Professional Journal of the US Army - Timeft lcilvcm

JVIilitary Revievv Professional Journal of the US Army

ARTICLES

Reassessment of Military Professionalism Lt Col Sam C Sarkesian USAile 3 Profile of a Terrorist Charles A Russell

Capt Bowman H Miller USAF 21

Unions in the Military Pro and Con Unions and Democracy Davia Cortright 35 Military Uni ons No Strom Thurmond 44

Assuring You of OUf Best Allentions SUstainer 57

Soviet Military Assistance to Nationalist China 1923-41

Part I Maj Joseph E Thach Jr USAR 72 Some Tentative Thoughts After IndoChina Lt Col David R Holmes USA 84 US Inlervenlion in Mexico Veracruz 1914 Lt Co Merlin H Forster USAR 88

DEPARTMENTS

Reader Forum 2 Others in Review 51 Under Study 83 Military Notes 97 Miitary BooHs 103

jUTRY R[VIEVi is pllblishcd monhly io English SpniSh and POfllJgucsc by Ie US firm) CnmllianJ Jld General Si1f College ft lcilvcmltorth I(S G6027 Use of rtmds for pllnling Ihis publiralic1 apPHJvcd by lieadqunrler5 D~pilflmenl of lite tHmy 2 December 1975 ControllEd ClrClIlJliol1 polage paid al Leavenworth KS 66048 Subscription $800 per ycar US and AP01FPOj $1000 forElen Single copies $100 US and IWOfPO $125- foreign Addfi$5 all lTIail 10 MilUm Ileview USACGSC n leavenworth K~ 65027 TclIJPl1one- (913) 584middot5642 or AUTOVON 552middot5642 Unless otherwise salerJ the JiEWJ herein arE those of the auhors and ltlrc nol necessarij tl105e of lhe Oeparfmnl of Defense m li-oy clement llltreal [klSis of ufficial distri)oLDn is one per general officer and one per five neld grade oHIter~

US ISSN 0026-4148

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it in many ntioH ha gcllclatpd t

nnwl of tllIdemic military nnd 10111shyIlailk 4tudi(-~ In fllnt of thlt nlltl~ y-l~ ht(-Pl the primal fOC1L ljL~

IH(11 on 1110 nlefhatlji~ Ill hITorim rdlwj thid nn tlh ilhlivlduab ilshyHht(L A~ tI n)llIL 1Hth lIbh~lt-t a- tilt nllHl io urbll1 l1ift in the lOlII- 1)1 lllil-l tl~IIorit HHd g-ulrrilla operashyUlli a~ well aM h ~trudlltl llq-lIllshy

zal iOll 111lltllHil1g Wtapnnry 1 rnL(i~ Iud tatlcA of BJinl-gt [(llOIit gTolJ-i

bHVL iH i LlI e-plored ill -me tlelaiJ

ill rLtlllt ytar~ tq Igt I H card alshy111I1ipli hH beell til~1 iH lht JlrolJhJll nr IrllbllaiiHld tl~n(lliln and Lhe iJlshyllt-IillJly cloie illh-lTebLjtnship~ exshyj-iin~f iJdLwCef) itlTIllit urganization11

ill widlly -Lpalnted gLngTtphil ltlre1s

O lIlt world ltfliIIl unlilllw ell~

ldditi~lgtd Ixploib o( 1he Ho illfashy

lWltl YIl(illtll lll)1gt1i-j llIn-

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illaii()ll fr lIlt tlHtiridlln- luyolvtd in ttTIIl01 ((1 imiddotiiy

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jlilrlJI 1l1 I Hhlllt klllJw[(ilgL a-

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Hrht llfTori-nl md Iho-e (ado HHshy

iyting hi Ilioll COpi~ig jll nw i1llldulH III )tth lIatjqnal atld 11al~shy

lliitinBal titTlgti-11l will hltHIlll illshy

lrtI=-lIljly dimnd~_ Whill thi~ Idiell line not [Jlei(IH

1n dlp thi-i imptlvlalll l~-parch g-tll

it i 11 droJL ~n df1elnlllle if therL an tll1 (lIlllllWII (jmlalipritk- and -limshyibritite ill IIll Sl(ltl origill politilHI phiisopiJv tdunliiUll alSe and fmlly

TERRORIST PROFIL~

background of individual-l engnged in terrOlist activities Ba-lcd on a comshypllatiull and analysis of published datu lel~Hliing more than 350 tcrrori~t

cadre and leader flom PnlcstiniliTI JaptHlSe Germnll I r i ~ h Italian Turkish Spanish Irnninn Argentine nrnzilian HflU Uruguayan groups acshytive from 19GG~7(i an altempt is made lu draw 1 ~ociotogieal llortluit or 111Oshyflle of the mudern lIlban terrori~t

