰Ó ‰ËÏ˜‰·˙ÂÓ≠Ï‡ ˙Ú‡ˆ

¨®˙ÂÂÓ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙©¥µÚÂÓÏ È„Î ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠‡Ï ÌÈ„Úˆ Ë˜ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÎ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ¯È‰ˆ‰ ÌÈÎÂÓ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ÂÈ‰È ¯˘‡ „Ú ÏÏÂÁ˙˙ ‡Ï ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯‰ ÈÎÂ ¨‰ÂÚ„· ˜ÂÒÚÏ ÌÈ˘¯„ÓÌÏ˘Ï Â˙ÂÂÎ ÏÚ ¯È‰ˆ‰Â È˘ÙÂÁ ÔÙÂ‡· ÛÈË‰Ï ˙ÂÎÊ‰ ˙‡ Ú·˙ ‡Â‰ ÆÌ˙ÂÓ‡ ÔÚÓÏ ÏÂ·ÒÏ

∫Ì‰Ï˘ Â‚‡‰ ÔÚÓÏ ˜¯ ‰ÈÈ˘Ú· ÌÈ˘¯„‰ ÂÓ˘‡ÂÈ Ï·Ï ¨¯ÈÁÓ‰ ˙‡

‰È„ÓÏ ‰˙ÏÚ Ì˙ÏÎ˘‰˘ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ‰Â ÌÈ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù‰ ¨ÌÈ¯ÂË˜Â„‰ ÈÙÏ‡ ÔÎÈ‰ÏÎ Æ˙Ú„‰ ÏÚ Ï·˜˙Ó ÂÈ‡ ¯·„‰ °·Â˘ÁÏ ˜ÈÒÙ‰Ï ÌÈÏÈÎ˘ÓÏ ÌÈ¯ÓÂ‡ øÌÈÂÈÏÈÓ

ÆÈÁ ‡Â‰ ‰·¯˜·˘ ‰ÏÈ‰˜‰ ·ˆÓ ˙‡ ¯Ù˘Ï È„Î Â˙Â·˙ ˙‡ ÏÈÚÙ‰Ï È‡ÎÊ Ì„‡

ÂÏÚ‰˘ ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÈÏÂ˘Ï ˜ÂÁ„Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ „‚ ˙ÂˆÓ˘‰· ‡ˆÈ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Ú‰ È¯ÈÚˆ‹Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÓ‡ ß„· ÌˆÓËˆ‰Ï ‰„ÚÂ ‡Ï¢ ¨‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ ¯Ó‡ ¨¢ÂÏ˘ ˙„‰¢ Æ‡‡ÓÏ

˙‡ ÚÈ˜˘‰Ï „ˆÈÎÂ Â˙ÏÎÏÎ ˙‡ ˙Â·Ï „ˆÈÎ Â„ÓÏÏ ‰„ÚÂ ‡È‰ Æ¯Á‡ Â‡ ‰Ê „‚ÒÓÆ¢ÂÙÒÎ¥∂

≠‰ ‰ÒÈ ÍÎ ÍÂ˙·CDLRÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓ ¯Á‡Ï ¯ˆÂ˘ ÏÏÁ‰ ˙‡ ‡ÏÓÏ Ï˘ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ¯„ÚÈ‰Î ÂÈÈÚ· ÒÙ˙˘ ‰Ó ˙‡ Û˘Á ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÆÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰

¯Ë˘Ó‰®Ì‡ßË≠Ï‡ ˙ÈÚ¯˘ Ì„Ú©ÈÈÁ ÏÚ ÌÈÈÒÈÒÚ ÌÈ¯ÂÙÈÒ· ÂÈ‡¯Â˜ ˙‡ ‚ÚÓ Â„ÂÚ· ¨‰ÚÈÙÂ‰˘ ¨‰„ÈÙ˜· ˙˜ÓÂÓ ˙Â·˙Î ˙¯„Ò· Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ÌÈ‡ËÁ‰ ÏÚÂ ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘‰

≠‰ ‰ÒÈ ¨ÌÈ˜ÏÁ ‰ÂÓ˘·CDLR ˙„‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙· ÌÈ˘Â„ÈÁ ÂÒÈÎ‰ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ÈÎ ÁÈÎÂ‰Ï ÌÈÂÂˆÂ ÂÓ˜Â‰˘ ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙Â„ÚÂ ÔÂ‚Î ¨Ï‡‰ È˜ÂÁ ÌÚ „Á‡ ‰˜· ÂÏÚ ‡Ï˘ ‰˜ÈËÈÏÂÙ‰Â‰ÙÎ Â‡ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ˜ÂÁÏ ˙ÈÈˆ˘ ÈÓ ÏÎ Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘· ÒÂÒÈ· ÏÎ Ì‰Ï ‰È‰˘ ‡Ï· Â˙È˘ ÌÈÈ˙ÂÎÏÓ

Æ‰ÏÈ‰˜‰ ÔÓ ˘¯Ù˘ ¯ÙÂÎ ÂÓˆÚ ‡Â‰ Ì‰Ï ˙ÈÈˆÏ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÏÚ¥∑≠‰ CDLRÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙‡ ‰ÓÈ„ ‡È‰Â ‰¯Â· ˙ÂÈ‰ÏÓ ‰˜ÂÁ¯ ‰ÓÂ‡‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ· ¯ÈÎ‰Ï ˙Ï‚ÂÒÓ ‰È‡˘ ¢‰·È˜¯Ó ‰ÈÈÂÂ‚¢Ï

Æ˙ÂÈ˜ÂÁ‰Â ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ‰È˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ‰Ó ·ËÈ‰ ˙Ú„ÂÈ¥∏·ÎÈÎ ¢˘„ÂÁ‰ ÍÈÒ¢ ˙Â·˙Î‰ ˙¯„Ò· Æ¢ÌÏÂÚ· ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÒ¯ÂÙÓ‰Â ÏÂ„‚‰¢ ˙Á˘ÂÓÎ ¯‡Â˙˘ ¨ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ËÏÒ ‰‚‰‰ ¯˘¥π

≠‰ ˙ÚËÏCDLRÌÚËÓ ˙ÁÏ˘Ó ˘‡¯ Ï˘ Â‚ÒÏ ‰ÂÓ˘‰ Ô· Â· ˙‡ Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ‰ÈÓ È·Ï ÊÂ·ÏÂ ˙Â˘È„‡· ‚Â‰Ï „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ÌÈÎÈ˘ÓÓ ÚÂ„Ó¢ Æ‰ÈÒÈÂ˙ÏÂ ÔÈÈ¯Á·Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ‡˘ ¢øÈ˜ÂÁ È˙Ï·‰ ÌÂËÏ˘Ï ˙˘ÁÂ¯ ‡È‰˘ ‰‡˘‰ ˙‡ ‰Ù˘Á ‰ÓÂ‡‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï Ì‚ ÌÚ‰

≠‰CDLRÆµ∞

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLRµ≥

≠‰ ‰˘Ú ±ππµ≠·CDLR ÏÚ ÂÈ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰· ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ËÂ· Ú‹Ò≠Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏ‹‰ËÏ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ© ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ ˙‡ ‰ÂÂ˘‰ ‡Â‰ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰È˘ÚÓÏ È˜ÂÁ Û˜Â˙ Â˙˘ ¨®ÔÂËÏ˘‰ Ï˘

ÚÏ ÂÏÏ‰‹≠‰ Ï˘ ‡‡ÓÏCDLR ‰˙ÂÎ˘ ˙ÈÓÈÂ‡ ‰¯Â·Á ¨ ‰ÈÚ¯˘≠Ï‡ ‰„‡È˜≠Ï‡˙Â‚È‰Ó‰©¨Ì˙Â‡ Â˜ÙÒÈ˘ ˙Â¯‰·‰ ‡ÈˆÓÈ ‡Ï Ì‡˘ Ê‡· Ô· ˙‡ ¯È‰Ê‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Æ®˙ÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰Æ¢Ì‰Ï˘ ˙ÂˆÈ¯Ú‰Â ÈÂÎÈ„‰ È˘ÚÓÏ Û˙Â˘Â „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È„È· ÈÏÎ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÍÈ˘ÓÈ ‡Â‰¢µ±

˙ÂÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÂÈ˙ÂÚ„˘ ¨±¥≠‰ ‰‡Ó‰ Ô· ˜˘Ó„Ó ˙„ ˘È‡ ¨‰ÈÓÈ˙ Ô·‡ ˙‡ ÂËËˆ·≠‰ ÔÚË ¨ÌÈÈ¯„ÂÓ‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙÏ ‰‡¯˘‰ Â˘ÓÈ˘CDLRÚ‰ ÈÎ ‹ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

ÆÌÓˆÚ ÌÈÈÈ¯·ÚÎ ÂÈ„· ÌÈÚÂ¯‚ ÂÈ‰ ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ˙‡ Â„‚ Ì‰È˘ÚÓ˘ ÈÓ· ÂÎÓ˙˘µ≤ÂÎÈ˘ÓÈ Ì‡ ≠‰ ‚Èˆ‰˘ ¢˙ÂÈ‡¯¢‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ÍÎ ‚Â‰ÏCDLRÌÂÁ˙· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠ÈË‡‰ Ì˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ

Ú‰ ÂÈ‰È ¨ÈËÂÙÈ˘‰‹ÌÈ‡È˜· Ì˙ÂÈ‰ ÏÏ‚· ‡˜ÂÂ„ ¨¯ÂÓÁ ‡ËÁ· ÌÈÓ˘‡ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÆ‰ÚÈ¯˘·µ≥ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ˙ÎÏ‰‰ ˙Â˜ÈÒÙ‰Ó ÌÏÚ˙‰Ï ˘È Ê‡ ÈÎ ¨·ˆÓ‰ ‰Ê˘ ËÏÁÂÈ Ì‡ µ¥ÈÓÎÁ¢

≠‰ ÌÈÚË‰ ¨¢„ÂÚÒ Ï‡ Ï˘ ˙„‰CDLRÌÈ‚È‰Ó‰ „ˆÓ ˙ËÏÁÂÓ ˙ÂÓÏÚ˙‰ÏÂ ‚ÚÏÏ¢ ÂÎÊ ¨Æ¢˙Ó‡‰ ˙¯ÈÓ‡Ï Ú‚Â‰ ÏÎ· ‰ÏÏ‡ ˙‡ ‡Ï‡ ÌÈ‡¯È ÌÈ‡ ¯˘‡ ¨ÌÈÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰µµ

≠‰CDLRÂˆˆÂ˜ ‰˙¯‚ÒÓ·˘ ¨‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰˘„Á‰ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó‰ ˙‡ Ì‚ Û˜˙ ‰ËÈÁ‰ ÈÏ„‚ÓÏÂ ÌÈÈ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ÌÈ˙Â¯È˘‰ ˙Â¯·ÁÏ ˙ÂÈ„ÈÒ·ÂÒ‰—‰˙· ¯˘‡ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó

≠‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ¨‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙ÂÈ„ÈÒ·ÂÒ· ıÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÂÂÎ ÆÌÈÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ÌÈÈÒÈÙ ÌÈÁÓÂÓ ˙ˆÏÓ‰·CDLRÆ¢‰È„Ó‰ ˙ÙÂ˜Ó „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ÂÏÊ‚˘ ˜˙Ú‰ ÈÓÂÎÒ ÏÚ ˙ÂˆÙÏ¢ ¨µ∂

È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘ÓÏ ˙È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˙ÁÏ˘Ó‰ ˙„˜ÙÓ· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ ‰˘Ú ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â·© ˙ÈÎ˙‰ Ï‰Ó Ï˘ Â„¯˘Ó Ì˘· ‰Ú„Â˘ ¨„‡È¯·Office of the Program Manager/

Saudi Arabian National Guard - OPM/SANGÏÁ‰ ‰Ù˜˙‰‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· Æ®µ ˜¯Ù Â‡¯ ª≠‰CDLRÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰˘ ¯Ó‡ ¨‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ „ÚÒ ¨ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ‚Èˆ Æ¯˙ÂÈ ‰¯È‰Ê ÔÂ˘Ï ËÂ˜Ï

ÌÂ˘ ‡Ï·¢ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯ÚÂ‰ È· ˙‡ ¯È˙Â‰˘ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÂÎÈ„‰ Ï˘ ¢˙ÈÚ·Ë ‰„ÏÂ˙¢ ‡Â‰Æ¢˙ÂÓÈÏ‡‰ „·ÏÓ ÌÓˆÚ ˙‡ ÚÈ·‰Ï Í¯„µ∑Ï˘ ÂÈ¯·„ ˙‡ ËËÈˆ ‰ÈËÈ¯· Ï˘ ıÂÁ‰ „¯˘Ó

≠‰ ÏÈÚÙCDLR˙ÂÈ‰ ¢ÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï „ÚÈ¢ ‰È‰ ıˆÙÂ‰˘ Ô˜˙Ó‰ Ì‰ÈÙÏÂ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ∫ÂÈ‰ ˙Â˜ÈÂ„Ó‰ ÂÈ˙ÂÏÈÓ ÈÎÂ ¨ÂÙÏÂÒ ÂÈ¯·„ ÈÎ ÔÚË È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Æ·¢‰¯‡ È„È ÏÚ ÏÚÙÂ‰˘

Æ¢ÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï „ÚÈ Ì‰ ˛·¢‰¯‡ ˙ÂÁÂÎ¸ ËÂ˘Ù‰ Ì„‡‰ ÈÈÚ·¢µ∏

≠‰ ÈÎ ˜ÙÒ ‰È‰ ‡Ï˘ Û‡CDLRÔÂÈÒÈ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ‰˘Ú ¨‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó· ÍÓÂ˙ ÂÈ‡ ¨‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ÆÂ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È· ¯‡˘Ó ¯˙ÂÈ È·ÂÈÁ ¯Â‡· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒ ˙‡ ‚Èˆ‰Ï ˘¯ÂÙÓ

≠‰ ÈÙÏ ÍÎCDLR‡ ¨ÌÈ¯ÈBÂÒ‰ ÔÈ· ˙È‡˘Á‰ ˙Â·È¯È· ·¯ÂÚÓ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨Œ„‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÁ≠‰ ÁÂÂÈ„ ¨±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â· ¨·Î˘ÓÏ ÏÙ ÍÏÓ‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï ÆÌ‡‰ „ˆÓ Ì‚CDLR‰‚‰‰ ¯˘ ÈÎ

Ú‰ ˙‡ ÒÈÎ Ô‡ËÏÒ ÍÈÒ‰‹‰ÈÂ˜·¢ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ÒÎ ˙‡ ÒÂÙ˙Ï ‰ÏÏ‡„·ÚÓ ÚÂÓÏ È„Î ‡‡ÓÏ≠‰ ÔÚË ¨¢ÌÈ¯ÈBÂÒ‰ ÔÈ· ‰Ó˜¯˘CDLRÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó‰˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ „ÓÚ ¨

ÌÂ¯‚Ï È„ÎÂ ÁÂÎ Ô‚ÙÓÎ ÌÈˆK ÊÂÁÓ· ÌÈÂ¯Ó˙ ÍÂ¯ÚÈ ¨Â„˜ÙÓ ‰È‰ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú˘ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰Ï˘ Â˙Â·¯ÂÚÓÏ ˙Â„Ú ÌÂ˘ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï¢˘ ˙ÂÈ‰ ¨‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ˙‡ ‡Â˘Ï ÊÂÁÓ‰ È·˘Â˙Ï

Æ¢ÌÈˆK È˘‡ „‚ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÚ˘Ù· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú∏πÚÈ·ˆ‰Ï ˙ÂÈÂ˘Ú ÂÈ‰ ‰Ï‡ ÔÈÚÓ ˙ÂÈÂ‡Ë·˙‰ ≠‰ ˘Á¯˘ ‰„‰‡‰ ÏÚCDLRÂ˙„· ˜Â„‡Â ËÂ˘Ù ˘È‡ Ï˘ ˙ÈÓ„˙ ÔÈ¯˜‰ ¯˘‡ ¨‰ÏÏ‡„·ÚÏ

¨È¯È„ÂÒ≠‡Ï‰ ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒ ÈÈÚ· ÔÁ ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ „ˆÓ ÔÂˆ¯ ÏÚ ÈÏÂ‡ Â‡ ¨ÂÓÚÏ ·¯Â˜Ó‰Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ï˘ ‡·‰ ÍÏÓ‰ ˙ÂÈ‰Ï ÈÂ˘Ú ‰È‰˘

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù µ¥

≠‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ÊÂÁ· ÆÔÂÎÏ ‰ˆ¯˘ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÏÚ „·Ï· ÌÈËÚÓ ÌÈË¯Ù ˜ÙÈÒ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡CDLR‡˘˘ ÌÈ¯·„· ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ Æ¯˙ÂÈ ¢˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡¢ ˙Î¯ÚÓ ÌÈ˜‰Ï Í¯Âˆ‰ ÏÚ ¯˜ÈÚ· ¯·Â„

¨¢˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„¢Ï Â˙Ù„Ú‰ ÏÚ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ¯·È„ ÈËÈ¯· Ï‰˜ ÈÙÏ ¯ËÒÈÓËÒÂÂ·¯·È„ ‡Â‰ ÆÏÂÎÏ ‰Ú·ˆ‰ ˙ÂÎÊ ÌÚ ˙ÂÈ˘ÙÂÁ ˙ÂÈÓÂ‡ÏÂ ˙ÂÈÏÙÈˆÈÂÓ ˙Â¯ÈÁ· ÂÎ¯ÚÈÈ ‰·˘˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ˙‡ Ï·˜Ï ˙ÂÎÈ¯ˆ ÌÈ˘‰ ÈÎ ˘È‚„‰Â ¨˙È‡ÓˆÚ ˙ÈËÙ˘Ó ˙Î¯ÚÓ ÏÚ

Æ‚Â‰Ï ˙ÂÎÊ‰ ‰Ê ÏÏÎ·Â ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ Ô‰Ï ˙ÂÚÈ‚Ó‰∂∞ÁÂ˙Ù ‰È‰ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ÈÂÈ·‰ „ÓÚÓÏ Ô· Â˙ÂÈ‰· ¨ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘Ï ‰‡ÂÂ˘‰· ÔÂˆÈÁ‰ ÌÏÂÚÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ËÚÓ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ˙ÏÚ·Â ¯Â·Èˆ‰ È˘Á¯Ï ¯˙ÂÈ ‰˘È‚¯ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ ¯·„· ‰ÒÈÙ˙‰ ‰ÁÂÂ¯ Â·˘ ¨ÏÈÎ˘Ó‰¨ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ÂÏ‡ ÔÈ·Ï ÂÈ˙ÂÂÈÚ¯ ÔÈ· ÌÈÂÂ˘Ó˘Î Ï·‡ Æ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÏÂ„‚ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ

ÚÏÂ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡Ï ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ÂÈ‰ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜‰ È˙˘ ÆÌÈÏ„·‰Ó ÔÂÈÓ„ ÈÂÂ˜ ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ‡ˆÂÓ‹‡‡ÓÏ¯ÒÓ‰ ˙‡ ÛËÚ ˜¯ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ¨‰˘ÚÓÏ Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ Ï˘ ¢˙Â‡¢ ÌÂ˘ÈÈ· Âˆ¯Â ¨ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰¯˘‡ ¨‰È„ÂÚÒ· ÈÂÈ·‰ „ÓÚÓ‰ È·Ó ÌÈ·¯ÏÂ ·¯ÚÓÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ‡˙˙˘ ‰˘„Á ¢‰ÊÈ¯‡¢· ÂÏ˘ÂÓÎ ∫Ï˘ÓÏ Æ‰˜ÊÁ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‰ÈÈË ÏÚ Â¯Ó˘ Ï·‡ ¯˙ÂÈ È¯„ÂÓ ÌÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡ ÂÏ‰È

˙≠Ï‡ ÔÒÁ‹˙Ú„Ï ÏÎÂ ‡Ï ÌÏÂ‡Â ¨¢ÌÈ˘‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ¢· ÍÓ˙ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ì‚ ¨Ô‡„ÂÒ· Èa‡¯ÈÙÎ ¨ÌÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ÔÈÈÚ· ‰ÚÈ‚ÙÏ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· ‡È·Ó ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÔÂÎÏ ˘˜È·˘ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ì‡

˙≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÂËÏ˘ ˙Á˙ Ô‡„ÂÒ· ‰¯˜˘‹ÆÈa‡¯∂±

≠· ‚ÂÏÈÙ‰CDLR„ÈÏÂ ·˜ Ï˘ Ô˙˙Â˘„Á ˙ÂˆÂ

ÂÂ‚¯‡· ÏÁ ¨Â˘¯‚Ï ÌÈËÈ¯·‰ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÂÈÒÈ ˙‡ ·ÎÚÏ ÁÈÏˆ‰ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ˘ Û‡≠‰ ‚Èˆ Ô‰Â È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ô‰ Æ¯ÂÓÁ Ú¯˜CDLRÒ¯Ó· µ≠· ÂÓÒ¯Ù ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ „ÚÒ ÔÂ„ÂÏ·

≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ÌÈ˘‡‰ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ÆÔÂ‚¯‡‰Ó Â‰Ú¯ ˙‡ ˘È‡ ÌÈ˜ÏÒÓ Ì‰ Ô‰ÈÙÏÂ ˙ÂÚ„Â‰ ±ππ∂˙ÙÏÁ‰·Â ÌÈËÈ¯·‰ Ï˘ ˘Â¯È‚‰ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ „‚ ÈËÙ˘Ó‰ Â˜·‡Ó ˙‡ ÔÓÓÏ ·Â¯ÈÒ· ‰È˜ÙÍÈÒ ÌÚ ÌÈÚ‚Ó Ï‰È ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ ÈÎ Ì‚ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ ÆÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ È˘‡¯‰ „¯˘Ó· ÌÈÏÂÚÓ‰˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÍÂ˙· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÏÈÚÙ ÔÎÈÒ ÈÎÂ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ ÌÚÂ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ˙Î‰≠‰ Ï˘ ‡¯Â˘‰ ˙ÙÒ‡¢ ÂÏËÈ· ¨‰¯‰ˆ‰· ·˙Î ¨ÍÎ ˙Â·˜Ú· ÆÛÒÎ ÂÓÓ ËÂÁÒÏ ‰ÒÈÂ

CDLRÏ˘ Â˙Â¯·Á ˙‡ ®‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ·‡© ÂÏ˘ „ÒÈÈÓ‰ ˘‡¯ ·˘ÂÈ‰Â ¢Ì‚ ÈÏÏÎ‰ Â¯ÈÎÊÓÂ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ¯·Â„ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ˙ÚÎ ˘ÓÈ˘ ÍÎÈÙÏ ÆÔÂ‚¯‡· ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡‰ÈÓÂ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ È¯ÂËÈÙ ÏÚ ÚÈ„Â‰ ‰·Â ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÈÂ˜Ï ‰¯‰ˆ‰ ÌÒ¯Ù Â„ˆÓ ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ Æ„ÁÈ„Á‡ ÏÎ Æ‡¯Â˘‰ ˙ÙÒ‡ Ï˘ ‰ÓÂÈ˜ ¯·„ ˙‡ ˘ÈÁÎ‰ Ì‚ ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ ÆÈÓ˘¯‰ ¯·Â„Ï ÂÓˆÚ ˙‡

ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ Ï˘ π∞ ßÒÓ ‰¯Â„‰ÓÏ ÂÏ˘Ó ‰Ò¯‚ ‡ÈˆÂ‰ ÌÈ‚ÏÙ‰Ó˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡ÍÈ¯‡˙ ÌÚ Á‡ ÏÎ Æ¯Á‡∂≤ÂÏˆÙ˙‰ ‰ÈËÈ¯·· ÌÈ‡˜ ÌÈÂÒ Ï˘ Â¯Á‡ ÂˆÂ·˜ „ˆÓ Â˘È‚ ÂÂÈÒÈ Â¯ÓÏ

Ò¯Ó· ±±≠· ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ÌÈ‚ÏÙ‰ È˘—≠‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡Ï CDLR‰ÚÂ˙ÏÂ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ˙‚‰‰· ·¯Ú È‡‰ ÈˆÁ· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï(MIRA)Æ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ ˙‚‰‰· ∂≥

ÈÈÚ·˘ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ È˙˘· È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙Â¯·Á· ‰„˜Ó˙‰ ÌÈ‚ÏÙ‰ ÔÈ· ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ‰ ∫˙ÂÈËÙÂ ˙ÂÓÈ‰Ó È˙Ï· ¨˙Â¯ÊÂÓ Â·˘Á ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙ÂÈ„ÓÓ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ

¯È¯Á˙ ‰Ï˘ ‚ÏÙÂ ®¯Â¯Á˘‰ ˙‚ÏÙÓ© Ó≠Ï‡‹ÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰Â¯ÈÎ‰ ‡Ï ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÂ‚¯‡ Æ®ÌÈ¯‚‰Ó‰©

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLRµµ

ÂÚÈˆ‰Â ¨Ô‡¯È‡·Â Ô‡„ÂÒ· ÌÈ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ‰Ê ÏÏÎ·Â ¨¯Ë˘Ó ÌÂ˘ Ï˘ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï·ÌÏÂÚ‰ ÏÎ· ËÂÏ˘È ¨‰ÓÂÏÚ˙ ¯„‚· ¯‡˘ ÂÓ˘˘ ¨Ì‰Ï˘ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ È¯·ÁÓ „Á‡˘ ˙‡Ê ÌÂ˜Ó·˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ ‰Ó˘ ¯˘˜ ¯·Ú·˘ Û‡ ¨ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÚÈ¯ÙÓ ÔÈ‡· ‰ÏÚÙ ¯È¯Á˙≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ ÆÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰¨¢„·Ï· ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ¢ ˙ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡ ¯ÂÂÈ„ ˙ÓÈ˘¯· ˙·Â˙Î˙‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÆÔ„¯È· ¯Â¯Ë

al-Jazirah-Net‰ÏÁ‰ ÂÏÏ‰ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜‰ ÌÚ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯˘˜ ·È·Ò ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ‰ ¨ÔÈÈˆ ‡Â‰ ¨˜„Ëˆ‰Ï ‰ÒÈ˘ Û‡ Æ¯È¯Á˙≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ· Â˙Â¯·Á· ‰„Â‰ ¯˘‡Î ¨±ππµ≠· ˙ÂÏ‚˙‰Ï

‡ ‡Ï ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ© Ê‡Ó ‰˙Ú˘Â‰ ¯È¯Á˙≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ· Â˙Â¯·Á˘œÌÈÂ‚¯‡· ˙Â¯·Á ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ¯˘ÙÏÎ· ¯È¯Á˙≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ· ÈÙÂ„ ÌÂ˘ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ È¯·„Ï Æ®˙Á‡ ‰ÂÚ·Â ˙Ú· ÌÈ¯Á‡

Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙· ‰˙ÎÈÓ˙ÏÂ Ì‡ÏÒ‡Ï ‰ÒÁÈÏ Ú‚Â‰∂¥

‰‚È‰Ó ¨„ÓÁÓ È¯Î· ¯ÓÚÓ ÚÈ‚‰ ¯È¯Á˙≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ ÌÚ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ˘Á˘ ˙Â‰„Ê‰Ï ¯Â˘È‡Ó≠Ï‡ ˙‡ „ÒÈÈÏ È„Î ‰ÓÓ ˘¯Ù ¯˘‡ ¨‰‚ÏÙÓ‰ Ï˘ ¯·Ú˘Ï È¯ÂÒ‰‹ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ‡Â‰ ÆÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰

‰ÈËÈ¯·Ï ÂÚÈ‚‰ ÌÚÂ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÁ˘Î „ÂÚ ¯È¯Á˙≠Ï‡ ·ÊÁ· ¯·Á ‰È‰ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡Ó≠Ï‡Ï Û¯Ëˆ‰‹¨‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡Ï ¯˘‡ ÆÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ‡¯Â˘‰ ˙ˆÚÂÓ· ¯·Á ˘ÓÈ˘Â ÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰

ÆÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ÌÈÁ‡‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡· ¯·Á ‰È‰ ‰Ï‰˘ ÔÚË „ÓÁÓ È¯Î·∂µ

≠‰ Ï˘ Â·ˆÓCDLR„·È‡ ‚ÂÏÈÙ‰ ·˜Ú Æ±ππ∂ ˙˘ ÍÏ‰Ó· ¯„¯„˙‰Ï ‰‡¯Î ÏÁ‰ ÆË¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ˙ÂÓÂ¯˙ ˙˘˜·· ˜Ù˙Ò‰Ï ıÏ‡Â ÂÏ˘ ÔÂÓÈÓ‰ ˙È·¯Ó ˙‡ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡

Ó≠Ï‡ ÌÚ ÂÈ¯˘˜ ÏÏ‚· ÈÏÂ‡‹Ï˘· ÈÏÂ‡Â ¨ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÂÏÚÙ˘ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ‡˜ ÌÚÂ ÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰‡ ¨ÌÈÈÙÒÎ ÌÈÚÈÓœ˙ÓÈ˘¯ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· Ô‰È¯ÒÓ ˙‡ ıÈÙ‰Ï ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜Ï È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ¯˘Ù

≠‰ Ï˘ ˙ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡‰ ¯ÂÂÈ„‰CDLRÏ˘ ÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ È˙Â¯ÙÒ‰ ‚ÂÁ‰¢ Ì‚ ‰Ó ‰Ï‡ ÌÚ ÆÆ˘„Ï‚· ÈËÈÏ˘ ˙‡Â ·¢‰¯‡ ˙‡ ¨Ï‡¯˘È ˙‡ ÛÂ˜˙Ï È„Î ÂÊ ‰Ó·· ˘Ó˙˘‰˘ ¨¢˘„Ï‚·

Ó≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÌÏÂ˜Ï ÂÏÂ˜ ˙‡ Û¯Èˆ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡‹Ï˘ ÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ È˙Â¯ÙÒ‰ ‚ÂÁ‰ Ï˘Â ÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰ ß˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰„ÈÚÂÂ‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡ßÏ Â‡¯˜˘ ˙Â¯‰ˆ‰ ÏÚ Ì˙Á ¯˘‡Î ˘„Ï‚·(OIC)¯ÈÎ‰Ï

ÌÈ˘Ï ÌÂ¯‚Ï ‰È˙ÂÂÈÒÈ ÏÚ ˙Ù¯ˆ ˙‡ ÂÙ˜˙Â ÔÈÒÈ¯Ù˜· ˙È˜¯ÂË‰ ˙ÚÏ·ÂÓ‰ ˙Â‡ÓˆÚ·‰ ˙˘È·ÏÓ ÏÂ„ÁÏ ˙ÂÈÓÏÒÂÓa‡ß‚ÁÌ‰· Â‡¯ ÌÈÂ‚¯‡‰˘ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ ¨®È˙¯ÂÒÓ‰ ˘Â·Ï‰©

‰Ïˆ‰‰ ˙ÈÊÁ ¨ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ÌÈÁ‡‰ ¨ÈÈËÒÏÙ‰ Ò‡ÓÁ‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÏÚ ‰ÓÁÏÓ ˙Ê¯Î‰ ¯Èß‚Ï‡· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰(FIS) ‰ßˆ‰≠Ï‡ ÈÒÈÂ˙‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰Â —≠Ï‡Ï ˙Â„‚˙‰ ÂÚÈ·‰ ÌÏÂÎ

Ó‹ÆÈ¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡Ï Ì‚ ¯ÓÂ‡ ‰ÂÂ‰ ¨ÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰Â˙Â‡ ÂÓÈÓ˘ ‰Ï‡Ó ÌÈ·¯˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨±ππ∑ ¯‡ÂÈ· Ï‚¯ ˙ËÈ˘Ù ÏÚ ÊÈ¯Î‰ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡

≠‰ ‚È‰Ó Æ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡Ï Ì˙ÎÈÓ˙ ˙‡ Â¯È·Ú‰ ¯·Ú·CDLR˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈÙÒÎ ÒÈÈ‚Ï ‰ÒÈ Ó≠Ï‡ Ì‚ Ì‰· ¨ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÌÈ‡˜ ÌÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ÈÂ‚¯‡ ÌÚ ÂÈ¯˘˜‹ÂÓÈ˜‰ Ì‰ „ÁÈ ÆÔÂ¯ß‚‡‰

¢˙ÂˆÈ¯Ú „‚ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ¢ ÂÓ˘Â ÔÂ‚¯‡(MAST)≠‰ ¯Â·Ú· ÌÈÙÒÎ ÒÈÈ‚Ï „ÚÂ˘ ¨CDLRÆÆ˙ÂÓÂ¯˙Ï ˙Â˘˜·· Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙‡ ÛÈˆ‰ Ì‚ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡∂∑

ÁÓˆ ÍÎ ÍÂ˙·MIRA≠‰ Ï˘ ÂÊÓ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÈÈˆ¯ ˙ÈÓ„˙ ÏÚ· ÔÂ‚¯‡Ï ‰È‰Â CDLRÆ¯ÂÙÒÓ ˙Â·¯‰ ˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒ· ‡ÏÂ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˜¯Â Í‡ Â˜ÒÚ ÂÈ˙ÂÈÂ‡Ë·˙‰

≠‰ Ú‚ Ô‰·˘CDLRÓ‡‰ ‰ÏÂ˜ ˙‡ ÌÏ‚Ó ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ÔÚË ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÂ‚¯‡ Æœ˙ÚÂ˙ Ï˘ È˙Ú‰ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó ˙Â˘ÈÁ· ·ˆÈÈ˙‰Â ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯‰‹ÔÚË ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡ ÆÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

Ú‰ ÏÎÓ ‰Î¯„‰ Ï·˜Ï ˘˜È· È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯ÚÂ‰ ÈÎ‹ÌÏÂ‡Â ¨„Á‡Î ÌÈÈÏ˜È„¯‰Â ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ¨‡‡ÓÏÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ ˙‡ ÏˆÈÂ ÌÈÈÏ˜È„¯‰ ÌÈ‚È‰Ó‰ ˙‡ ¯Ò‡ ¯˘‡Î ‰ÚË ÔÂËÏ˘‰

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù µ∂

Ú· ÔÂÓ‡‰ ˙‡ ‰¯Ú¯Ú ÂÊ ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÁÂ¯ ˙‡ Â„‚˘ ˙ÂËÏÁ‰· ‰ÎÈÓ˙Ï‹‡‡ÓÏ∫˙Â‚È‰Ó ‡ÏÏ ¯ÚÂ‰ ˙‡ ‰¯È˙Â‰Â ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰

‰Î¯„‰ ˘˜È· ¯˘‡ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯ÚÂ· ˙Â¯‚˙‰ Ï˘ ˙¯·Â‚ ‰˘ÂÁ˙ ‰¯ˆÂ ÍÎ ·˜Ú Ì˘ÈÈÏÂ ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ıÏ‡ Í‡‡Â‡˙Ù˛‰ÈÚ·¸ ÆÂÓˆÚ ˙ÂÁÂÎ· ®ÌÈÈ˙ÎÏ‰ ÔÈ„≠È˜ÒÙ©

¨‰ÏË·‡‰ ˙ÂË˘Ù˙‰ È„ÈÏ Â‡È·‰˘ ÌÈ˘˜‰ ÌÈÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ÌÈ‡˙‰Ó ‰Ú· ˙ÙÒÂ¯·„‰ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙È‰ Ì‰Ó˘ ¯‡Ù‰Â ÚÙ˘‰ Ú˜¯ ÏÚ ˙‡Ê ¨Ï·Ò‰Â ¯ÂÒÁÓ‰

Æ„ÈÒÙ‰Ï ‰Ó Â‡ ˘Â˘ÁÏ ‰ÓÓ Ì‰Ï ÔÈ‡˘ ‰˘ÂÁ˙ ¯ÚÂ‰ È· ˙ˆ˜Ó ·¯˜· ¯ˆÈ∂∏

„‚ „ÚÂÂ‰ ∫˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ıÂÁÓ ˙ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÙÒÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ˙ˆÂ·˜ ‰ÚÈÙÂ‰ ±ππ∂≠· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙Â˙ÈÁ˘– The Committee Against Corruption in Saudi Arabia)

(CACSAÌÚÙ· ÌÚÙ È„Ó ÚÈÓ˘‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· ÈËÒÈ¯„ÂÓ≠ÈÏ¯·ÈÏ‰ Û‚‡‰˘ Û‡ Æ Ï˘ Â˙Ó˜‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨ÂÏÂ˜ ˙‡CACSA˙ÈÊÁ ‚Èˆ‰Ï ‰Ê Û‚‡ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· Ô‚¯Â‡Ó‰ ÔÂÈÒÈ‰

ÌÎÁÂ˙Ó Ë¯ËÈ‡ ¯˙‡ ÂÏ ‰È‰ Ï·‡ ¨˙ÏÙ¯ÂÚÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙Â‰Ê Æ˙„ÁÂ‡Ó—www.saudhouse.com —˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰ÈÙ¯‚ÂÈ·‰ ÏÚ ÌÈË¯Ù ‡ÂˆÓÏ ¯˘Ù‡ ‰È‰ Â·˘

ÌÈ¯˜·Ó‰ ÌÈ¯ÙÒ Ï˘ ÌÈ‡ÏÓ ÌÈÂÂ˜Ó ÌÈ˜˙ÂÚÂ ¨˙Â˙ÈÁ˘ È¯˜Ó Ï˘ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈ¯Â‡È˙ ¨‰ÎÂÏÓ‰Ï‰˜Ï ÂÈ¯·„ ˙‡ ÔÂÂÈÎ ‰‡¯ÎÂ ¨È·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ¢ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ¢‰ ˙‡ Û˜˙ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Æ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ˙‡

ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ Ï‰˜ÏÓ ¯˙ÂÈ È˜È¯Ó‡‰‚ÂÏÈÙ‰ ¯Á‡Ï ‰˙ÙÂ˙Ó ¯ÎÈ ˜ÏÁ ‰„·È‡ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ıÂÁÓ ‰ÏÚÙ˘ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

≠‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡·CDLR¯ÂÓ˘Ï Ì˙Ò‰ ÔÓ ‰ˆ¯ ‰È˜Ù≠Ï‡Â ¨ÌÈÈÙÒÎ‰ ÌÈÈ˘˜‰ ÂÈ‰ ‰ÈÚ·‰ ·Ï ÆÆÈ¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˜˙ Ô‰·˘ ˙ÂÈÚ·‰ ÁÎÂÏ ÍÂÓ ÏÈÙÂ¯Ù ÏÚ

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ± ∫˙È·¯Ú·Á≠Ï‡ ÔÚ Ú‡Ù„≠Ï‡ ß‚Ï‹‰ÈÚ¯˘≠Ï‡ Â˜‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰¢ ÂÈ‰Ï ÍÈ¯ˆ ‰È‰ ˙ÂÈ ÔÂÎ ÌÂ‚¯˙ Æ ÁÂÓ·˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙‡ÊÂ ¨¢Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ È„È ÏÚ ˙Â‚ÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ‰ÚÈ¯˘∫ÌÈ·ÂÓ ‰ÓÎ· ˘Ó˙˘‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡

˙‡ È·Ú‰Ï È‡„ÂÂ· Âˆ¯ „ÚÂÂ‰ È„ÒÈÈÓ Æ¢ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÂÁ‰ È„È ÏÚ ÁË·ÂÓ¢ Â‡ ¢≠Ï ÍÈÈ˘¢ Ì‚ Í‡ ¢È˜ÂÁ¢ ¢˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰¢ Ì˘‰ Æ‰ÏÂÙÎ‰ ˙ÂÚÓ˘Ó‰(Committee for the Defense of

Legitimate Rights – CDLR)Æ˙ÈÏ‚‡· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ˙‡ ˙ÂÎÏ ÌÈ„ÒÈÈÓ‰ Âˆ¯ ÍÎ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó Ô‡Î ‡·ÂÓ Æ≤ ∫Â‡¯ÈÚÂ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ≥ ‡ÂÈ Saudi Press Agency (SPA), May 13, 1993, in “Human Rights Committee

Leaders Relieved of Jobs”, Foreign Broadcast Information Service Near East and South Asia

Daily Report FBIS-NES-93-092, May 14, 1993, p. 19 ªË‡·¯≠Ï‡ ª±ππ≥ È‡Ó· ±π≠≤µ ¨Middle

East Studies Association of North America, MESA newsletter (August 1993).