To el1xure tile greHtc~t pmsible ac~ lulacy in lhis portrait dala were culshyleded only 011 those imIividuuls active in smue 18 revolutionary groups lmmvn to sJHcialize in urban lerloiism elsUH Ill I 1 guellilla VHlfnre Ac~

tonlingly among the PdeUnian~ emshyphnxi was placed on pelsons assoshyduted with the Populul Iront for the Liberation of PaleHtine CPFLP) und the Black September Organization I BSO J while in Japan the Japanese lied Arm (rRA) iI gronp whieh al-

Chades A Russell is eftief AcshyIJllidfioUs aJUl Analysis DivisioH fJirc(orafr of C01oderill(clligctlcc llnHfrjlwrfrrs ~4iJ Fonc ODiec of gtp((ial Illcsfiuaitons liashtngto1 DC]] rrltTveci a BS from NorfhshyIfiltrrn UnivenJitl (L JD 10111 (OJfjffoUn University and ail MA ill (11((( slwlip ami (l Imiddoth) in in~ rliflfimwl itwlics jnml Amcrirall Ul1ilcrifJ

ways hai opernted ouhdde thaL nation us eliosen fn the Federal Republic of Germany attention was giVen to lhe Movement Two June (M2J) and the BandclltMeillIlOf (EM) group In Northern Ireland the Provisional Ving of the Itish Republican Army (IRA-P) was the target III Itay simital emphaslB vas placed on the neu Brigades lim I nlld the Armed Proletarian Nuclei (APNJ In TnrkeYI the Turkish People) Libclntion ilmy (TPLA) of the early 1~7Qs wns seshylected Ior Spain the BaRque FHther~ tand Hnd Liberty Movement specifi~

cally E11-1 and the Mnrxist-intlushylnecd Anli~Faxcipt Pniriotic and Heyo~ lnliolllllY Frunt (FRAP) were used Finully in Latin America lhe Arglllshytine MHui(JlIcros and the Trotskyite Peoplegt RexoluUonary Almy HfiP (kNrciio RVlJoutirmario del Pucblo) in that count n the Brazilian groups following Carln8 MlIlighlJa ~l1ld the

Captain Bomman H Mill US Ai Force is a coullieriutdligcmc (Hid tl1loriStll rtscarcli mwlust 4c~ IllliHti ions awl Analysis Division IJircctornie of C01t1licri11tellfgencc [falqllorfcts Ai Foltc ODfce oj ~p(d(tlll1~Lleifi[ali()ni nrashlngtoll DC He eived a BA a an lJ 4 fnm the UnflJerslty of Iowa He stT1Wd in BOlin West Genllanlll at Ih liS Embassy

Military Review

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In organizing information reguld ing the personnel data have been sumshymarized under eight headings nge sex marital status rural versus urbau origin sodaI and economic back~

ground education Qt occupation metllOo 01 place of recruitment und political-economic phHoophy In each category or heading factors commun to terrorils from various areas of the world are indicated as wen as those which appenr to vury depending on nntiol1HI origin The nrtitle concludeR with a mmmalY of cnmmonalities Hnd differences regatrling tenori1t8 from uriou~ geographic arens

Age 1

In the 18 groups studied the age for actiye tctrolist cadre versu~ leadshyership was rcmarknuly cunsistent from group to group gxcept for individuals alfiiinterl with Palestinian GenTIan and Japanese organizations the usual UIllUll terrorist was between 22 nnd 25 Among the Uruguayan 1lfpamar01r a grnup particularly active in the I~HiG~71 time frame the uverage uge of arrested tel1ortsts Wilg 241 In lwi~hborillg Htazil where revolutionshyary elcmtmiddotnts were very activpound in the inte IH60f) and in Argentina wherein terrorism has almost become a way vf life sluce the early 19708 indivjduHI cllorjjt cadre averaged 23 nod 24 re~pccti ely For other Latin nations -iuch as Spain and Italy almolt identi shycal figures were noted In Spnin for example arrested members of the BaRque Fatherland find Liberty Muveshyment averaged 2B2 and those ts30CIshyate] with the Mandst-Cummllnist FUliP were 2U) Enl1 in 1mn Tul~

August 1971

TERRORIST PROfilE

klJ jwr nrthern Ireland the mnlC

g-eneltll pattcrn continued ilh ages averaging between 23 alld 21

Only in Japanese PulesUninll Hnd Ve~t German group) waf there an upshyward trend in cadre age In Japan based on arrested Inemuers of the Jnpiwese Red Army average age was npJloximately 28 For those affiliated vdill the Popular Front for the Liberilshytion of Pnlestine and the Black Sepshytcmber Organization poundlatH on identi shyfied and arrested terrorists indicate mOKt were in their late 203 In the case of the Baadel~Mcinhof orgmizashytion Hnd the Berlin-bused I-fovernent Two June data 011 more thun 100 ladre members lellected nil average age of 11t

Vhile n IHecise explallation iigt not ttmdily avuilable regarding the sigshynith-autly older nge of nt lent the Paetillian nnd Ve~t Germall tellolshyLlt cadre one j)ostiiblc reason may lie in the eompoition of the groups III hoth en~egt the tenoJist organizatioll in question are not comlHljed prlmmshyily of graduate tnt undergraduate ullJvertlity stlJdellt HR is the case for many of the gloup ntHdiei IIl~tead

many membelx of both Palestiniall and Vet Gernmll organizatitJ-lls are unjgtenlity gnuilwtes Who have become jUlIinr prnfe-ional people doctors lawels lind -ltj forth By vlJtue or thiM rad alone lheil HVeurolHgc age is hihcl lhan that of lhe Ilmn-( purdy student gTOllpR

Vbile age trend fDr members uf mally tClTorixt gTOlljlH have be-cl) rciltlshythcly ~~taLJlc over the lat decade there nrc recent indieatton-l Jlurticularly among the Spmih Latin AmeriLJlll Irish Italliall ami Turidgth orgnnizlttshytiowgt that the 22 to 25 age level mny IH~ dropping It would appenr that the often analchIsticrevolutionury nhishyoiophy henloflwe hllgl~ly a province

23

TERRORIST PROFILE

of the tlllivtlsitmiddot students hns pershymeated into the secollrlmy -chool leveL Tlnls arlv t of Spanish 1Ii~lmiddot

IlHITliJelH- ill the spring of lV7G db~

dused a Humber in theil te-~IlS Simimiddot lal deelopment were evident in Arshygentina han ltlml TlIley In Nurthern Ireland iome of the lClrorisL appreshyhended have heel1 as young ns 12 to 11 There al~o are sign- that tlw ag-e uf Pale6tinian lerrolit ma hl~ lowelmiddot ing Thoc imlidritwls illohed ill the 11 Augll-i ]~)7G nLtiltk on Uw I~rHeli l~l Al terminal in b1anuu] Yedkiiy Airport for examph were 2) lIlld 2-J

AltlHugh ttllurit lHfire continue to fall ilLlo the eally aHd tnld-fh the ~middott(ll~hil JUHI of lllillV tenolist urshyg-lIlillIilJll- i-l lllU(h older III Brazil dUling lh~ Tall lWOs Ultl early Hl70i (arJo~ Marighela and his 611lleS~)rs

oftel1 We) ill their ltItt lOs or earl~

0 rIariglwlu g-LlIendly lIllsitlelld the tending thenretldall of urban h~ishy

rOIim 1- fig ill his (Italh ill Xnemshybel lfHL Amoug Algcntinc LilushyluaJIUl and ltalian tetTolisl elemllIi1 jHlrrhip i- or U III its JlIid~W- nl LarJr middotIOs lit rgentillltl 1blio SHHltl~ dwmiddotmiddot--foundel and leath) I)f the highly dlellie Pcople fievolutiolJar AImy ----Wtt~ middot10 at his death in July lH7ti Hi ehicf lielllcnani- Enrique Goniashylhl JoMe llttaga ilnll Dumitlgu ~Iella Idc-o kllt~lt III July I were ollly lightly ynlllljer lhan Sallllt(ho Raul SelHlil shychid of lhe UrugunSltl1l Tllj)(JlUall 01shy

jalllzlItinll-middotmiddot-wHImiddoti2 Whlll hi glOUp lJeshyvall ignil1ent ol1enHiulI ill Ow lnte lHiOs (matI) Curein leo(lcr of the Italinn Hed Brigade) wus Hj when al shy]e~lcd ill t~arly ID7G

III the Pale-Uniall gVOllps polityshyleH~1 lenlit4 are oftell ill theil laie l(h or enry 50) Similaliy ill Germany Anlllcn- Baade founder of the Hilader-j(eltd)O[ (lJjanization L ~

alld ll1tJly ot Iii gtoHP- eurnmt or

24

fmmel JemIegt i H01st Mahler 10 Chlhln Eckes middotiG Gudrun Ensslin m anti HolgCl lleill-1 35) arc in their late )03 and eady ~10 Ulrike Metnho the lo~follJlder and chief ideologue of ihe Haadur-leillhof group took her life nl age 1 in lay 1976 while on tllal in Stllttgart

Dcltpitc minor llliation- among HmH of the ~rnllpo tudied urban telshyrOJlm ](~n)ajnl a predominantly male phenomenon During the l)eliod Pshy

HIllinc) l~jtlt)~ili I almost nH Hignitishytalll telT(lliBt npelatitH]s (well over HO percelll were diicctcd led and excshy(Uild iJy nWIl 111 Lltin Americim (1shy)orit 1I1g-lllizathlI (lhe AIgeniill Jf(llltfJffJOli and friP the HlltIilinll SCl($sUIs to lItriglwla Hnd thc ClUshygUYilll TUPlll(U118 womens nlLmshyIJclhip l~ le3 lhnn Hi percent (ba-ed on arnsteli identifted tCllOfshy

i-t cadre) Amon~ lhee orgnnitalionlt the Tushy

jllllUGIIIi made perhaps the 1110l1t uc of wumen howcreI with few excepshyt iOll- the role of the~e women was lHlInned to illtelJigence coIlediPl) op~ erallon as cuurier duties as llllre

nllt medical perwnnel mtl in the 1jaitltenHlue of -nfe houses for ter-1llristM Iught uy police tmd for the 4orage of weapon propaganda falte tlncumcnlaUon fllll(I and other UP~