Æ≥AFP, May 13, in “Rights Committee Leader Briefs Diplomats”, FBIS-NES-93-092, May 14,

1993, p. 19.

Æ¥ ·¯Ú È‡‰ ÈˆÁ· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï ‰ÚÂ˙‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ(MIRA)≠‰Ó ‰‚ÏÙ˙‰˘ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ¨CDLR≠‰ ‰ÈÓ ¨CDLR ∫Â‡¯ ÆÂ¯·Â„Ï ˜¯ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ˙‡ MIRA, History of Dissent: The Story of Islamic

Dissent in Arabia, Chapter 11, “The Committee for the Defence of Legitimate Rights”,˙·Â˙Î· http://miraserve.com/chap11.html

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLRµ∑

ÆµBBC World Service, May 6, 1993, in “Human Rights Activist Discusses Group’s Aims”, FBIS-

NES-93-096, May 20, 1993, p. 13.

Æ∂ ∫Â‡¯ ¢˘„ÁÓ ‰ÊÈ¯‡¢‰ ÏÚ“Islam Is the Power of the Future”, in Martin Kramer, Arab Awakening

and Islamic Revival: The Politics of Ideas in the Middle East (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction

Publishers, 1996), pp. 141–159.

Æ∑AFP, May 7, 1993, in “Human Rights Group to Fight ‘Oppression, Injustice’”, FBIS-NES-93-

089, May 11, 1993, p. 24.

Æ∏AFP, May 9, 1993, in “Leaders Informed of King’s Dissatisfaction”, FBIS-NES-93-089, May

11, 1993, p. 25; Gulf States Newsletter, May 17, 1993; MIRA, History of Dissent, chapter 11.

Æπ ∫Â‡¯ßË‡ÎÚÂ ˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ≥ È‡Ó· ±≥ ¨SPA May 12, 1993, in “Senior Ulema Council Calls

Rights Committee Illegal”, FBIS-NES-93-091 May 13, 1993, p. 21.

Æ±∞SPA, May 13, 1993, in “Rights Committee Leader Briefs Diplomats”, FBIS-NES-93-092, May

14, 1993, p. 19 ª„ÂÓ ‰ÏÚ„ÈÓÏ ÆÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰ ¯·„ ˙‡ Â¯˘È‡ ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÓ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Æ±ππ≥ È‡Ó· ±µ ¨ ∫Â‡¯ ÛÒÂAFP ª±ππ≥ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· π≠Â ÈÂÈ· ±∑ ¨È‡Ó· ±µ≠±∏ ¨È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡¯·ÓËÙÒ· ¥≠µ ¨

ª±ππ≥Arabia Monitor, August 1993; U.S. State Department, Country Report on Human Rights

Practices for 1993 (Washington: U.S. Department of State, February 1994)‰È„Ó‰ ˙˜ÏÁÓÓ ÆÆ±ππ≥ ¯·Ó·Â· È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ˙‡ ‰¯¯Á˘ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÈÎ ÁÂe„ ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘

Æ±± ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Â ®Ô‡Î ËËÂˆÓ© ±ππ≥ ÈÂÈ· ¥ ¨¯¯ÁÓ≠Ï‡ Ì‚ Â‡¯ Æ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ±π ¨¯ÈÙÒ≠Ï‡µ ¨Æ±ππ≥ ÈÂÈ·

Æ±≤CDLR Communiqué, no. 5, April 23, 1994; CDLR Communiqué, no. 6, April 25, 1994; CDLR

Communiqué, no. 7, May 1, 1994; and CDLR Communiqué, no. 8, May 8, 1994≠‰ ÈÎÓÒÓ ÆCDLR ˙·Â˙ÎÏ Ï‡Â„ ÁÂÏ˘Ó È„È ÏÚ ÌÏ·˜Ï Ì‚ ¯˘Ù‡Â ¨¯·ÁÓ‰ ˙Â˘¯· ÌÈ‡ˆÓ [email protected]Æ

Æ±≥Guardian (London), November 28, 1994; Daily Telegraph, November 29, 1994; The Independent,

December 12, 1994; CDLR Monitor, no. 24, December 2, 1994; CDLR Monitor, no. 26, December

16, 1994.

Æ±¥Reuters, January 4, 1996; Financial Times, January 5, 1996ÆÆ±µAssociated Press, March 6, 1996ÆÆ±∂Wall Street Journal, April 19, 1996ÆÆ±∑˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÈÙÏÎ ÂÙÂ‰˘ ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ Â‡ ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ ˙Ó‡Ï ˙Â¯˘Ù‡ ÏÎ ÔÈ‡ ÈÎ ˘È‚„‰Ï ÈÂ‡¯‰ ÔÓ

Ô‡Î Â‡·ÂÓ Ô‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÌÚ ÌÈ¯˘˜· ÌÈÈÂˆÓ‰ ·¯ÚÓ‰ È·ÏÂ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒÏ Â¯ÎÂÓ Ô‰Ó Â·¯ Æ„ÂÚÒ≠‰ ÚÈÓ˘‰˘ ˙ÂÚËÏ ˙Â‡Ó‚Â„ÎCDLRÓ‡Ï ¯Â˘È‡Î ‡ÏÂ œÆÔ˙Â˙

Æ±∏ ∫Â‡¯CDLR Monitor, no. 1, May 30, 1994 ª˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ È‡Ó· ≤π ¨± ßÒÓ Æ±π ∫Â‡¯CDLR Monitor, no. 7, July 11, 1994 ªCDLR Monitor, no. 9, July 25, 1994ÆÆ≤∞ ∫Â‡¯˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡ ª±ππ¥ ÈÂÈ· ±± ≥ ßÒÓ CDLR Monitor, no. 3, June 13, 1994; CDLR Monitor, no.�6,

July 4, 1994.

Æ≤±≠‰¢CDLRÔÂÈÒÈ ÏÎÓ ˛¯Â˜Ó· ÍÎ¸ ¯Ú˙ÓÂ ¨ÌÂÏ˘ ÈÎ¯„· ˙È˘Ú‰ ‰Â· ˙¯Â˜È· Ï˘ ‰ËÈ˘· ÍÓÂ˙ ª¢ÁÂÎ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘ È„È ÏÚ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ÏÏÂÁÏCDLR, “Introduction”, May18, 1994Æ

Æ≤≤CDLR Communiqué, no. 3, April 20, 1994; CDLR Monitor, no. 4, June 20, 1994; CDLR press

release, September 14, 1994.

Æ≤≥CDLR, “Introduction”, May18, 1994ÆÆ≤¥CDLR Monitor, no. 20, November 4, 1994ÆÆ≤µGuardian (London), November 4, 1994Â˙ÂÂÎ ÌÊÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ Ì‡¢ ∫¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ¯Ó‡ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Æ

Â‡ÈˆÓ‰˘ ˙Â‡ÂÙ˜ ˙Â„ÓÚÏ ‡È‰ ‰ÂÂÎ‰ Ì‡ Í‡ ÆËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ È‡ ¨ÔÎ ÈÊ‡ ¨Ô‡¯Â˜‰ È¯˜ÈÚÏ ˙ÂÈˆ Æ¢‰ÊÎ ÈÈ‡˘ È‡„Â Ê‡ ÈÎ ¨Ï˘ÓÓ‰ È„È˜ÙNew Yorker, November 28 1994Æ

ÈÚÈ·¯ ˜¯Ù µ∏

Æ≤∂CDLR Monitor, no. 20, November 4, 1994ÆÆ≤∑Æ∑ ˜¯Ù Â‡¯ ÂÊ ‰ˆÚÂÓ ÏÚ ÌÈË¯ÙÏ ÆÌ˘Æ≤∏CDLR Monitor, no. 17, October 14, 1994ÆÆ≤π ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡ ª≥π≠¥µ ßÓÚ ¨˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ¨ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡≤∑ ¨

ª±ππ¥ ¯·ÓËÙÒ·‰Ïß‚Ó≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· π≠±µ ¨Æ≥∞Daily Telegraph, June 27, 1994; Washington Post, June 30, 1994ÆÆ≥±Shaykh Salman bin Fahd al-‘Awda, letter, MSANEWS, July 3, 1994ÆÆ≥≤CDLR press release, July 5, 1994 ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ Ì‚ Â‡¯ ª‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡¨

Æ±µ¥≠±µ∂ ßÓÚÆ≥≥ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡Æ∂π ßÓÚ ¨Æ≥¥CDLR Communiqué, no. 13, August 13, 1994; CDLR Communiqué, no. 14, August 21, 1994;

CDLR Communiqué, no. 15, August 28, 1994; CDLR Monitor, no. 15, September 9, 1994.

Æ≥µCDLR Communiqué, no. 17, September 11, 1994; CDLR press release, September 14, 1994.

Æ≥∂Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Saudi Arabia Cracks Down on Islamic Militants Seizing Many”, New

York Times, September 22, 1994, p. A5a ˙È¯˜˙ Æ‹ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡· Ì‚ ‰·Á¯‰· ˙¯‡Â˙Ó ‰„È¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘ÓÆ∑∞≠∑± ßÓÚ ¨

Æ≥∑CDLR press release, September 19, 1994 ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡ ª‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡¨Æ∑± ßÓÚ

Æ≥∏CDLR press release, September 14, 1994≠‰ ÆCDLRÆÂÊ ‰Ú„Â‰ ÌÒ¯Ù˘ „ÈÁÈ‰ ¯Â˜Ó‰ ‰È‰ Æ≥πCDLR press release, September 28, 1994Æ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ˙È„ÂÚÒ ‰Ú„Â‰Ï ‰·Â‚˙· ¨Æ¥∞CDLR press release, September 14, 1994; Associated Press, September 18, 1994ÆÆ¥±CDLR press release, September 24, 1994ÆÆ¥≤CDLR press release, September 25, 1994ÆÆ¥≥Emmanuel Sivan, “Eavesdropping on Islam”, Middle East Quarterly 2 (March 1995), pp. 13–24

Æ®ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÌÈËÏ˜ÂÓ‰ ÂÈÓÂ‡ È˘ ÍÂ˙Ó ÌÈÚË˜ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ©Æ¥¥Deutsche Press Agentur (DPA), December 10, 1994≠· Û‡‡ ÌÚ ÔÂÈ‡È¯ ËÂËÈˆ© Der SpiegelÆ®Æ¥µ¨˙ÎÂ˘ ÈÓÒ ˙‡Ó ˙¯˙ÂÎ ‰˙Â‡ ÏÚ· ¯Ó‡Ó ‰¯ÈÎÊ‰Â ‰¯ËÓ· Â˙Â˜·„ ˙‡ ‰ÏÓÈÒ ÂÊ ˙¯˙ÂÎ· ‰¯ÈÁ·‰

ÌÂ‡ Ï˘ ÏÈÏÓ˙ ‰È‰ ¯Ó‡Ó‰ ÆÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘‰ ˙Â˘· ˜‡¯ÈÚ Ï˘ ÍÂÈÁ‰ „¯˘Ó Ï¢ÎÓÂ È˜‡¯ÈÚ‰ ÔÓÂ‡Ï‰ Æ˙È‡·ˆ ˙ÂÂ¯ÈËÏ ÂÂÎ˙‰ ¯˘‡ ÌÈË„ÂËÒ ˙ˆÂ·˜ ÈÙÏ ‡˘˘Sami Shawkat, “The Profession of

Death”, in Sylvia Haim (ed.), Arab Nationalism: An Anthology (Berkeley: University of California

Press, 1976), pp. 97–99.

Æ¥∂ ¢ÌÈ‚¯ÂÒ‰ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó¢ ËÏ˜ÂÓ‰ ‰‡ˆ¯‰‰ Ï˘ Ì‚¯Â˙Ó‰ ÏÈÏÓ˙‰ ‡(Behind Bars)ÔÂ‚¯‡Ó Ï·˜Ï ˘Ù‡ MIRA ‡È‰ ÂÏ˘ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ¯˙‡ ˙·Â˙Î˘ ¨www.miraserve.com/ffbars.zip ˙¯˙ÂÎ‰ ˙Á˙Â Æˆœ˙Ú‡

˙ÂÓ≠Ï‡≠Ó ®˙ÂÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÓe‡© Azzam PublicationsÂÏ˘ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ¯˙‡ ˙·Â˙Î˘ ¨ÈËÒÈ„‡‰ß‚ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ¨ ‡È‰www.azzam.comÆ

Æ¥∑ ∫Â‡¯˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ È‡Ó· ≤¥ ¨¥π ßÒÓ CDLR Monitor, no. 49, May 26 1995ÆÆ¥∏CDLR Monitor, no. 31, January 20, 1995ÆÆ¥πCDLR, “Prince of the Month — Sultan bin Abdel Aziz”, 1995ÆÆµ∞CDLR Monitor, no. 30, January 13, 1995ÆÆµ±CDLR Monitor, no. 31, January 20, 1995ÆÆµ≤CDLR Monitor, no. 54, June 30, 1995ÆÆµ≥CDLR Monitor, no. 55, July 7, 1995 ª˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ ÈÏÂÈ· µ ¨µµ ßÒÓ Æµ¥ ∫Â‡¯˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤∂ ¨µ∏ ßÒÓ CDLR Monitor, no. 58, July 28, 1995ÆÆµµCDLR Monitor, no. 42, April 7, 1995Æ

≠‰ ˙Ó˜‰ ∫˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ „ÂÒÈÓCDLRµπ

Æµ∂CDLR Monitor, no. 29, January 6, 1995; CDLR Monitor, no. 34, February 10, 1995ÆÆµ∑AFP, November 14, 1995, in “Rights Group Expect More Bombings”, FBIS-NES-95-219,

November 14, 1995, p. 24.

Æµ∏Reuters, November 16, 1995ÆÆµπCDLR Monitor, no. 40, March 24, 1995; CDLR Monitor, no. 76, November 29, 1995; CDLR

Monitor, no. 78, December 15, 1995; CDLR Communiqué, no. 42, December 11, 1995.

Æ∂∞ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ ¯‡ÂÈ· ±π ¨Æ∂± ¨„Â¯·ÒÈÂ ¯ÈÓ‡ ∫Â‡¯È‡˜‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ¯·Â„ ∫È·‡¯Â˙Æ®±πππ ¨ÔÈÈ„ ÊÎ¯Ó ∫·È·‡ Ï˙© Æ∂≤ Ï˘ ‰Ú„Â‰CDLR ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏ ‰Ú„Â‰‰ Ï˘ ÈÏ‚‡ ‰Ò¯‚© ±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ¥ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ‡Ó ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏ —

ª®±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· µCDLR Communiqué, no. 44 (by Faqih), March 7, 1996 ª˜Â˜Á≠Ï‡¨®‰È˜Ù ˙‡Ó© ¨È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÈÏÒ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú È„È ÏÚ Ò˜Ù· ‰ÁÏ˘˘ ‰Ú„Â‰‰ ˙‡ Ì‚ Â‡¯ Æ±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ∑ ¨π∞ ßÒÓ

≠‰ ˘‡¯≠·˘ÂÈÂ „ÚÂÂ‰ „ÒÈÈÓ¢CDLRÈ„È ÏÚÂ ª®±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ∑© ±¥±∂ ˙˘ Ï‡Â˘ ˘„ÂÁ· ±∑ ¨„‡È¯· ¨¢‰ È¯·Á¢‡¯Â˘≠Ï‡ ÒÏß‚Ó≠‰ Ï˘ CDLR·· ¨¢·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ· ‹∑© ±¥±∂ ˙˘ Ï‡Â˘ ˘„ÂÁ· ±∑ ¨‰„È¯

ª®±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó·Á‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡Æ¯·ÁÓ‰ ˙Â˘¯· ÌÈ‡ˆÓ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ‰ ÏÎ Æ±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ±∂ ¨± ßÒÓ ¨Æ∂≥ Ï˘ ˙Ù˙Â˘Ó ‰¯‰ˆ‰MIRA≠Â CDLRÆ±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ±± ¨Æ∂¥“Dispute Around CDLR” —≠· ‰ÁÈ˘ al-Jazirah-Net≠‰ È„È ÏÚ ‰ˆÙÂ‰˘CDLR˙ÂÚˆÓ‡·

MSANEWSÆ±ππ∂ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ∂ ¨Æ∂µ ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘Æ±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ∑ ¨Æ∂∂ ∫‰Ó‚Â„Ï Â‡¯CDLR New Year’s Address, September 26 – MSANEWS September 27, 1996;

Compass News Service, August 23, 1996 ÆËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· π ¨ÛÒÂÈ≠Ï‡ ÊÂ¯π ¨Æ±ππ∂ ¯·ÓËÙÒ·

Æ∂∑ ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ¯˘≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∑ ‡ÂÈ· π Financial Times, January 12, 1997 ªMiddle East, February

1997≠‰ ÌÚËÓ ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙ÂÚ„Â‰ ÔÎÂ ªCDLRÔ‰· ¨˙ÂÈÂÎÂÒ ‰ÓÎÏ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÂÁÏ˘˘ MSANEWS ˙ÂˆÂ·˜Â UsenetÌÈ˜˙Ú‰© Æ±ππ∑ ¯·Óˆ„· ≤∑≠Â È‡Ó· ≤≥ ¨ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤ ÌÈÎÈ¯‡˙· ¨

Æ®¯·ÁÓ‰ ˙Â˘¯· ÌÈÈÂˆÓ ˙Â·È˙‰ È˘‡¯MAST ‰ÏÈÓ‰ ÂÓÎ ÌÈÚÓ˘ must -¯˘Ù‡ ‰È‰ ÔÎ ÏÚÂ ¨·ÈÈÁ ∫ÔÂ‚Î ËÙ˘Ó· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ Ì˘ ˙‡ ·Ï˘ÏFahd MAST go! -°˙ÎÏÏ ·ÈÈÁ „‰Ù

Æ∂∏ ∫Â‡¯Á‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ± ¨±∂ ßÒÓ

ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ßÌÈ‚Ù‡ß‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó∂±

È˘ÈÓÁ ˜¯Ù

ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ßÌÈ‚Ù‡ß‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó

˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰¢ ÔÂ‚Î ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ Ï˘Â ¢ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰¢ Ï˘ ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ ˙ÂËÈ˘ ¢˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰(CDLR) ¢·¯Ú È‡‰ ÈˆÁ· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï ‰ÚÂ˙‰¢Â (MIRA)ÂÈ‰

ÏÂÙÂÂÓÏ Á˙ Â˙ÁÏÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÏÂ˜ ‡ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Ô˙¯ËÓ Æ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡≠‡Ï Ô¯˜ÈÚ·˙Ú·Â‰ ¨¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚ÏÏ Ì˙ÚË ˙‡Â ¨ÌÓˆÚÏ ÂÚ·˙ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡˘ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÏÚÚÓ˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜ ˙ˆÙ‰ ÂÏÏÎ Ô‰· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜˘ ˙Â˜ÈÎË‰ Æ‰Ê ÏÂÙÂÂÓÓ ˙Â¯È˘È

Ï ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ‰ÁÎÂ˙Â ıÂÚÈÈ È¯·„ ÂÏÏÂÎ‰ ‰„ÈÙ˜· Â˜ÓÂÓ ÂÓÂˆÚ ˘‚‰ÂÓ‹ÔÈ„‰‡ß‚ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ Í¯„‰ ÏÚ ˙¯Á‡ ‰Ú„ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· ˙ÂˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙È¯· „‚ ‰ÓÈÁÏ‰ È˜È˙ÂÂÓ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ

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¢˙ÈÎ˙‰ Ï‰Ó „¯˘Ó¢ È„È ÏÚ Â˜ÒÚÂ‰ Â‚¯‰˘ ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ÈÎ Â¯Ó‡ ·¢‰¯‡·(the

Office of the Program Manager/Saudi Arabian National Guard – OPM/SANG)

‰È‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ Ú¯È‡ Â·˘ ÔÈÈ·‰ ÈÎ ÂÙÈÒÂ‰ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ˙Â¯Â˜ÓÂ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó‰ Ï˘ÂÈ‰ ıÂˆÈÙ‰ ˙Ú˘· ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ¨˙ÂÓÂ˜ ˘ÂÏ˘ Ô· ¨˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÊÎ¯Ó·¢‰¯‡ ‡·ˆ ÏÈÚÙ‰ ‰˘ ÌÈÈ˙˘Â ÌÈ¯˘Ú Í˘Ó· ÆÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈˆÚÂÈ ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ ËÚÓÎ ÔÈÈ··ÌÈÈ‡·ˆÂ ÌÈÈÁ¯Ê‡ ÌÈ˙ÂÂˆ ˜ÙÒÏ ‰„ÚÂ ¯˘‡Â ‰˜ÙÒ‡‰ ˙„˜ÙÓ È„È ÏÚ ‰‚¯Â‡˘ ˙ÈÎ˙

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‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÆıÂˆÈÙÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ Ô‰ÈÏÚ ÂÏ·È˜ ˙Â¯ÎÂÓ ‡Ï ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ ˘ÂÏ˘‹≠Ï‡ ¯ÂÓß‚ÈÏßÁ ˙ÂÚÈ„È‰ ˙ÂÎÂÒ· ÔÂÙÏË ˙ÂÁÈ˘ È˙˘ ÂÏ·˜˙ ‰ÓÓ˘ ¨®ı¯ÙÓ‰ È¯Ó© Agence

France-Presse (AFP)ÔÂ¯Á‡ Ï˘ Â˙·ÈÊÚÏ „Ú ÂÎ˘ÓÈÈ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰‰¢ ÆÔÈÒÈ¯Ù˜ ¨‰ÈÒÂ˜È· ÆÔÙÏËÓ‰ ¯Ó‡ ¨¢ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ÌÈÏÈÈÁ‰∑

‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ‰ÈÏÚ ‰Ï·È˜˘ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ¯ÈÈßÚ˙≠Ï‡ ˙k¯Á‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡ ÈÙ È„‡‰ß‚≠Ï‡ Á‡ß‚≠Ï‡„‡‰ß‚‰ ‚ÏÙ ¨ÈÂÈ˘Ï ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰©

˙ÂÈÂÎÂÒÏ Ò˜Ù ˙ÂÚ„Â‰ ±ππµ ÈÏÂÈÂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ· ¯‚È˘ ‰Ê ÔÂ‚¯‡ Æ®·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ· ÔÂ˙ÈÚÏÂ ˙ÂÚÈ„ÈÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡„‚ ÌÈÚÂ‚ÈÙ Úˆ·È ÈÎ ÌÈÈ‡ Ô‰·Â ¨ÔÂ„ÂÏ· ÌÒ¯Ù˙Ó‰

ÌÈ¯Ê‰ ÂÎÙ‰ÈÈ ¨Â·ÊÚÈ ‡Ï Ì‡ ª·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁÓ Â˜Ï˙ÒÈ ‡Ï ÂÏÏ‰ Ì‡ ¢ÌÈ·Ïˆ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ¢— ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Â ÌÈÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ‡·ˆ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ Ì‚ ÂÓÎ —‰Ú„Â‰· Æ¢ÌÈÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï ÌÈ„ÚÈ¢Ï

ÌÈËÒÈÓ¯ÂÙ¯‰ „‚Â Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ „‚ ‰ÓÈÁÏ· È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÌÈ˘‡‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏ˙·ÈÊÚÏ ÔÂ¯Á‡‰ „ÚÂÓÎ ÈÂÈ· ≤∏ ÔÈÂˆ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ‰ÁÏ˘˘ ‰Ú„Â‰· ÆÌÈÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ÌÈ˘¯„‰Â

ÆÌÈ¯Ê‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰∏

‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ‰ÈÏÚ ‰Ï·È˜˘ ˙È˘ÈÏ˘ ‰ˆÂ·˜≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡ ¯‡ˆ‡ ˙ÓßËÓ‰Ï˙‡˜Ó„‡‰ß‚‰ ˙ÏÂÚÙ¢ ‰È‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÈÎ ‰ÚË˘ ¨®ÌÈËËÈÏÈÓ‰ ‰ÏÏ‡ ÈÎÓÂ˙ ÔÂ‚¯‡©

¯Â¯Á˘ ˙‡Â ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁÓ ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ‰˙‡ÈˆÈ ˙‡ ÂÚ·˙ ‰È¯·Á Æ¢ÂÏ˘ ‰Â˘‡¯‰Ú ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ ÌÈÏÈÚÙ‰‹˙ÓË‰· ÂÓ˘‡Â‰˘© ÛÒÂÈ ÈÊÓ¯Â Ô‡ÓÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú ¯Ó

Ò‡ÓÁ‰ ¯ÈÎ· Ï˘ Â¯Â¯Á˘ ˙‡ ÔÎÂ ¨®˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ·· ±ππ≥≠· ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ ¯ÁÒ‰ ÊÎ¯Ó· ÔÚËÓ‰˙ÏË‰· È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ‰ÓÈ˘‡‰ ÍÎ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ Æ˜ÂÊ¯Ó Â·‡ ‡ÒÂÓ ÈÈËÒÏÙ‰

Ú‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÏ·‚‰‹ÊÈ¯ÎÈ ÈÎ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ¯È‰ˆ‰ ˙¯Â˘˜˙Ï ‰Ú„Â‰· Æ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ Ï˘ ÌÂ˘ÈÈ≠È‡·Â ‡‡ÓÏ ÏÚaÃ‰ÏÏ‡ ÏÈ·Ò ÈÙ ˙ÂÓ≠Ï‡ ‡ÏÚ ‰ÚÈÂ‡ÏÂÓÈ ‡Ï Ì‡ ®Ï‡‰ ÔÚÓÏ ˙ÂÓÏ ÌÈÂÓ‡ ˙ÚÂ·˘©

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Æ¢˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ˙ÎÏÓÓ Ï˘ ‰˙Â·ÈˆÈ ˙„ÈÓ ˙‡ ÔÙÂ‡ ÌÂ˘·±∞Â˙ÏÂÎÈ· „ÂÚ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰ Æ˙ÈÂÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ Ï˘ ‰ÊÎ ‚ÂÒ ÂÈÁ¯Ê‡Ó ¯È˙Ò‰ÏÂ ÍÈ˘Ó‰Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ Ï˘ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ „˘Á‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÈÎ ‰„Â‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰Â ¨Â‡ÂÏÓ· ÚÂ¯È‡‰ ÏÚ ‰ÁÂÂÈ„ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰

Æ‰˘ÚÓ‰ ˙‡ ÂÚˆÈ·˘ Ì‰±±¨˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈÂÒ‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ· ˙¯ÎÈ ‰ÓÏÒ‰ ˙ÈÁ·· ‰È‰ ıÂˆÈÙ‰ ÂÂÚÓ ÏÂÓ ıÂˆÈÙ Ú¯È‡ ±ππµ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ÆÌÈÏ‡ ‡Ï ÈÙÂ‡ ˙ÏÚ· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙Â·¯ ÌÈ˘ Í˘Ó·˘˙‡ ‰¯˜ÈÒ ‡Ï ËÚÓÎ ˙¯Â˘˜˙‰ ÌÏÂ‡Â ¨‚¯‰ „Á‡ Ì„‡ ÆÔÂÂÈ· È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯È¯‚˘‰ Ï˘

ÆÚÂ¯È‡‰±≤„¯˘Ó· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ ÔÂÈÒÈ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÂÏÎÈÒ ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â·˘ ÍÎ ÏÚ ÁÂÂÈ„ Ì‚ ‰È‰ ÔÈÈ··Â ‰‚‰‰Petromin OilÆÛ˜Â˙· ‰˘ÈÁÎ‰ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙Ï˘ÓÓ˘ ÁÂÂÈ„ ¨„‡È¯· ±≥

ÔËÒÈ˜Ù ¯˘‡Î ¨±ππ∂ ¯‡Â¯·Ù ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ‰Ú¯È‡ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ‰¯È˜Á· ‰Â˘‡¯‰ Í¯„‰ ˙ˆÈ¯Ù ÈÁÈ¯ÂÒ≠Ï‡ ÔÒÁ Ï˘ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ Â˘Â¯È‚ ÏÚ ‰ÚÈ„Â‰— ‰È‰˘ È„ÂÚÒ Á¯Ê‡ Ó‹„‰ß‡‚ÌÁÂÏ©

ÆÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡ ˙ÓÁÏÓ· ®˘„Â˜±¥¨ÌÈ·¯Ú‰ ¢ÌÈ‚Ù‡¢‰ ±µÓ‰ ÂÂÎ˘ ÈÙÎ ‹„‚ ÂÓÁÏ˘ ÔÈ„‰‡ß‚È·Á¯· ÂÚ¯È‡˘ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ¯Â¯Ë‰ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰Ó ˙Â·¯ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó Â„ÓÚ ¨ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· ÌÈËÈÈ·ÂÒ‰

ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ßÌÈ‚Ù‡ß‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó∂≥

‡ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ È„È ÏÚ ÂÓÂÓ˘Â ¨π∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· ÌÏÂÚ‰‹ÆÔ„‡Ï Ô· ‰Ó‡ÒÍ¯„ ¯Â·Ú ‰ÈÒÂ·Ó ÏÁ‰ ¨ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ Ï˘ ÌÈ˜·‡Ó· ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ Ì‰ ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡Ó Ì·Â˘ Ê‡ÓÆÌÈÓÁÂÏ µ¨∞∞∞≠Î· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ¢ÌÈ‚Ù‡¢‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ ÌÈ„ÓÂ‡‰ ˘È ÆÌÈ¯ˆÓ· ‰ÏÎÂ ‰ÈÒ‡ ÊÎ¯Ó

Ó‰ ÂÎÊ ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ÔÓÊ·‹ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰‚‰‰‰ ÌÚËÓ ÔÂÓÈÓÏÂ „Â„ÈÚÏ ÔÈ„‰‡ß‚≠Ï‡ ÁÏ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ßÁÈ˘Â Ê‡· Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ßÁÈ˘ ÌÈ¯ÈÎ·‰ ˙„‰ È˘È‡ Ì‚ ¨ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„

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‡Â‰˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ¯È·Ò Í‡ ¨ÈÁÈ¯ÂÒ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â·˜Ú ÂÓÏÚ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ¯‚ÒÂ‰ Ê‡Ó≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘ ÚÈ„Â‰ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤≤≠· Æ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯Ï ÈÂÈÁ Ú„ÈÓ ˜ÙÈÒ

ÆÚÂ‚ÈÙ· ÌÈ„Â˘Á ‰Ú·¯‡ Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ÊÈÊÚ ±∑ ‰Ú·¯‡‰—¨È¯ß‚Á≠Ï‡ ˜‡ÁÒ‡ Ô‡ÓÈÏÒ „‡È¯ „ÓÁ‡ „Ï‡ßÁÂ È‡¯Ó˘≠Ï‡ ßˆ‡‡Ú ÈÏÚ ÁÏˆÓ ¨Ìß˙ÚÓ≠Ï‡ ¯ˆ‡ „‰Ù ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú

„ÈÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÌÈ‰‡¯·‡—ËÚÓÎ ˙Â‡„Â‰ Ú·¯‡ ·˙Î‰ ÔÓ Â‡¯˜Â ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË· ÂÚÈÙÂ‰ Æ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÙÓÂ ÌÈÓÈ˘¯˙ È‡¯Ó˘≠Ï‡ ÁÏˆÓ ‚Èˆ‰ ˙Â‡„Â‰‰ ˙‡¯˜‰ È„Î ÍÂ˙ Æ˙Â‰Ê˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ·¢‰¯‡ ˙ÂÁÂÎ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÁÎÂ˘ ‰ËÏÁ‰‰ Â· ‰ÏÓ‚ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ Ìß˙ÚÓ≠Ï‡ÂËÚ ¨ÔÓÈ˙Ó ıÙ È¯ÓÂÁ Â‚È˘‰ ÂÈ¯·ÁÂ ‡Â‰ Æ˘„Â˜ ˙ÓÁÏÓ Â‡ ¨„‡‰ß‚ Ï˘ ‰˘ÚÓ ‰˜È„ˆÓ

ÔÈÈ· ¯·Ú Ï‡ ˙ÙÂ˙‰ ˙ÈÂÎÓ ˙‡ ÂÚÈÒ‰Â ¨¢ÈËÒÈ˜Ù¢ ÁÒÂ· ÌÈ˘Â·ÏÓOPM/SANGÆÆ¯Á‡ ·Î¯· Ì˘Ó ÂËÏÓ ¨‰È‰˘‰‰ ÔÂÚ˘ ˙‡ ÂÂÂÈÎ˘ ¯Á‡Ï±∏

ÏÁ‰ ÂÈ¯ÂÚ· ÈÎ ¯ÙÈÒ Ìß˙ÚÓ≠Ï‡ ÆÌ‰ÈÈÁÏ ÌÈ¯˘Ú‰ ˙Â˘· ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰ ˙Ú·¯‡ ÏÎ‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰¯ˆ˜‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ˙‡ ˘Â·ÏÏÂ Ô˜Ê Ï„‚Ï ¨˙„‰ Ï‡ ·¯˜˙‰ÏaÂß˙‰ÎÂ¯‡ ‰ÓÈÏ‚©

Ï ˙ÈÈÈÙÂ‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰˘ ¨®˘Â·ÏÏ ÌÈ‚‰Â ÈÒ¯Ù‰ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÂÈ„Ó· ÌÈ¯·‚‰˘‡œÔ‡ÂßÁ —˙Â‚ÂÏÙ Â¯·Ú ÈÎ Â¯ÒÓ Ì‰Ó ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÆÌÈ¯˘Ú‰ ‰‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· ÂÏÚÙ˘ „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ Ï˘ ˙ÂÓ‡‰ ıÁÓ‰‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÈÎ Ì‚ Â¯Ó‡ Ì˙¯‰ˆ‰· ÆÌÈËÈÈ·ÂÒ‰ „‚ ˙Â·¯˜· Ì˘ ÂÙ˙˙˘‰Â ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· ÌÈÂÓÈ‡‚È‰Ó ¨¢„ÓÁÓ Â·‡¢ ÈÂÈÎ· ¯ÎÂÓ‰ ¨ÈÒ„˜Ó≠Ï‡ Ì‡ˆÚ ∫ÌÓÏÂÚ ˙Ù˜˘‰ ÏÚ ÂÚÈÙ˘‰ ÌÈ˘‡

È‡˜‰ È„¯È‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰Ì‡Ó‡≠Ï‡ ˙ÚÈ·‡ÏÎ ˙È·· ¯ÂÒ‡ ‰È‰˘ ¨®È˙„‰ ‚È‰ÓÏ ˙ÂÓ‡© ≠‰ ‚È‰ÓÂ ªÔ„‡Ï Ô· ªÔ‡ÓÚ „ÈÏCDLRÌÈÓÚÙ ¯˜È· ÈÎ ¯ÒÓ Ìß˙ÚÓ≠Ï‡ ÆÈ¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ

ÌÈ˘È‡‰ ˙˘ÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÂÈÚ¯Ó Ì˘¯˙‰ ÈÎÂ ˙ÈÓ˘‡‰‰ ‰ÎÏÓÓ· ÈÒ„˜Ó≠Ï‡ Ïˆ‡ ˙Â„Á‡ Ô˙¯ÈÙÎ ÏÚ ÌÈ·¯· ÊÈ¯Î‰Ï ÂÊÚ‰ ¯˘‡ ¨ÂÏÏ‰Î©∆‹®¯Ù˙ÂÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰Â ˙ÂÈ·¯Ú‰ ˙ÂÈ„Ó‰ Ï˘

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ Ï˘Â‹Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ‡‡ÓÏ±π˙‡ Ìß˙ÚÓ≠Ï‡ ‰È‚ ˙ÓÏÂˆÓ‰ Â˙‡„Â‰· ≠‡Ï ˙ÂÈ„Ó Ï˘ Ô˙È¯·≠˙ÏÚ· ‰˙ÂÈ‰ ÏÚÂ ‰ÚÈ¯˘· ‰˜·„ ‰È‡˘ ÏÚ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ˙‡ Û˜˙ Ì‚ ‡Â‰ Æ˙ÂÈÓÏÒÂÓ‹¯Ú¯ÚÏ ÈÏ· ÂÊ ˙ÂÈÈ„ÓÏ ÂÓÈÎÒ‰˘ ÏÚ ‡‡ÓÏÆ‰ÈÏÚ≤∞

‰ „‚· ˙‡ ¯ˆÈ˜Â Â˜Ê ˙‡ Ï„È‚ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ Â˙¯‰ˆ‰· ¯Ó‡ È‡¯Ó˘≠Ï‡aÂß˙Ì˙Â‡Ó ÂÏ˘ ˘È‡ ¨ÔÈ¯·ß‚≠Ï‡ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ï˘ ÂÈ„ÈÒÁÓ ÂÈ‰˘ ÌÈ¯·Á ˙ˆÂ·˜ Ï‡ Ú„ÂÂ˙‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÌÈÓÚË

≠‰ È„ÒÈÈÓÓ „Á‡Â ¯ÈÎ· ˙„CDLR¯Â·ÚÎ ·ÊÚ Í‡ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‡·ˆÏ ÒÈÈ‚˙‰ ±∂ Ô· Â˙ÂÈ‰· ÆÍÙ‰ ‡Â‰ ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· ‰‰˘˘ ˙Ú· ¨Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È¯·„Ï ÆÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· ÌÂÁÏÏÂ ˙‡ˆÏ È„Î ‰˘‰ÎÏÓÓÏ ·˘ È‡¯Ó˘≠Ï‡ Æ„È‰˘Î Ì˘ ˙ÂÓÏ ÔÎÂÓ ‰È‰ ÈÎ ¯È‰ˆ‰ ˙Á‡ ‡Ï˘ ¨È‡˜ „‰‡ß‚ÓÏÆÂÈ˙Â¯Â˘Ï Â¯ÈÊÁ‰Ï ÌÈÎÒ‰ ‡Ï ‡·ˆ‰ Æ¯·Ú· ˙¯È˘ Â˙Â‡˘ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÈÙÏÎ ¯ÂÎÈ ˙˘ÂÁ˙·¯Ó‡ È‡¯Ó˘≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈÁ‡Ó „Á‡ ÆÌÈÏÎÂ¯ ˙Ï‚ÚÓ ‰¯ÂÁÒ ¯ÎÓÂ ˙ÂÈÂÊ· ˙Â„Â·Ú· ˜ÒÚ ‡Â‰

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‡ ∫˙ÈËÒÈ„‡‰ß‚‰ ‰Ó‚Ó‰‹‰„ÚÂÂ‰Â Ô„‡Ï Ô· ‰Ó‡Ò‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Â ıÂÚÈÈÏ

‡Ó ÂÚÙ˘Â‰ „‡È¯· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÚÂˆÈ· ˙Ó˘‡· ‚¯Â‰Ï Â‡ˆÂ‰˘ ÌÈ¯ÈÚˆ‰ ˙Ú·¯‡‹Ô· ‰Ó‡ÒÔ„‡Ï Ô· ÍÓ˙ ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ ÂÓÎ ‡Ï˘ Æ‰ÈÈ·‰ ÛÚÓ È„ÂÚÒ ÔÂ‰≠ÏÈ‡ Ï˘ Â· ¨Ô„‡ÏÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ˙‡ „ÒÈÈ ‡Â‰ ¨‰ÏÈÁ˙· ÏÚÙ Ì˘Ó ¨Ô‡„ÂÒ ˙¯È· ÌÂË¯Á· Æ‰ÓÈÏ‡ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ· ÈÂÏ‚·≠· Â˙ÎÈÓ˙ ÏÚ ÚÈ„Â‰ ±ππ¥ ÏÈ¯Ù‡·Â ¨˙ÂÈ˜ÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï ıÚÈÈÓ‰

CDLRÆ≤≥ ¨ÛÒÂ ÔÂ‚¯‡ Ô„‡Ï Ô· ÌÈ˜‰ ÔÂ„ÂÏ· Á‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡Â ‰ÁÈˆ≠Ï‡ ˙‡È‰‰„ÚÂÂ‰© ∫˙Ú È·˙Î ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ¯Â‡Ï ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ÏÁ‰ Ì‚ ‡Â‰ Æ®‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Â ıÂÚÈÈÏÎ≠Ï‡ ÔÓÈ≠Ï‡‹‡¯· ¨≠Ï‡

Î≠Ï‡ Ê‡ß‚Á‹‡¯· ¨˘≠Ï‡‹‰ÏÚ≠· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÂÚÈ·‰ ¨‰ÊÏ ‰Ê „Â‡Ó ÂÓ„˘ ¨˙Ú‰ È·˙Î ÆCDLR¨˙¯‰ˆÂÓ‰ Ì˙¯ËÓ ÆÔ„‡Ï Ô· Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÂÓ˙· ˙Â·È„· Â¯ËÂÚÂ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ÂÙ˜˙ÌÂÈ˜Ï ı˜ ÌÈ˘Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨Ì‰Ó „Á‡ ÏÎ· ‰ÓÒ¯ÂÙ˘ ‰ÙÓ‰Ó ÚÓ˙˘‰˘ ÈÙÎ ¨˙Ú‰ È·˙Î Ï˘¢ÆÈ˙·¯ ÔÓÈ˙¢Â ¢È˙·¯ Ê‡ß‚Á¢ ˙ÂÈ„Ó È˙˘Ï ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ ‡ ÏÁÏÂ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰≤¥

˙Ú„Â‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÆÂ˙ÂÁ¯Ê‡ ˙‡ Ô„‡Ï Ô·Ó ÌÈÏÏÂ˘ Ì‰ ÈÎ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÂÚÈ„Â‰ ±ππ¥ ÏÈ¯Ù‡·Ï˘ ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙‡¢ ˙„‚Â Ô„‡Ï Ô· Ï˘ ¢˙È‡¯Á‡ È˙Ï·‰ Â˙Â‚‰˙‰¢ ¨ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó

Æ¢ÌÏÂÚ· ‰È˙Â„È„È ÌÚ ‰ÈÒÁÈ ˙‡ ÔÎÒÏ¢ ‰ÏÂÏÚÂ ¢‰ÎÏÓÓ‰≤µÔ· ·ÊÚ ±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· Â‡ È‡Ó· Ú ˙Â·˜Ú· ¨Ô‡„ÂÒ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘ È„È ÏÚ Ì˘Ó ˘¯Â‚˘ ¯Á‡Ï ÌÂË¯ßÁ ˙‡ Ô„‡ÏœÌÚ Â˘Ú˘ ‰˜Ò

ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰≤∂˙ÈÈˆÈÏÈÓ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÒÁ ˙Á˙ ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· ‰˘„Á‰ Â˙„˜ÙÓ ˙‡ Ú·˜ ‡Â‰ ÆÌÈ‡Â˙ÈÚ ÌÚ ˘‚ÙÂ ˙¯Â˘˜˙Ï ˙ÂÚ„Â‰· ‡ˆÈ Ì˘ÓÂ ¨‰È„Ó· ‰ËÏ˘˘ Ô‡·Ï‡Ë‰

˙Â‡È¯˜ ÚÈÓ˘‰ ‡Â‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· ¢ÈËÒÈ„‡‰ß‚¢‰ Ì¯Ê‰ ˙‡ ‚ˆÈÈ Ô„‡Ï Ô·ÍÓÒÓ· Æ¢‰È„ÓÂ ‰ÎÓ Ï˘ Ôˆ¯‡¢ ¨·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁÓ ·¢‰¯‡ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ˘Â¯È‚Ï ¯˙ÂÈ· ˙Â˘¯ÂÙÓ·¢‰¯‡ È„È ÏÚ ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ ¢˘Â·ÈÎ¢ ˙‡ Ô„‡Ï Ô· ‰ÈÎ ¢‰ÓÁÏÓ ˙Ê¯Î‰¢ Â˙¯˙ÂÎ˘

‰ ˙·ÂÁ „·ÏÓ Æ¢‡È·‰ ˙ÂÓ Ê‡Ó ÆÆÆÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ Ô‰Ó ÂÏ·Ò˘ ÆÆÆ˙ÂÙ˜˙Ó· ‰ÏÂ„‚‰¢Ô‡ÓÈ‡ÌÈÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÆÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˘Â¯È‚Ó ÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·Â˘Á ‰·ÂÁ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ¨·˙Î ¨®‰ÂÓ‡©Â‚¯‰ ¯˘‡Â ±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· Ú¯È‡˘ ¨Ô‡¯‰ßË· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈË¯Ù© Ô‡¯‰ßË·Â „‡È¯·ÏÚ ‰·Â‚˙Â ‰¯‰Ê‡ ¯„‚· ÂÈ‰ ¨Ô„‡Ï Ô· ¯Ó‡ ¨®∂ ˜¯Ù· Â‡¯ ¨ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈÏÈÈÁ ±π Â·ÂÏÎÏ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ Ï˘ Â¯Ë˘Ó ÔÈ·Ï ¢˙ÈÂÈˆ≠˙È·Ïˆ‰ ˙È¯·‰¢ ÔÈ· ‰Ó˜¯˘ ‰ÈÂ˜‰›‡

Ú‹ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó·Â ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ· ÛÊ ‡Â‰ ÆÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ ÔÂ‚Î ÌÈ˜È„ˆ ‡‡ÓÏÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡Ï ‰Ù ¯˘‡Î Ì„È˜Ù˙ ˙‡ Ì‰Ó ÏÊ‚ ¯Ë˘Ó‰˘ Â¯ÓÂ‡· ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰È˘‡Ï ıÚÈ ‡Â‰ Æ¢·Ïˆ „ÂÚ ÂÓˆÚ ÍÏÓ‰˘¢ ¨Ô„‡Ï Ô· ÌÈ˘‡‰ ¨¢ÚÈ˙ÙÓ ‰Ê ÔÈ‡¢ Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰Æ·¢‰¯‡ ÈÏÈÈÁ „‚ ‰ÏÈ¯‚ ˙ÓÁÏÓ Ï‰ÏÂ ˙ÂÈ„ÂÒÂ ˙ÂË˜ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜· ÏÂÚÙÏ ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ

ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ßÌÈ‚Ù‡ß‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó∂µ

ÓÏ ÚÈÈÒÏ Ì‚ Ì‰ÈÏÚ ‰È‰ ¨Â˙ÚËÏ‹Û‡ ¨ÂÈ¯·„Ï ÆÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ·Â ˙˘ÂÓÁ˙· ¨˜˘· ÔÈ„‰‡ß‚„‚ ÂÈˆÓ‡Ó ˙‡ ÊÎ¯Ï ÌÚ‰ ÏÚ ‰È‰ ¨Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÏÚ ˙ÏËÂÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¯„Â˜‰ ·ˆÓÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡‰˘

Æ¢È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ·ÈÂ‡‰¢≤∑

¯˘‡Î ·Ï Í¯ÂÓ ‰˙ÏÈ‚ ÂÊ˘ Â¯ÓÂ‡· ¨·¢‰¯‡ ÈÙÏÎ ˙Â¯‚˙‰ È¯·„ ÚÈÓ˘‰ Ì‚ Ô„‡Ï Ô·¯˘‡Î ª˙Â¯È·· ±π∏≥≠· ÒÈ¯Ó‰ ÈÏÈÈÁ Ï˘ Ì˙‚È¯‰ ˙Ú· ∫˙ÂÈ¯˜˙ ‰ÓÎ· ·È‚‰ÏÓ ‰ÚÓÌÎ¯„· ÂÈ‰˘ ÌÈÏÈÈÁ· Ô„Ú· ÚÂ‚ÙÏ ÔÂÈÒÈ ˙Â·˜Ú· ¨±ππ≤ ¯·Óˆ„· ‰È˙ÂÁÂÎ ˙‡ ‰‚ÈÒ‰ÏÚ ˘‡· ÂÁ˙Ù ÌÈÏÓÂÒ‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï ¨±ππ≥ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· Â˘È„‚ÂÓ ˙‡ ‰·ÊÚ ¯˘‡ÎÂ ª‰ÈÏÓÂÒÏ

Æ‰ÈÏÈÈÁ≤∏ÆÔ„Ú· ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ Ô„‡Ï Ô· ˙‡ ‰¯˘˜ ‡È‰ ·¢‰¯‡ ‰ÓÒ¯Ù˘ „ÁÂÈÓ Ú„ÈÓ Û„· ≤π¨‡Â‰ ÆÌÈÁÏˆÂÓ ˙Â·¯˜ ÂÈ‰ ‰Ï‡¢ ∫Â¯Ó‡· ¨Â˘È„‚ÂÓ· ‰Ù˜˙‰Ï Ì‚ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ÂÈÏÚ Ï·È˜ ¨Â„ˆÓ

Æ¢˘ÓÓ Ì˙Â‡ „ÂˆÏ Â‚‰ Â˘È„‚ÂÓ· ÆÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡Ï ˙Â„·Î ˙Â„·‡ Ì‰· ÂÓ¯‚≥∞

ÂÓÈÏ‡ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰Ï ‰‡È¯˜ È„Î „Ú ˙ÎÏ ˜ÈÁ¯‰ ‡Ï Ô„‡Ï Ô· ÌÓ‡ ›¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ „‚ ˙Ú‰¢ ‰ÈÎ˘ ÈÓ ˙‡ ‡ÏÎ˘ ÏÚ ‰ÙÈ¯Á ˙¯Â˜È· Â· ÁÈË‰ ‡Â‰ Í‡‹ ¢ÂÏ˘ ‡‡ÓÏ—‰ÂÂÎ‰

ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡Â ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡Ï—ÆÂÏ˘ ˙ÈÂËÏ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙‡ ¨Â˙ÚËÏ ¨ÍÎ· „·È‡Â ≥±Ô· Ú· Â‡¯ Â˙Ó‚Â„Î ÌÈ¯Á‡Â Ô„‡Ï‹ÔÂËÏ˘‰˘ ÏÚ ÔÂÏ˙‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÌ‰È‚È‰Ó ˙‡ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

‰·˘ ˙ÂÏ˜‰Â ¨Â˙Â˘ÈÓ‚ ¨Â˙˘ÏÂÁ ÏÏ‚·¢ ÈÏÏÎ È˙ÙÂÓ Ï˘ ‰‚¯„Ï Ê‡· Ô· ÂÓÎ Ì„‡ ÌÓÂ¯‡Â‰ Ê‡· Ô·˘ ‰ÂÓ‡‰ ¯Â‡Ï Ï„‚ ¯ÚÂ È· Ï˘ ÌÏ˘ ¯Â„ ¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ÆÆÆÂÈÏÚ ÚÈÙ˘‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡

∫ÍÈ˘Ó‰ Ô„‡Ï Ô· Æ¢ÌÈ˘‡‰ ÏÎÓ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÔÂ·‰Â ˜Â„‡‰

˙ÈÎ˙ ÏÎ· Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ ÂË·˘ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ˙ÂÎ‰Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÏÁ‰ ‰Ï‡ ÏÎ ¯Á‡Ï˛Ï˘¸ Ì˙ÒÈÎ ˙‡ ‰¯È˙Ó‰ ÆÆÆ‡Â˙Ù ıÏÁÏ ÁÈÏˆ‰ Û‡Â ÆÆÆ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ ÂÚÈˆ‰˘ ÌÈÂ˜È˙È„Î ÆÆÆ˛Ê‡· Ô·¸ ÌÚËÓ ·˙ÎÓ· ˘Ó˙˘‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÆÆÆÂˆ¯‡Ï ‰˘„Á‰ ˙Ú‰ È·ÏˆÏ˘Â ÌÚ‰ Ï˘ ÂÂÓ‡ ¯Ú¯Ú˙‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ÆÍ¯„‰ È¯˘È ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ ˙‡ ¯Ò‡Ó· ÌÈ˘ÏÈ˙·· ÌÈ‡ˆÓ‰ ÂÏ‡ ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨ÌÈÏÈÚÙ‰ ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ· ÌÂÓ‡ Í‡ ÆÆÆÊ‡· Ô·· ¯ÚÂ‰

Æ˜ÊÁ˙‰ ¨‡ÏÎ‰≥≤

˙ÂÁÂÎ ÏÚ ÌÈÈ‡ Â·Â ¨˙ÈËÈ¯· ‰ÈÊÈÂÂÏË ˙ÈÎ˙Ï ÔÂÈ‡È¯ Ô„‡Ï Ô· ˜ÈÚ‰ ±ππ∑ ¯‡Â¯·Ù·Æ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ‡·ˆ‰≥≥‚Ó ¨Ô‡·Ï‡Ë‰ œ˙Â¯È‰Ê· ÂÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ¨ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡· Â‡Â·ÁÓ ÌÂ˜Ó· ÂÈ

¯‡ ¯ËÈÙ Ô‡≠Ô‡≠ÈÒ‰ ·˙ÎÏ Ô˙˘ ÔÂÈ‡È¯‰ ¯Á‡Ï ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨Ô„‡Ï Ô· ‰‰ ÂÓÓ˘ ÌÂÒ¯ÙÏŒ¨Ë˙Ï˘ÓÓ· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Â¯ÈÎ‰ ˘„ÂÁ Â˙Â‡· ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï Ì˙Á˘ ÌÎÒ‰· Æ‰˘ ‰˙Â‡ È‡Ó· ¯„Â˘˘

Æ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ≠ÈË‡ ˙Â¯‰ˆ‰ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï Ô„‡Ï Ô·Ó ÚÂÓÏ ‰Ï‡ ÂÓÈÎÒ‰ ‰¯ÂÓ˙·Â ¨Ô‡·Ï‡Ë‰≥¥

ÈÂ„ÂÏ‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ· Ô„‡Ï Ô· ÌÒ¯Ù ±ππ∏ ‡Â¯·Ù ÚˆÓ‡·È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡‰Ê¯Î‰‰¢ ‡ ˙‡ ÚÈ˜Â‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï Æ¢ÌÈ·Ïˆ‰Â ÌÈ„Â‰È‰ „‚ „‡‰ß‚Ï ˙ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÈÊÁ‰ ÏÚÒ¯‰ ‰ËÈÓ‰ ¯˘‡ ¢˙È„Â‰È≠˙È·Ïˆ‰ ˙È¯·‰¢ ˙‡Â ·¢‰¯‡ È„È ÏÚ ·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ ¢˘Â·ÈÎ¢ÌÈÏÈÈÁ ¨Ì˙È¯· ÈÏÚ·Â ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ˙‚È¯‰¢ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ‰·Â ‡Â˙Ù Ô„‡Ï Ô· ‡ÈˆÂ‰ ¨˜‡¯ÈÚ ÏÚ

Æ¢ÈÓÏÒÂÓ ÏÎ Ï˘ ˙È˘È‡ ‰·ÂÁ ‡È‰ ¨„Á‡Î ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡Â≥µÏ˘ ÂÂ‚¯‡ ÚˆÈ· ±ππ∏ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ÏÂÓ‚˙ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰ ‰ÚˆÈ· ·¢‰¯‡ Æ‰ÈÊË·Â ‰È˜· ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂ¯È¯‚˘· ÌÈÚÂ‚ÈÙ Ô„‡Ï Ô·

Ó „‚ ÔËÒÈ‚Ù‡·Â Ô‡„ÂÒ·œÆÔ„‡Ï Ô·Ï ÌÈÎÈÈ˘ Â·˘Á˘ ÌÈ˜˙·¯Ú Ï˘Â ˙È¯·‰ ˙Âˆ¯‡ Ï˘ Ô‰È˙ÂÈÂÙÈ„Ú ¯„Ò ˘‡¯· „ÓÂÚ Ô„‡Ï Ô· Ï˘ Â¯ˆÚÓ¨ÌÈÓÈÏ‡ ÌÈ‡ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ·Â¯˘ Û‡ Æ„ÁÈ Ì‚ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰

È˘ÈÓÁ ˜¯Ù ∂∂

˙ÂÏÂÚÙ· Â˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ˙„ÈÓ ˙‡ Â‡ ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÏÚ Ô„‡Ï Ô·Ï ‰Ú„Â˘ ‰ÚÙ˘‰‰ ˙‡ „ÂÓ‡Ï ‰˘˜¢ÌÈ‚Ù‡¢‰ ¯Â·Ú· ÌÈÓÏÂ‰ ÌÈ·È˙ ‡ˆÓÈ ‡Ï ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ì‡ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡

ÆÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈ„‰Â‡ ÂÏ ‰˜È Ô„‡Ï Ô·˘ ˘˘Á ˘È ¨ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ±Radio Riyadh, November 13, 1995, in “Riyadh Explosion Kills U.S. Personnel, Others–Cause

of Blast Unknown”, in Foreign Broadcast Information Service Near East and South Asia Daily

Report FBIS-NES-95-218, November 13, 1995.

Æ≤Reuters, November 13, 1995; Financial Times, November 14, 1995ÆÆ≥Associated Press, November 15, 1995; Reuters, November 23, 1995ÆÆ¥New York Times, August 15, 1996ÆÆµFinancial Times, November 14, 1995ÆÆ∂Reuters, November 21, 1995; Associated Press, November 15, 1995; AFP, November 20, 1995,

in “Radio Monte Carlo Reports Riyadh Explosion–UK Embassy Received Similar Threat”,

FBIS-NES-96-001, November 20, 1995.

Æ∑AFP, November 13, 1995, in “Radio Monte Carlo Reports Riyadh Explosion–‘Tigers of Gulf’

Threatens Further Attacks”, FBIS-NES-96-001, November 13, 1995.

Æ∏ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±± È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ ÈÏÂÈ· ≥ CDLR Monitor,�no,�43,

April 14, 1995≠‰ ÈÎÓÒÓ ÏÎ ÆCDLRÏ‡Â„ ÁÂÏ˘Ó È„È ÏÚ ÌÏ·˜Ï Ì‚ ˘Ù‡Â ¯·ÁÓ‰ Â˘¯· ÌÈÈÂˆÓ ˙·Â˙ÎÏ[email protected]Æ

Æπ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â· ±µ ¨Æ±∞Saudi Press Agency (SPA), November 13, 1995ÆÆ±±Æ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â· ±µ ¨ÂÏ¯˜ ‰ËÂÓ ÂÈ„¯Æ±≤Compass News Service, April 20, 1995 ªËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤± ¨Æ±≥ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â· ≤∑ ¨®¯È‰˜© ˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â· ≤∏ ¨Æ±¥Associated Press, February 3, 1996; Reuters, February 3, 1996; Reuters, February 4, 1996 ª≠Ï‡

˙‡ÈÁ ª±ππ∂ ¯‡Â¯·Ù· µ ¨ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ¯‡Â¯·Ù· µ ¨Æ±µJane’s Intelligence Review, April 1, 1995 ª‰Ïß‚Ó≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ È‡Ó· ±±≠µ ¨Æ±∂ ∫Â‡¯ÌÈ˜˙ÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ë‡¯ˆ≠Ï‡Ó‰ ÌÚ ÔÂÈ‡È¯© ±ππ¥ ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ¨‹®˜ÈÊÁ· ¢ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Â·‡¢ È„ÂÚÒ‰ „‰‡ß‚

È„È ÏÚ Ì‚¯Â˙˘MSANEWSË¯ËÈ‡‰ ·Â˙Î· ‡ˆÓÂ ±ππµ ·Óˆ„· ≤ www.mynet.netÌÈ¯ÂÙÈÒ ÆÓ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„Â ‰ÈÒÂ·· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÈ‚Ù‡‰ Ï˘ ¢ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓ¢ ÏÚ‹ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÔÈ„‰‡ß‚

Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙·Â˙Î· ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÂÏÎÂ˙ Ì¯Ò‡ÓÂwww.azzam.comÏ˘ ¯˙‡Ï ÌÈ¯Â˘È˜ Ì‚ ÌÈÈÂˆÓ Ì˘ ¨ ˜˘‰ ˙¯·ÁSmith and WessonÆ‰ÓÁÂÏ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ· ÌÈÈÈÂÚÓ˘ ÈÓÏ ¨ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ¯˙‡ÏÂ

Æ±∑SPA, April 22, 1996ÆÆ±∏ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤≥ ¨ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤≥ ¨‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· ± ¨Æ±π ∫Â‡¯¨ËÒÂ≠Ï‡Æ®Ìß˙ß˙ÚÂÓ ÌÚ ‰˘È‚Ù‰ ÌÂÈ˜ ˙‡ ¯˘‡Ó‰ ¨ÈÒÈ„˜Ó≠Ï‡ ÌÚ ÔÂÈ‡È¯© ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤π Æ≤∞ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤≥ ¨ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤≥ ¨San Francisco Cronicle,

June 1, 1996.

Æ≤± ∫Â‡¯‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· ± Boston Globe, July 7, 1996; San Francisco Cronicle, July 10,�1996ÆÆ≤≤SPA, May 31, 1996; Reuters, May 31, 1996 ª˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· ± ¨Æ≤≥Dekmejian, “The Rise of Political Islam in Saudi Arabia”Æ

ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ßÌÈ‚Ù‡ß‰ ˙Ù˜˙Ó∂∑

Æ≤¥ ≠· Ì‚ Â‡¯Guardian (London), August 3 1994ÆÆ≤µAFP, April 7, 1994ÆÆ≤∂ ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ≠Ï‡ ª®ÏÈÚ‡ÓÒ‡ Ô‡Óß˙Ú ‡ÙËˆÓ È‡„ÂÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ¯˘ ÌÚ ÔÂÈ‡È¯© ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ±µ≠≤± ¨≠Ï‡

ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘Æ±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· ±∏ ¨Æ≤∑Usama Bin Ladin, “Declaration of War”, MSANEWS˙·Â˙Î· ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÂÏÎÂ˙ ˙ÈÏ‚‡Ï ÌÂ‚¯˙ ª

Ë¯ËÈ‡‰http://msanews.mynet.net/Scholars/LadenÆÆ≤∏Usama Bin Ladin, “Declaration of War”, MSANEWS˙·Â˙Î· ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÂÏÎÂ˙ ˙ÈÏ‚‡Ï ÌÂ‚¯˙ ª

Ë¯ËÈ‡‰http://msanews.mynet.net/Scholars/LadenÆÆ≤πU.S. Department of State, “Fact Sheet on Usama bin Muhammad bin Awad bin Ladin”, August

14, 1996.

Æ≥∞ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ÏÚ ÂÚÈ·ˆ‰ ‰˘‰ Í˘Ó· ˙ÂÈ‡¯‰ ˙È·¯Ó˘ Û‡ Æ±ππ∂ ¯·Ó·Â· ≤∑ ¨Ô„‡Ï Ô· Ï·È˜ ÈÎ ÁÂÂ„ ÆÂÈÏ‡ ¯Â˘˜ Ô„‡Ï Ô· ÈÎ È‡≠ÈÈ‡≠ÈÒ· ÌÈ¯ÈÎ· Â¯Ó‡ ¨Ô‡¯‰ßË· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ· ˙ÈÚÈ˘

ÆÈ„¯ÈÂ È¯ˆÓ ÈÓÏÒÂÓ È‡˜Ó ÔÎÂ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡Ó ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÏÚ ˙ÂÎ¯·Washington Times, October 24,

1996ÆÆ≥±Independent, July 10, 1996ÆÆ≥≤¯È‡ÈÂÔ ÚÌ ·Ô Ï‡„Ô ·„‡‡ ‡Ï≠‡ÒÏ‡Ì¨ ‡Â˜ËÂ·¯≠Â·Ó·¯ ∂ππ±¨ Óˆ‡ ·Î˙Â·˙ ‰‡ÈË¯Ë

http://www.islam.org.auÆ∑ ˜¯Ù Â‡¯ ª±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ÈÏÏÎ‰ È˙ÙÂÓÏ ‰ÂÓ Ê‡· Ô· ÆÆ≥≥Reuters, February 20, 1997ÆÆ≥¥Washington Post, April 11, 1997; Reuters, May 11, 1997; CNN, May 11,1997 ªÌ¯‰‡≠Ï‡¨

ª±ππ∑ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±≥ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∑ È‡Ó· ≤∂ ¨„‡È¯ ÂÈ„¯ ª±ππ∑ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±± ¨Æ≥µ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ∫Ì‚ Â‡¯ Æ±ππ∏ ‡Â¯·Ù· ≤≥ Bernard Lewis, “License to Kill: Usama bin

Ladin’s Declaration of Jihad”, Foreign Affairs 77 (November–December 1998), pp. 14–19 Â‡ˆÓ˙©Æ®˙Â˘¯Ù ÔÎÂ ‰¯‰ˆ‰‰ Ï˘ È˜ÏÁ ÌÂ‚¯˙ Ì˘

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ ·ÒÈÒ ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô∂π

È˘È˘ ˜¯Ù

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ

Ô˜˙Ó‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô

ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÏÚ ÌÂÈ‡ ˙ÈÁ·· ÌÏÂÚÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÚÈ˘‰ ËÂÚÈÓ‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ÌÈÏÈÚÙ ÈÙ· ÂÚ„Â˘ ¨ÌÈÈÓÂ˜Ó Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÂÚ¯Ù˙‰ Âˆ¯Ù ±π∏∞≠Â ±π∑π ÌÈ˘· ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ¨È‡¯È‡ ÔÂÓÈÓ· Â¯Ë ÂÏÂÚÙ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ ‡Ê ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ‰ Ï˘ ¢‰„‡Ù˙‡¢‰ Ì˘· ÌÈÚÈ˘

ÆÈËÈÏÂÙÂ ÈÏÎÏÎ ÍÒÁ· ÔÂ˙‰ ÂÊ‡ Â˙Â‡· Ô‰ Û‡ ÂÚ¯È‡˘±¨±ππ±≠· ı¯ÙÓ‰ ÓÁÏÓ Á‡Ï Ì‚ ÏÂÚÙÏ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÍÈ˘Ó‰ ¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ ˙‡ ÔÒ¯Ï ÏÚÂÙ Â„ÂÚ·˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÏÂÎÒ‡‰ ¨ÌÈa‡‰ÂÂ‰ ÈÈÚ· ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈÂÒÏ ÁÂ¯ ˙¯Â˜ ÍÎ· Ì¯‚Â ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ „‚

˙·˘Ák¯˘ÔÂ¯˜Ú ˙‡ „‚Â ÍÎ·Â ÌÈ˘‡Â ÌÈˆÙÁ ˘„KÓ‰ ÔÁÏÂÙ ¨®ÌÈÏÈÏ‡ ˙„Â·Ú© ‰„ÈÁÂ˙ÂÏÈÙ‡ ÆÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈÁÏÂÙ ÌÈÈ˜Ï ¯ÂÒÈ‡ ÏÁ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Æ®Ï‡‰ ˙Â„Á‡©

ÌÈ·˘Á ÈÚÈ˘‰ ËÂÚÈÓ· ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ Ï˘ ÌÏÂÙÈË ÔÙÂ‡ ˙‡ ‰Ï‡˘ ÔÓÈÒ· „ÈÓÚ‰Ï ˙ÂÂÈÒÈÌÈË„ÂËÒ È˘ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ Â¯ˆÚ ±ππ≤ Ò¯Ó· ÆÔÂËÏ˘‰ „ˆÓ ˙ÂÈÂÏÎ˙‰Ï ‰·ÈÒ„Á‡ ÌÚ ÂÁÎÂÂ˙‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï ¨‰„ß‚· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ÍÏÓ‰ Ì˘ ÏÚ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ÒÂÙÓ˜·

Æ˙ÂÈÚÈ˘‰ ˙ÂÂÓ‡· ¨Ì˙Ú„Ï ¨·ÏÚ ¯˘‡ „ÂÓÈÏ ¯ÙÒÏ Ú‚Â· ÌÈˆ¯Ó‰≤±ππ≤ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ˙Â¯Î˙‰· ÂÓÈ˘‡‰ ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó˘ Á‡Ï ÛÈË˜ ÈÚ· ÈÚÈ˘ Á¯Ê‡ ‡¯ ÙÈ¯Ú· ‚¯Â‰Ï ‡ˆÂ‰‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ ‰Ê ‰È‰ ÆÔ‡¯Â˜‰Â „ÓÁÓ ‡È·‰ ¨Ï‡‰ „‚ ‰ˆ‡ È¯·„ ˙ÚÓ˘‰·Â Ì‡ÏÒ‡ÏÆ˙È¯„ÂÓ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ˙Â„ÏÂ˙· ‰Ï‡Î ˙Â·ÈÒ· ‚¯Â‰Ï ‰‡ˆÂ‰ Ï˘ ÔÂ˘‡¯ ÚÂ¯È‡≥

Â‡ˆÓ ‰ÈÏÈÚÙÂ ¨˙˜¯ÂÙÓ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙È·¯Ó ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ˙Ú· ÔÂ‚¯‡ ˙‡ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ È¯·Á ÂÓÈ˜‰ ÌÈÂÓ˘‰ ˙Â˘· Æ˙ÂÏ‚·≠Ï‡ ‰¯Âß˙≠Ï‡ ˙ÓßËÓ

‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡·˙Î ¯Â‡Ï Â‡ÈˆÂ‰ Ì‰ ±π∏∞≠±ππ± ÌÈ˘‰ ÔÈ·Â ¨®˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡© ÂÓ˘Â ˙Ú‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ‰¯Âß˙≠Ï‡˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡Ï È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÔÈ· ÁÈ˘≠Â„‰ Æ

¯Á‡ Â‡ ˙È˙Â·¯˙ ˙ÂÈË˙Â‡ ¯Á‡ ˘ÂÙÈÁ Ï˘ ·ˆÓÏ ∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· ˙ÂÓÈÚ Ï˘ ·ˆÓÓ ¯·ÚÏ˘ ‰¯Î‰· ÍÂ¯Î ‰È‰ ‰Ê ÈÂÈ˘ Æπ∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· ˙Â„‚˙‰ ˙Ú·‰ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙È˙¯ÈˆÈ ‰¯ÂˆÈÂËÈ· ˙˙Ï ÂÏÎÂÈ Â·˘ ÈÙÂÏÁ ıÂ¯Ú ‡ÂˆÓÏ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ·Â ˙ÂÓÈÚ‰ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÏ·‚Ó· ÌÈÚÈ˘‰

ÆÈ˙¯·Á ÔÂÈÂÂ˘ ÚÂ·˙ÏÂ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ˙Â‰ÊÏÏ ÂÓ˘ ˙‡ ÈÂÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÈÚÈ˘‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ‰È˘ ÍÎ Ì˘Ï ‰ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ‰Î¯Á≠Ï‡˙ÚÂ˙© ˙Ú‰ È·˙Î ˙‡ ¯Â‡Ï ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ÏÁ‰ ±ππ±≠·Â ¨®‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯‰ ‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡ÔÂ„ÂÏ·

∂π

È˘È˘ ˜¯Ù ∑∞

≠ÂArabian MonitorÂ„˜Ó˙‰Â ¨‰Â˙Ó ‰ÓÈ ÈÏÚ· ÂÈ‰ ‰Ï‡ ˙Ú È·˙Î ÆÔÂË‚È˘ÂÂ· ˙ÂÈ‚ÂÒ· ÂÏÙÈËÂ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ· È·ÈÒ¯‚Â¯Ù ÌÂÈ ¯„ÒÏ Â‡¯˜ Ì‰ ÆÌ„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ· ‰ÚÈ‚Ù‰ ˙˘‚„‰·ÌÈÓÂÒ¯Ù ÚÈÙÂ‰Ï ÂÏÁ‰ ˙Ú ¨±ππ¥ ˙˘ „Ú Æ‰ÚÈ˘Ï ˙Â¯È˘È ˙ÂÚ‚Â‰ ‰Ï‡ „·ÏÓ ˙ÂÙÒÂ

˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰ Ï˘(CDLR)„ÈÁÈ‰ ÈÂÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÏÂ˜‰ ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÂÈ‰ ¨Æ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙ÂÏÂ·‚Ï ıÂÁÓ

‰ÎÓ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

≠Ï‡ ÈÏ„‚Ó¢ Â¯È„‰ Ò˜ÏÙÓÂ˜ Ï˘ ÏÂ„‚‰ Â˜ÏÁ ‡ È„‡ ıÂˆÈÙ ·È¯Á‰ ±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· ≤µ≠··¯˜‰ ÈÒÂËÓ ÛÎÓ È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ¯ÈÂÂ‡‰ ÏÈÁ Ï˘ ˙ÂÂˆ È˘‡ ÂÎ˙˘‰ Â·˘ ¨Ô‡¯‰ßË· ¢¯·ßÁ¨˜‡¯ÈÚ ÌÂ¯„· ‰ÒÈË‰ ÂÒÈ‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÙÈÎ‡· Â˜ÒÚ˘ ÌÈ˙Ù¯ˆÂ ÌÈËÈ¯· ÌÈÏÈÈÁ ÔÎÂ ¥¥∞¥ ßÒÓ·Â¯˜ ÂÚˆÙÂ ¨·¢‰¯‡ ÈÏÈÈÁ ÌÏÂÎ ¨Ì„‡ È· ¯˘Ú ‰Ú˘˙ Â‚¯‰ ıÂˆÈÙ· ÆÌ¢Â‡‰ ˙ÂÒÁ·

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ Æ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„ÓÓÂ ·¢‰¯‡Ó Ï‚Ò È˘‡ ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÓÁÏ‹˙‡ ‰˙È‚ ‡‡ÓÏ˙„ È· ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ÌÈÚ‚Ù‰ ·Â¯ Ì‡ Ì‚ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÂÂ¯˜Ú ‡ „‚Â ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ‰ÊÈ¯Î‰Â ıÂˆÈÙ‰ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÒÁ Á˙ ‡ˆÓ‰ ¯Á‡ „ Ô· ÁˆÂ¯˘ ÈÓ ÏÎ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰ÙÈÒÂ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰

Æ¢ÌÈ‰ÂÏ‡‰ ˙˘ÁÎ‰Ï ÏÈ·ÂÓ‰ ¨¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ¯ÂÓÁ‰ ÌÈ‡ËÁ‰ „Á‡¢· Ì˘‡¥

¯˘˜˙‰ ‰ÓÚËÓ ‚Èˆ˘ ¨‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÆÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ Ô‰ÈÏÚ ÂÏ·È˜ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ ˘ÂÏ˘ ¯ÎÂÓ ‡Ï ÔÂ‚¯‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨˙È·¯Ú‰ ‰Ù˘· ÈÂ„ÂÏ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ ˙Î¯ÚÓÏ—‰ÂÚÓ‰ ˘Â„˜‰ ÔÂÈ‚Ï¢

Á≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú‹Á≠Ï‡ Æ¢ÛÈ„‹Â˙ÙÈ˜˙ ˙Ó˘‡· ±ππµ≠· ‚¯Â‰Ï ‡ˆÂ‰˘ È„ÂÚÒ ‰È‰ ÛÈ„·¢‰¯‡ Ì‡ ÂÎ˘ÓÈÈ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰‰ ÈÎ ‰ÓÈÈ‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ‰˙Ú„Â‰· ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ ÔÂÁËÈ· ÔÎÂÒ Ï˘ Â˙ÚÈˆÙÂ≠‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ¢ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ‰ÈÏÚ ‰Ï·È˜˘ ‰ÈÈ˘‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ Æ‰È„Ó‰Ó ‰ÈÏÈÈÁ ˙‡ ˜ÏÒ˙ ‡ÏÏ˘ ˙Â¯˘Ù‡Ï ÔÂ˘‡¯ ÔÓÈÒ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰˙Ú„Â‰ ÆÊ‡ „Ú ˙¯ÎÂÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ‡È‰ Ì‚Â ¨¢ı¯ÙÓ‰

‰Ó˘Â ˙È˘ÈÏ˘ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÆıÂˆÈÙÏ È‡¯È‡ Â‡ ÈÚÈ˘ ¯˘˜≠Ï‡ ‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ¯ÈÈßÚ˙≠Ï‡ ˙k¯Á‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡ ÈÙ È„‡‰ß‚≠Ï‡ Á‡ß‚„‡‰ß‚‰ ‚ÏÙ ¨ÈÂÈ˘Ï ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰©

ÂÊ ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÆÈÏÂÈ· ±∂≠· ‰¯ÒÓ˘ ‰Ú„Â‰· ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ‰ÈÏÚ ‰Ï·È˜ ®·¯Ú È‡‰≠ÈˆÁ·Æ„‡È¯· ±ππµ≠· ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ˙ÂÈ¯Á‡ ‰Ï·È˜ ¯·Îµ

˙ÂÈ¯˜˙ ‰ÓÎ ÂÏÚÂ ÂÙˆ ¨Û¯ˆ˙‰ È˜ÏÁ ˙‡ ¯·ÁÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒÂ ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˜ÂÁ ÂÏÁ‰˘Î±ππµ Ï˘ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ¯Á‡Ï Æ˘Á¯˙‰Ï „ÓÂÚ‰ ÏÚ ¯˘·Ï È„Î Ô‰· ‰È‰ ¨¯ÂÁ‡Ï Ë·Ó· ¨¯˘‡Â¯ˆÚ˘ ÌÈ˘‡‰ Ì‡ ÂÎ˘ÓÈÈ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰‰ ÈÎ ÌÈÓÂÈ‡ ·¢‰¯‡ ˙Â¯È¯‚˘· ÂÏ·˜˙ „‡È¯·˙Â¯Â˜Ó È¯·„Ï ¨¯˘‡ ¢ÌÈÈ·ÈËÈÓÈ¯Ù ÌÈ¯ÂÈˆ¢ ÂÏÏÎ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÓÂÈ‡ Æ‚¯Â‰Ï Â‡ˆÂÈ ÂÈ˙Â·˜Ú·

Æ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ÌÈ˜˙Ó „‚ ÌÈÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ÌÈÓÂÈ‡Î ˘¯Ù˙‰Ï ÂÏÎÈ ¨ÌÈÈ˜È¯Ó‡∂ÍÎ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ ¨±ππ∂ È‡ÓÂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡ ¨Ò¯Ó ¨¯‡ÂÈ ÌÈ˘„ÂÁ·Â ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â· ÈÎ ·¢‰¯‡ ˙¯È˜Á ‰˙ÏÚ‰ÌÈ˘‡ ÏÚ ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡ ˙Â¯È„‰ Ò˜ÏÙÓÂ˜· È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ¯ÈÂÂ‡‰ ÏÈÁ Ï˘ ÔÂÁËÈ· È˘‡ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ÌÈ¯˜Ó‰ „Á‡· ÆÂ· ˘Á¯˙Ó‰ ¯Á‡ ˙ÂÙ˜˘Ó ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈ·˜ÂÚÂ ÔÈÈ·‰ ÌÁ˙Ó ˙‡ ÌÈÓÏˆÓ‰˙‡Â Â˜ÊÂÁ ˙‡ ÔÂÁ·Ï ÔÂÈÒÈ· ‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ ¨Â˙Â‡ ‰ÊÈÊ‰Â ÔÂÁËÈ· ÌÂÒÁÓ· ˙ÈÂÎÓ ‰˘‚˙‰

ÆÌÂ˜Ó· ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ È˘‡ Ï˘ Ì˙Â¯Ú ˙„ÈÓ∑

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ ·ÒÈÒ ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô∑±

È˘‡ Â¯ˆÚ ±ππ∂ Ò¯Ó· ≤π≠· Æ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ ˙‡¯˜Ï ˙ÂÎ‰Ï ÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈÓÈÒ ÂÈ‰‰ÂÓ˘Â ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘Î ‰·Â ˙ÈÂÎÓ ‚‰ ‰ß˙È„Á≠Ï‡· Ô„¯È ÌÚ ÏÂ·‚‰ ¯·ÚÓ· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÒÎÓ‰Ú˜·‰ ˜ÓÚÓ ‰ÚÈ‚‰ ˙ÈÂÎÓ‰ ÆıÙ ÏÈ˙Ù Ï˘ ÌÈ¯ËÓ ±±∂≠Â ıÙ ¯ÓÂÁ Ï˘ ÌÈÓ¯‚ÂÏÈ˜Â¯ˆÚ ¨Â‡ˆÂÓ· ÈÚÈ˘ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‚‰‰ Ï˘ Â¯Â˜Á˙ ÍÓÒ ÏÚ ÆÌÈ¯ÂÒ‰ ˙ËÈÏ˘· ‰È‰˘ ¨ÈÂ·Ï‰

ÆÌÈ˘‡ ‰ÓÎ „ÂÚ ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰∏‰ÚÈ‰ ‰Ú˜·‰ ˜ÓÚÓ ÚÈ‚‰ ·Î¯‰ ÈÏÎ˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ ÈÎ ÌÈÈˆ· ¨¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ‰È¯ÂÒ ˙‡ ¨˙ÂÈË¯Ù ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ¨¯Â˘˜Ï ·¢‰¯‡· ÌÈÓ¯Â‚‰ÓÎ ÏÚ ˙ÂÈÙˆ˙ ÂÎ¯Ú ¯˘‡Â ‰È¯ÂÒ Í¯„ Â¯·Ú˘ ÌÈ˘‡ ‰ÓÎ Â‰ÈÊ ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈ¯˜ÂÁÍÈÒ‰ ¯Ó‡ ‰Ï‡ ˙Â¯ÈÓ‡Ï ‰·Â‚˙· Æ·¢‰¯‡ ‡·ˆ ÈÏÈÈÁ ÂÎ˙˘‰ Ì‰·˘ ‰ÎÏÓÓ· ÌÈ¯˙‡‰¯Â˘˜ ¢ÔÙÂ‡ ÌÂ˘· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï¢ ‰È¯ÂÒ ÈÎ ¨·¢‰¯‡· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ¯È¯‚˘ ¨Ô‡ËÏÒ Ô· ¯„·

ÆıÂˆÈÙÏπ

Æ‰È„ÂÚÒ≠·¢‰¯‡ ÈÒÁÈ· ÌÈ¯ÂÓÁ ÌÈÁ˙Ó ¯ˆÈ ¯·„‰Â ¨Ú„ÈÓ ˜ÙÒÏ Â¯‰ÈÓ ‡Ï ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰È¯ÂÒ ¯˘˜ Ì‚ ÂÏÏ˘ ‡Ï ÈÎ Ì‡ ¨˙È‡¯È‡ ˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ÏÚ ÚÈ·ˆ‰Ï ÂÏÁ‰ ‰¯È˜Á‰ ˙Â‡ˆÂ˙ÈÙÏ ‰ÚÙÂ‰· ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· π≠· ¯Ó‡ ¨È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ‰‚‰‰ ¯ÈÎÊÓ Ê‡ ¨È¯Ù Ì‡ÈÏÈÂ ÆÈ¯˘Ù‡˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÏÚ·Â ÔÂÈÒÈ ¯È˙Ú ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ¯Â¯Ë ÔÂ‚¯‡¢˘ ‰‡¯ ÈÎ ËÒ‰ Ï˘ ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙„ÚÂÌ˘ ÌÂÏÈÚ· ÂÈÈˆ ÔÂ‚ËÙ· ÌÈ¯ÈÎ· ÌÈÓ¯Â‚ ÆÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÈÚˆ·ÓÏ ÚÂÈÒ Ô˙ ¢ÌÈ„·Î ÔÂÓÈÓ¨‰ÎÏÓÓÏ ıÂÁÓ ÔÂ‚¯‡˘ ‰¯Ú˘‰‰ ˙˜ÊÁ˙Ó ‰Ï˘ ÌÂÎÁ˙‰ ˙Ó¯Â ‰ˆˆÙ‰ È„ÓÓ ÁÎÂÏ ÈÎÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˙‡ ÚÈ‰ ¯·„‰ ÆıÂˆÈÙ‰ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó ÌÈ„ÓÂÚ ¨˙¯Á‡ ‰È„Ó Ï˘ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ ÈÏÂ‡ Â‡˙È‡¯Á‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙¯Á‡ ‰È„Ó˘ ‰˜ÒÓÏ ÚÈ‚ Ì‡¢ ÆÔ‡¯È‡Ï Â‡ ˜‡¯ÈÚÏ È¯˘Ù‡ ¯˘˜ ¯Â˜ÁÏ

Æ¢·È‚‰Ï ÂÈÏÚ ‰È‰È¢ ¨È¯Ù ¯Ó‡ ¨¢ıÂˆÈÙÏ±∞

ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Ì‡ Ï‡˘ ¯˘‡Î Æ¯˙ÂÈ ÌÈ˘¯ÂÙÓ ÌÈ¯·„ È¯Ù ¯Ó‡ ±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ˙È˘‡¯·Æ¢ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ¯˘˜ ‡ˆÓÈÈ˘ ‰ÙˆÓ È‡ ¨ÔÎ¢ ∫È¯Ù ¯Ó‡ ¨ÌÈÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ÌÈËÒÈ¯Â¯ËÏ ¯˘˜ Â‡ˆÓÌÈÂÂ˜·¢ ÔÂ„ ¯·Î ‰·Â‚˙‰ ÔÙÂ‡ ÈÎÂ ¨˙È‡¯Á‡‰ ‡È‰ Ô‡¯È‡˘ ¢ÔÎ˙ÈÈ¢ ÈÎ ÛÈÒÂ‰ ‡Â‰

Æ‰ÈËÈ¯·Â ˙Ù¯ˆ ÌÚ ˙ÂÁÈ˘· ¢ÌÈÈÏÏÎ±±ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ÌÈÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ÌÈËÒÈ¯Â¯Ë Ì˙Â‡˘ ÊÓ¯ ÁÂe„˘ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ· ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ˙¯„ÒÏ ‰‡¯Î ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ È¯Ù Æ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ ÔÂ‚¯‡Ï

ÈÂ„ÂÏ‰ ÔÂÓÂÈ‰ ÆËÒÂ‚Â‡· µ≠· ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· Ì‰ÈÏÚÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡˙Â¯Â˜Ó‰ „Á‡ ¨¢ÍÓÒÂÓ ¯Â˜Ó¢ ËËÈˆ ¨È„ÂÚÒ ÁÂ˜ÈÙ ˙Á˙ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï˘ ˙È·¯Ú‰ ‰Ù˘· ÌÈ„ÈÁÈ‰ ÌÈÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ·‰‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· Û‚‡Ï ÂÎÈÈ˙˘‰ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰ ÆÌÈÚÈ˘ ˙Â‡Ó ˘ÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓ ¯·„ ˙‡ ÔÈÈˆ˘Ï˘ÓÓ‰Â ßÁÈ˘≠Ï‡ ˜ÈÙÂ˙ Ï˘ Â˙ˆÂ·˜ ÂÈÏ‡ ÂÚÈ‚‰˘ ¯„Ò‰‰Ó ‰ˆÂ¯Ó ‰È‰ ‡Ï˘ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰˙ÂÏ·‚‰‰ ˙‡ Ï˜‰Ï ¯ÂÓ‡ ‰È‰ ¯„Ò‰‰ ¨‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È¯·„Ï Æ®ÔÏ‰Ï ∑ ˜¯Ù Â‡¯© ±ππ≥≠· È„ÂÚÒ‰‡Â‰ Í‡ ¨‰Ï˘ÓÓ· Á˙ÙÓ ˙Â„ÓÚ· ·Ï˙˘‰Ï ÌÈÚÈ˘Ï ¯˘Ù‡ÏÂ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ÏÚ

ÆÏ˘Î±≤Ï˘ Â˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ¯·„· È„ÓÏ ÌÈÁÂË· ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈÏ‡¯˘È ˙Â¯Â˜Ó ¨ÍÎ ÏÚ ÛÒÂ Æ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ±≥ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ¢ÌÈ‚Ù‡¢ ¨ÌÈÂÒ ‰˘È˘ Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ¯ÒÓ ÌÈ˜È˘Ó ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„·

‰ÓÎ ¯Â˘˜Ï ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ ÈÎ Ì˘ ÌÂÏÈÚ· ¯Ó‡ È„ÂÚÒ ¯Â˜Ó Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡ ¯ÈÚ‰ÓÆ„‡È¯· ±ππµ ¯·Ó·Â Ï˘ ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ Ì‚ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰Ó±¥

‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ Ï˘ ÌÈÂÓÈ‡‰ ˙ÂÁÓ· ˘Á¯˙Ó‰ ¯Á‡ Â·˜Ú˘ ¨·¯Ú ˙ÂÈ„Ó·Â ·¯ÚÓ· ÌÈÓ¯Â‚ ¯Â¯Ë ÈÂ‚¯‡ Ï˘ ·¯ ¯ÙÒÓ ÂÚÈ‚‰ ¯ÂÊ‡Ï ÈÎ ÂÈÈˆ ¨‰Ú˜·‰ ˜ÓÚ·-ÌÈÂÒ Ô‰Â ÌÈÚÈ˘ Ô‰

-ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ ÈÎ Ú„Â ±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ÚˆÓ‡· Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÂ ÌÈ¯ˆÓ ¨‰È¯Èß‚Ï‡ ¨ÔÈÈ¯Á·Ó Ïˆ‡ ˘ÂÓÈ˘· ‰È‰˘ ‚ÂÒ‰Ó ÈÂ¯Ë˜Ï‡ ÌÂÚ¯Ó Ô‡¯‰ßË· ıÂˆÈÙ‰ ¯˙‡· ‡ˆÓ È„ÂÚÒ‰

È˘È˘ ˜¯Ù ∑≤

ÆÔÂ·Ï Á¯ÊÓ· Ì‰ÈÂÓÈ‡ ˙Ú· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ ÌÈ‡¯ ‰·˘ Â‡„ÈÂ ˙ËÏ˜ ÔÎÂ ¨‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ¯·ÚÓ· Ò¯Ó· ≤π≠· ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ È„È· Â¯ˆÚ˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯ÙÒÓ ¨ÁÂÂÈ„ Â˙Â‡ ÈÙ ÏÚ

‰Ú·¯‡ ‰È‰ ‰ß˙È„Á≠Ï‡ ÏÂ·‚‰— ‰ÏÈÁ˙· ¯ÒÓ˘ ÈÙÎ ¨„Á‡ ‡ÏÂ —ÂÈ‰ ¢Ì˙ˆ˜Ó¢Â ÆÌÈÚÈ˘±µÂÈ‰˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒÂ ÌÈ‡¯È‡ ÌÈ‡ÎË ÈÎ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÚÈÙÂ‰Ï ÂÏÁ‰ ËÒÂ‚Â‡ È‰Ï˘·

ÂÁ¯·Â‰˘ ˜˘‰ ÈÏÎ ÈÎÂ ¨ÌÈÈ¯ÂÒ ÌÈÂÎ¯„ Ì‰ÈÏÚ Â‡˘ ÈÂÈ· ≤µ Ï˘ ıÂˆÈÙ· ÌÈ·¯ÂÚÓÈ¯‚‡Ó ˙‡ ÌÈÓ‡Â˙‰ ÌÈÈ¯Â„ÈÒ ÌÈ¯ÙÒÓÂ ÌÈÂÓÈÒ ÌÈ‡˘Â ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ‰È¯ÂÒÓÂ ÔÂ·ÏÓ

Æ‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó È˙˘·˘ È‡ÏÓ‰±∂

ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ¯·„· ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈÏÈÚÙ ÂÓÒ¯Ù ¯·ÓËÙÒ ˙È˘‡¯· ‰Ó˘Â ‰ˆÂ·˜ ÆÌ˙„Ú È· ·¯˜· ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ ÂÎ¯Ú˘Ú ÚÓß‚˙‹Ê‡ß‚Á≠Ï‡ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ „Â‚È‡© ‹‡‡ÓÏ

Á Ï˘ Â¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ‰˙ÁÓ ®Ê‡ß‚Á‰ Ï˘‹˙„ ÌÎÁ ¨ÈˆßÁ˘≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ Ì˘‡‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡≠Ï‡ ˙ß‚Æ¯·ÎÓ ‡Ï Â¯ˆÚ˘ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ˙„ ÈÓÎÁ ≤≥ „ÂÚ Ï˘ Ì‰È˙ÂÓ˘· ‰·˜Â ¨‡‡ÒÁ‡≠Ï‡Ó ÈÚÈ˘Æ‰ÓÂ„ ‰Ú„Â‰ ‡È‰ Ì‚ ‰ÓÒ¯Ù ¨¢Ê‡ß‚Á· Ì„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰¢ ¨˙¯Á‡ ‰ˆÂ·˜±∑

·¯Ú È‡‰ ÈˆÁ· ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Â¯È‰ˆ‰ ÔÓÊ Â˙Â‡·(MIRA)ÈÓ˘¯ Ì¯Â‚Â ÆıÂˆÈÙ· ˙Â·¯ÂÚÓÏ „˘Á· Â¯ˆÚ ÌÈÂÒ ‰ÓÎ ÈÎ ¨Ì˘ ÌÂÏÈÚ· ¯‡˘˘ ¨È„ÂÚÒ±∏

ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· ÌÈ¯Ò‡Ó ¯·„· ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ‰Ú„Â‰ ‰ÓÒ¯Ù ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÓ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÔ‡¯È‡Ï ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ ÌÈÚÈ˘ Ï˘ ˙Â‡„Â‰ ÏÚÂ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ÏÚ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ· ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÌÏÂ‡ ¨Ô‡¯‰ßË·¨ÌÈ¯Ò‡Ó‰ ¯·„ ˙‡ ÌÈÓÈ‰Ó ÌÈÈËÓÂÏÙÈ„ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó Â¯˘È‡ ¯·ÓËÙÒ ÚˆÓ‡· ÆÁÂ¯ÙÏ ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰≠Ï‡ ˜ÂÊ¯Ó≠Ï‡ ¯ÙÚß‚ ˙‡ ¯ÂˆÚÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙˘È¯„Ï ÂÓÈÎÒ‰ ‰È¯ÂÒ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯ ÈÎ ÂÈÈˆÂ¨Â˙Â‡ ¯ÂˆÚÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ È‚Èˆ ÂÚÈ‚‰ ¯˘‡Î Æ‰È¯ÂÒ· ÈÁ˘ ÈÚÈ˘ ‡ˆÂÓÓ È„ÂÚÒ ¨˙‡ÁÈÂ˘˘È‡ ÈÓ˘¯ ÔÙÂ‡· Â¯˘˜ ‡Ï ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÆÂ‡˙· „·‡˙‰ ˙‡ßÁÈÂ˘≠Ï‡ ÈÎ ÌÈ¯ÂÒ‰ Ì‰Ï ÂÚÈ„Â‰˙ÂÎÏ˘‰ ÈÙÓ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ Ì˘˘Á· Â„˜Ó˙‰ ÂÊ ‰„·ÂÚ ·È·Ò ˙Â¯Ú˘‰‰ ÆÔ‡¯È‡Ï ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰Ó

ÆÔ‡¯È‡ „‚ ˙È˜È¯Ó‡ ÏÂÓ‚˙ ˙ÏÂÚÙ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ¯˘Ù‡±π

Ú‰ „Â‚È‡ ˙¯‚ÒÓ· ÏÚÙ˘ ¨¢È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ¢ ÔÂ‚¯‡ È¯·Á ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰ ÔÓ ÌÈ·¯‹‡‡ÓÏ¨ıÂˆÈÙÏ ÈÙÈˆÙÒ ÔÙÂ‡· ÌÈ¯Â˘˜ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰ Ì‡ ¯Â¯· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆÊ‡ß‚Á‰ Ï˘ÌÈ‚È‰Ó ÆÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈ„‚˙Ó ‡ÂÏÎÏ ‰ÁÂ ˙ÂÓ„Ê‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯Ï ˜ÙÈÒ ËÂ˘Ù ıÂˆÈÙ‰ ‡Ó˘ Â‡˙‡ ‰˙Á„˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¨±ππ≥ ˙˘· ‰˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ˙‡ ‰¯È·‚‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰˘ Â¯Ó‡ ÛÈË˜· ÌÈÚÈ˘¯ÙÚß‚ ßÁÈ˘˘ Ì‚ ÂÈÈˆ Ì‰ Æ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈÚÈ˘ ˙ÂˆÂ·˜ ÔÈ·Ï „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ÔÈ· ‰˘Ú˘ ¯„Ò‰‰

Ó≠Ï‡‹Æ¯ˆÚÓ· ÔÂ˙ ‰È‰ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ‚È‰Ó ¨k¯‡·≤∞Â·¯ÈÒ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈ„È˜Ù ÆÌÈ¯ˆÚÓÏ Ú‚Â· ˙ÂÏ‡˘ ÏÚ ·È‚‰Ï≤±

Ó Ô· ÔÈÒÂÁ ÚÈ‚‰ ¯·Ó·Â ˘„ÂÁ ˙È˘‡¯· ¨ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙ ÏÚ‹¯ÈÎ· ¯·Á ·˘Á˘ ÈÓ ¨k¯‡·ÂËÏÓ˘ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ È¯·Á ÌÚ Ì˘ ˘‚ÙÂ ¨ÔÂ·Ï· ‰Ú˜·‰ ˜ÓÚ· ¯Â˜È·Ï ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ·

ÆÔ‡¯È‡ Í¯„ ‰È„ÂÚÒÓ≤≤‰¯ÂÓ‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰˘ ¨˙ÈÂÁËÈ· ˙È„ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÏ˘Ó ‰ÏËÈ· ¯·Ó·Â ÚˆÓ‡· ‰ÎÂ·Ó‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· ˙Â¯ÈÈ·Ï ‰˙ÚÈÒ ˙‡ ¨È„ÂÚÒÏ ÈÂ·Ï‰ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ ÔÈ·˘ ¯˘˜‰ ˙‡ ¯Â˜ÁÏ

ÆÂÂ‚¯‡ È¯·ÁÏ Î¯‡·ÂÓ ÔÈ· ‰˘È‚Ù‰ ¯·„ ÌÂÒ¯Ù Ì¯‚˘≤≥ÏÚÙ˘ ÈÚÈ˘ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ¨ÍÎ ÍÂ˙· ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙·— Ê‡ß‚Á≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ —ÌÈÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈ„ÚÈ· Ú‚ÙÈ ÈÎ ÌÈÈ‡Ï ÏÁ‰

˘„ÂÁ‰ ÛÂÒ ˙‡¯˜Ï Æ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ È„È· ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰ ¢ÌÈÚÈ˘ÏÂ ÌÈÂÒ¢Ï Ú¯ ‰Â‡È Ì‡ ÌÈÈ„ÂÚÒÂ‰ÓÎ ÂÚˆÈ· ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ Æ‰ÓÂ„ ÌÂÈ‡ ÈÂÈ˘Ï ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ì‚ ‰ÚÈÓ˘‰

ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ Ï‡ ˙‡ˆÏ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÓÂÈ‡Ó ÂÚÓ˘ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ≤µ

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ ·ÒÈÒ ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô∑≥

ÛÂ˙È˘≠È‡ ¯·„· ®ÈÈ‡≠È·≠Û‡© ˙ÈÏ¯„Ù‰ ˙˘ÏÂ·‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÂÏ˙ ˙Â·˜Ú· ¨¯·Ó·Â· È¯Ù ÒÈ‡ÂÏ Ê‡„ ˙˘ÏÂ·‰ ˘‡¯ ÒË ¨ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ „ˆÓ ‰ÏÂÚÙ(Louis Freeh)ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ„‡È¯Ï

ÏÚ ÒÒÂ·Ó‰ Ú„ÈÓÂ ˙Â‡„Â‰ È¯Ù Ï˘ ÂÈ„ÈÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈ„È˜Ù Â¯ÒÓ ¢¯·„ ÈÚ„ÂÈ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó¢ÂÚˆÈ·˘ Ì‰ Ô‡¯È‡ ˙Ï˘ÓÓ ÚÂÈÒ· ÔÂ·Ï· Â¯˘ÎÂ‰˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÈÎ Â„ÈÚ‰ ¯˘‡ ¨˙ÂÊ‡‰ÂÈ˙Â¯Â˘Ï ÌÒÈÈ‚ È‡¯È‡‰ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ ÈÎ Â¯È‰ˆ‰ Ì‰ Ì‰È˙Â‡„Â‰· ÆÔ‡¯‰ßË· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ˙‡

Æ˜˘Ó„· ‰Î¯Ú˘ ˙È˙„ ˙ÈÚÈ˘ ‰‚È‚Á ÍÏ‰Ó·≤∂

„ˆÓ È‰˘ÏÎ ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ˙ÂÒÁÈÈ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰¯„ÚÈ‰ ‰È‰ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ˙È·¯Ó· „ÁÂÈÓ· ËÏ·˘ ‰Ó±ππ∂ ¯·Óˆ„ ˘„ÂÁ ÚˆÓ‡· ¯Ó‡ ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘ ÆÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰Ú‚Â· ˙Â¯‰ˆ‰‰ ÏÎÓ ÌÏÚ˙‰Ï ¯Â·ÈˆÏ ‡¯˜ ‡Â‰ Æ¢·¯ ÔÓÊ „ÂÚ Í¯‡˙ ‡Ï¢ ‰¯È˜Á‰˘

Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘Ó ÂÚÈ‚‰ ‡Ï˘ ÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ≤∑

¯ÒÓ˘ Ú„ÈÓ ÏÚ ÂÎÓ˙Ò‰ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„ ÈÙ ÏÚ ¯˘‡ ¨ÌÈÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÂÏÈ‚ ±ππ∑ ¯‡ÂÈ·˙ ÍÈÒ‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ ˘‡¯ Ì‰Ï‹¨ÏÒßÚÓ „ÓÁ‡ ¨ÈÚÈ˘ È„ÂÚÒ Á¯Ê‡ ÈÎ ¨ÏˆÈÙ Ô· ÈÎ¯

ÆÔ‡¯È‡· ‡ˆÓ ‡Â‰ ‰¯·Ò‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÈÎÂ ¨ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó˘ ÁÂÓ‰ ‡Â‰≤∏‰˘ ‰˙Â‡ Ò¯Ó· ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰„Ú‰ Ô· È„ÂÚÒ ¨ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ÌÈÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú È‡‰ ˙‡ ‰ÂÂËÂ‡· ˙ÂÈ„˜ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯ Â¯ˆÚ‰„˜Ï ÒÎ ˘È‡‰ Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ· ˙Â·¯ÂÚÓÏ „˘Á· ¨ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ·˘ Ë‡ÁÈÒ ¯ÈÚ‰Ó„ÚÂÓ Â˙Â‡Ó ¯·Î˘ ÁÈ‰Ï ¯È·Ò ÆËÈÏÙ Ï˘ „ÓÚÓ Ï·˜Ï ‰˘˜· ˘È‚‰Â ±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ÚˆÓ‡··¢‰¯‡ ˙ÂÏ˘ÓÓ Â˜ÙÈÒ˘ ÂÈ˙Â„Â‡ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ Ï˘· ‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎ ¨·˜ÚÓ· ÔÂ˙ ‰È‰ ‡Â‰ÆËÂÏÈÓ‰ ˙ÈÂÎÓ· ‚‰ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡˘ Â¯·Ò ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰Â ˙ÂÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˜ÂÁ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯ Æ‰È„ÂÚÒÂÂÈÂ‰ÈÊ· ·¯‰ ÚÂÈÒ‰¢ ÏÚÂ ¢˙È¯Ú‰ Ì˙ÂÏÈÚÙ¢ ÏÚ ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒÏ ‰„Â‰ ÈÈ‡≠È·≠Û‡‰

ÆßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ¢Â¯Â˙È‡·Â≤π

ÌÂ˜Ó ÔÈÈÚ· ˙Â¯˙ÂÒ ˙Â‡Ò¯‚ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ¯ÒÓ ¯ˆÚÓ‰ ‡˙· ÂÓÚ ÂÎ¯Ú˘ ˙ÂÂÈ‡¯·ÌÏÂ‡ ¨‰È¯ÂÒ· ‰È‰˘ ¯Ó‡ ˙ÂÈÂÓ„Ê‰‰ ˙Á‡· ÆÈËÈÏÂÙ‰ ÂÎÂÈ˘Ï Ú‚Â·Â ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÌÂÈ· Â‡ˆÓÈ‰‰¯˙Á˘ ˙ÈËÈÏÂÙ ‰ÚÂ˙¢Ï ÍÈÈ˙˘‰˘ ¯Ó‡ ‰ÏÈÁ˙· ÆÔ‡¯È‡· ‰È‰˘ ÔÚË ÍÎ ¯Á‡ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ Æ‰Ï‡Î ˙ÂÚÂ˙Ï ¯˘˜ ÏÎ ˘ÈÁÎ‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï Í‡ ¨¢˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ‰ÈË¯˜ÂÓ„ÏËÂÚÈÓ‰ È· ‰ÈÁ¯Ê‡ ˙‡ ‰Ù„¯ ‰˙Ï˘ÓÓ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ¯ÂÊÁÏ ˘˘Á˘ Ì‚ ¯Ó‡

ÆÈÚÈ˘‰≥∞ÈÎ „ÈÚ‰ Â¯ˆÚÓ Æ‰ÂÂËÂ‡· Ô‡¯È‡ ˙Â¯È¯‚˘ ÌÚ Ï‰È˘ ÌÈÚ‚Ó ÏÚ ˙ÂÈÂ„Ú Ì‚ ÂÈ‰ ÂÚˆÈ·˘ Ì‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ‰ÈÙÏÂ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È¯Â‡˙‰ ˙‡ Ï·˜Ï ˙ÂÂÎ‰ ‰¯·‚ ·¢‰¯‡·ÌÈ·¯ÂÚÓ ÂÈ‰ ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙· Â¯ˆÚ˘ ‰Ï‡Ó ÌÈ„Á‡˘Â ¨È‡¯È‡ ÚÂÈÒ· ‰Ù˜˙‰‰ ˙‡ÔÎ ÈÙÏ ÒÁÈÈ˙‰ ¨‰¯È˜Á· ÈÊÎ¯Ó „È˜Ù˙ ‡ÏÓÏ ÁÈÏˆ‰ ‡Ï˘ ¨ÈÈ‡≠È·≠Û‡‰ Æ‰˘¯Ù·

ÆÂÊ ‰È¯Â‡˙Ï ˙Â˜ÙÒ·≥±

È„˜‰ ÔÂÈ·‰Â ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙Â¯È˘ ‚Èˆ‰ Ò¯Ó ˘„ÂÁ ÛÂÒ·(CSIS)ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙È· ÈÙÏ ‰È‰˘ ËÒÈ¯Â¯Ë ‡Â‰ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ‰ÈÙÏÂ ˙Â¯È˘‰ ˙Ò¯‚· ÌÈÎÓÂ˙‰ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ È„˜‰ ÈÏ¯„Ù‰¨˙¯ÊÂˆÓ ÈˆÓ˙ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Â·ÈˆÏ ‰Ù˘Á˘ ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ‰ Ò¯‚ Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ· ·¯ÂÚÓ≠‰ Æ‰È„ÂÚÒÂ ‰„˜ ¨·¢‰¯‡ ÂÏ‰È˘ ÌÈÈÂÓÒ ÌÈ·˜ÚÓÂ ˙Â¯È˜Á Ï˘ ‰‡ˆÂ˙ ‡È‰ ÈÎ ‰‡¯Â

CSISÚÂ„È‰ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ· ¯·Á¢ ‰È‰ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡˘ ‰¯·ÒÏ ¢¯È·Ò „ÂÒÈ¢ ‰È‰ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ≠‰ ÛÈÒÂ‰ ¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ¯˙È Æ¢ÈÊ‡ß‚Á≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ Ì˘· Ì‚CSISÛ˙˙˘Ó¢ ‰È‰ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ¨

ÔÓÈÒ¢˘ ·Î¯ ÈÏÎ· ‚‰Â ¨¯˙‡· ˙ÂÈÙˆ˙ Í¯Ú ‡Â‰ ¨¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡ ÈÏ„‚Ó Ï˘ ıÂˆÈÙ· ¢¯È˘È˙‡ßÁÈÂ˘≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÓ˘· Ì‚ ˙ÈÓ˘¯ Â·˜ ÌÈ„˜‰ Æ¢‰ÈÁ‰ ˘¯‚ÓÏ ÒÎÈ‰Ï ˙ÙÂ˙‰ ˙È‡˘ÓÏ

È˘È˘ ˜¯Ù ∑¥

— È¯ÂÒ‰ ‡ÏÎ· Â˘Ù· „È ÁÏ˘ ÈÎ ¯ÒÓ˘ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÚÈ˘‰ —¨‰ÓÈÊÓÏ ¢ÌÈÙ˙Â˘‰¢ „Á‡Î Æ‰ÏÂÚÙ‰ È¯ÂÁ‡Ó˘ ¢ÁÂÓ‰¢ Ì‰È¯·„Ï ‰È‰˘ ¨ÏÒßÚÓ Ï˘ ÂÓ˘·Â