Jllit~ tntereUugiy the elllJlirc Veneshywelall tenorit (al1os ( Itich Rashymirez Sllehez) associated with rop~ ular Front for the Liheratiun of Palesshytille npelHtions in Ellrolle alJlo llsed hi~ women contact in Paris nlmost solely for thcM pllrpOl4e1i II In Spanish H~lliall TUIllth-ih and Iranian terrnriHt gOUts thi~ same predominantly t1Up-

Military Review

port r The

knlJ11

lioll Shigel e18 in eratioi Red they the lui VCHt

i Ilg th ltill i~ op01af

In Arostj gentifl ihief j

flCllh Fore D~cernl

which Spanij BlulHI 1~7middot1 1

( Caft Idlled W(lU lHk ghpritll of Hall Curdu jJnrbmt (Itlite pi

nWlltio n(Jmt~

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not the but lnt the mill and a~ (~

tionf Wi

Augut 197

-10 port role for women hns been noted jin There have been numerous wellshylull lrHowll exceptions to this generalizashy11] f tion Thus Leila Khnlid nnd FUlako of Shigenobll were highly effective lead~ her els ill Lhe Popular Front for the Libshyon eration of Palestine and the Japanese

Rc(l Army reIpectively Together lhey were instrumental in Hrlfinging the inilial PFLP training of JRA and Vc~t German cadre in Lebanon durshying the eurly 1970s Today Shigenobu iUH is considered the actuallelider and opcrai iOllal brains behind the IRA

In Latin America Norma Esler Atotito was a co-founder of the Arshygentine JUUlItoHcros and erved ns

ifi- chief ideologue of that group until her er death in 1976 In Spain Gcnovevc

F)rest Tarat played n key role in the December 1973 ET4-1f operation which relmlled in the a~ilasslnation of Spani-3h Premier Admiral CaIreIo Blanco a well as the 13 September Hl7 -i bombing of a Madrid restnurunt ICafe Rolando) which resulted in 11 ldlled and m 0 r e tban 70 persons wounded In this same context Marshy

Ifshy ghelita Cagol the now deeeased -ire of IttIinl1 Red Brigades Jeader Renato Curdn appears to have played nTI lmshyportanl role in that organization anti qllite pns1ibly to have led the RB comshynlnndo leam which freed Curcio from ome Cnsale Monferrato jail on B Iebnmry 1975

Vhile these and mnny other women have carlied out ker leadership or opshyerallonal roles in varied terrorist troup mORt women terrorists conshyUnue to function in a supportive CI

padtr Significantly this frequent relshycgaUuli of women to a support role is not the product uf lmnle ~hluvil1ism hut rlllher pructrcal experience In

ii I he minds of most hrrorit lenders -l and as demonstrated by actn~d operushyp- IiOHS~ women are simpl more effecte

August 1917

TERRORIST PROfiLE

than men in such RUpporting nctivf~ ties Severnl women living together (yet actually operating a ilsafe house wcnpulls storage cache or document fabrieation faci Ii ty ) Ule infrequently seen by security pel~onnel as someshything unu~lal whereltls a gatherIng of men ill an nplHtnwnt 0 homc might well be viewed Vitll substantial iUSshy

pieion Similarly in the terrorist view women-by virtue oi their sex tlone -are more adept at allaying the SUBshy

pidon of security peniOnnel As a reshygtult Ilosing HH wivcl1 or moth erN they oftell ean enter nreas whieh would he lclrided to men thereby ubtaining useful intelligence information on govshyernment or busincs~ operatiot11 and activities

Although women have fUllctioned ill a Fceondary Iole in most tenorist gtIHlPS they hnvc (j(~culJied II very im~ pOltaut 11Ositiol1 in the Vest German Bander-Meinhof organization Ht well as the Movement Two June rhere women constitute fully ofH~tbird DC the operational pel~mmeL In addition to the leading role oi Ulrike Meinhuf in founding the Baader~Meillhof

group nearly flO percent of that oshygHlliza1ion amI Movement Two TUJle

petgollllcl at Inlge as of Augu-1t 1pound76 wele women FnllJ of lhelte women escaped from jail in Vest Bertin in June 1J7(1 Several others were freed during the Ruccesfttl kidnapping of Peter Lorenz Chrilian Democratic maynru candidate in Bellin by Mnveshymelll Two June illl 27 Februury lH7fi and han sitHC joined forees wiih the Popular Front foJ the Liberatioll of Palestine

In lhe Vest German context there appeir ttl be HO rcal terrorist ujvillion of lahol bn~ed on sex [ Vomen such afl Ulrike Meinhnf GUdlllll EnR1lin lngrid SiepmHllll Hanna Krabbe Gashyhriele Kri)chcf-Tiedemann and AuteJa