≠‰ ÈÎÓÒÓCSIS˙ÏÏÂÎ ‰ÂÓ˙ ÌÈ˜ÙÒÓ ¨È„ÂÚÒ ˙Ú ·˙ÎÏ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ¯ÒÓ˘ ¯ÓÂÁ ÔÎÂ ¨˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· ÌÈÏÈÚÙ ÂÈ‰ Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Ó ÌÈ„Á‡ Æ˘È‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ¯·„·ÆÌÈÈ˙¯˙ÁÓ ˙Ú È·˙Î ¯Â‡Ï ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï Ì‰Ï ÚÈÈÒÂ ˙Â˘È‚ÙÏ Ì‰ÈÏ‡ ‰ÂÂÏ˙‰ ‡Â‰Â ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ÌÈÚÈ˘Ï ‡¯˜ Ì˘ ¨‰È¯ÂÒÏ ÚÒÂ ¨ÏÒßÚÓ ˙‡Â ˙‡ßÁÈÂ˘≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ˘‚Ù ÂÊ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÍÏ‰Ó·˙‡ßÁÈÂ˘≠Ï‡˘ ¯¯·˙‰ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ‡È·‰ Ï˘ Â˙„Î äÈÊ Ï˘ ‰¯·˜Ï Ï‚¯Ï ˙ÂÏÚÏ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ

Â˜· „ÓÏ ÈÎÂ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Â˙ÂÎ˘· ¯¯Â‚˙‰›¯˘‡ ¨È‡¯È‡‰ ÔÈÚÈ„ÂÓ‰ ÌÚ ¯˘˜ ¯ˆÈÂ Ì‰È‰ ÈÎ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ˘ÈÁÎ‰ ËÈÏÙ Ï˘ „ÓÚÓ ˙Ï·˜Ï ‰˘˜·‰ ÒÙÂË· ÆÛÈÂÊÓ ÔÂÎ¯„ ÂÏ ˜ÙÈÒ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ· ¯·Á ¯·Ú· ‰È‰ ÈÎ ‰„Â‰ Ì‚ ‡Â‰ Æ¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÁÂ‡Ó ÍÎ· ‰„Â‰ ‡Â‰ Í‡ ¨Ô‡¯È‡·

ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰≥≤

˙‡ ¯Â˘˜Ï ‰È„ÂÚÒÂ ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ÔÂÈ·‰ È˙Â¯È˘ ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ÏÈ¯Ù‡ ˘„ÂÁ· ¨ÍÎ ÍÂ˙·ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡Ï ¨Ô‡¯È‡ Ï˘ ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÎÙ‰Ó‰ ˙Â¯Ó˘Ó· ¯ÈÎ· ¨ÈÙÈ¯˘ „ÓÁ‡ ¯È„‚È¯·

ÆıÂˆÈÙÏÂ≥≥¨¢˛‰Ù˜˙‰‰¸ ‰Ê È¯ÂÁ‡Ó Ô‚¯‡Ó‰ Ì¯Â‚‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Ô‡¯È‡¢ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ·¢‰¯‡· ¯Â˜Ó ‰„ÓÚ‰Ï ˛‰ˆÂÁ‰¸ ‰Ó¯Ï ÂÚÈ‚‰¢ ‡Ï ˙ÂÈ‡¯‰˘ ÔÈÈˆÂ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰¯È‰Ê ‰ÓÈ Ë˜ ¯Á‡ ¯Â˜Ó˘ Û‡˘ÓÓ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈ‡¯ ÔÈ‡ ·¢‰¯‡ È„È·˘ ¯Ó‡ Ô‰Î Ì‡ÈÏÈÂ È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ‰‚‰‰ ¯ÈÎÊÓ Æ¢ÈÏÈÏÙ ÔÈ„Ï

ÆÚÂ‚ÈÙÏ ¯È˘È ¯˘˜ È‰˘ÏÎ ‰È„Ó ˙Â¯˘Â˜‰≥¥‰ÎÂ¯Î‰ ˙ÂÈ˙ÈÈÚ·‰ ˙‡ ÂÙ˜È˘ Ô‰Î Ï˘ ÂÈ¯·„ ·È‚‰Ï ˙ˆÏ‡ ·¢‰¯‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨˙È‡¯È‡ ˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ¯·„· ˙ÂÁÎÂ‰ Â‡ˆÓ ÂÏÈ‡ Æ‰¯È˜Á‰ ÌˆÚ·

‰ ‰ÊÎ „Úˆ ÆÏÂÓ‚˙ ˙ÏÂÚÙ·œÂ‚È˘‰Ï ¯˘Ù‡ ‰È‰˘ ˜Â„Èˆ ¨˙È·· Ô‰Â ÌÏÂÚ· Ô‰ ˜Â„Èˆ ÍÈ¯ˆ˙Â¯È·Ò‰ ¨‰Ï‡ ÔÈÚÓ ˙ÂÁÎÂ‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ È„È· ÂÈ‰ Ì‡ Ì‚ Æ˙Â˜ˆÂÓ ˙ÂÁÎÂ‰ ˙ÙÈ˘Á È„È ÏÚ ˜¯

Æ„Â‡Ó ‰ÎÂÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÈÈ‡≠È·≠Û‡‰ È„ÈÏ Ô˙Â‡ Â¯È·ÚÈ˘·¯ÚÏ Â‡ ·¢‰¯‡Ï ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ È‡Ó· ˘¯‚Ï È„˜‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙È· Ï˘ Â˙ËÏÁ‰

Æ˙ÂÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ ÌÚ ‰ÏÂÚÙ Û˙˘Ï ˘È‡‰ ˙‡ ‰ÚÈ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰≥µ±ππ∑ ÈÂÈ· ±≥≠· ˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰·Â Áˆ¯ ÚÂˆÈ·Ï ¯˘˜ ˙¯È˘˜· ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ÔÂÈÏÚ ÌÈÚ·˘ÂÓ ¯·Á ÌÈ˘‡‰·˙Î· ÆÌÏÂÚ ¯Ò‡Ó ‡Â‰ Ô‰ÈÏÚ È·¯Ó‰ ˘ÂÚ‰˘ ˙Â¯·Ú ¨ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ· ¯Â¯Ë Ï˘ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ·Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Â¯¯Â‚˙‰˘ ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡ ÌÈÁ¯Ê‡ ÁÂˆ¯Ï ¯˘˜ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ ÌÂ˘È‡‰

‚ Ï·ÁÏ ±ππµ ¯·Óˆ„ ˙Â·È·Ò· ÚÒ ‡Â‰ ‰ÓÈÊÓ‰Ó ˜ÏÁÎœÏ˘ ÂÓ˘· ˜˘ ˘ÂÎ¯Ï È„Î Ô‡ÊßÆ¯Â¯Ë ÔÂ‚¯‡≥∂ÌÂ˘Ó ¨ÂÙ˘Á ‡Ï Ï˘ÂÎ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÔÂÈÒÈ ÏÚ Â‡ ¯Â¯Ë‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ÏÚ ÌÈË¯Ù

Æ˙È„ÂÒ ÔÂÚÈË ˙˜ÒÚÓ ˜ÏÁ ÂÈ‰ Ì‰˘·¢‰¯‡ ÔÈ· ÔÂÚÈË‰ ˙˜ÒÚÓ ˜ÏÁ ‰È‰ ¨¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ¯ÎÊÂ‰ ‡Ï Â·˘ ¨ÌÂ˘È‡‰ ·˙ÎÌ˘ „ÂÓÚÏ È„Î ®˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ÌÂ˜Ó·© ·¢‰¯‡Ï Â‰Â˘¯‚È ÈÎ ÌÈÎÒ‰ ‡Â‰ ÆßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡Ï„Ú Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ ¯ÂÒÓÏ ÁÈË·‰ ‰¯ÂÓ˙·Â ¨‰Ï‡ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰ ÔÈ‚· ËÙ˘ÓÏÚ„ÈÓ‰ ‡Ó˘ ˘˘Á ‡Â‰ ¨ÂÈ„≠Í¯ÂÚ ˙ÚËÏ ÆÌÎÒ‰‰Ó Â· ¯ÂÊÁÏ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ÏÁ‰ ‰¯‰Ó

Ó‡ÏÂ ¨Ô‡¯È‡ „‚ ÏÂÓ‚˙ ˙ÏÂÚÙÏ ÒÈÒ· ˘Ó˘È Â˙Â˘¯·˘œÏÚ ¯·„ Ú„È ‡Ï ¯·„ Ï˘ Â˙¨Ú˘ÙÓ ÛÁ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ÔÚË Â·Â ‰‚‰ ·˙Î ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ˘È‚‰ ÈÏÂÈ· ≥±≠· Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰·¢‰¯‡ ÈÎ ¯¯·˙‰ ÔÂÚÈË‰ ˙˜ÒÚ Ï˘ ‰˙ÒÈ¯˜ ÌÚ Æ·¢‰¯‡· ÈÈ„Ó ËÏ˜Ó Ï·˜Ï ˘˜È· ÔÎÂÚÂ‚ÈÙ· Â‡ ±ππµ Ï˘ ÏÙ‰ ˙Ù˜˙‰· ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ÚÈ˘¯‰Ï ˙ÂÈ‡¯ È„ ‰È„È· ÔÈ‡˘ ‰¯·Ò¯È‰ˆ‰Â ¨ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ „‚ ˙ÂÓ˘‡‰‰ ÏÎ ˙‡ ÏËÈ· ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰ „¯˘Ó Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡·

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ ·ÒÈÒ ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô∑µ

˙È˙˘˙ ÍÎ Ì˘Ï ˜ÙÒÏ ÏÎÂ˙Â ˙‡Ê ˘Â¯„˙ ‡È‰ Ì‡ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ Â¯È‚Ò‰Ï ÏÂ˜˘È ÈÎÆ˙˜ÙÒÓ ˙ÂÈ‡¯≥∑¨ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡Ï Ú‚Â· ˙ÂÈ·ÓÂÙ ˙Â¯‰ˆ‰ ÚÈÓ˘‰ÏÓ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÂÚÓ ‰ÏÈÁ˙·

Ì˘Ï ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ Ï‡ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ˙‡ ‡È·‰Ï ˘È˘ ¯Ó‡ ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó· ÈÓÈÂ‡ ¯Â˜Ó ÈÎ Ì‡Æ‰¯È˜Á≥∏Â¯È‚Ò‰Ï ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ‰˘˜· Â˘È‚‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÈÎ ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ÔÈÈˆ Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘

Æ¢ÈËÙ˘Ó ˜È˙Ï ¯Â˘˜ Â˙ÂÈ‰¢ Ï˘·≥π

‡‰Â ‰¯È‚‰‰ ˙ÂÎÂÒ ‰‡ÈˆÂ‰ ±ππ∏ ¯‡ÂÈ· ≤≤≠·œ ·¢‰¯‡ Ï˘ ÁÂ¯Ê(INS)„‚ ˘Â¯È‚ Âˆ Æ˙È¯Â˜Ó‰ Â˙‡„Â‰Ï ·Â˘Ï ÂˆÏ‡Ï ÈÈ‡≠È·≠Û‡‰ „ˆÓ ÔÂ¯Á‡ ıÓ‡Ó ‰Ê ‰È‰˘ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ ÆßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡¨ÂÏ·˜Ï ÌÈÎÒ˙˘ ˙¯Á‡ ‰È„Ó ‡ÂˆÓÏ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ ‰ÒÈ ¯ÂÚ¯Ú ˙ÂÎÊ ÂÏ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï˘ Û‡

Æ‚¯Â‰Ï ‡êÈ Â‡ ÌÈÈÂÈÚ· ¯˜ÁÈÈ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÈÎ „ÁÙ˘ ÌÂ˘Ó¥∞±πππ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡ ˙ÏÈÁ˙· Ï Â¯Ó‡ Ï˘ÓÓ· ÌÈ„È˜Ù ÆıÁÏ ÂÈÏÚ ÏÈÚÙ‰Ï ÈÈ‡≠È·≠Û‡‰ ·Â˘ ‰ÒÈËÒÂÙ ÔÂË‚È˘ÂÂÈÎ

„¯˘Ó ÆÂÈ¯˜ÂÁ ÌÚ ‰ÏÂÚÙ Û˙˘Ï ÌÈÎÒÈ ‡Ï Ì‡ ¯˙Ï‡Ï ˘¯Â‚È˘ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡Ï ¯ÒÓ¨ÔÈ„Ï ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙„ÓÚ‰Ï ¢ÒÈÒ·¢ Ì‰È„È· ‰È‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÚËÏ ÈÎ ¯ÒÓ ÌÈËÙ˘Ó‰

ÆÌÈÈÂÈÚ· Â˙Â‡ ¯Â˜ÁÏ ‡Ï˘ ·¢‰¯‡ ÈÙÏ Â·ÈÈÁ˙‰ Ì‰ ÈÎÂ¥±ÚÂÓÏ ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈˆÓ‡Ó Æ‰ÎÏÓÓÏ ¯ÊÁÂ‰ ‡Â‰ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡ ÚˆÓ‡·Â ¨ÂÏ˘Î Â˘Â¯È‚ ˙‡¥≤¯È‰ˆ‰ Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘

ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙Â·¯ÂÚÓ ˙‡ ÌÈ¯˘‡Ó‰ ÌÈ„˜ÂÓÓ Ú„ÈÓÂ ˙ÂÈ‡¯¢ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙Ï˘ÓÓ È„È· ÈÎÆ¢ÌÈ˘ ˘ÂÏ˘Î ÈÙÏ ÆÆÆÚ˘Ù‰ ¯Â¯Ë‰ ‰˘ÚÓ·¥≥

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Æ‰È„ÓÏ ıÂÁÓ ÌÈ‡ˆÓ‰µ≤ÂÈ„È· ˘È¢ ÈÎ ÔÈae¯ ÒÓÈÈß‚ ‰È„Ó‰ ˙˜ÏÁÓ ¯·Â„ Ï˘ Â˙¯‰ˆ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ· ¢ÌÈÈ‡¯È‡ Ï˘ÓÓ È„È˜Ù Ï˘ Ì˙Â·¯ÂÚÓÏ Ú‚Â· ÈÙÈˆÙÒ Ú„ÈÓµ≥¨‰„È¯Ë‰ ‡Ï

ÁÎÂÏ Æ‰¯È˜Á‰ ˙Â˜ÒÓ ˙‡ ‰ÓÒ¯Ù ‡Ï ÔÈÈ„Ú ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÆÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙‡ ¨‰‡¯‰ ÈÙÎÔÓÒ¯Ù˙ ‡È‰˘ ÔÈÓ‡‰Ï ‰˘˜ ¨‰Â¯Á‡‰ ˙Ú· Ô‡¯È‡Ï ‰È„ÂÚÒ ÔÈ·˘ ÌÈÒÁÈ· ¢˘·„‰ Á¯È¢

Æ·Â¯˜‰ „È˙Ú·µ¥

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ± ∫Â‡¯Jacob Goldberg, “The Shi‘i Minority in Saudi Arabia”, in Juan Cole and Nikki Keddie

(eds.), Shiism and Social Protest (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1986), pp. 230–246

Æ®∏∞≠‰ ˙Â˘· ‰È„ÂÚÒ· ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ÁÂ˙È©Æ≤Aziz Abu-Hamad, “Empty Reforms: Saudi Arabia’s New Basic Laws”, Middle East Watch,

New York, May 1992.

Æ≥Caryle Murphy, “Saudi Beheading Draws Protests”, Washington Post, October 1, 1992, p. A18ÆÆ¥ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ± ¨‰Ó‡ÓÈ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ∂ ¨ÆµReuters, June 26, 1996; Reuters, June 27, 1996; Times (London), June 28, 1996; United Press

International, July 19, 1996; Associated Press, July 19, 1996; AFP, July 19, 1996 ª¯ÈÙÒ≠Ï‡¨ ª±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ±π˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡È„¯˘ÓÏ ‰ÚÈ‚‰ ÈÂÈ˘Ï ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Ú„Â‰ Æ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤∞ ¨

ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡¨∏∞∞ ‰ÒÈË ¨È‡ ÆÂÂ ÆÈË ÒÂËÓ· ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ±∑≠· Ú¯È‡˘ ıÂˆÈÙ‰ ÈÙÏ ˙ÂËÚÓ ˙ÂÚ˘ ˙ÓÈÈ‡Ó ‰ÓÈ· ‰Ú„Â‰· Ó‡ ıÂˆÈÙ‰ ÔÈ·Ï ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ ÔÈ· ˘˜Ï ‰È‡¯ ÏÎ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï˘ Û‡ Æ˜¯ÂÈ ÂÈ „ÈÏ

¢ø·Â¯˜ ¯Á˘‰ ÔÈ‡‰ Æ¯Á˘ ÌÚ ÚÈ‚È ÌÓÊ ÆÆÆ·ÂÊÚÏ ÔÂÎ˙‰Ï ÌÈ˘ÏÂÙ‰ ÏÚ¢ ÈÎ

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ ·ÒÈÒ ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô∑∑

Æ∂Associated Press, “U.S. Warns Americans Living in Saudi Arabia”, May 16, 1996; Douglas

Jehl, “Saudis, Aided by the F.B.I., Seek Blast Clues”, New York Times, June 27, 1996, p. A1;

Jerusalem Post, May 22, 1996.

Æ∑House National Security Committee, “Staff Report: The Khobar Towers Bombing Incident”,

August 14, 1996; Secretary of Defense, “Report to the President: Force Protection, Global

Interest, Global Responsibilities”, September 16, 1996.

Æ∏SPA Ì‚ Â‡¯ Æ±ππ∂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±∏ ¨‰Ó‡ÓÈ≠Ï‡Â¯˙ÒÂ‰ „ˆÈÎ ˙Â‡¯Ó‰ ˙ÂÂÓ˙ ÏÈÎÓ© ±ππ∂ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤∞ ¨Æ®˙È‡˘Ó· ıÙ‰ ÈÚËÓ

ÆπR. Jeffrey Smith, “Syrian Link Probed in Saudi Blast”, Washington Post, July 3, 1996, p. A1;

Bill McAllister, “Syria Not Involved in 2 Attacks, Saudi Says”, Washington Post, July 8, 1996,

p. A12 ª˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ∏ ¨ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ÈÏÂÈ· ∏ ¨Æ±∞Philip Shenon, “Saudi Bombers Got Outside Support, Perry Tells Panel”, New York Times,

July�10, 1996, p. A1.

Æ±±International Herald Tribune, August 3, 1996; International Herald Tribune, August 4, 1996ÆÆ±≤ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ∑ ˜¯Ù· Â‡¯ ‰Ê ¯„Ò‰ ÏÚ ÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈË¯Ù Æ±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· µ ¨Æ±≥·È¯ÚÓ ª±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±≥ ¨˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±≥ ¨Æ±¥ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±∞ È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∂ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±± Youssef Ibrahim,

“Local Militants Suspected in Dhahran Bomb”, International Herald Tribune, August 15, 1996.

Æ±µEdward Cody, “Trails of Many Muslim Fighters Mingle in Lebanon”, Washington Post, August�18,

1996, p. A26.

Æ±∂Hillel Kuttler, “Report: Participants in Dhahran Bombing Carried Syrian Passports”, Jerusalem

Post, August 27, 1996, p. 2.

Æ±∑Reuters, September 13, 1996; “Riyadh Accused of Detaining Shiite Clerics as Sunnite Dissident

Calls for Jihad Against U.S. Troops”, Mideast Mirror 10, no. 172, September 4, 1996 ªÒ„˜≠Ï‡È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ±ππ∂ ·ÓËÙÒ· µ ;Compass News Service, September 9, 1996; Compass News Service,

September 17, 1996.

Æ±∏Riyadh Accused of Detaining Shiite Clerics as Sunnite Dissident Calls for Jihad Against U.S.

Troops”, Mideast Mirror 10, no. 172, September 4, 1996; Mideast Mirror, September 18, 1996;

È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±∏ ¨Æ±π“Al-Khobar Bombing Attributed to Iran-linked Saudi Shiites”, Mideast Mirror 10, no. 182,

September 18, 1996 ªÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ¯·ÓËÙÒ· ±∏ ¨Æ≤∞New York Times, August 31, 1996; R. Jeffrey Smith, “Riyadh Holds 40 Saudis in Bombing”,

International Herald Tribune, November 2, 1996; International Herald Tribune, November 3,

1996.

Æ≤± ∫Ì‚ Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∂ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ≤∏ ¨Æ≤≤Æ±ππ∂ ¯·Ó·Â· ¥ ¨ÂÏ¯˜ ‰ËÂÓ ÂÈ„¯Æ≤≥Compass, November 13, 1996ÆÆ≤¥AFP, November 15, 1996, in “‘First Statement’ by al-Hijaz Warns Against Harming Detainees”,

FBIS-NES-96-223 (online), November 19, 1996ÂÓÈ˜‰˘ ÌÈÏ‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ‡Â‰ Ê‡ß‚ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ Æ ‡ Â‡Ï ‡ÈˆÂ‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ÆÈÂ·Ï‰ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁÏ ÈÂ˜ÈÁ ±π∏∑≠· Ûß‚· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈË„ÂËÒÁ˙Ù≠Ï‡

˙‡ÂÔÈÈÓ¯Á≠Ï‡ ˙Ï‡Ò¯ Æ‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≤ ÈÏÂÈ ¨Æ≤µAssociated Press, “Militants Threaten G.I.s in Saudi Arabia”, November 26, 1996; Reuters,

November 28, 1996Æ®È¯Ù Ì‡ÈÏÈÂ È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ‰‚‰‰ ¯ÈÎÊÓ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© Æ≤∂Reuters, December 6, 1996; Reuters, December 11, 1996Æ

È˘È˘ ˜¯Ù ∑∏

Æ≤∑ ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ≠· Æ±ππ∂ ¯·Óˆ„· ±∑ ¨„‡È¯ ÂÈ„¯ Æ±ππ∂ ¯·Óˆ„· ±∑ ¨“Minister —‘Not

Much Longer’ Until Blast Probe Announcement”, FBIS-NES-96-243 (online), December 19,

1996.

Æ≤∏David Makovsky, “U.S. Fingers Dhahran Bombing Suspect”, Jerusalem Post, January 21, 1997,

p. 1 Æ·¯ÂÚÓ ÏÒßÚÓ≠Ï‡˘ ÌÈÚÎÂ˘Ó Â¯‡˘ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÆWall Street Journal, May 26, 1999ÆÆ≤πToronto Globe and Mail, March 24, 1997ÆÆ≥∞Reuters, March 22, 1997; Reuters, March 23, 1997; Pierre Thomas and R. Jeffrey Smith, “Saudi

Suspect May Be Driver in Bomb Plot”, Washington Post, March 24, 1997, p. A01; Howard

Schneider, “Jailed Saudi Denies Role In Bombing”, Washington Post, March 25, 1997, p. A12;

New York Times, March 25, 1997; Ottawa Citizen, March 23, 1997; Toronto Globe and Mail,

March 25, 1997.

Æ≥±New York Times, March 25, 1997ÆÆ≥≤CSIS document in Canadian Federal Court File No. DES-1-97. Reuters, March 27, 1997; Anthony

DePalma, “Canada Links Pro-Iranian Group To Saudi Attack at U.S. Barracks”, New York Times,

March 28, 1997, p. A1; Associated Press, March 28, 1997; Craig Turner and Robin Wright,

“Hezbollah Support Network in Canada Alleged”, Los Angeles Times, March 29, 1997, p. A6;

Howard Schneider, “Suspect in Dhahran Bombing Describes Persecution of Saudi Shiites”,

Washington Post, March 29, 1997, p. A12; Newsday, March 29, 1997; Anthony DePalma, “Saudi

Detained by Canadians Reveals Link to Blast Suspect”, New York Times, March 29, 1997,

sec.�1, p. 5; AFP, March 29, 1997; International Herald Tribune, March 30, 1997 ∫Ì‚ Â‡¯ ª≠Ï‡‰Ïß‚Ó ª±ππ∑ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤∞≠≤π ReutersÔÈ· ÔÂÙÏË ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÙ˘Á ÈÂÓÒ‰ ·˜ÚÓ‰ Ú· Æ±ππ∑ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· µ

Ï˘ Â˙¯Ú‰Â ˙ÈÒ¯Ù· ÌÈ¯·Â„‰ ÂÁÁÂ˘ Ô‰·˘ Ô‡¯È‡Ï ÂÁÈ˘ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Ï ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡ Æ¢È‡ß‚ÒÙ¯ Ï˘ Âˆ¯‡¢· ‡ˆÓ ‡Â‰ ÈÎ ÂÈ¯·ÁÓ ‰ÓÎ ÌÚ ÂÈ˙ÂÁÈ˘Ó Á‡· ßÚÈ‡ˆ≠Ï‡New York Times,

March 25, 1997.

Æ≥≥˙¯Â˘Ï ÌÒÈÈ‚˘ ÈÓÎ ¨Ï‡Ïß‚ Â·‡ ‰ÂÎÓ‰ ¨ÈÙÈ¯˘ Ï˘ ÂÓ˘· Â·˜ ÔÈÈ¯Á· Ï˘ ‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ ‚ÏÙ· ÌÈ¯·Á ÆÔ¯Â˜· Â„ÓÏ˘ ˙Ú· ÔÂ‚¯‡‰AFP ª±ππ∂ ÈÂÈ· µ ¨È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ÔËÂ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ¥ ¨

Æ≥¥Reuters, April 12, 1997; Reuters, April 21, 1997ÆÆ≥µReuters, May 5, 1997; Reuters, May 14, 1997; Pierre Thomas and David B. Ottaway, “Khobar

Bombing Suspect May Cooperate With U.S.”, Washington Post, May 17, 1997, p. A18; David

Johnston, “Saudi Suspect In Canada Hints at Deal With the U.S.”, New York Times, May 18,

1997, sec. 1, p. 4.

Æ≥∂U.S. District Court for District of Columbia, Crim. No. 97-0251, U.S.A v. Hani El-Sayegh, filed

June 13, 1997; Pierre Thomas, “Saudi Suspect May Cooperate In Bomb Probe”, Washington

Post, June 17, 1997, p. A10; Pierre Thomas and David B. Ottaway, “Saudi Bombing Suspect

Arrives in Washington”, Washington Post, June 18, 1997, p. A20; Associated Press, June 17,

1997.

Æ≥∑Reuters, June 27, 1997; New York Times, July 7, 1997; Reuters, July 31, 1997; Toni Locy,

“Saudi Ends Cooperation in Khobar Probe”, Washington Post, July 31, 1997, p. A01;

International Herald Tribune, September 9, 1997; Department of Justice, press release,

September�8, 1997, http://www.usdoj.gov.

Æ≥∏Associated Press, March 31, 1997ÆÆ≥πAssociated Press, March 31, 1997ÆÆ¥∞Middle East International, February 27, 1998ÆÆ¥±John Lancaster and David Vise, “Khobar Probe Figure Facing Deportation”, Washington Post,

˙ÚÏÂÓÂ˙ ÏÏ‡ Ù˙¯ÂÔ∫ ‰‡ÂÙÂÊÈˆÈ‰ ‰˘ÈÚÈ˙ Â‰‰˙˜Ù‰ ÚÏ ·ÒÈÒ ‰ÎÂÁÂ˙ ‰‡Ó¯È˜ÈÈÌ ·Ëß‰¯‡Ô∑π

October 5, 1999, p. A10.

Æ¥≤Associated Press, October 6, 8,11 1999; AFP, October 11, 1999ÆÆ¥≥Associated Press, October 11, 1999ÆÆ¥¥Associated Press, June 30, 1997 Æ®¯·ÁÓ‰ ˙˘‚„‰© Æ¥µ ∫Â‡¯ Â·¯˜˙‰‰ ÏÚ Ë¯ÂÙÓ ÔÂÈ„ÏJoshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi Arabia”, in Bruce Maddy-Weitzman

(ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (MECS) 1996, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1998),

pp. 593–594; Joshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi Arabia”, in Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (ed.), MECS 1997,

(Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1999), pp. 618–620.

Æ¥∂MIRA communiqué, February 1997, online at http://www.miraserve.comÆÆ¥∑ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙·Â˙Î· ‡ˆÓhttp://www.abcnews.comÆ±ππ∏ È‡Ó· ≤∑ ¨Æ¥∏AFP, November 24, 1997ÆÆ¥πAssociated Press, March 30, 1998ÆÆµ∞ ∫Â‡¯Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∏ È‡Ó· ≤≤ ¨‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∏ ÈÂÈ· ± ¨Æµ±AFPÆ±ππ∏ ÈÏÂÈ· ±µ ¨Æµ≤Patrick Clawson, PolicyWatch no. 323, June 24, 1998; AFP, October 21, 1998ÆÆµ≥ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙·Â˙Î· ‡ˆÓhttp://www.abcnews.comÆ±πππ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· µ ¨Æµ¥·˙ÎÓ ±πππ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ÔÂËÈÏ˜ ‡È˘‰ ÁÏ˘ ¨Ô‡¯È‡ ÌÚ ÌÈ¯˘˜Ï Á˙Ù ‡ÂˆÓÏ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ‰ Ï˘ ¯˘˜‰·

‰ÏÏ‡·ÊÁ È¯·Á ¨ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ Ï˘ Ì¯ˆÚÓ· ÚÈÈÒÏ ÂÓÓ ˘˜È· Â·Â ¨ÈÓ‡˙ßÁ ‡È˘Ï È‡˘ÁÔ‡¯È‡ Æ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡ ÈÏ„‚Ó· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ÏÚ Ú„ÈÓ Ì„È· ˘È „˘Á‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ¯˘‡ ¨Ô‡¯È‡· ÌÈ¯¯Â‚˙Ó‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰

∫Â‡¯ ÆÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡‰ ˙˘˜· ˙‡ ‰˙Á„Mideast Mirror, September 10, 1999; John Lancaster and

Roberto Suro, “Clinton Reaches Out to Iran”, Washington Post, September 29, 1999, p. A2;

Afshin Molavi, “Iran Rejects U.S. Request for Help in Bombing Investigation”, Washington

Post, October 7, 1999, p. A30; Jane Perlez and James Risen, “Clinton Seeks an Opening to Iran,

but Efforts Have Been Rebuffed”, New York Times, December 3, 1999.

˙È·Ó ˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÓÈÏ·∏±

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‰ Ï˘Ú‹ ‡‡ÓÏÁ˙Ó‰ ˙„¯Â‰Â ÒÂÈÙ Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ËÂ˜Ï ÏÁ‰ ‡Â‰ ÆÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ®˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ©Ó ˙‡ ˙ÂÙ‰Ï ÏÎÂÈ˘ ˙Ó ÏÚ ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÈÙÏÎÕ˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· ˜·‡ÓÏ ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó‰ ·¯

Æ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÎÂÒÓ‰

˙Ó˜‰‚Ó’‡¯Â˘≠Ï‡ ÒÏ

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‡Ï ‰Ú ‡Â‰ ¨ÌÈˆÚÈÈÓ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ Ï˘ ÈÂÈÁ‰ ÌÎ¯Ú ˙‡ Â‡¯ ‡Ï ÌÏÂÚÓ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰˘Æ˙ˆÚÈÈÓ ‰ˆÚÂÓ ÌÈ˜‰Ï ˙ÂÁË·‰· ˙ÂËÏÁ‰‰ ˙Ï·˜· ÛÂ˙È˘‰ ˙‡ ¯È·‚‰Ï ÌÈˆÁÏÏ ˙Á‡‰ˆÚÂÓ Ï˘ ‰˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ „ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ÚÈ„Â‰ ±π≤∂≠· Ê‡ß‚Á Ï·Á ˘Â·ÈÎ ¯Á‡Ï ¨‰Ó‚Â„ÏÌ‚ ÂÚÓ˘Â‰ ˙ÂÓÂ„ ˙ÂÁË·‰ Æ˙ÈÓÂ˜Ó‰ ˙Â‚È‰Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰ÈˆËÙÂ‡Â˜ Úˆ·Ï ‰¯ÂÓ‡ ‰˙ÈÈ‰˘˙Â·˜Ú· Æ¢¯ÈÈ‰ ÏÚ¢ ˜¯ ÌÈÈ˜˙‰Ï ‰ÎÈ˘Ó‰ ˙ˆÚÈÈÓ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ Í‡ ¨±π∂≤≠·Â ±π≥≤≠·ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ· ÂÚ¯È‡˘ „Ò‰ Â¯Ù‰Â ±π∑π ·Ó·Â· ‰ÎÓ· ÏÂ„‚‰ „‚ÒÓ‰ ÏÚ ÂËÏ˙˘‰‰Â˙ÂÂÎ ÏÚ ±π∏∞ Ò¯Ó· „‰Ù Ê‡„ ¯ˆÚ‰ ˘¯ÂÈ ·Â˘ ÚÈ„Â‰ ¨±π∏∞ ¯‡Â¯·Ù·Â ±π∑π ¯·Óˆ„·„·Ú Ô· Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘ ÆÏ˘ÓÓÏ „ÂÒÈ ˜ÂÁÂ ˙ÂÊÂÁÓÏ ˜ÂÁ ˜˜ÂÁÏ ¨‰ˆÚÂÓ ÌÈ˜‰Ï

¨ÌÈ˜ÂÁ‰ ÁÂÒÈ ÏÚ ˙„˜ÙÂÓ‰ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ ˘‡¯· „ÓÚ ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡≤ÆÏÚÂÙ‰ Ï‡ ‡ˆÈ ‡Ï ¯·„ Í‡ ‰„ÈÓ· ±ππ∞≠· „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ Ï˘ Â˙Ú„Â‰ ˙‡ ÌÈ·¯ ÂÏ·È˜ ¨ÂÊ ÌÈ¯·„ ˙ÂÏ˘Ï˙˘‰ ÁÎÂÏ

Æ˙Â˜ÙÒ Ï˘ ‰·¯

ÈÚÈ·˘ ˜¯Ù

Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÓÈÏ·˙È·Ó ˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó

∏±

ÈÚÈ·˘ ˜¯Ù ∏≤

ÂÂÓ ‰È¯·Á ÌÈ˘È˘ Æ˙ˆÚÈÈÓ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÈÓ˘¯ ÔÙÂ‡· ‰Ó˜Â‰ ±ππ≤ Ò¯Ó· ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚÌÏÂ‡ ¨˙È˙˜È˜Á ˙ÂÎÓÒ ÔÈ‡ ‰ˆÚÂÓÏ ÆÌÈÚ˘˙Ï Ì¯ÙÒÓ ·Á¯Â‰ ±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ·Â ¨±ππ≥ ËÒÂ‚Â‡·¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ¯˙È Æ˙Â¯Â‚Ò ÌÈÈ˙Ï„· ÌÈÎ¯Ú ‰Ï‡ ÈÎ Û‡ ¨ÌÈÂÈ„ ÌÂÈ˜Ï ÌÂ¯ÂÙ ˙˘Ó˘Ó ‡È‰

Ú Ì‰ ‰È¯·ÁÓ ‰ÓÎ ¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‰È˙Â¯Â˘Ï ˙Ï·˜Ó ‰È‡ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰˘ Û‡‹‡‡ÓÏÈ¯·Á ÍÂ˙Ó ±π•≠Î Æ¯ÈaÂß‚ Ô· „ÓÁÓ ßÁÈ˘ ¨˘‡¯ ·˘ÂÈ‰ ‡Â‰ Ì‰· ËÏÂ·‰˘ ¨ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ

Æ±ππ∑ Ï˘ ˙·Á¯ÂÓ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ· ±∑• ˙ÓÂÚÏ ˙‡Ê ¨ÌÈÈ˙„ ÌÈ¯Ó˘ ÂÈ‰ ±ππ≥ Ï˘ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰≥

ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ‰ÓÎ ‰ˆÚÂÓÏ Û¯ˆÏ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ‰‡¯‰ ÏÎÎ ‰ÒÈ ±ππ∑≠· ÈÂ„ÂÏ‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· ˙Â¯Â˜Ó ÌÚ ÌÈ˜Â„‰‰ ÌÈ¯˘˜‰ ÏÚ· ¨

Ú „ÓÁ‡ ÂÓ ±ππ∑ Ï˘ ‰ˆÚÂÓ· ÌÈ˘„Á‰ ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÌÚ˘ ÔÈÈˆ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰‹¨È¯ß‚ÈÂ˙≠Ï‡ Ô‡Óß˙‚≠Ï‡ ÚÓ‹ ÔÈÒÁ≠Ï‡ ÔÒÁÓ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· „ÈÊÂ ¨ÈÈ‰ß—ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ È˘ Ï˘ Ì‰È·¯Â˜ÓÓ ‰˘ÂÏ˘

È·ÓÂÙ Â˙˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ¯Ò‡Ó· ÌÈÂ˙ ÂÈ‰˘ ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ¯ÙÒÂ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÏÒ ÌÈÂÒ‰ÏÚ Â‰ÂÊ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ‰ˆÚÂÓ È¯·Á ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÆÌ‰Ï˘ ‰˘˜Â‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÏÂÚ‰ ˙Ù˜˘‰Ï

Æ¢ÌÈÂ˙Ó ÌÈÙÏÒ¢Î ÈÂ„ÂÏ‰ ÔÂ˙ÈÚ‰ È„È¥

„ÂÚ ‰· ·˘È˘ „Á‡‰ ‚ÈˆÏ ÂÙ¯Ëˆ‰˘ ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈ‚Èˆ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÂÂÓ ±ππ∑ Ï˘ ‰ˆÚÂÓÏ¨ÈÚÈ˘‰ ËÂÚÈÓ‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ ˙‡ ÒÈÈÙÏ ‰‡¯Î „ÚÂ ÌÈÙÒÂ‰ ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ÈÂÈÓ Æ±ππ≥≠Ó‰·¯˜· ÂÎ¯Ú˘ ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ‰Â ¨‰Ï˘ ‚ÂˆÈÈ‰ ¯„ÚÈ‰ ¨‰·ˆÓ ÔÈÈÚ· ˙ÈÏÏÎ ÁÂ¯ ˙¯ÂÓ ‰˙ÏÈ‚˘¨ÌÈ·˘ÂÓ π∞ ‰˙Ó˘ ‰ˆÚÂÓ· ÆÔ‡¯‰ßË· ·¢‰¯‡ ‡·ˆ Ï˘ ÌÁ˙Ó· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· ±ππ∂≠·Ì‰ÈÏÚ ¯·Â„ ˙ÂÙÂÎ˙ ‰Î˘ ÌÈÊÂÁ‡‰ ±≥ ˙‡ ‚ˆÈÈÏ ÌÈ¯ÂÓ‡ ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÌÈ¯·Á‰ ˙Ú·¯‡

-Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ˙ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ ÏÏÎ ÍÂ˙Ó ¯ÚÂ˘Ó‰ ÈÚÈ˘‰ ˜ÏÁ‰

·Èˆ˜˙ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÒÂÈÙÌÈÏ„‚ÂÓ ÌÈ

˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ‰˘¯„ ±ππ±≠· ÍÏÓÏ ‰˘‚Â‰˘ ‰ÓÂˆÚ·‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ¯·Â‚‰ ‰ÁÂÎ ˙ÓÈÏ·Ï ÌÈ„Úˆ‰Ó ˜ÏÁÎ ÆÌÈ‚Â‰ ‡Ï ÌÈÒÓÂ ˙Â¯‚‡ ÏË·ÏÏÓ˘Á‰ ¨ÔÈÊ·‰ ¨ÏÂ˘È·Ï Ê‚‰ È¯ÈÁÓ Ï˘ ‰„Á ‰„¯Â‰ ÏÚ ±ππ≤ Ò¯Ó· „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ‰¯Â‰

Æµ∞•≠Ï ≤∏Æµ• ÔÈ· Ú ‰„¯Â‰‰ ÂÚÈ˘ ÆÌÈÓ‰Â∂‡È‰ ÔÎ˘ ÈÏÎÏÎ ÔÂÈ‚È‰ ÏÎ ‰„‚ ÂÊ ‰ËÏÁ‰ ÌÈÓ‰ ˙ÎÈ¯ˆ˘ ÌÂ˘ÓÂ ¨˙ÂÙÈˆ¯· ˙È¯È˘Ú‰ ‰˘‰ ÂÊ È·Èˆ˜˙‰ ÔÂÚ¯È‚‰ ˙Ï„‚‰Ï ‰Ó¯‚

ÆÌÏÂÚ· ˙Â‰Â·‚‰Ó Ê‡ ¯·Î ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ˙ÏÂ‚ÏÂ‚Ï∑ÂÈ‰ ÌÈÈÏÎÏÎ ÌÈÏÂ˜È˘ Ï·‡ ˙‡ ‰Ï‡˘ ÔÓÈÒ· Â„ÈÓÚ‰˘ ÌÈ·È¯È ÒÈÈÙÏ Ë˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂÂˆ¯ ÓÂÚÏ È˘Ó Â·È˘Á ÈÏÚ·

ÆÂÏ˘ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰Ï˘ ÒÂÈÙ‰ ˙ÂÂÂÎ ÏÚ ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ¯·ÚÏ ÛÒÂ ˙Â˙È‡·Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ‡ÈˆÂ‰ ˙ÂÓ„Â˜‰ ÌÈ˘· ÈÎ ±ππ≤≠· ÌÈ˘„˜‰‰Â Ï‚¯Ï ‰ÈÏÚ‰ „¯˘Ó ÚÈ„Â‰ ¨Ï˘ÓÓ‰®¯ÏÂ„ ÔÂÈÏÈÓ ∏µ≥Æ±≠Î© Ï‡È¯ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ≥Æ≤ Ï˘ ÏÏÂÎ ÌÂÎÒ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ ˙ÈÈ· ÏÚ È„ÂÚÒ‰

∑¨≥∞∞ „ÂÚ ÒÈÈ‚Ï Â˙ÂÂÎ· ÈÎÂ ¨ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ· ˙ÂÈ˙„ ˙Â¯˘Ó È‡˘Â µ¥¨∞∞∞ ˜ÈÒÚ‰ÂÌÈÓ‡Ó‡Â ®‰ÏÈÙ˙‰ ˙‡ ÌÈÏ‰Ó‰ ¨ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ‰ È˘‡¯©Ó‹ÌÈß„‡®‰ÏÈÙ˙Ï ‡Â·Ï ÌÈÈÓ‡ÓÏ ÌÈ‡¯Â˜‰©

Æ‰„·Ï ±ππ≤≠·∏‰ÓÂ„· ¨‰Ú¯Î‰ ¯„ÚÈ‰ Ï˘ ·ˆÓ Â˙Â‡· ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ¯˙Â ‰Ï‡ ÏÎ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÏÂÙÂÂÓ· ˙ÂÎÊÏ ˙ÂÒÏ ‰È‰ ÏÂÎÈ ‡Â‰ Æ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ˙Â„‚˙‰· ÌÈÏ˜˙‰ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ¯Ë˘ÓÏ

˙È·Ó ˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÓÈÏ·∏≥

‰È‰ ÔÎ Â˙Â˘Ú· Í‡ ¨‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙‡ ÂÎÂ˙Ï ÚÈÓË‰ÏÂ ÌÈÈÙÒÎ‰ ˙Â¯Â˜Ó· ËÂÏ˘Ï ¨˙„‰ ÏÚ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙È˙˘˙ ˙·Á¯‰· ÔÎ˙ÒÓ—Æ‰ÓˆÚ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ‰ ˙˘¯ È¯˜

·„‰ ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰ ¯ÂˆÈ˙È˙

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˘· ËÂÏ˘Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÈˆÓ‡ÓÓ ˜ÏÁÎœ˙‡ ÂÈ„È· ¯ÂÓ˘ÏÂ ‰È„Ó· Ï‰˙Ó‰ ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÁÈÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ıÈ‡‰ È·‡‰ÂÂ‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ï˘ ÈÓÂÈÓÂÈ‰ ÈÂËÈ·‰ ÏÚÂ Â˘¯Ù‰ ÏÚ ÏÂÙÂÂÓ‰Â¯·„· Æ¢‰ÂÎ‰¢ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ò¯‚ ‡ ıÈÙ‰Ï Ì„È˜Ù˙˘ „ ÈÙÈËÓ ¯˘Î‰Ï ÂÏÂÚÙ‰ ‡

≠‰ „ÒÈÈÓ ˙‡ Ê‡· Ô· ÌÈ˘‡‰ ¨ÂÎÓÒÂ‰ ‰˙Ú ‰Ê˘ ÌÈÙÈËÓ ˙ˆÂ·˜ ÈÙÏCDLRßÁÈ˘ ÈÎ ÂÈÏÚ Ó‡Â a‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· „ÓÁÓ ‡ ıÈÓ˘‰˘ ÍÎ· È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÈÏÒ Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú

Ó‡ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ÏÏÂÁÏ ‰ˆÂ¯‰ ÛÈËÓ ¨Ê‡· Ô·„ ‡·ÈÏ‡ ÆÚ„È ¯ÒÁÂ È·ÈËÈÓÈ¯Ù ‡Â‰œ‡¯Â˜ ˙È˙ÌÚ ‰ÏÂÚÙ Û˙˘ÏÂ ˙„‰ ÈÓÎÁ ˙ˆÚ·Â ˙„· ˜Â·„Ï ¨Ï‡‰ Ï˘ ÂÏˆ· ˙ÂÒÁÏ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ·ÂË‰ ÏÎ ÏÚÂ ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó‰ ÏÚ ˛ÌÈËÈÏ˘Ï¸ ‰„ÂÓ ‰ÂÎ Â˙„Â·Ú ‰˘ÂÚ‰ ÛÈËÓ‰¢ ÆÌÈËÈÏ˘‰

Æ¢˛È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ ÂÓÎ ÌÈ˘‡¸ ÈÙÓ ¯È‰ÊÓÂ ¨ÌÈÙÈÚ¯Ó Ì‰˘≤∞

Ú‰ Ï˘ ˙¯·Â‚‰ Ì˙Â‡ÓˆÚ ¨˙‡Ê ÌÚ‹‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙È¯˜ÈÚ‰ Ì˙‚Èˆ˘ ¨ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÚ‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ‹‰˙˘˜˙‰ ÌÈ˘ Í˘Ó· Æ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ˙‡ ‰‚È‡„‰ ¨Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ Â˙Â˘‡¯· ‡‡ÓÏ

ÌÂÈ‰ ¯„ÒÓ ¨‰‡¯ ÍÎ ¨¯˙ÂÈÂ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰ÚÙ˘Â‰ ¯˘‡ ¨‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÓ‡· È¯Ó‚Ï ÁÂË·Ï „‡È¯˙ÏÚÂÙ‰ ¨˙ÈÓÏÂÚ‰ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰‚ÈÏ‰ ¨Ï˘ÓÏ ¨ÍÎ ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ Ï˘ÔÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ ‡˘Â· Ì¢Â‡‰ ˙„ÈÚÂÂ· ¢ÏÈÚÙ ˜ÏÁ ÏÂËÈÏ¢ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ ‰‡¯˜ ¨È„ÂÚÒ ÔÂÓÈÓ·

ÆÌ‰È˙ÂÈÂ„‚˙‰ ˙‡ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï È„Î ¨±ππ¥≠· ‰Î¯Ú˘ ÁÂ˙ÈÙÂ≤±È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ ¨‰˙ÓÂÚÏ Ú‰‹Æ‰˙Â‡ ÌÈ¯Á‰Ï È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓÏ ‰˙¯Â‰Â ¢Ì‡ÏÒ‡Ï ÔÂ·ÏÚ¢ ‰„ÈÚÂÂ‰ ˙‡ ‰˙ÈÎ ‡‡ÓÏ≤≤

¨Â˙ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ ˙‡ ÏË·Ï Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˙‡ ıÏÈ‡ ıÁÏ‰≤≥ÏÂ„È‚ ¯ÂÚÈ˘˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ˙‡ÊÂ ÆÌÏÂÚ· ÌÈ‰Â·‚‰Ó ‡Â‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ÔÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰

Ú‰ ¨‰˘ÚÓÏ‹˙ÂÚ„· Â˜ÈÊÁ‰Â ÈÎÂÈÁ Ú˜¯ Â˙Â‡Ó Â‡· „Á‡Î ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰Â ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‡Ë·˙‰Ï ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ÓÂ ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡Ó ÚÂÓÏ ˘È ÈÎ Ê‡· Ô· ÌÈÎÒ‰˘ ¯Á‡Ï Ì‚ ¨ÍÎÈÙÏ Æ˙ÂÓÂ„

ÈÚÈ·˘ ˜¯Ù ∏∂

Ï˘ ˙ÂËÏ˜Ï ÔÈÊ‡‰Ï ¯˙ÂÓ Ì‡ Ï‡˘˘ Ì„‡Ï ‰·Â˘˙· ˙È˘È‡ ‡Â˙Ù ‡ÈˆÂ‰ ‡Â‰ ¨È·ÓÂÙ·‰Â‚Ó ˘Â„ÈÁ· ÌÈ˜ÒÂÚ ¯„‚· Ì‰ ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ Ì‡ ˙Ú„Ï ˘˜È· Ï‡Â˘‰ ÆÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ È˘

a©œ®‰Ú„ÌÈËÂÒ Â‡ ®ß‚¯‡ÂÁ© Ì‰ ÌÈÈ˘‰ ÈÎ ‰Ú Ê‡· Ô· ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙¯ÂÒÓÏ ÌÈÓ‡ ÌÈ‡˘ ˙‡ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï Ì‰Ï ¯˙ÂÓ ¨Â‚˘ Ì‡ Ì‚ ªÌÈÂ‚Ó ÌÈ˘Â„ÈÁ ÌÈ˘„ÁÓ ÌÈ‡Â ÌÈÂ‚‰ ÌÈ˘‡

ÆÌ¯·„≤¥

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ Ï˘ ‰Ù¯‰ ‰˙·Â‚˙Ó ·ÊÎÂ‡Ó‹¨±ππ¥ ¯·ÓËÙÒ Ï˘ ˙Â‚Ù‰‰ ÏÚ ‡‡ÓÏ¢Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ ‰ÂÈÏÚ ‰ˆÚÂÓ¢ ˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ ‰˘ ‰˙Â‡ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ÚÈ„Â‰

˘≠ÏÏ ‡ÏÚ‡≠Ï‡ ÒÏß‚Ó≠Ï‡©‹®‰ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ÔÂ‡Ú‰ ÈÏ‚¯ ˙‡ ˜ÂÁ„Ï ÔÂÈÒÈ ÍÂ˙Ó ¨‹ÊÎ¯ÓÓ ‡‡ÓÏ¨ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ËÏÒ ÍÈÒ‰ ¨‰‚‰‰ ¯˘ „ÓÚ ‰˘„Á‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˘‡¯· Æ˙È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ‰Ó·‰Ì¯· ¨ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ¯˘Â ÏˆÈÙ≠Ï‡ „ÂÚÒ ıÂÁ‰ ¯˘ ¨Û‡‡ ÍÈÒ‰ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘ ÂÈ‰ ‰· ÌÈ¯·Á‰Â

Ú‰ Ï˘ „Á‡ ‚Èˆ ‡Ï Û‡‹Æ‡‡ÓÏ≤µÌÈÓÏÒÂÓÏ ÚÈÈÒÏ ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰„ÚÂ ÈÓ˘¯ ÔÙÂ‡· ¨‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ˙Â˘‡¯· Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ ˙ÈÏÏÎ ˙¯‚ÒÓ ˙¯ÈˆÈ È„È ÏÚ ˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈ„Ó·

Ó‡‰ ‰ÂÂÎ‰ ÌÏÂ‡œÚ‰ È„ÈÓ ‰ÓÊÂÈ‰Ó ˜ÏÁ ÏÂËÈÏ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙È˙‹ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‰ÓÎ ¯Â·ÚÎ Æ‰Ê ÌÂÁ˙· ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ˙‡ ¯È·‚‰Ï ÂÚ·˙ ¯˘‡ ¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰Â

¢˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰¢ ¨ÛÒÂ ÛÂ‚ Ì˜Â‰ ÌÈÓÈ≠Ï‡Â ‰ÂÚ„≠ÏÏ ÒÏß‚Ó≠Ï‡©®„‡˘¯‡¨ÈÎ¯˙≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯¢„ Ï˘ Â˙Â˘‡¯· ¨≤∂ÌÈ˘„˜‰ ¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ ¯˘‰

‰ˆÚÂÓ ˘‡¯· „ÂÓÚÏ ‰ÂÓ ‡Ï ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Ó ˘È‡˘ Û‡ Æ‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘ ¨ÌÈÈ˙„˙ÂÏÚÏ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú ‰˙Â·È˘Á ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨˙¯Â˘˜˙· ‰·¯ ·Ï ˙ÓÂ˘˙Ï ‰˙ÎÊ ‡Ï ‰˙Ó˜‰Â ¨ÂÊ

‰ÓÎ ‰ÏÏÎ ‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ÂÊ ÏÚÔ· „ÓÁÓ Ì‡Ó‡ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰ ¯ÂË˜¯ Ì‰· ¨„ÒÓÓ‰ ÌÚËÓ ÌÈÓ‡ ˙„ È˘‡ÈÂÈÎ· ÌÏÂÚ· ˙¯ÎÂÓ‰© ÚÂ¯‰ ˙ÚÈÓÏÂ ·eË‰ ÈÂÂÈˆÏ ‰„ÚÂÂ‰ Ï˘ ÈÏÏÎ‰ ‡È˘‰Â „ÂÚÒ

· ˜ÂÒÚÏ ÏËÂ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÏÚ Æ®¢˙„‰ ˙¯Ë˘Ó¢‰ÂÚ„ ‰Ê ‰¯˜Ó·© —¢‰ÂÎ¢‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ˙ˆÙ‰ ÌÈÙÈËÓ ˙¯ÈÁ· ‰ÏÏÎ ÂÊ ‰ÓÈ˘Ó Æ‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÈÓÂÁ˙· ®Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ï˘®˙‡ÚH©ÔÎÂ˙ ÏÚ ÁÂ˜ÈÙ ¨

˙ÂÈÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ÏÚ ÁÂ˜ÈÙ ÔÎÂ ¨Ì‰ÈÏÚ ÁÂ˜ÈÙÂ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ· ÌÈ„È˜Ù˙‰ ÈÏÚ· Ï˘ Ì˙¯ÈÁ· ¨ÌÈ¯ÒÓ‰ÆÌÈ„‚ÒÓ·≤∑≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ ∫ÂÈÙÂ‡· È˙‚‰ „Úˆ ‰È‰ ˙ÂˆÚÂÓ‰ È˙˘ ÔÂÈÎ

Â„ÚÂ ˙ÂˆÚÂÓ‰Â ¨ÌÈ¯Á‡ ˙„ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ·Â ˙Â‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ˙Â·¯ ˙Â¯˘Ó ÂÒÙ˙ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜ÆÌ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÏÚ ¯˙ÂÈ ¯È˘È ÁÂ˜ÈÙ ¯˘Ù‡Ï

˙„ÈÓ ˙‡ „ÂÓ‡Ï ‰˘˜ ‰È‰ Í‡ ¨±ππµ≠· ‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ· ‰‡¯Î ÂÒÎ˙‰ ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÙÂ‚Í‡ ¨‰˘‰ Í˘Ó· ÌÈÈÓÚÙ ˙ÂÁÙÏ ‰ÒÎ˙‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÆÌ˙ÚÙ˘‰·ˆÓ· ‰„ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰˘ ˜¯ Ì‰· ÔÈÂˆÂ ¨ÌÈÈÂ˜Ï ·Â¯Ï ÂÈ‰ ‰È˙Â·È˘È ÔÎÂ˙ ÏÚ ÌÈË¯Ù‰

ÆÌÈ˘¯„‰ ÌÈ„Úˆ‰ ˙‡ ‰Ë˜Â ÌÏÂÚ‰ È·Á¯· ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰≤∏‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰ÈÁÂÂÈ„ Í‡ ¨˙ÂÁÙÏ ˙Á‡ ‰·È˘È ‰Ï‰È ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡— ‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÈÁÂÂÈ„Î ‡Ï˘ —

È‡˘Â ‡ ÌÈÓ‡Ó‡‰ ‡ ÍÈ¯„‰ÏÂ ¯È˘Î‰Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÂÊ ‰ˆÚÂÓ Ï˘ ‰˙¯ËÓ ÆÈ„ÓÏ ÌÈÙÏ‡Ó ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ· È˘È˘‰ ÌÂÈ ˙˘¯„®·ÈËßÁ©¨‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ‰ ˙Î¯ÚÓ ÏÎ· ˙„‰ ÈÙÈËÓ ˙‡Â

Ó‡‰ ·¯˜‰ Ï‰˙‰ ¨ÌÈ„‚ÒÓ· ¨Ì˘ ÈÎ ÔÈ·‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÆÌ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ ÏÚ Á˜ÙÏÂœÌ˘ÙÂ Ì·Ï ÏÚ È˙Ï˘ ‰˙Â˘ÈÁ ˙‡ ÈÎ¯˙≠Ï‡ ÌÈ‚„‰ ‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÂ‡· ÆÌÈÁ¯Ê‡‰ Ï˘‰˜ÊÁ ˙ÒÈÙ˙ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ‰ÂËÏ˘ Ï˘ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙‡ ˜ÊÁÏ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó˙‡ Ò ÏÚ ‰ÏÚ‰ ÈÎ¯˙≠Ï‡ Æa‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· „ÓÁÓ ÌÊÈ·‡‰ÂÂ‰ „ÒÈÈÓ Ï˘ Â˙˘¯ÂÓ ÏÚ

˙È·Ó ˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÓÈÏ·∏∑

Â˙ÂÓ‡ ˙ÂÂ¯˜Ú Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰ ÌÈˆÈÙÓÎ Ì˙Â‡ ¯‡È˙Â „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó®‰ÂÚ„©Ï˘ ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ÔÈÈÚ· a‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô·®Á‡Ïˆ‡© ˙Â˘„Á˙‰Â ®„È„ß‚˙©˙ˆÂ¯Ó· ÈÎ ÛÈÒÂ‰ ‡Â‰ Æ

˙ÁÙ˘Ó Æa‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· È„ÈÒÁ Ï˘ ÌÈÓ‡Ó‡ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È˘‡¯ Â˘ÓÈ˘ ˙Â¯Â„‰˙‡˘Ï ÌÈÁˆ ÁˆÏ ‰ÂeˆÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨‰ÏÂÎ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ Ì‚ ÍÎÈÙÏÂ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰

ÌÊÈ·‡‰ÂÂ‰ ¯ÒÓ ˙‡-‰ „ÈÁÂ˙Æ¯ÂÚ¯ÚÏ ˙˙È ‰È‡˘ ˙Â„Á‡ ¨Ï‡‰ Ï˘ Â˙Â„Á‡ ¯ÓÂÏÎ ¨≤π

ÌÈÂ¯Á‡‰ ÆÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÔÈ·Ï ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÔÈ·˘ ˜·‡Ó‰ „˜Ó˙‰ ÂÊ ‰ÚË·Ú‰Â „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ·¯ ÔÓÊ ‰Ê ÈÎ ÂÚË‹˙¯„‡ ˙‡ „ÂÚ ÌÈËÂÚ ÌÈ‡ Ì¯ˆÁ· ÌÈ˙¯˘Ó‰ ‡‡ÓÏ

‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÔÎ ÏÚ ÆÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘‰ ˙ÚÎ Â˘·Ï ‰˙Â‡˘ ä‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ï˘ Â˙ÂÁÈÏ˘ÌÈÒ¯ËÈ‡‰ ˙‡ ˙¯˘Ï ‰„ÚÂ ÈÎ ¯Â¯· ‰È‰ ¯˘‡ ¨˙ÂˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙Ó˜‰˘ „Â‡Ó ‰ÎÂÓ ˙Â¯È·Ò

Æ¯·‚˙‰Â ÍÏ‰˘ ÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÈÂÒ‰ ˘‚¯‰ ˙‡ ÚÈ‚¯‰Ï ÏÎÂ˙ ¨¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ï˘˙‡ ÔÈÈÙ‡˘ ıÓ‡ÓÏ ˙¯ÊÂÁ ˙Â„Ú ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÂÂÎ‰Â ˙ÂÁÈÏ˘Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙Ó˜‰ÏÚ ÏÂÙÂÂÓ· ‰˙ˆ¯ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÆÔÂËÏ˘ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ ˙Â·ÏÂ ÁÂÎ‰ ˙‡ ÊÎ¯Ï ∫„ÂÚÒ Ï‡ÈÂËÈ·‰ ‰È‰ ¢‰ÂÚ„‰ ˙ˆÙ‰Ï ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó‰ ˙‡ ÚÂ·˜Ï¢ ∫a‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ï˘ ‰ÂÚ„‰¨ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ· ˜·‡È‰Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰ Ì˙¯ËÓ ÆÌÈÈÓ˘¯ ÌÈÎÓÒÓ· Â· Â˘Ó˙˘‰˘‚È˘‰Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ˙ÂÂÈÒÈÏ Â„‚˙‰Â ¨˙ÂÈÏ‚ÂÙÈ¯ËˆÂ ˙ÂÈË·˘ ¨˙ÂÈ˙¯ÂÒÓ ˙ÂÈË Â‚ˆÈÈ ¯˘‡

ÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÏÚ ÏÂÙÂÂÓ≥∞

ÌÚÙ· ¨±ππµ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ‰ÂÂÈˆ ¯˘‡Î ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÌÚ ˜·‡Ó‰ ˙ÓÏÒ‰ È„ÈÏ ‡È·‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¨‰ÈÎÓÂ˙Ó „Á‡ ˙‡ ˘‡¯ ˙ÙÈ¯Ú· ‚¯Â‰Ï ‡ÈˆÂ‰Ï ¨˙Â·¯ ÌÈ˘ ¯Á‡Ï ‰Â˘‡¯‰

Á≠Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ô· Ô‡ÓÁ¯≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô·‹ÔÂÈÒÈ· Ú˘¯Â‰ ¨≥≥ Ô· ÌÈ˜ÒÚ ˘È‡ ¨ÔÂ„È‰ ÆÛÈ„ ˙ÂÈÏÏÎ‰ ˙Â¯È˜Á‰ ˙˜ÏÁÓ· ÔÈˆ˜ ¨ÔÈ¯·˘ Ô· „ÂÚÒ Ô¯Ò Ï˘ ÂÈÈÁ· ˘˜˙‰Ïß˙Á‡·Ó≠Ï‡©

®‰Ó‡Ú≠Ï‡„ÂÚ ÌÈ„·Î ¯Ò‡Ó È˘ÂÚÏ ÂÂ„È ËÙ˘Ó Â˙Â‡· ÆÂÈÙ· ‰ˆÓÂÁ ˙ÎÏ˘‰ È„È ÏÚ ¨Á≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÁÙ˘Ó È·Â¯˜ È˘ Ì‰· ¨‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ÈÏÈÚÙ ‰Ú˘˙‹ÂÈ‰ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ‰Ó ÌÈÈ˘ ÆÛÈ„

ÈÙÏÎ ‰ÓÈ˘‡Ó Ú·ˆ‡ ‰Ù‰ ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó Æ„ÂÚÒ ÍÏÓ‰ Ì˘ ÏÚ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡· ÌÈ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù˙ÈÓ˘¯ ‰Ú„Â‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ Æ˙Â˘˜˙‰‰ ÔÂÈÒÈ ÈÚˆ·ÓÏ ˙Â‡¯Â‰ Ô˙˘ ÈÓÎ È¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ¯Á‡ÏÂ ¨Â¯È˙Ò‰˘ ˜˘ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ¯Ë˘Ó‰ „‚ ˙ÂÓÈÏ‡ ˙ÂÏÂÚÙ Úˆ·Ï ‰ˆÂ·˜‰ È¯·Á ÂÎ˙

ÆÈ¯ÚÒÓ≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯˘˜ ÚÂÈÒ· ‰È„Ó‰ ˙ÂÏÂ·‚ ˙‡ ˙‡ˆÏ ÔÎÓ≥±ÏÚ ˙ÈÓ˘¯‰ ‰Ú„Â‰· Á≠Ï‡ Ï˘ Â˙‡ˆÂ‰‹≠‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÎÓÂ˙ ÌÚ ÂÓ ÂÚ˘¯Â‰˘ ÌÈÓ˘‡‰ ÈÎ ˘‚„Â‰ ‚¯Â‰Ï ÛÈ„CDLR

- È˜ÂÁ‰ ËÈÏ˘Ï ˙ÈÈˆÏÂ ·È˘˜‰Ï Ì˙·ÂÁ ˙‡ Â˘Ë ÂÈ¯·Á˘ ®¯Ó‡≠Ï‡ ÈÏÂ©ÚÏÂ ‹¯˘‡ ¨‡‡ÓÏ≠‰ ÈÎ ‰ÊÈ¯ÎÓ‰ ‡Â˙Ù Â‡ÈˆÂ‰CDLRÚÈÓ˘‰ ¯·Î Ï˘ÓÓ‰˘ Û‡ ÆÈ˜ÂÁ È˙Ï· ÔÂ‚¯‡ ‡Â‰

≠‰ „‚ ˙ÂÚË ¯·Ú·CDLRÚ‰ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· ·Â¯Ï ¨‹‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ‰ ÂÊ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¨ÂÓÚËÓ ‡‡ÓÏ≠‰ ÔÈ· ¯˘˜ ÏÚ ÈÓ˘¯ ÔÙÂ‡· ¯·Â„ ‰·˘CDLR‰‡ˆÂ‰‰˘ ‰„·ÂÚ‰ Æ˙È¯˙Á ˙ÂÏÈÚÙÏ

Æ¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙·Â‚˙Ó ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ï˘ Â˘˘Á ÏÚ ÚÈ·ˆ‰Ï ÈÏÂ‡ ‰ÈÂ˘Ú È‡˘Á· ‰ÚˆÂ· ‚¯Â‰Ï

‰Œ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÌÚ ¯„Ò

‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡· ÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ÌÈÓ¯Â‚ ÌÚ ¯˘˜ ¯ÂˆÈÏ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ‰˙ÒÈ π∞≠‰ ˙Â˘·È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ë˘Ó‰ Æ‰ÈÈÁ„· ÂÏ˜˙ ‰Ï‡ ÂÂÈÒÈ ˙ÂÙˆÏ ÈÏÂ‡ ˘Ù‡ ‰È‰˘ ÈÙÎ Í‡ ˙ÈÂÒ‰

ÈÚÈ·˘ ˜¯Ù ∏∏

‰È‰˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‰Î¯·· Â˙Â‡ Ï·È˜Â ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ Ï˘ ÂÈÂÏ‚‰ Â¯ËÓ·Â ‰˜ÈË˜Ë· ÈÂÈ˘· ÔÈÁ·‰Ï‰È˘ Ô˙ÓÂ ‡˘Ó ¯Á‡Ï Æ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÓÈÈ‡ÓÂ ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜ ˙ÈÂÒ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡ ÏÂÓ „ÂÓÚÏ ÂÈÏÚÈ¯·ÁÓ ÌÈ„Á‡ ±ππ≥ ÂÈ˙Ò· Ì˙È·Ï Â·˘ ¨È·ÈÒR≠Ï‡ ÈÊ‡ßÚ ¨‰ÈËÈ¯·· ‰È„ÂÚÒ ¯È¯‚˘

Æ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰≥≤

‰ ‰È‰ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ¯Â·ÚŒ˙ÓÏ ˙ÈÒÁÈ ‰Ï˜ Í¯„ ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÌÚ ¯„ÒÕ¨ÛÈ¯Á ˙ÂÓÈÚ Ô˙ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ·‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰ ·Â¯ Æ˙È·Ó ÌÈÂˆÈ˜≠ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ÌÈÂÒ Ï˘ ÌÒÚÎ ¯ÈÁÓ· ÂÏÂÌÈÈ˘ ¯Â‚ÒÏ ÂÏÎÈ Ì‰ ÍÂÓ ¯ÈÁÓ ˙¯ÂÓ˙Â ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ ˙ÂÏÚ·· ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ¯·Î ˙È·¯Ú‰ ‰Ù˘·‰ÎÂÓ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ˆÂ·˜‰˘ ‰‡¯ ¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ¯˙È Æ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ·Â˘Á‰ ‰ÈÓÂÒ¯ÙÓÌÈÚÈ˘‰ Ï˘ Ì·ˆÓ ¯ÂÙÈ˘Ï ˙ÂÈÂ·ÈÈÁ˙‰ ˙Ï·˜ ÍÂ˙ ¨ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÚ „¯Ù ¯„Ò‰Ï ÚÈ‚‰Ï‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯Ï Ú‚Â· Ì‰È˙ÂÚÈ·˙ ˙‡ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï ‡Ï˘ Ì„ˆÓ ‰ÁË·‰ ˙¯ÂÓ˙ ¨ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ·˙ÂˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÂÎÂÒÓ‰ Û‡ ÈÏÂ‡Â ˙Â˘˜‰ ˙ÂÚÈ·˙Ï ‰‡ÂÂ˘‰· ÆÌ„‡‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊÏÂ ˙ÈÏÏÎ

≠‰ ÂÓÎCDLRÏ ÚÈ‚‰Ï ˙Â¯˘Ù‡‰ ¨ È„ÂÂÈÂ ÒÂ„ÂÓ‰·˘Á ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÌÚ „¯ÙÏ‡ÈˆËÂÙ ˙ÏÚ· Í‡ ˙ÈÓÊ ˙È¯· Ï˘ ‰˙¯ÈˆÈ ˙‡ ÚÓ Ì‚ ‰ÊÎ ¯„Ò‰ Æ˙ÈÒÁÈ ÍÂÓ ¯ÈÁÓ

Æ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÂÚÂ˙ ÔÈ· ÔÎÂÒÓ±ππ≥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ·˘ ¨˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ÌÈÏÂ‚‰ ÌÈ‚È‰Ó‰ „Á‡ ¨ßÁÈ˘≠Ï‡ ˜ÈÙÂ˙Ï˘ÓÓ· ÌÈ¯Á‡ ÌÈ¯ÈÎ· ÌÚÂ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ ÌÚ ˘‚ÙÈ‰Ï È„Î ‰ÏÂ„‚ ˙ÁÏ˘Ó ˘‡¯· ‰È„ÂÚÒÏ¨„‰Ù Ô· „ÓÁÓ ÍÈÒÏ „‰Ù ‰¯Â‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏ Â¯ÒÓ˘ ÌÈËÚÓ‰ ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÆÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ÈÚÈ˘‰ ÔÁÏÂÙ‰ ˙‡ ¯È˙‰Ï ‰˘È¯„‰ Ô‰·Â ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ˙Â˘È¯„Ï ˙ÂÚÈ‰Ï ¨ÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ‰ Ï˘ÂÓ·Â˘Ï ÌÈÏÂ‚Ï ¯˘Ù‡Ï ¨ÂÓ¯ÁÂ‰˘ ÌÈÂÎ¯„ ¯ÈÊÁ‰Ï ¨È˜ÂÁ È˙Ï· ÔÎÏ Ì„Â˜ Ê¯ÎÂ‰˘Â¯¯Á˘ ÂÏÏ‰ ÌÈÚ‚Ó‰ ˙Â·˜Ú· ÆÂ¯˜ÁÈÈ Â‡ Â¯ˆÚÈÈ ‡Ï ÌÈ·˘‰˘ ÍÎÏ ·Â¯ÚÏÂ ¨Ì˙„ÏÂÓÏÔÎÏ Ì„Â˜˘ ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈÏÈÚÙÏ ÌÈÂÎ¯„ Â˜ÈÙ‰Â ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘ ÌÈ¯ÈˆÚ Ï˘ ·¯ ¯ÙÒÓ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰‰¯Â„‰Ó ˙‡ˆÂ‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÈÈÚ· ˙Â·Â˘Á ¯˙ÂÈ‰ ˙ÂÈÂÁ˙Ù˙‰‰ ˙Á‡ Æ¯·„‰ Ì‰Ó ÚÓÆÌ‡ÏÒ‡· ÌÈ¯ÙÂÎ‰ ÌÈ‚ÏÙ‰ „Á‡ Ì‰ ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÈÎ ¯·Ú· ·˙Î Â·˘ „ÂÓÈÏ ¯ÙÒ Ï˘ ˙˘„ÂÁÓÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ËÙ˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÏÂÎÒ‡ ˘ÓÁ ‰È„ÂÚÒ· ˘È ˙ÚÎ ÈÎ ¯·ÒÂ‰ ‰˘„Á‰ ‰¯Â„‰Ó·

®a‰‡ß„Ó© ÌÈÂÒÏ ˙ÂÎÈÈ˘ Ô‰Ó Ú·¯‡ ∫Ò≠Ï‡ Ï‰‡©‹®‰Ú‡Óß‚≠Ï‡Â ‰ÌÈÚÈ˘Ï ˙ÎÈÈ˘ ˙Á‡Â ¨®‰È¯˘Ú ‡ß˙‡ Â‡ ‰ÈÓ‡Ó‡© ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ˙Ú‰ È·˙Î Ï˘ ‰Â¯Á‡‰ ‰¯Â„‰Ó‰ Æ≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡

‰È·¯Ú≠Â Arabia MonitorÆ±ππ≥ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ¯Â‡Ï ‰‡ˆÈ ÆÌ˜¯˙Ó‰ ÌÎÒ‰Ï ˙ÂÚ‚Â‰ ˙Â˘„Á Ï˘ ÔÓÂÒ¯Ù· ËÈÚÓ‰Ï ÂÏ„˙˘‰ ÌÈ„„ˆ‰ È˘≥≥

Â„È¯Â‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ÈÏÈÚÙÂ ¨ÂÓÓ ‰ÓÏÚ˙‰ ˙ÈÓÂ‡ÏÈ·‰Â ˙ÈÓÂ˜Ó‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚ‰ÍÂ˘ÓÏ ÏÂÏÚ È„Ó ·¯ ÌÂÒ¯Ù˘ ˙Ù˙Â˘Ó ‰·‰Ó ‰‡¯Î ‰Ú· ÂÊ ‰·Â‚˙ ÆÏÈÙÂ¯Ù Ú˙ÙÏ

ÆÂÓÓ ÚÓÈ‰Ï Âˆ¯ ÌÈ„„ˆ‰ È˘˘ ·ˆÓ ¨ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÌÈÂÒ‰ ÔÂÂÈÎÓ ˘‡ÈÎ Ì‡ ¨Â‰˘ÏÎ ¯„Ò‰· „Â‡Ó ÌÈˆÙÁ˘ ÈÓÎ Â‡¯ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ Ô‰Â ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ô‰‰ÓÎ ˜È˙˘‰Ï ÂÁÈÏˆ‰˘ ˙ÂÈ‰ ¨‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ÏÚ Ô„ÈÂ ‰¯Â‡ÎÏ Â‡ˆÈ ˙ÂÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰˙Â¯Á‡ ˙ÂÈÊÎ¯Ó ˙ÂÚÈ·˙Ï ‰Ú Ï˘ÓÓ‰˘ ÍÎÏ ‰È‡¯ ÏÎ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‡Ï ÆÌÈÈ¯˜ÈÚ‰ Ô‰È¯˜·ÓÓ

Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ï˘ ËÙ˘Ó‰ ˙ÂÏÂÎÒ‡Ó ˙Á‡Î ‰ÚÈ˘· ˙ÈÓ˘¯ ‰¯Î‰ ∫Ô‰·Â ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ Ï˘®a‰ß„Ó©ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó ˙Â·Ï ˙ÂÎÊ· ‰¯Î‰ ªÌ‡˙‰· ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÚÈ¯˘‰ ˙‡ Ì˘ÈÈÏ ˙ÂÎÊ·Â

ÌÈÚÈ˘Ï— ˙‡ÈÈÒÁ ÌÈ„‚ÒÓÂ ®ÌÈÈÚÈ˘ ˘‚ÙÓ È˙·© —Ì˜˘Ï ˙ÂÎÊ·Â ¨ÔÁÏÂÙ· Ì‰· ˜ÂÒÚÏÂ ÏÂËÈ· ª˙„ ÈÒ˜Ë ÌÈÈ˜Ï ˘ÙÂÁ ª‰È„Ó· ÚÈ˜·≠Ï‡ ˙Â¯·˜‰ ˙È·· ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÂÒ¯‰˘ ÌÈ¯·˜

˙È·Ó ˙Â„‚˙‰· „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÁÏÓ ∫‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ˙ÓÈÏ·∏π

ÆÈÁ¯ÊÓ‰ ÊÂÁÓ· ˙ÂÈÏÏÎ ˙Â·Ë‰Â ¨˙Â‡ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡·Â ÔÂËÏ˘‰ È„¯˘Ó· ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ „‚ ‰ÈÏÙ‡‰≥¥

È¯·ÁÓ ÌÈ„Á‡Â ¨ÌÈÚÈ˘‰ ÏÎ ÏÚ ÌÎÒÂÓ ‰È‰ ‡Ï ÔÂËÏ˘‰ ÌÚ ˘„Á‰ ¯„Ò‰‰ ¨ÍÎ ÏÚ ÛÒÂÆÌˆ¯‡Ï ·Â˘Ï ‡Ï˘ Â¯Á· ÌÈÏÂ‚‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ±Jacob Goldberg, “Saudi Arabia”, in Ami Ayalon (ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (MECS)

1990 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1992), p. 620.