25

TERRORIST PROFilE

Lllllwr all han Illtll ideo il1erl in lead~ lt-hip role and L~ part iciptnt~ ill

1(Il)HII(s lmrglario killllltillilill)i

homIJiug HHI oth(r opelalinn III ih Lul1h~xl ablieie lr)ehcl-TietlemallH was n-pol~ible fpl lhe Ht~XIClllill

of AU-lliall Illlln ollkial AIHon TiehshyItI lllrillg tlw IJenmJ(1 117ii ttwli on tlw OtJtllizatioll of Ihl Pdmltm Export ill1-i (lIlltllls uil Jllilliskl~

IlhetillJ it VieHlla ll~e Iantil a [01shynl~l a~-IlliHte of the M~J plalllled fllH (llTieri out he a-[ssinalLJll of

(~ljntll iellflrlst lllriltOut Ulrilh SthmnctIiLl ill Vel Tcrlin un i) JUJll~ 1)7middot1 11

Marital Status

Thl llUlillTitti t(-tToI1It j~ sl ill tlH~

nrle ra1her limn tlH lXlfptioll nc~

tjuinlllll fpl 1loldllly Jlexihiity illitilii -ttuliiy awl total thdicll~

tioll ill a nqlHjjonary lt11-12 nil l)ICshy

dudtmiddot lHlllllhcrillJ Jilnlily leiJtJllsishy

Iliiie- nml IIflrm~dly dlelate ingle t~t1L 11)1 irlllally -Ill npZlatinnaJ ttl~

rori jldn~ Statisl ilo lcglnlilJ alshy

lpiltied 01 jdtll1ilipd t(1TolilL in Lltin

AnlPrill Euroill the liiddlv Ea[ awl AIn rIl11( li~1 7ti 10 xli llellelll of

tlie illdh lei illlIll~d Hre xiUIhlt Some qj tilt few 11lllTied ilHliddul- imnnd jll l~tlmal1 I(lrnri-l ndivilie~ Hor~l fahler CIlilw 1ltduoof lIIH

nl(b lul hel I Ctld tic tn PIJSCS

and ehildrvll in onlr to PllgtIle tCllorshylGt Hwl hod

Ouly ill lhe UIuillaYltl 7tllWIlfIl()

t glJlll whith 1lColdillg to reolushytiolllry tlwurit HeJd J)PiJlHY ma~

hae I1me t1lt ~liatc~t llSC of woshymell tl Wlre a ~iullilkallt llllmbel UIl kigt Uwn W pplcentl of the telshy)()ri~l cildle III a rnallied stltllU~ 11 Of inl(~IeAt ill Iegan to thif JT)UP i the

fnd that Ihe flnlTkd -tatus of many IlJHIJHlroN p()ed onw Illkanl op~ eratinllld problem~ for that group III thoe i tI4tances where the wi~ of TUiJIIIWI()~ Wl~Te HlTctetl and 111shyjedlJ) tIl illtelTlljfutjJll 11101111 t)tIshy

lltralion~ ldmllsl tompelled 1Ilt 1TllHJl

10 clk their relpa~e A~ a llslliL in ol0ratill~ ~llh tH the 8 1llch 1)j(l

allnck U1I the oll1en lrj~un iii jmiddotIOllshy

teiden whtlL the ellurt ilellled lhL tl~ka-t( of la HIHeu Tfp(lIll(1ro~ lIId wa- ti llJ0pljxalHia lllorllle vidOlT fol the ll)gHnizltltitln the emt wa~ high bl ctl-ualtif1 -Ittfferei by lhe attad tenrt Tilliei the deeiioll of fl1(It teIToril olgallizatilllli to IlW tlnmalTLcfl or lPshyifnied fJC-I-iofllwl appears soulHl frpl1l

til Opt~nl [0111 POll1t of dew

RIJra versus Ufban OrigIn 1

~--------~

As (lolntl ollL by t allo~ Marighela jllooahly the tllO-it widdy read known and imitahd thellclilian illld p11shy

l iliulH tlf udJaIi JullTiJ1n wurfall

the tcrrollCit llllLt be illtimaieb faw milia with he P1Tain in whitll he opelU iK

iVart Iliff i~ iii blit [l pnth II fllllITiltl ((iJi ltl fJIIf plene he fttl

liid~ IctIillff ht OlJIi at the lliat uf hiN oiln iYj(o)(fJUI With hi rl(shytaUn htfwtlye of tht ictgt alld all lidl Illoks (Jud f(l1l1lie~ vj t1ir

Iuyitt lItlfwl Ihe (It(T~t tiH woodnl ynmlld nriwlI [JucTrilluH ffI1 ((sit dude fhl wilf or wrjJris(~ tho) ill H (nlP PI uJJlfmltIL If he lmnws fIJI Ilfollliti mfli bull he cau alway Nrf1iJi~ rtrns JI

I t l~w of the abul it i~ nut ~urshypri~inj tlwt most urhm terroristli Ire natie4 01 long-time lesidcllts of metshyltlpolitall area~ pnrtieular1r the citiL~S ill which they operate In Algentin1