Æ≤Jacob Goldberg, “Saudi Arabia”, in C. Legum et al. (eds.), MECS 1979–80 (New York: Holmes

and Meier, 1981), pp. 694–695.

Æ≥ ∫Â‡¯ ˆÚÈÈÓ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Ó˜‰ ‡ Ú·Â˜‰ ÂÁ‰ ÁÒÂÏ ˘‡Joshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi Arabia”,

in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 1992 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1995), pp. 691–697.

∫Â‡¯ ˆÚÈÈÓ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ ÌÈË¯ÙÏJoshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi Arabia”, in Ami Ayalon

(ed.), MECS 1993 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1995), pp. 582–583; R. Hrair Dekmejian,

“Saudi Arabia’s Consultative Council”, Middle East Journal 55 (spring 1998), pp. 204–218.

Æ¥È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ∏ ¨ÆµReuters ª±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ∂ ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ¯˘≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ∑ ˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ∑ “Saudi Shiites

Quadruple Their Share in Expanded Shoura Council”, Mideast Mirror 11, no. 129, July 7,�1997;

ËÒÂ≠Ï‡ Ì‚ Â‡¯ Æ±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ±¥ ¨È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∑ ÈÏÂÈ· ∏ ¨Æ∂Saudi Press Agency (SPA), March 23, 1992; Financial Times, March 25, 1992ÆÆ∑Wall Street Journal, January 15–16, 1993

Æ∏Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Saudi Arabia, no. 1, 1992, p. 9ÆÆπLe Monde ;Financial Times, July 12, 1993 ª±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ±≥ ¨˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡‰È‰ ÈÎ¯˙ Æ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ±¥ ¨

Ú‰ È¯ÈÎ· ˙ˆÚÂÓ· ¯·Á‹„¯ÂÙËÒ· „ÓÏ˘ ÈÁ¯Ê‡ Ò„‰Ó ‰È‰ ¨±π≥π≠· ‰ÎÓ· „ÏÂ˘ ¨¯ÙÒ Æ‡‡ÓÏ≠‰ ‡È˘ Ô‰· ¨‰ÈÓ„˜‡· ‚¯„≠˙ÂÓ¯ ˙Â¯˘Ó ‰ÓÎ· ˜ÈÊÁ‰ ‡Â‰ Æ‰ÈÏÂ¯˜ ÔÂÙˆ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡·ÂArabian

Gulf UniversityÍÏÓ‰ ˙ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡ Ï˘ ‰Ò„‰Ï ‰ËÏÂ˜Ù· ¯ÂÒÙÂ¯Ù ‰È‰ ‰Â¯Á‡‰ Â˙¯˘Ó· ÆÔÈ¯Á·· ∫Â‡¯ Æ‰ÈÈ¯Î‰Â ËÙ‰ ÈÚ„ÓÏ „‰Ù‰Ïß‚Ó≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤µ≠≥± ¨

Æ±∞ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ ∫Â‡¯‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡≠· SPAÆ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ±≤ ¨Æ±± ∫Â‡¯ßË‡ÎÚ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ±≤ ¨Æ±≤ ∫Â‡¯‰Ïß‚Ó≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≥ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤µ≠≥± ¨Æ±≥ ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≥ È‡Ó· ≤≤ ¨Æ±¥United Press International, April 15, 1995ÆÆ±µMilton Viorst, “The Storm in the Citadel”, Foreign Affairs (January/February 1996)ÆÆ±∂ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ≥ È‡Ó· ≤∂ ¨®ÔÂ„ÂÏ©‰ÈÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡ ª®±ππ≥ ÈÂÈÂ È‡Ó© ¨Movement for

Islamic Reform (MIRA), History of Dissent: The Story of Islamic Dissent in Arabia, chapter 12,

“Official Reactions to the Committee for the Defence of Rights”, www.miraserve.com/chap12.html.

Æ±∑ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Ú≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±ππ¥ ¯·Ó·Â· ±∏ ¨‹ ª®ÔÈÓÈß˙˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ËÂËÈˆ© ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ≥ ¨ ª®ÔÈ¯·ß‚ Ï˘SPA ¯·Ó·Â· ±∞ ¨— BBC ª®Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±ππ¥ ¯·Ó·Â· ±≤ ¨BBC–SWB¨

≠Â ª®Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±ππ¥ ¯·Ó·Â· ±≤Reuters≠‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡ Æ®Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±ππ¥ ¯·Ó·Â· ±± ¨CDLRÁÈË·‰ Û‡‡ ÌÈÙ‰ ¯˘ ÔÎ˘ ¨ÔÂ‚¯‡‰ ˙‡ ˙Â‚Ï ıÏÂ‡Â ˙ÂËÁÒÏ Ô·¯˜ ÏÙ Ê‡· Ô· ÈÎ ÔÚË

≠‰ ˙‡ ˙Â‚Ï ÌÈÎÒÈ ‰Ï‰ Ì‡ ÌÈ¯ÈˆÚ ¯¯Á˘Ï ¢ÌÈÓ˙‰ ßÁÈ˘Ï¢CDLR ÆCDLR Monitor, no. 23,

November 25 1994.

ÈÚÈ·˘ ˜¯Ù π∞

Æ±∏ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ≥ ¨Æ±π ∫Â‡¯‰Ïß‚Ó≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· π≠±µ ¨Æ≤∞ ªÌ˘„‡È¯≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±µ ¨Æ≤±Arab News, August 17, 1994ÆÆ≤≤Youssef M. Ibrahim, “Saudi King Trying to Dilute Islamic Radicalism”, New York Times,

October�6, 1994, p. A5.

Æ≤≥ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ¥ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ≥∞ Financial Times, August 30, 1994; Michael Georgy, “Saudis

Snub Population Talks as Insult to Islam”, International Herald Tribune, August 30, 1994.

Æ≤¥ ¨ÈÚ‡Ù¯≠Ï‡‰È„ÂÚÒ≠Ï‡ ÈÙ ÈÁ‡Ïˆ‡≠Ï‡ ÚÂ¯˘Ó≠Ï‡‰ Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±∑∏≠±∑π ßÓÚ ¨‡Â˙ÙÆ®Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ Æ≤µ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· µ ¨Æ≤∂˙ÂÎÂÒ ‰ÈÈˆ ¨ÌÈÓÈÂÒÓ ÌÈÈËÒÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ÌÈÓ¯Ê Ï˘ ‰ÈˆËÙÂ‡Â˜ ÏÚ ÈÏÂ‡ ‰„ÈÚÓ‰ ¨˙ÈÈÚÓ ˙Â˘¯Ù·

˙ÂÚÈ„È‰MSANEWSÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ÌÈÁ‡‰ ÔÂ‚¯‡ Ï˘ ¢˙È˙¯˙ÁÓ¢‰ ˙Â‚È‰ÓÏ ÍÈÈ˙˘‰ ÈÎ¯˙≠Ï‡ ÈÎ ‰ ‰Ó‚Ó‰ ÌÚ ˙˜ÂÏÁÓ· ÈÂ¯˘¢ ÔÎ ÏÚÂ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏ ÔÓ‡ ‰È‰ Í‡ ¨È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÙÏÒ˙Ï‚Â„‰©

˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï Ï˘ ıÓ˘ ÏÎ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÓ ÏÂËÈÏ ‰Ù‡˘˘ ¨®Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÂÂ¯˜ÚÏ ˙ËÏÁÂÓ ˙ÂÓ‡· Æ¢˙ÈÂËÏ˘MSANEWSÆ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· π ¨

Æ≤∑ ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππ¥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· π ¨Æ≤∏ ∫Â‡¯˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ¥ ¯‡Â¯·Ù· π ¨˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππ¥ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ≤ ¨ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ≤ ¨

Æ±ππµÆ≤π ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡Æ±ππµ È‡Ó· ≤∑ ¨Æ≥∞‰ ÏÚ ‰Ï˘ ÏÂÙÂÂÓ‰Â ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ˙Â¯ËÓ‰ÂÚ„∫‰Ï˘ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ¯˙‡· ÌÈ‚ˆÂÓ

http://www.islam.org.sa/WAZARA/WAZARA_R62_E.htm.

ÔÈÈÓÂ„‰ Ï˘ ÂÓ˘ ÂÏÈÙ‡www.islam.org.sa¨Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÈÈÚÏ „¯˘Ó‰ Ï˘ È„ÚÏ·‰ Â˘ÂÓÈ˘Ï ÂÓ˘‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· „‰ Â„ÒÂÓ ÂÈ·‰ ±πππ Ê‡Ó Æ‰ÂÚ„‰ ÏÚÂ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÏÚ „¯˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÏÂÙÂÂÓÏ ÊÓ¯ ‡Â‰Ì˘ Ë¯ËÈ‡‰ ˘¯ ÂÚˆÓ‡· ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ „‚ ·‡Ó‰ ‡ Ï‰Ï Í¯Âˆ‰ Â·È˘Á ‡

Æ˙Â·¯ ÌÈ˘ Í˘Ó· ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÁÎÂ ‰ËÏ·Æ≥± ∫Â‡¯ËÒÂ‡≠Ï‡ ˜¯˘≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±≥ ¨˙‡ÈÁ≠Ï‡ ª±ππµ ËÒÂ‚Â‡· ±≥ ¨È·¯ÚÏ‡ Ò„R≠Ï‡±µ ¨

ª±ππµ ËÒÂ‚Â‡·“Saudi Arabia Executes an Islamist Opponent”, Human Rights Watch/Middle

East News Release, August 17, 1995.

Æ≥≤Madawi Al-Rasheed, “The Shi‘a of Saudi Arabia: A Minority in Search of Cultural Authenticity”,

British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies 25 (1998), pp. 121–138; Mamoun Fandy, “From

Confrontation to Creative Resistance”, Critique (fall 1996), pp. 1–27; Joshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi

Arabia”, in Ami Ayalon (ed.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (MECS) 1993 (Boulder,

Colorado: Westview, 1995), pp. 575–600; “What Future for the Saudi-Shiite Accord?”, Mideast

Mirror 8, no. 54, March 18, 1994.

Æ≥≥ ∫Â‡¯¯‡È„≠Ï‡ ª±ππ≥ ¯·ÂË˜Â‡· ±≥ Ÿoussef M. Ibrahim, “Saudi Officials Reporting Accord

with Shiite Foes”, New York Times, October 29 1993, p. A11 ªÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡¯·Ó·Â· ± ¨ ª±ππ≥ÌÏ‡Ú≠Ï‡ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÏÚ ˙ÈÚÈ˘‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰Ï ¯˘‡ ª±ππ≥ ¯·Ó·Â· ±≥ ¨—

Ï˘ ˙ÂÂ˘ ˙Â¯Â„‰Ó Â‡¯‰ÈÈ·¯Ú≠Ï‡ ‰¯ÈÊß‚≠Ï‡≠Â Arabia Monitor±ππ≥≠· ÌÒ¯Ù˙‰˘ ¯Ó‡Ó ÔÎÂ ¨≠‰ Ï˘ ıÈ˜‰ ˙¯Â„‰Ó·Arab Review‰ÎÓ· ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó· ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÏÏÚ˙‰‰ ÏÚ ËÂ¯ÈÙ Â·Â

Æ‰È„Ó·ÂÆ≥¥ ∫Â‡¯ÌÏ‡Ú≠Ï‡Æ±ππ≥ ¯·Ó·Â· ±≥ ¨

‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ∫˙Â˜ÒÓπ±

˙‚ˆÈÈÓ ±ππ±≠· ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ¯Á‡Ï ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÁÈÓˆ˙ÂÁÂÎ Ì˙Â‡ Ì‰ ÌÈÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ¯Â·Ú· ‰˘„Á ‰ÏÁ˙‰ Ô‰Â ˙ÂÈÎ˘Ó‰ Ô‰ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ Æ‰˙Ó˜‰ Ê‡Ó ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ˙‡ Â„È¯Ë‰˘ ÌÈÈÏ‚ÂÙÈ¯Ëˆ‰ÓˆÚÏ ‰Ú·˙˘ ÏÂÙÂÂÓ‰ ÏÚ Â¯Ó¯Ó˙‰ Ì‰ Æ‰È„ÓÏ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰Ò¯‚‰ ˙‡ ÂÏ·È˜ ‡Ï

ÔÈ· ˙È˙„‰ ˙ÂÎÓÒ‰ ˙‡ ¯Ê·Ï Âˆ¯Â ¨„ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ¨˙ËÏ˘‰ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰Ú‹ ‡‡ÓÏ®˙„ ÈÓÎÁ© Â¯Á·È ÌÓˆÚ Ì‰˘—Ú ‹¨ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ·¯˜· Ì‰Ï˘ ÔÈËÈÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÎÊ· ÌÈ‚È‰ÓÏ ÂÈ‰˘ ‡‡ÓÏ

ÌÈ˘ Í˘Ó· ‡Î„Ï ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÌÓ‡ Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó È„È ÏÚ Â¯Á·˘ ÌÂ˘Ó ‡ÏÂ‰˙Â¯·Ëˆ‰Ï ‰ÁÂ Ú˜¯˜ ·Â˘ ˆÈ ∏∞≠‰ Â˘· ÏÁ‰˘ ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ÏÙ˘‰ Ï·‡ ¯ÂÊÈ·‰ Ó‚Ó ‡¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÈÎ ÁÎÂ‰ ¯˘‡Î ¨±ππ±≠· ı¯ÙÓ‰ ˙ÓÁÏÓ ¯Á‡Ï ‰ˆ¯Ù˙‰ ÂÊ Æ˙Â¯Ó¯Ó˙‰ Ï˘¨¢ÌÈ¯¯ÂÚÓ‰ ÌÈßÁÈ˘¢‰ Ï˘ ÂÈ¯ÏÂÙÂÙ‰ ÆÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ÏÈ‰˜ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï „ÂÚ Ï‚ÂÒÓ ÂÈ‡ È„ÂÚÒ‰˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰ ˙ÂÈÂÎÊ‰ ÏÚ ‰‚‰Ï „ÚÂÂ‰ Ï˘ Â˙Ó˜‰Â ¨˙Â‚Ù‰‰ ¨˙ÂÈ·ÓÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÓÂˆÚ‰

(CDLR)‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚ÏÏ „ÂÚ ‰ÎÂÊ ÂÈ‡ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ‚ˆÈÈ Â˙Â‡˘ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÈÎ Â„ÈÚ‰ ‰Ï‡ ÏÎ ¨ÆÌÂËÏ˘Ï ‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï ÈÚÓ‰ Ì¯Â‚Î ÂÁÂÎ· ÂÁÈÙ ÏÁ ÔÎÏÂ ‰¯·Á· ÌÈ·Â˘Á ÌÈ¯Ê‚Ó ·¯˜·‰˜ÈÒÙÏ ˙Â„ÒÂÓÓ ÏÁ‰ ¨ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ Ï˘ ‰ÙÚ ˙˘¯ Â¯ˆÈ „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓÏÎ· ÆÌÈˆÙÂÓÂ ÌÈÒÙ„ Ô‡¯Â˜ È¯ÙÒ ÈÂÈÏÈÓ ÆÌÈÙÈËÓ ˙¯˘Î‰Ï ˙Â„ÒÂÓ· ‰ÏÎÂ ˙È˙ÎÏ‰˙ÈÓ„˙ ÔÈ¯˜‰Ï „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÌÈ‚‡Â„ ¨Ë¯ËÈ‡· Ì‚ ‰Â¯Á‡‰ ˙Ú·Â ¨ß‚Á‰ ÍÏ‰Ó· ‰˘¨˙ÂÈ˙„‰ ˙Â·ÂÁ‰ ÈÂÏÈÓÏ ˙ÚÈÈÒÓÂ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙‡ Ì„˜Ï ˙Ù‡Â˘‰ ·Ï ˙·È„ ‰ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘Æa‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· „ÓÁÓ Ï˘ ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ≠ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ÔÂÊÁ‰ ˙‡ ıÈÙ‰Ï ˙¯‰ˆÂÓ ‰¯ËÓ·

Ú‰Ó ÚÂ·˙Ï ‰ÏÂÎÈ ‡È‰ ¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ¯˙È‹Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÎÊÏ ‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï ˜ÈÚ‰Ï ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏÆËÂÏ˘Ï ‰ÁÙ˘Ó‰±È·· ÌÈ‡Â¯ ÌÏÂÚ‰ È·Á¯· ˙ÈÓÏÒÂÓ‰ ‰ÏÈ‰˜‰ È·Ó ÌÈ·¯˘ ‡Â‰ Ì˘Â¯‰

‚Ó ˙‡ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘ÓœÓ‡‰ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ Ï˘ ÂÈœÆÈ˙Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ Ï˘ ‰ÂÈÎ ÍÈÏ‰˙Ó ˜ÏÁ ‰È‰ ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ· ‰ËÈÏ˘‰ ÊÂÎÈ¯ÆÌÈÈÂËÏ˘ ÌÈ„È˜Ù˙Ï ‰˘ÚÓÏ ÂÎÙ‰ ÌÈÈ˙„ ÌÈ„È˜Ù˙Â ¨‰È„Ó‰ ÌÚ ‰‰ÂÊÓ ‰˘Ú Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰¨·ˆÓ‰ Ú¯Â‰ ¯˘‡Î Í‡ ÆÈÏÎÏÎ ‚Â˘‚˘ Ï˘ ˙Â˙Ú· ·ËÈ‰ ‰Ê ¯Â„ÈÒ ÏÚÙ ·Â¯ ÈÙ ÏÚ ÈÎ ‰‡¯Æ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÂÒ‰ ‰ÚÂ˙‰ ˙‡ ˙ÈÊÂÎÈ¯‰ ‰ÈÈËÏ Â„‚˙‰˘ ÌÈÓ¯Â‚‰ Â„ÒÈÈ¨‰Â˘‡¯‰ ÌÚÙ‰ ÂÊ ¨ÌÈÎÂÓ ÂÈ‰ ÌÓˆÚÏ Ì‰È˙Â·˘ÁÓ ˙‡ ¯·Ú· Â¯Ó˘ ¯˘‡ ÌÈ‚È‰ÓÔÈ·Ï „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙È¯Â·Èˆ‰ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙ÈÓ„˙‰ ÔÈ·˘ ‰¯È˙Ò‰ ÏÚ È·ÓÂÙ· ÚÈ·ˆ‰Ï

ÈÈÓ˘ ˜¯Ù

¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ∫˙Â˜ÒÓ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

π±

ÈÈÓ˘ ˜¯Ù π≤

‡·ˆ ÈÏÈÈÁ Ï˘ Ì‡Â· ‰È‰ ÈÂÈ˘Ï ÛÒÂ ÚÈÓ Æ˙ÈÏÎ˙· ‰Â˘ ˙Â‡ÈˆÓ Ì‰ÈÈÚ· ‰‡¯˘ ‰Ó˙ÂÁ˙Ù˙‰· Â‡¯ ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯ÚÏ ÌÈ¯Á‡ ˙Â‡·ˆÓ ¢ÌÈÈÓ‡Ó ‡Ï¢ ÌÈÏÈÈÁÂ ·¢‰¯‡ÍÏÓ‰ ÔÈ·‰ ÔÁ·Ó ˙Ú˘ ÚÈ‚‰· ¨‡·ˆ‰ ÔÂÓÈÓÏ ÌÈÙÒÎ ˙‡ˆ˜‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ˘ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ÈÎ ˙Â„Ú ÂÊ

„‰Ù— È˙„‰ ‚È‰Ó‰ ¯‡Â˙ ˙‡ ÂÓˆÚÏ Ú·˙ ¯˘‡ ‡Â‰ ®Ì‡Ó‡© Â˙ÂÓ‡ È„ÈÒÁ Ï˘ ®‰ÂÚ„© a‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ï˘—„‰Ù ‰ÈÎ Ì‡ Ì‚ ÆÌÈÈÓ‡Ó‰ ˙ÏÈ‰˜ ÏÚ Ô‚‰Ï Â˙ÏÂÎÈ· ÔÈ‡ ÈÎ

‚Ó¢ ÂÓˆÚ ‡œ‚Ó ÈÎ ¯·˙‰ ¢ÌÈ˘Â„˜‰ ÂÓÂ˜Ó‰ È˘ Ï˘ ÌœÓ‡‰ Ìœ ‡Â‰ È˙CENTCOM¨‰ÏÙ˘‰ ÂÊ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÆÔÂÎÈ˙‰ Á¯ÊÓ‰ ÏÚ È‡¯Á‡‰ ¨È˜È¯Ó‡‰ ÈÊÎ¯Ó‰ „Â˜ÈÙ‰

Æ˙‡˘Ï ÂÏÎÈ ‡Ï ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰ ÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰˘

·Ú Ï˘ ÂÂËÏ˘ ˙Á˙ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú∫‰ÏÏ‡„øÏˆÈÙ Ï˘ ¯„ÒÏ ‰¯ÊÁ

„˜ÙÓÂ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˘‡¯ Ô‚Ò ¨ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒ ÏÁ‰ ±ππµ ¯·Ó·ÂÓ‰˙Â‡Ó ÆÈÓ˘¯‰ ‡Â˙‰Ó ıÂÁ ·„ ÏÎÏ ÍÏÓÎ „˜Ù˙Ï ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ï˘ ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ Ó˘Ó‰˙ÓÁÏÓ Ê‡Ó ¯˙ÂÈ· ‰ÎÂÓ‰ ‰˙Ó¯Ï ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ˙ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ‰ÎÚ„ ˙Ú‰È¯ÈÁÓ· ‰„È¯È‰ ·˜Ú Æ˙Â„¯ÂÓÂ ˙ÂÈÏÚ ‰‡¯ ÈÓÂÂ˜‡≠ÂÈˆÂÒ‰ ·ˆÓ‰˘ Û‡ ˙‡Ê ¨ı¯ÙÓ‰‰„È¯È ¯ÏÂ„ „¯‡ÈÏÈÓ ≤πÆ¥≠· ±ππ∏≠· ËÙ ‡ÂˆÈÓ ÌÈÈÂÙˆ‰ ÌÈÁÂÂ¯‰ Ô„ÓÂ‡ ÌÎ˙Ò‰ ËÙ‰‰ÈÈÏÚ È„ÈÏ ‰‡È·‰ ±πππ≠· ËÙ‰ È¯ÈÁÓ· ˙¯ÎÈ ‰ÈÈÏÚ ÌÏÂ‡Â Æ±ππ∑ ˙ÓÂÚÏ ≥µ•≠Î Ï˘ÈÓÂ˜Ó‰ ¯ˆÂ˙· ‰Ï˜ ‰ÈÈÏÚ ±πππ≠· ‰Ó˘¯ ÍÎ ·˜Ú Æ±ππ∏ ˙ÓÂÚÏ ÌÈÁÂÂ¯· ±∑• Ï˘

¯ÏÂ„ ∑¨∞∞∞ È„ÎÏ ÚÈ‚‰ ¯˘‡ ¨˙ÏÂ‚ÏÂ‚Ï ÈÓÏÂ‚‰—‰È‰ Ô‰·˘ ÌÈ˘‰Ó È„ÓÏ ˜ÂÁ¯ ÔÈÈ„Ú ¯˙ÂÈ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÙÂ‡ ˙ÂÈÊÁ˙ ·È‰ ËÙ‰ È¯ÈÁÓ Ï˘ Ì˙ÈÈÏÚ Í˘Ó‰ ÌÏÂ‡Â ÆÂ‡È˘· ËÙ‰ ‡ÂˆÈ‰È‰˙ ≤∞∞∞ ˙˘ ÈÎ ¯Ó‡ È˜È¯Ó‡≠È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˜·‰ Ï˘ È˙˘≠ÈˆÁ ÁÂ„· Æ≤∞∞∞ ˙˘Ï˙‡Ê ÌÚ ÆËÙ‰ ‡ÂˆÈ Ï˘ ‚Â˘‚˘‰ ÙÂ˜˙· ‡È˘‰ ˘ ‰˙ÈÈ‰˘ ±π∏± Ê‡Ó ˙ÂÈ· ÈÁÂÂ¯‰˙¯ÈˆÈÂ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ ‰ÁÈÓˆ ¯˘Ù‡Ï È„Î Ô‰· ‰È‰ ‡Ï ·Â˘ ‰È„Ó‰ ˙ÂÒÎ‰ ÈÎ ÁÂ„‰ ¯È‰Ê‰≠Ï ÚÈ‚‰Â È„ÓÏ ‰Â·‚ ÔÈÈ„Ú ‰È‰ ±πππ≠· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰ ÏÂ„È‚ ·ˆ˜ ÆÌÈ˘„Á ‰„Â·Ú ˙ÂÓÂ˜Ó≤∞≠Ó ÂÁÙ ÌÏÈ‚˘ ÌÈ·˘Â˙‰ ÙÒÓ Æ˙Ù¯ˆ· ∞Æ¥∞•≠Â ·¢‰¯‡· ∞Æπ±•≠Ï ‰‡ÂÂ˘‰· ≥Æ≥•Æ˙Ù¯ˆ· ≤∂•≠Â ·¢‰¯‡· ≤π•≠Ï ‰‡ÂÂ˘‰· ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰ ÏÏÎÓ µ≤•≠Ï ±πππ ˘ „Ú ‰ÏÚ‰È‰ ˙ÂÈÂÙ‰ ˙Â¯˘Ó‰ ¯ÙÒÓÂ ¨ÈÏÂÈˆ¯ÂÙÂ¯Ù ‡Ï ÔÙÂ‡· ‰¯ÈÚˆ ÔÈÈ„Ú ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡‰

ÆÌÂÚÊ≤

˙ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ˙Â‡ÈˆÓ‰ ÁÎÂÏ ˙ÂÎ¯ÚÈ‰·ˆÓ‰ ÌÚ „„ÂÓ˙‰Ï È„Î ÌÈ˜˙Ó ÌÈ„Úˆ ‰ÓÎ È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ‰Ë˜ π∞≠‰ Â˘ ÚˆÓ‡ Ê‡ÓÈ„ÈÏ ‡·˘ ¨ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ·Èˆ˜˙· ıÂˆÈ˜ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÚˆÈ· ±ππµ≠Â ±ππ¥ ÌÈ˘· ÆÈ˙ÈÈÚ·‰ ÈÏÎÏÎ‰‰ÎÈ¯ˆ È¯ˆÂÓÏ ˙ÂÈ„ÈÒ·ÂÒ· ÌÂˆÓˆ·Â ‰ËÈÁ‰ È¯ÈÁÓ· ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰ ˙Ë˜‰· ¯˜ÈÚ· ÈÂËÈ·

ÆÈÓÚÙ≠„Á „ÚˆÎ ‚ˆÂ‰ ¯˘‡ ıÂˆÈ˜ ¨ÌÈ˙Â¯È˘Â≥ÌÈÙÒÂ ÌÈÓÈÒ ÂÚÈÙÂ‰ ±πππ Ï˘ ·Èˆ˜˙· ˙Â¯È˘· ÌÈ˘„Á ÌÈ„·ÂÚ ˙¯ÈÎ˘ Ï˘ ‰‡Ù˜‰ ÏÚ ÚÈ„Â‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ¯˘‡Î ¨˘„Á‰ ÌÊÈËÓ‚¯ÙÏ

‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ∫˙Â˜ÒÓπ≥

≠· ÔÈÊ·‰ ¯ÈÁÓ ‰ÏÚÂ‰ ÔÎ ÂÓÎ ÆÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ·Èˆ˜˙· ≥∞• Ï˘ ¯ÂÚÈ˘· ıÂˆÈ˜ ÏÚÂ È¯Â·Èˆ‰Æµ∞•¥

¯ÙÒÓ ˙‡ ÏÈ„‚‰Ï ‰ÈÏÚ ÏËÂ‰˘ ¨‰ÂÈÏÚ‰ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ ‰Ó˜Â‰ Ì‚ ±πππ≠·¯‡ÂÈ· ÆıÂÁ ˙ÂÚ˜˘‰ „„ÂÚÏÂ ÈË¯Ù‰ ¯Ê‚Ó‰ ˙‡ Ì„˜Ï ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÈÁ¯Ê‡Ï ˙Â¯˘Ó‰

˙ÙÒÂ ‰ˆÚÂÓ Ï˘ ‰˙Ó˜‰ ÏÚ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ÚÈ„Â‰ ≤∞∞∞—ÆÌÈ·ˆÁÓÂ ËÙ ÈÈÈÚÏ ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ µ

„ÈÚ‰Ï ‰ÈÂ˘Ú Ì˙Ó˜‰ ÌˆÚ Í‡ ¨ÂÏ‡ ÌÈÙÂ‚ Ï˘ Ì˙ÚÙ˘‰ ˙‡ „ÂÓ‡Ï ‰˘˜ ÔÈÈ„Ú ‰Ê ·Ï˘·ÌÈÈ˙Â‰Ó ÌÈÈ·Ó ÌÈÈÂÈ˘ ÂÏÁ ‡Ï ¨ÔÎ ÈÙ ÏÚ Û‡ Æ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ÍÂ¯ÚÏ ÛÂÁ„ Í¯Âˆ ˘Á Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ÈÎ‡È·È˘ ÈÂÙˆ È˙Ï· ÏÊÓ ÏÚ Ì·‰È ˙‡ ÌÈÎÈÏ˘Ó ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ ÂÏÈ‡Î ‰‡¯ ÌÈ˙ÚÏ Æ‰ÏÎÏÎ·‰ÏÏÂÁ ‡Ï ≤∞∞∞ ˙˘· ËÙ‰ È¯ÈÁÓ ˙ÈÈÏÚ ¨ÌÓ‡Â ÆËÙ‰ È¯ÈÁÓ· ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ·˜Ú ÌÈÁÂÂ¯ ÂÓÚ

Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÈÏÎÏÎ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó· ÈÂˆÈ˜ ÈÂÈ˘ ÏÎ˙‚ÒÙ· Æ˙Â˙˘‰Ï ·ÈÈÁ ÌÈ¯·„‰ ·ˆÓ ÈÎ Âˆ¯‡ È·Ï ¯È·Ò‰ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒ˙‡ ÚÈ˙Ù‰ ‡Â‰ ¨È·ßË Â·‡· ±ππ∏ ¯·Óˆ„· ‰Î¯Ú˘ ¨ı¯ÙÓ· ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÛÂ˙È˘Ï ‰ˆÚÂÓ‰ÌÈÈÁ ÔÂ‚ÒÏ Ï‚¯˙‰Ï ÂÈÏÚÂ ÆÆÆ„ÂÚ ·Â˘˙ ‡Ï ‚Â˘‚˘‰ ˙ÙÂ˜˙¢ ÈÎ ÂÊÈ¯Î‰· ÌÈÙ˙˙˘Ó‰ÚÂÈÒ ˙Ï·˜ ÏÚ ˜¯ ÍÓ˙ÒÓ ÂÈ‡Â ˙ÂÏÈÚÈ· Â„È˜Ù˙ ˙‡ ‡ÏÓÓ „Á‡ ÏÎ Â·˘ ˘„Á

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Æ„‡È¯ Ï˘ÂÓ Ï˘ Â· ¨Ô‡ÓÏÒ Ô· Ô‡ËÏÒ≤∞ÈÎ ‰Ó„ ‰Ï‡ ˙Â¯Â˘ ˙·È˙Î ˙Ú· ¨ÔÎ‡Â Æ‰Ó„¯˙· ‰Â˙ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰

‰ÏÁ‰ ‡È‰ ≤∞∞∞ ˙˘· ÆÔÈËÂÏÁÏ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ Ï˘ ‰ÏÂ˜ Ì„ ‡Ï ‰Ï‡Î ÌÈÓÊ· Ì‚ Í‡„ÈÚÓ˘ ‰Ó ¨ÌÈ˘„Á ÌÈ¯˙‡ ‰ÓÎ ˙˘¯Ï ‰˙ÏÚ‰Â ¨Ë¯ËÈ‡· ¯·‚ÂÓ ˘ÂÓÈ˘ ˙Â˘ÚÏ ·Â˘˙ÂÂÈÒÈ‰ ÏÚ ‰¯˙ÈÂ ‡Ï ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ÍÂ˙· È„ÓÏ ÌÈÚÂ‚¯ ÌÈÈÈÚ‰˘ Û‡ ÈÎ

Æ‰ÏÂ˜ ˙‡ ÚÈÓ˘‰Ï≤±ÌÁ˙Ó ¯·ÚÏ ˘‡· ˘ÂÓÁ Ì„‡ Á˙Ù ËÒÂ‚Â‡ ˙È˘‡¯· ¨¯˙ÂÈ ¯ÂÓÁ È¯È‰ ˙È¯˜˙· Æ¯ÈÒÚ ÊÂÁÓ·˘ ËÈ˘Ó ÒÈÓßÁ· ¨ÌÈ˜È¯Ó‡Â ÌÈËÈ¯· Ï‚Ò È˘‡ ÂÒÎ‡˙‰ Â·˘Æ¢Ë„ÂËÒ¢ ‡Â‰ ‰¯ÂÈ‰˘ ˜¯ ¯ÓÂÏ ˙ÂÎÂÓ ÂÈ‰ ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ ÆÂÚˆÙ ÌÈÈ˘Â È„ÂÚÒ ¯ËÂ˘ ‚¯‰≤≤

‰ÚÂ˙‰ ÁÎÂÏ Á˜Ï‰ ¨‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ Ï˘ ‰„È˙ÚÏ ÌÈ‚‡Â„‰ ÌÈ¯Ê Ì˙Â‡ ÏÎÏÍÂ˙· ˙ÂÈ˙„ ˙ÂÓ‚ÓÏ ¯˙ÂÈ ‰·¯ ·Ï ˙ÓÂ˘˙ ˘È„˜‰Ï ˘È˘ ‡Â‰ ˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰‰ÂÚ„‰ Ï˘ ‰˙ÂÓ„ ˙‡ Ú·˜È ÈÓ ‰Ï‡˘‰ ·È·Ò Í˘Ó ÈÂÓÒ ˜·‡Ó ÆÂÏ ‰ˆÂÁÓÂ È˙„‰ „ÒÓÓ‰Ì‰È˙ÂÁÈ˘Ï ÔÈÊ‡‰ÏÂ ÌÈ·˙ÂÎ ÌÈ„¯ÂÓ‰˘ ‰Ó ˙‡ ‡Â¯˜Ï ˘È Æa‡‰Â≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ï˘˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó˘ ¯ÂÎÊÏ ˘È ¨‰·‰Ï Ï˜ „ÈÓ˙ ÂÈ‡ ‡˘Â‰˘ Û‡ Æ˙ÂËÏ˜ÂÓ‰¯˙ÂÈ· ÌÈ·ÂË‰ ÌÈ˘¯ÙÓ‰ „ÈÓ˙ ÌÈ‡ ¨È·¯ÚÓ ÌÈÈÁ Á¯Â‡ ÌÈÏ‰Ó‰ ÌÈÏ¯·ÈÏ‰ ÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰Â

ÈÈÓ˘ ˜¯Ù π∂

Ï‡ ˙È· ÆÌÈ„ÂÚÒ‰ È„È ÏÚ ÌÈË˜‰ „‚‰≠ÈÚˆÓ‡Ï Ì‚ ·Ï ÌÈ˘Ï ÈÂ‡¯ Æ‰Ï‡ ÌÈ¯ÓÂÁ Ï˘ÍÏÂ‰Â ¯·Â‚‰ ‰ÈÂÓ¯‰‰ ¯ÒÂÁ ÌÏÂ‡Â ¨ÌÈ„‚˙Ó Ì¯Ê Ï˘ ÂÓÂÈ˜· ˙Â„Â‰Ï ¯‰ÓÓ ÂÈ‡ „ÂÚÒ‰Ï‚Ó ÔÂËÏ˘‰˘ ÍÎÏ ˙Â„Ú ‡Â‰ ¨‰ÂÚ„· ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ ÂÏ‡ ¯˜ÈÚ· ¨ÌÈÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ˙Â„ÒÂÓ‰ ÍÂ˙·

Æ‰‚‡„ Ï˘ ˙ÓÈÂÒÓ ‰„ÈÓ

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ±¯ÈÎ·‰ ˙„‰ ˘È‡ Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ„·Â ÂÈ·˙Î· È„ÂÚÒ‰ Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ˘Ó˙˘Ó ±πππ≠· Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ Â˙ÂÓ ¯Á‡Ï Ì‚ ·Â˙Î· Ê‡· Ô· Â„Â‡ ÈÓ˘¯‰ ˙‡‰ ‡ ‰Ó‚Â„Ï Â‡¯ Æ‰ÈˆÓÈËÈ‚Ï Ï˘ ÈÏÎÎhttp://www.binbaz.org.saÆ

Æ≤U.S. Energy Information Administration, Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, February 1999,

www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudfull.html; International Monetary Fund (IMF) International

Financial Statistics, August 2000 (Washington: IMF, 2000); U.S. Bureau of the Census,

International Data Base, www.census.gov/ipc/www/idbnew.html; Douglas Jehl, “For Ordinary

Saudis, Days of Oil and Roses Are Over”, New York Times, March 20, 1999, p. A1; AFP,

September 4, 2000.