2

3

Augu1 1911Mititary Rcview 26

111111

TERRORIST PROFILE

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2-Ulrike MllInhof

J-Gal1rielc Kriich~r-Tleuernann

ltI-Mario Santuchll

5-Caflos Hlich Ramirez Sanchn

J

Augus 1977 21

TERRORIST PROFlE

where the f~RP and lJftmltJUtTf)S have Ieen )00 -uccessful in urban opcntUon- during the palt six years approxishymately 90 pelcent of their members ure from the greater Buenogt Aires a ca itelf In Emzil the bulk of Mashyrighela- followers Hnd imitators (arne from nio de JaHeiro Silo Paulo SunshytliS and necife while in eruguuy wer 70 percent of the TupmGlo were natives of Monteviueo their primary areH of activity

In Innl Turkey Italr and the Fedshyeml Hepublic of Germany most iCIshy

lOllb illC from llrlmn area- paliicllshylally TeheJan Ankara )lome Milan Genna V~t Berin and Hlmbulg Similarly it signifilant llllmlwt Df the Iilllitllll Hed Almy mernlJl~rs who operated so elfedively with ELlrolletlll~ based mel1liJers of the Popular Flont for the Liberatioll of PaleiliIlP during the years 117-7l are from TolIOYO J(Volo OiHka or other lllplUle~1e met~ ropuliLtlI nmlcrs

Even in Spain th1s -lIne trelHl iH evident There howeer ~lllh()ugh

most membels of the (ommlmit AIItishyFascbt Patriotic and Rcndulionary Front ore flom larger lilies ~l1ch as )iadrifl 01 Barcelona mtl11liPl-i of the Basllue Fatherland lHI Lihclt J10e~ ment generIlly come frum snwllel cen~ telS in the Basque regioll such as Sali Belmstiail and fWhao

In addition to an urban bnekglound ~eventl European ierrorist ilUUPH

have tended to focus opClaticH1 in a -pecific region ot city of Qtjgin (it in familial nearhy arens fhml in Hniy Hw Armed Proletarian Nuclei which traditionally hUB o)elalcd in mmth nIHI central Italy focHses its nctiities in Nuples Reggio Calabria anti Rome while lhe Red Brigades of northlH1 Itlian oligin have been most active in Milan Genoa Rolog-nn Turin and Florence

In Germany and Spain simBal pat~ terus arc evident In lhe Federal Reshypublic the Movement Two Juneshywhich originated in Vest HerlinshycOllJined much of its activity to thi~

cit while the Bander-Meinhof organishyzation borll in Frankfurtf operated primarily In this base area and sur rounding cities In Spaln t wHh few ex(eptions m 0 s t activities of the Ba-ique gTA -V h n e been in the Daque Provinces and particularly the are sUll(Jumling the cit)- of San Seshyba-Utit In contlnAt FHAP a group CflI1lP)Hd lalgelr of MarxiHt ~tudenhi flUIT 11 a d rid ami Burcelona has lCllllcti tl) emphasize operations in lhlil ann~ Other identifiable pattern of thi4 type nre evident in Turkey (with the Al1kara~based Tlllkish Peo~ pic Liberation Almy fUCtltlng on op~ elatiulIl in that city) lind in I all (wilh the Peoplelg Strugglers ~Incl Penpleli Saclil1ce Gueurorrillas both iile~l5illg adivities in TEheran and its enVltl)nsl 1

1OI the Palestinian organizations par1 hlIlady the Popllblmiddot Front fUI the Liberation of Palestine mnny mernshyherB oppear to huve been born in 01

lived for -lignificnnt periodi of time in mnjol urban at-cas In addition many PalesUnhl1R including some of lhose HOW aniliaied with ihe PFLP were eilucated abroad fin 1969 some iOOO Palestinians were studying abroad)1 Trained in European and variou Nlid die En~tern univerities ln such cities li filanldurt Stuttgilrt Berlin Lonshylon Cairo Beirut and Paris these inshydividual -ere intimately familiar with orban life normally spoke a forshyrdgn language and were able to inteshyglltte into amI live in any metropolishytan area without difficulty The sucshy(es~ of Palestinian terrorist operations iii Europe over the past four to five years altests r(ladily to this fact

Military Review

Social ltIi

In conjul1 gin or 1011

l)()lHan arc l1lidflle~tla~~

gruund of lellIer A on arrested cinted with clrliBJ reHe these itldhimiddot dIe or UPjH[

ilaiions 01 theil pareni ple govern mats cielD somet ime e

Although the existing terns manr tlltlterl in Ih ehieles for nomic rnnbi outlook thi ignifilant 3middot

Vhcn these pled with ~

dodrine~ (1

sity lillle~ d lJin~tiDn of tudent di~tl

tulionmiddot as t

rnenting fW

moved Rome rorixm and of achiedng IHilling the 1 hangeB

Vhile paf mi t a debt ilei ihe more thH a Clllwry Iltl ome gJOl) 1 ~trates theil in the Band