Æ≥Joshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi Arabia”, in Ami Ayalon and Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (eds.), Middle

East Contemporary Survey (MECS) 1994 (Boulder, Colorado: Westview, 1996), pp. 548–582;

Joshua Teitelbaum, “Saudi Arabia”, in Bruce Maddy-Weitzman (ed.), MECS 1995 (Boulder,

Colorado: Westview, 1997), pp. 532–561.

Æ¥Nawaf Obaid and Patrick Clawson, “The 1999 Saudi Budget: Reforms in the Face of Acute

Problems”, Washington Institute for Near East Policy, PolicyWatch, no. 359, January 5, 1999;

U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, February 1999,

http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/saudfull.html.

ÆµEIA, Country Brief: Saudi Arabia, February 1999; Simon Henderson, “Crucial Tests Await

New Saudi Oil Council”, The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, PolicyWatch,

no. 435, January 24, 2000; “Supreme Intentions”, Gulf Business 4, no. 6 (October 1999),

http://www.gulfbusiness.com‰ÎÏÓÓ· ËÙ‰ ÂÈÈ„Ó Ï˘Â ‰Ï‡ ÌÈÙÂ‚ Ï˘ ‰˜ÈÓÚÓÂ ÈÎ„Ú ‰¯È˜ÒÆ ∫· Â‡¯Nawaf Obaid, The Oil Kingdom at 100: Petroleum Policymaking in Saudi Arabia

(Washington: The Washington Institute for Near East Policy, 2000).

Æ∂Radio Riyadh, December 8, 1998, in “United Kingdom: Saudi Crown Prince’s Remarks to

GCC Meeting Weighed”, Foreign Broadcast Information Service Near East and South Asia

daily report (online), FBIS-NES-93-343, December 8, 1998.

Æ∑Mideast Mirror, May 19, 1999; Radio Riyadh, May 23, 1999, in “Iranian Aide Cited on Relations

with U.S., Regional Topics”, FBIS-NES-99-0525 (online), May 25, 1995; Reuters, July 4, 7,

2000.

Æ∏ ˙·Â˙Î· ÔÎ ÈÙÏ ‡ˆÓhttp://www.saudhouse.comÆÆπAFPÆ±ππ∏ ¯·Ó·Â· ± ¨

Æ±∞AFP„ÓÁÓ Ì‡Ó‡ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰ ‰ËÈÒ¯·ÈÂ‡‰Ó ¨È‡ËÒÎ¯˙ „ÓÁ‡ ßÙÂ¯Ù Ï˘ ËÂËÈˆ© ±πππ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ∑ ¨Æ®„‡È¯· „ÂÚÒ Ô·

Æ±±‰ÎÏÓÓ‰ ‰ÓÈ˜‰ ≤∞∞∞ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· Æ¢˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ÈÎÎÂ˙·¢ ÂÓ˘Â ¨ÈÂÒ˙ÈÓÒ‰ „ÒÂÓ‰ Ï˘ ˙Â¯ÈÈ˙ ÔÂÏÚ ÆÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ô· Ô‡ËÏÂÒ ‰‚‰‰ ¯˘ Ï˘ Â˙Â˘‡¯· ˙Â¯ÈÈ˙ ˙ÂÎÂÒAFPÆ≤∞∞∞ È‡Ó· ∏ ¨

‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¯˙Î‰ ÍÈÒÂ ‰ÈˆÈÊÂÙÂ‡‰ ¨˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú ∫˙Â˜ÒÓπ∑

Æ±≤ ∫Â‡¯„‡È¯≠Ï‡Æ±πππ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±≥ ¨Æ±≥ ∫Â‡¯ßË‡ÎÚ≠Ï‡ ª±πππ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ≤∞ ¨ÌÂÈ≠Ï‡Æ±πππ È‡Ó· ≤∏ ¨Æ±¥Howard Schneider, “Saudi Arabia Finds Calm after Storm”, Washington Post, January 9, 2000,

p. A1.

Æ±µAFP ª±πππ ¯‡ÂÈ· ¥ ¨Reuters ª±πππ ¯‡ÂÈ· ¥ ¨Times (London)Ê‡· Ô· ßÁÈ˘ Æ±πππ ¯‡ÂÈ· µ ¨Ï‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú ßÁÈ˘ ¨ÈÏÏÎ‰ È˙ÙÂÓ‰ Ô‚Ò ÒÙ˙ ÂÓÂ˜Ó ˙‡Â ¨±πππ È‡Ó ÚˆÓ‡· ¯ËÙ

ÆßÁÈ˘≠Ï‡Reuters ª±πππ È‡Ó· ±≥ ÄPÆ±πππ È‡Ó· µ± ¨Æ±∂ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∑ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±µ ¨Liberty for the Muslim World±¥ ¨˙ÂÂ˙ÈÚÏ ‰Ú„Â‰ ¨

≠· ¨ÏÈ¯Ù‡·MSANEWSÆ±ππ∑ ÏÈ¯Ù‡· ±µ ¨Æ±∑ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∏ ‡ÂÈ· ∑ È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª±ππ∏ ‡Â¯·Ù· ≤µ È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡¨

Æ±ππ∏ ÈÏÂÈ· ≤∑Æ±∏ ∫Â‡¯È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡Æ±ππ∏ ÈÂÈ· ≤µ ¨Æ±πEdward Cody, “Saudi Islamic Radicals Target U.S., Royal Family”, Washington Post, August

15, 1996, p. A1; Jane’s Defence Weekly, October 9, 1996.

Æ≤∞Howard Schneider, “Saudi Arabia Finds Calm After a Storm”, Washington Post, January 9,

2000, p. A1.

Æ≤± ˙·Â˙Î· ÈÂÒ‰ ¯˙‡‰ ˙‡ ‰Ó‚Â„Ï Â‡¯http://www.salman-safar.org˙·Â˙Î· ÈÚÈ˘‰ ¯˙‡‰ ˙‡Â http://www.alharmain.org.

Æ≤≤Mideast Mirror, August 9, 2000; AFP, August 9, 10, 2000Æ

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‰ÚÂ˙‰ Ï˘ ‰È„Úˆ ˙‡ ¯ˆ‰Ï ÌÂ˜Ó· ÆıÂ¯Á ÔÂÏ˘ÈÎ ‰Ï˘Î ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È‚Ë¯ËÒ‡‰ ÈÎ ˙ÁˆÈÆÂÓˆÚ ¯Ë˘Ó· ‰Ú‚ÙÂ ‚¯ÓÂ·Î ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ˙ÂÈÈ„Ó‰ ‰ÏÚÙ ¨˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰

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ππ

¯·„ ˙È¯Á‡ ±∞∞

‰ÎÒ ÌÂ˘Ó ÍÎ· ˘È Æ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ˙ÂÓÓÂ˜˙‰ ÈÙÏ ÌÂÈ‰ ˙·ˆÈ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ÈÎ ÚÂ·˜Ï ¯˘Ù‡˙ÏÎÏÎ ˙‡ ËËÂÓÏ ÏÂÏÚ‰ Í˘ÂÓÓ ˜·‡Ó· ‰˙Ú „ÂÓÚÏ ÏÂÎÈ ÂÈ‡˘ ¨¯Ë˘ÓÏ ˙È˘ÓÓ˙ÂÓÓÂ˜˙‰‰ ÈÂÎÈ„ ¨ÍÎ ÌÂ˘Ó ÆÏ‚¯Ï ‰ÈÈÏÚ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙· ‰ÏÎÂ ËÙ‰ ˙ÈÈ˘Ú˙· ÏÁ‰ ¨‰È„Ó‰

Æ‰ÎÂÏÓ‰ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ‰ÈÈÈÚÓ ˘‡¯· „ÓÂÚ ˙‡Ê‰‰ „¯Ó ‰È‰ ‰ÊÏ ‰ÓÂ„ ¯‚˙‡ Ô‡ÂßÁ‡„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡ ÆÌÈ¯˘Ú‰ ‰‡Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ¯˘Ú‰ ˙Â˘ ÛÂÒ·

‰ÈˆËÙÂ‡≠Â˜ ˙ÂÚˆÓ‡· „¯Ó‰ ˙‡ Ê‡ ‡ÎÈ„—∫·È·Á ÔÂß‚ ¯˜ÂÁ‰ Ï˘ ÂÂ˘Ï· Â‡ ¨‰ÚÓË‰ Æ¢Â˙ÁÏˆ‰· ÔÈÈÚÂ ¯Ë˘Ó· ˙ÂÙ˙Â˘ Ì‰Ï ˜ÈÚ‰Â ÂÈ·ÈÂ‡Ï ÏÁÓ ˛„ÂÚÒ Ô·‡¸¢±‰ÏÁ ‰ËÈ˘‰

Æ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰È„Ó‰ ÔÂÈÎ ˙Ú· ‰·¯ ‰ÁÏˆ‰ÏÎ· ˙ÂÓÓÂ˜˙‰‰ ˙‡ ‡Î„ÏÓ ÒÂÓ ÔÈ‡ Æ·¯ ˜ÙÒ øÌÂÈ‰ Ì‚ ‰ÁÏˆ‰ ÏÁ˙ ÂÊ ‰ËÈ˘ Ì‡‰ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ÌÏÂ‡ Æ‰È¯Èß‚Ï‡· Ì‚ ‰·¯ ‰„ÈÓ·Â ¨ÌÈ¯ˆÓ· ÁÈÏˆ‰ ¯·„‰ ª˙È¯˘Ù‡ Í¯„˙Â˘ Ê‡Ó Æ„ÁÂÈÓ· ÌÈÏÈÚÈ ÌÈ‡ Û‡Â ‚ÈÈÒ ‡ÏÏ ˙ÂÓ‡· ÌÈÈÈËˆÓ ÌÈ‡ ÌÈÈ„ÂÚÒ‰

Æ‰Ï‡‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰ ·¯˜· ÌÈ¯ˆÚÓ ÂÎ¯Ú˘ ÈÏ· ¯Â˘Ú ÛÏÁ ‡Ï ÌÈ˘ÈÓÁ‰≤ÔÂÁ·Ï ‡ÂÙ‡ ÈÂ‡¯ Æ‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡· ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ Ì‰ ‰„ÈÓ ÂÊÈ‡·

¯·ÓËÙÒ· ÆÔ„‡Ï Ô·· ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ ÌÈÈÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰ ·¯˜· ¯˙‡Ï ÍÈ˘ÓÓ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ ÈÎ ‰‡¯ÏÈÁ ÒÈÒ·· ÌÈ„·ÂÚ ÌÈÚ·¯‡Î ÈÎ Ô„‡Ï Ô·Ï ÌÈ¯Â˘˜‰ Ë¯ËÈ‡ È¯˙‡ È˘ ÂÁÂÂÈ„ ≤∞∞≥

Âe„ Æ„‡‰ß‚Ï ‰ÙË‰Â ‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡Ï ¯˘˜Ï „˘Á ÔÈ‚· Â¯ˆÚ Ô‡¯‰ßË· ¯ÈÂÂ‡‰ÃÈÎ ÁÆÔ¯Ò≠·¯ ˙‚¯„· ÌÈÈˆ˜ È˘ „ÂÚÂ ÛÂÏ‡≠Ô‚Ò ˙‚¯„· ÌÈ˜ÂÒÓ ÛÎ „˜ÙÓ ÌÈ¯ÂˆÚ·≥

ÙÓ‰ Ï˘ Ì˙ÏÂÎÈÃ‰ÚÈ·ˆÓ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ Â‡ ˙ÂÏ˜˙È‰ ¯Á‡Ï ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ È„ÈÓ ˜ÂÓÁÏ ÌÈÚ‚ Ì·¯˜· ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÈÙ˙˘Ó Ï˘ ÌÓÂÈ˜ ÏÚ ¨‰Ï‡‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰ Ï˘ ÈÂ˜Ï „Â˜Ù˙ ÏÚ ÏÈÏÚ·—Â‡

¯Á‡Ï ËÏÓÈ‰Ï ÌÈÏ·ÁÓ ¯˘Ú ‰Ú˘˙ ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ≤∞∞≥ È‡Ó· ∂≠· Æ„ÁÈ Ì‚ ÌÈ¯·„‰ È˘ ÏÚÈ‡Ó· ±≤≠· ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰˘ ¯Â¯· ÆÏÂ„‚‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ· Ì‰Ó ‰ÓÎ ÂÙ˙˙˘‰ ÔÎÓ ¯Á‡Ï ÚÂ·˘ ª˙ÂÏ˜˙È‰‰È‰ ‡Ï ¨ËÚÓÎ ˙Á‡ ‰ÂÚ·Â ˙Ú· ÌÈ¯Ê ÈÓÁ˙Ó ‰˘ÂÏ˘· ÌÈˆÂˆÈÙ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ ÏÏÎ˘ ¨≤∞∞≥ÏÚ „˜ÙÂ‰˘ ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó‰ ÈÏÈÈÁ ·¯˜Ó ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÈÙ˙˘Ó Ï˘ Ì˙¯ÊÚ ÈÏ· ˘Á¯˙‰Ï ÏÂÎÈ¨ÏÈÂ ˙¯·Á Ï˘ ÌÁ˙Ó· Æ¯Ó˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÌÈ„Ó Â˘·Ï ÌÈÏ·ÁÓ‰Ó ‰ÓÎ ÆÌÂ˜Ó· ‰¯ÈÓ˘‰ÔÈÈ·Ï „Â‡Ó ÍÂÓÒ ÌÈÚËÓ ÌÈÏ·ÁÓ‰ ÂÏÈÚÙ‰ ¨ÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó‰ ÔÂÓÈ‡ ÏÚ ˙„˜ÙÂÓ‰È¯Ú˘ ˙‡ ÁÂ˙ÙÏ „ˆÈÎ ÌÈÚ„ÂÈ Ì‰˘ ¯Â¯· ‰È‰ Æ‰˜„Ó ˙ÂÁÙ ÍÂ˙· Ì˘Ï ÂÚÈ‚‰ Ì‰ ÆÌÈ¯Â‚Ó

ÆÔÈÈ·‰ ‡ˆÓ ˜ÂÈ„· ÔÎÈ‰Â ÌÁ˙Ó‰¥

ÙÓ‰ ÈÎ Â„ÈÚ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ Â˙Â‡· ÂÚˆÙ˘ ÏÈÂ ˙¯·Á È„·ÂÚÓ ‰ÓÎÃÈ¯·Á· Â¯ÊÚ ÌÈÚ‚ÌÂÈ· ÈÎÂ ¨„ÚÂÈÓ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰ ˙Â„Â‡ ÏÚ ÂÚ„È ¯Ó˘Ó‰ È˘‡ ÈÎ ÂÚË Ì‰ ÆÈÓÂ‡Ï‰ ¯Ó˘Ó‰È„·ÂÚ ˙ÚËÏ ÆÌ˙¯Ó˘ÓÓ Ì‰Ó ˙Â¯˘Ú Â¯„Ú ÍÎ ÌÂ˘ÓÂ ¢ÏÈ‚¯˙¢ ÏÚ Ê¯ÎÂ‰ ÚÂ‚ÈÙ‰

Ó‰ ∫¯˙ÂÈ· ˙ÙÙÂ¯ ‰¯ÈÓ˘‰ ‰˙ÈÈ‰ ÌÂÈ Â˙Â‡· ¨‰¯·Á‰ÃÌÈ¯ÓÂ˘‰Â ÌÈÂÚË ÂÈ‰ ‡Ï ÌÈÚÏ˜Æ˙Â˘Â ˙Â¯ÊÂÁ ˙ÂÚ¯˙‰ Û‡ ÏÚ ¨ÌÈ˘ÂÓÁ ÂÈ‰ ‡Ïµ

Ó ÍÏ‰Ó·œÏÎ ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ „‡È¯· ÌÈ¯Ê È¯Â‚Ó ÌÁ˙Ó ÏÚ ≤∞∞≥ ¯·Ó·Â· ∏≠· ¯Â¯Ë‰ ˙Ù˜˙ÙÓ‰ÃÏÎ· „ÚÈ‰ Ï‡ ÂÚÈ‚‰ Ì‰ ÆÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ÌÚ È¯È ÈÙÂÏÈÁ ˙Â¯ÓÏ ¨ËÏÓÈ‰Ï ÌÈÚ‚œ·Î¯ È

ÏÎ· ˘ÂÓÈ˘‰ ÆÌÈËÒÈ¯Â¯Ë‰ „‚ ˙ÏÚÂÙ‰ ˙ÈÏÈÚ ˙„ÈÁÈ ¨ÌÈ„ÁÂÈÓ‰ ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ Ï˘œÈÁÈÏˆ‰ ‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ÈÎÂ ¨‰ÏÂÚÙ ÈÙ˙˘Ó ˘È ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ·¯˜· ÈÎ „ÈÚ‰ ÈÓ˘¯ ·Î¯

ÆÌ‰ÈÏ‡ ÚÈ‚‰Ï

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ÆÌÓˆÚ Ì‰ Â‚¯‰ Ì¯Ë· ÔÂÁËÈ· È˘‡ ÌÈ˘ÂÏ˘∂

Á≠Ï‡· ≤∞∞¥ È‡Ó ÛÂÒ Ï˘ ˙ÂÙ˜˙‰‰‹ÙÓ‰ ÆÚÈ¯ÙÓ ÔÈ‡· ËÚÓÎ ÂÚˆÂ· ¯·ßÃÂÚ ÌÈÚ‚¨Ì„‡ È· ≤≤ Â‚¯‰ ¨ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ≠‡ÏÏ ÌÈÓÏÒÂÓ ÔÈ· Â„È¯Ù‰ Ì‰ Æ·¯ ÔÓÊ Í˘Ó· ÌÂ˜ÓÏ ÌÂ˜ÓÓÌÂ˜Ó‰Ó ËÏÓÈ‰Ï ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ¯·„ Ï˘ ÂÙÂÒ· Æ¯˜Â· ˙ÁÂ¯‡ ÏÂÎ‡Ï Â˜ÈÙÒ‰ Û‡Â ¨˙ÂÁÈ˘ ÂÏ‰È¯Â·ÚÎ ÆÌ˘Ó ˜Á¯‰ ‡Ï „‚ÒÓ· ‰ÒÁÓ Â‡ˆÓÂ ¨ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ÂÚÈ‚‰˘ ÈÙÏ ÈˆÁÂ ÌÈÈ˙Ú˘

ÆËÏÓÈ‰Ï ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ÌÚÙ‰ Ì‚ Í‡ ¨ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ· ÂÏ˜˙ Ì‰ ˙Â„Á‡ ˙ÂÚ˘∑

‰·˙Î ÂÓÏÈˆ ¯˘‡Î ¨‰˘˜ ÚˆÙ ·˙ÎÂ ÈÒ≠È·≠È·‰ Ï˘ ÌÏˆ ‚¯‰ ≤∞∞¥ ÈÂÈ· ∂≠·Æ‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ Ï˘ ÊÂÚÓ ‰ÂÎ˘· Â‡¯ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‰ Æ„‡È¯· ¯˘‡ È„ÈÂÒ≠Ï‡ ˙ÂÎ˘·„·Ú ‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡ ‚È‰Ó Ì‰· ¨Ì˘ Â¯¯Â‚˙‰ ÌÈ˘˜Â·Ó ‰˘È˘Â ÌÈ¯˘Ú ÍÂ˙Ó ¯˘Ú ‰˘ÈÓÁ

Ó≠Ï‡ ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡‹ÂÚ„Â ‰ÂÎ˘· ˙„‰ È˘‡ Æ®≤∞∞¥ ÈÂÈ· ±∏≠· ÍÎ ¯Á‡ ‚¯‰ ¯˘‡© Ô¯˜ÆÔ„‡Ï Ô·· ‰ÎÈÓ˙‰ ˙‡ ˜ÊÈÁ ˜ÙÒ ‡ÏÏ˘ ‰Ó ¨˙ÂÈ·¯ÚÓ≠ÈË‡‰ Ì‰È˙ÂÙË‰·∏È·˘Â˙

‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡· ‰ÎÈÓ˙ ÌÈ‡Â˙ÈÚ ÈÊÂ‡· ÚÈ·‰ÏÂ Ì‰È˙ÂÓ˘· ˙Â‰„Ê‰Ï Â˘˘Á ‡Ï ‰ÂÎ˘‰Ó≠Ï‡·Â‹Ó Ì‰ ˛ÌÈËÒÈ¯Â¯Ë‰¸ ‰Ï‡¢ ÆÔ¯˜‹¨¢ÌÏÂÚÏ ˙ÏÙÂ ‰È‡ ÌÁÂ¯ ¯˘‡ ÌÈ¯Â·È‚ ¨ÔÈ„‰‡ß‚

ÆÌÈ·˘Â˙‰ „Á‡ ¯Ó‡π¯˜Ò· ÌÈÏ‡˘ ±µ¨∞∞∞≠Ó ˙ÈˆÁÓ ‰· ¯˘‡ ‰È„Ó· ÚÈ˙ÙÓ ‰Ê ÔÈ‡ ÆÔ„‡Ï Ô·· ÌÈÎÓÂ˙ Ì‰ ÈÎ Â·È˘‰±∞

Â¯„Á ¯·ßÁ≠Ï‡· ‰Ù˜˙‰‰Ó ÂËÏÓ˘ ‰˘ÂÏ˘‰ ÆÌÈ„ÂÚÒ· ˙ÂË˘Ï ÂÎÈ˘Ó‰ ÌÈÏ·ÁÓ‰‰È‰Â ‰ÏÂÚÙ· ÚˆÙ˘ Ì‰È¯·ÁÓ „Á‡ È¯Á‡ Ì˘ÙÁ· ¨„‡È¯· ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó Ï˘ ÌÈÏÂÁ ˙È·ÏÌÈ‡¯Â˜ ¨ÚÈ¯ÙÓ ÔÈ‡· ÔÈÈ·· Â··Â˙Ò‰Â ÌÈ˘Ï Â˘ÙÁ˙‰ Ì‰ Æ˙È˙¯Ë˘Ó ‰¯ÈÓ˘Ï Ì˘ ÔÂ˙

ÆÚ‚Ù ‡Ï· ÌÂ˜Ó‰Ó ÂËÏÓ ¨Â‡ˆÓÏ ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ‡Ï˘Ó ÆÌ¯·Á Ï˘ ÂÓ˘· ÏÂ˜·±±

Ó≠Ï‡ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙Â·˜Ú ÏÚ ˙ÂÏÚÏ ÂÁÈÏˆ‰ ‰È„ÂÚÒ ˙ÂÂËÏ˘‹¨ÂÈ¯·ÁÓ ‰˘ÂÏ˘ Ï˘Â Ô¯˜Â˘¯ÂÈ ÏÚÎ ÈÙÂÚ≠Ï‡ ÁÏ‡ˆ ÏÚ ÊÈ¯Î‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú· ‰„Ú‡˜≠Ï‡ ÔÂ‚¯‡ ÆÌ˙Â‡ ÂÏÒÈÁÂ

Ó≠Ï‡ Ï˘‹ÏÓÒ ˙‚¯„Ï Ì„e˜Â ‰È„ÂÚÒ ‡·ˆ· ÌÈÂÓÈ‡ ÈÙÂÚ≠Ï‡ ¯·Ú ÌÈÁÂÂÈ„‰ ÈÙÏ ÆÔ¯˜Æ¯‰ÂÒ‰ È˙· ˙Â¯È˘·±≤ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ÏÚÂ ¯‰ÂÒ‰ È˙· ˙Â¯È˘ ÏÚ Á˜ÙÓ‰ ‡Â‰ ÌÈÙ‰ „¯˘Ó

ÆÔÂÁËÈ·‰ È˙Â¯È˘· ÂÈ¯˘˜ ÏÚ ¯Ó˘ ÈÙÂÚ≠Ï‡˘ ÚÓ‰ ÔÓ ‡Ï ÆÈÓÈÙ‰ÔÂÒÂß‚ ßÓ ÏÂ‡Ù È˜È¯Ó‡‰ Á¯Ê‡‰ ˙‡ ÂÙËÁ ‰·˘ ‰ÏÂÚÙ· ÈÎ Â·¯·¯˙‰ ÌÈÏ·ÁÓ‰

ÏÎ·Â ÌÈ„Ó· Â˘Ó˙˘‰ Ì‰ ¨≤∞∞¥ ÈÂÈ· Â˘‡¯ ˙‡ ÂÙ¯ÚÂÕ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÈÙ˙˘Ó Ì‰Ï Â˜ÙÈÒ˘ ·Î¯ ÈÆÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ˙‡ ˙ÂÚË‰Ï È„Î ‰ÓC ÌÂÒÁÓ Â·Èˆ‰ Û‡Â ¨ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ·¯˜Ó±≥Ì‡

ÏÚ Û‡Â ÔÂÁËÈ·‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ ÍÂ˙· ÚÂÂ˘Ó ÌÂ‡È˙ ¯ÒÂÁ ÏÚ „ÈÚ‰Ï È„Î ÍÎ· ˘È ¨¯·„‰ ÔÂÎÆÌÈ‰Â·‚‰ ÌÈ‚¯„‰ ·¯˜· ‰ÏÂÚÙ ÈÙ˙˘Ó Ï˘ ÌÓÂÈ˜

ø¯¯ÂÙ˙‰Ï ‰ÏÈÁ˙Ó ˙ÈÎ¯ÂÓ‰Â ˙È˙„‰ ˙ÂÎÓÒ‰ Ì‡‰˙„‰ È˘‡ Ï˘ Ì˙ÓÎÒ‰ ÏÚ ˙Â·¯ ÌÈ˘ Í˘Ó· ‰Ú˘ „ÂÚÒ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó Ï˘ ˙ÂÈÓÈËÈ‚Ï‰Ï˘Â ±πππ≠· Ê‡· Ô· Ï˘ Ì˙ÂÓ Ê‡Ó ÌÏÂ‡ ÆÊ‡· Ô· ÊÈÊÚ≠Ï‡ „·Ú Ï˘ Â˙Â˘‡¯· ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰

Ú≠Ï‡ „ÓÁÓ ¨¯Á‡ ¯ÈÎ· ˙„ ˘È‡‹Ú‰ Ï˘ Ì¯˜ ‰ÎÏ‰ ¨≤∞∞±≠· ¨ÔÈÓÈß˙‹ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ‰ ‡‡ÓÏ‰·¯ÓÏ ‰˙Ù ‡È‰ ÌÈËÒÈ¯Â¯Ë‰ ÌÚ Ô˙ÓÂ ‡˘Ó Ï‰Ï ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ ‰˘˜È· ˘‡Î ÔÎÏ Æ‰„¯ÈÂ

Ú‰ È˘Ï ¨‰ÈÂ¯È‡‰‹‰˘˜È·Â ¨ÈÏ‡ÂÁ≠Ï‡ ¯ÙÒÂ ‰„ÂÚ≠Ï‡ Ô‡ÓÏÒ ¨˙Â¯¯ÂÚ˙‰‰ Ï˘ ‡‡ÓÏ

¯·„ ˙È¯Á‡ ±∞≤

¯Â¯Ë· ÌÁÏÈ‰Ï ˙ÂÈÂ˘¯‰ ÏÚ ‰˘˜Ó ˙È˙„‰ ˙ÂÎÓÒ‰ ˙Â¯¯ÂÙ˙‰ ÆÌÈ„„ˆ‰ ÔÈ· ÂÎÂÂ˙È ÈÎ˙‡ˆÏ ÌÈÎÈ˘ÓÓ ÌÈÈ„ÒÓÓ ˙„ È˘‡ ¯˘‡Î ¯˙ÂÈ Û‡ ‰˘˜ ‰˘Ú ¯·„‰ Æ˙È˙„‰ ˙Â‡˜·ÂÆ‰Ê ‚ÂÒÓ ˙Â¯‰ˆ‰ ÚÂÓÏ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ï˘ ÂÈ˙ÂÂÈÒÈ Û‡ ÏÚ ¨ÌÈ„Â‰ÈÂ ÌÈ¯ˆÂ „‚ ˙Â¯‰ˆ‰·ÂÓˆÚ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú ¨ÔÎ ÏÚ ¯˙È ÆÈÁ „‰Ù ÍÏÓ‰ „ÂÚ ÏÎ ˙È˘ÙÂÁ „ÈÓ ‰‰ ÂÈ‡ ‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú˙ÂÈÈ„Ó ˙‡ Ì˘ÈÈÏ ÔÓÊ È„ ‰ÈÁÈ ‡Ï ÈÎ ÔÎ˙ÈÈ˘ ‡Â‰ ¯·„‰ ˘Â¯ÈÙÂ ¨ÌÈÂÓ˘Ó ¯˙ÂÈ Ô·

‰ÏÏ‡„·Ú È¯Á‡Â ÆÌÂ˙ „Ú ÌÈÂÊÈ‡‰—˜·‡Ó‰ ÆÏÏÎÂ ÏÏÎ ‰¯Â¯· ‰È‡ ‰˘Â¯È‰ ˙¯˘¯˘ Ì‡ÏÒ‡‰ „‚ ˜·‡Ó‰ ˙‡Â ‰Ó¯ÂÙ¯ ÏÏÂÁÏ ÌÈˆÓ‡Ó‰ ˙‡ ‰„ˆ‰ ËÈÒ‰Ï ÏÂÏÚ ‰˘Â¯È‰ ÏÚ

ÆÈÂˆÈ˜‰‰Ï„‚ ‰¯ÈÚˆ ‰ÈÈÒÂÏÎÂ‡ ¨ËÙ ˙ÈÂÏ˙ ‰ÏÎÏÎ ∫ÔÈÚ· Â¯‡˘ ¯Ë˘Ó‰ Ï˘ „ÂÒÈ‰ ˙ÂÈÚ·˙ÈÂˆÈ˜≠˙ÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡ ‰ÚÂ˙Â ¨‰„Â·Ú ‡ÂˆÓÏ ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈÂÎÈÒ ‡ÏÏ ¨˙ÎÏÂ‰Â

ÆÌÈ¯ÂˆÚÓ ˙¯ÒÁ‰È¯ÂËÒÈ‰ ÔÈ‡ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ‰¯·ÁÏ ÆÁ¯Î‰· ‡Ï ø‰‡·‰ Ô‡¯È‡ ‡È‰ ˙È„ÂÚÒ‰ ·¯Ú Ì‡‰‰ÎÙ‰Ó‰ ÈÙÏ Û‡ Ô‡¯È‡Ï ‰˙ÈÈ‰˘ ÈÙÎ ¨˙ÂÈÂÓ‰ ˙ÂÈËÈÏÂÙÂ ˙ÂÈ˙¯·Á ˙ÂÚÂ˙ Ï˘¨„Â‡Ó ÌÈ·¯ ÌÈÈÂÊÓ‰ ˙ÂÁÂÎ‰ ÈÎ ¨‰·Â¯˜ ˙È‡¯ ‡Ï ˙È‡·ˆ ‰ÎÈÙ‰ ¨ÔÎ ÂÓÎ Æ˙ÈÓ‡ÏÒ‡‰˙Ï‚ÂÒÓ ‰Ï˘ÓÓ‰ Æ‰È„Ó‰ ÏÎ ÏÚ ËÏ˙˘‰Ï ÌÈÈˆ˜ Ï˘ ‰Ë˜ ‰ˆÂ·˜ Ï˘ ‰ÁÂÎ· ÔÈ‡ÂÌÈËÒÈÏËÓ„ÂÙ‰ ÔÈ· ˜·‡Ó‰˘ ‡Â‰ ¯Â¯·˘ ‰Ó ÌÏÂ‡ Æ„¯˘È‰ÏÂ ‰Î¯„ ˙‡ ÒÏÙÏ ËÏÁ‰·

Æ·¯ ÔÓÊ „ÂÚ Í˘ÓÈÈ „ÂÚÒ Ï‡ ˙ÁÙ˘Ó ÔÈ·Ï ÌÈÂˆÈ˜‰

˙Â¯Ú‰

Æ±John Habib, Ibn Sa’ud’s Warrior of Islam: The Ikhwan of Najd and Their Role in the Creation of

the Saudi Kingdom, 1910–1930 (Leiden: Brill, 1978), pp. 154–155.

Æ≤ Â‡¯Joshua Teitelbaum, “A Family Affair: Civil-Military Relations in the Kingdom of Saudi

Arabia”, http://www.iue.it/RSCAS/RestrictedPapers/conmed2003free/200303Teitelbaum12.pdf.

Æ≥Yoni Fighel, “Saudi Arabia Confronts Bin Laden Supporters”, International Policy Institute for

Counter-Terrorism, online at http://www.ict.org.il/articles/articledet.cfm?articleid=498.

Æ¥John Bradley, “Conspiracy of Silence in Riyadh?”, Daily Star, November 22, 2003ÆÆµMark Hollingsworth, “Saudi Royal Guards Aided Al-Qa’ida in Riyadh Bombings that Left 35

Dead”, Independent, May 17, 2004.

Æ∂Huge Pope and Chip Cummins, “Saudi Suffer Fresh Terrorist Attack”, Wall Street Journal,

June�1, 2004.

Æ∑Saeed Haidar, “Manhunt Continues for the Three Escaped Terrorist”, Arab News, June 1, 2004;

Al-Sharq al-Awsat, June 1, 2004.

Æ∏Dave Montgomery, “Anti-Western Sentiment Rises in Saudi Neighborhood”, Kansas City Star,

June 14, 2004; Mohammed Rasooldeen, “Al-Muqrin Remained a Brutal Killer All His Life”,

Arab News, June 20, 2004.

ÆπSalah Nasrawi, “Saudi Anti-Extremist Campaign Not Working”, Washington Post, June 19,

2004. For more on al-Suwaydi, see John Bradley, “The Slum Where BBC’s Frank Gardner Was

Shot”, Yemen Times, June 14, 2004, online at http://www.johnrbradley.com/art_13.html.

¯·„ ˙È¯Á‡±∞≥

Æ±∞Henry Shuster, “Poll of Saudis Shows Wide Support for Bin Laden’s Views”, CNN.com, June

9, 2004, online at http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/06/08/poll.binladen/.

Æ±±Michael Theodoulou and Daniel McGrory, “Disguised Gunmen Try to Free Terror Leader”,

Times (London), June 9, 2004.

Æ±≤È·¯Ú≠Ï‡ Ò„˜≠Ï‡ ª≤∞∞¥ ÈÂÈ· ≤± ¨Brian Whitaker, “Sacked Sergeant Is New al-Qaida Chief in

Saudi Arabia, Guardian, June 22, 2004; “New al Qaeda Cell Leader Trained with Saudi Military”,

CNN.COM, June 21, 2004, online at http://www.cnn.com/2004/WORLD/meast/06/21/alaoofi.ap/

index.html.

Æ±≥“Al-Qaida: Sympathizers Aided Abduction”, Associated Press, June 20, 2004Æ

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