Augus 1977 28

luI putshyral Rcshylulleshy~~r1inshyttl ih i-l orgmishy

iperated lid m~

ith rev of the in the

ariy the San Se~ ~t grotlp Judcuts na hn~ jon- in patterns Turkey

ish Pe_oshyg 011 01)shy

Iii Iran ltl lntI s both mltl it~

izaitHl l for the y mum~ rn in or time in 1 mny of those p were me (iDOt) iJIOhd)f

OilS 1iidshyi(h l~ities

ti tl Lonshyheie inshyfamiHal

middotke a f01shy

to intcshyldrollOlishyThe sueshypcrdions 1 to five

fnd

Social and Economic Background I Ii

In conjullction with their urbnn ori shygin ul longtime te~idence in metlO~

poUtan ateas is the predominantly I1ljddle~clas8 or even t1l1pcl-claQrgt backshyground of mnny tellurist cadre and leaders A statisiiClt )edew of datu on nrrestedidentiHcd terrorists aSStl~ linteu with the 18 groups mentioned earlier reflect well over two-thirds of these individuals eame from the mhl R

dIe or upper classes in their respective ltatioll or ureaf- In most instances theil parents were plofc~sional peoshyple goYclllrnental employee diplo~

mat$ clergymen military ofliccrs or s(Jmetimes even police ollicia18

Although these parents Were part of the exhding licial lIld economic 1Y~shy

tems mans of them had been frusshytlHted in their ctIortt tn llse them flH

vehicles for upward social ~md ecoshyHomic mobility Liberal in poHlical outlook they frequently advocated ignificant ~ucial and political change When these parental views werl coushypled wilh the radical socioeconomic dndlillcs so pupuial in most ullivel shyit) c1rdes dHrlll fhe HHWs thi comshyhillatiul of forccs---middotadded 10 genetat stmlent db tust of democratic insti shytulions HS efIeclin media for impleshynwnting social change--mny have muccl some young peuple iowald tershynwism and guerrilla Vur a me thud uf achieving thc dcsited chmge 01 obshyjlilling the pOW01 io implement ~lIch change

Vhjle iipnee limitations do not pershymit a detailed case-by-cage at1alysi~ of t he more than 350 tCllOlils studied a curso look lit -Ow backgroLlnd of wme group leaders and cadre demllnshystntes their middle-class origin ThI1G ill the Bandel~Meillhoi urganizatiol1

August 1917

TERRORIST PROFILE

IIlld the Movemcilt Two June over 65 neltent of the mcmbelKhip wa from the middle lluHs Bander was the SOH

of a hiltolinn Ulrike Meinhof the tlaughtet of all art historiall IInrxt lVlahler the HOl1 of a dentistl Holger lTeins the ~on of it busines manaI~er illHi Gmtnm Ell-~lill the daughter of a lItngyman In Uw Japanese ned Army a imilal pattern WitS evident There the leading female memoet FUsnko Rhigel1obu valgt the daughter of an insuralLce executive while cadre memshyhers and leuhr- -nch at Maruola Osnmu Hirlalw To~hihiko Nhthilmwa JtlU Hnt others were IHoduct of a mjtldlc~du etlvironment The ame iA cvirllnt amollg the UnlgutYpoundl1l TushyHIfl(()N whoe membclshill rarely il1~ elurled imlividualH from lhe working lIm- l)ltl whuse compositiun WlUl over DO-pelcellt middle- and l1Pl)tt-cla~~

RllHlenh Hml Young lH)fe~sionab As pointed out III Nuvembcr 1J70

by thpn Urllglil~an Chal1tcllor Jorge Peirano Falio Fn1 each f1mfl~ of thc tlJlper locial (]HS~ there is a TUl)ilshynUlln IT In Argentina the snme geHshyend ~ituation ilrcvuils ith members of the TrolHkyilr BRP amI the radical Ptlollit MOlltOIIIOS from these ame g(llerli sotLal lcvlllt Even in ille)1 ulh as Turke) Iran and among the PdelUllian olganizatiolls where one might cXl1elt some breakdown iu the ])tlttelll it remains genetuUy conshysistent

Only in the rHllkl of tht Pluvi~iolla] Wing of the lrigth RepHhlitHn Army j there a real deviation from the Ilorm To n sigl1ificant degree thiN may result n pointed out ill several ~tut1jeg on this organizalloll by the London-butlted Im~titl1te for the Study of ClJnflit t from the faet thal Cathshyolic familielt in Nurthern Ireland trashytHUonally have ueen lcJegated hy poshyBUeal mcnn ttl the lower economic

29

TERRORIST PROFilE

lItHl ltfllitll len-Iclt lhtnuvll a pr(jle~~ or d(~libeJllll diseriminiition A((~f)nlshy

jog] it i~ JH)t -lIlpli~illg- tn fil1d lha mHII ladll ltlnd lcadtj-hip within the IRA~P IIle nol drI11 from the middle 1I111 tIpur clwmiddotcl This -ituatioll h()~ eveI ~Ii)jrls O~lt iI dnlO-1 the sille iX~ Iplin 10 middot0111 Jh-Id(~ lllItnd Inti ltl~jAI LlI t pat iIIIL

~~~~~~~~shy -shy

ducaHan or Occupation I h

A lHight hl alltictpated from ])1Cshy

(ell j Ill eOlllnwnI ~ he a~t majori Ir of lhn(~ individuHl- inynhcd in tershylfllit lltivilili 1- adre OJ leadt~

ale quite Wtt1-elillaLud In fHcl ap~

proxilultly lo-thild~ of thme id0tl~

Untd 1CIorit- are PLlIltOIl-gt with ~UlllC 1I1lltIily tlmiddotnillillg ulliuJily L4rHdll~

al~~ or JIsIlI~lIIIltllL Il](ilmi AnHJll~ tIll Latif] Amerilln ttI1Oils1 grOLlJl~

palUtibJI~ thl~ l~r~qrlIaYlul TlljlfllUfshy

Ins nud tile ArgntiIlP Illlple HevshylJluliflHiry AnllY awl ioJltOilru3 the ilttlln- lieared 75 ptleenL til CeH sHeh t~SClj illlr tmi iOIldi~t IIIgullizationA lt-

j he nn~qle Fatherland awl Lihertr MOPtiHHt nJl)n~ I han If) lH~lltnt of the itlltl iflLtl lt~adLr aiEl (lldle nwmbels who haH bet illll-~fd Iwd lOme llllj~

tIdl- I)aloin) I lid lllalJY were grnllshylIdl~~ In the Ftklal lteplblic of GelshyllllIY the -ame pILt(~1I Was evidenl wilh nppl(lximtply HO ptIeent of Ihe more 1I1IH tHO idtIIUfivd lelltJrils 111shyHl~d with thl lIldtrmiddotl1rillllllf 11shy

galllz1l111l md lon~mell[ Two Jilllt

haying retdnd 1 Ilt onw college

(dllcrtlit)l For the taller groul the Free Ulliel~iir (If Berlill YH~ H j)nlshyIit-Illady fruitful retitllting glllllll(L

In Turlur ami Irull HlliQrsit~~

irtlill(~l t(rrurists were the lHIt rather lhan (he exception The TurkiRh PenshypJelt LiIH~ratiOl Army H group rcshy

3D

~p()ll~ible fur tilt Ilan~h IQII lidllal)~

ping of foul US Ail Fmce airm(11 in Allkara and the -iuL-ieqULId ilLirlh 1~1~2 kidnapping ltlnd exetulifll1 or th1ee NATO telhniciall~ was lOI1lshyJlo~etl nltno~t complet-ely of stuhIli ftul1l the )fiddle E bull lern Tedlllieal lJlllLImiddotgtity I )lrTl I in Ankara Leadshyill lhe TILA grDup Imolnrl ill tlij operalioll a~ D(ni~ Gezl1lie it iIETU gTutiunllt Within han 1 sllj)~tallti4d

numbel of those invulved in tlTorit lll i vH ies vere pelSOIlS wit 11 a Illli rel~

i1y haekgrolllld In TehCrm for tXshyllHiple Rea Rtgtai tlw 2 June H17 n~ilsojJl Hf US t lmy Lieutenant (lto~ lH~1 Lewi Ilawli~ns was a delltist1Y -IHlelll at Ihe Unit Oiher ig-Ijlk~nt 1--tlssiiaills ltlnd terrolit ad ill I rail tilllh t- the HUntk un tht U~ (11lilel- Prill Sitlflt~J Hnd TIIItll

were lilliL1 Ollt ill large part 1l~

irallilll lI1il~Iit~middot jrhates For Palelinltln g-rO1[l-1 as jluilltetl

(Jut I Dr PtJi lulehElli at the 11 11shyillZltn D( tonfCIence on 11ltcrnashytiHila Terrorism nHl~i lEading telfrrshyL t afire alt not onl pn1dlllts f it

Hlidtlh-clLmiddot~ emimnmcut bilt al~q lni~ clAHy tulieHtgt or gllfluatcs

(miple with the middotlttlHll high vtiHlalionaJ 1 P I ur ovelJUomd ltuin was m etjlllly high lct~l for troup lcuh C~f)lie HalJhnh chief uf tbe n~Iv allivl PFLP is a mtd1lnl doliCll Hi t1)ullteqmlt and frequent rimiddotd )ail Arafat i~ a gTaduatc CII$ilWQ

HlnaLll Curcio (ollndel of the Italiln itld IliJiade~ i- a (wioiogy ~~~dllttt(

HIJ1Hrto SllllludlU 1l0W d~ltH-ed fqshy

melmiddot leader pf the Argentinc PcoJ11l~M

HenlillliuwlY Arm) W- an c~middot)tlushy

mi~t ind Haul Spnrtie crelttlot of the l1f]10 nla rill a 1a wyet I II the Federal Hepublie of Germany naadl~r~Jleinhnr ha(lt~r lIor ll11hler i now iHlplis~

liBcd ) b a law)fl lIeinhof was a joulnalit En-141in and Luther ttilth-

Military Review

ur- -I)(in II tJ 1-1

ill t h Ii

ldllti illil

tadri fill 1

lfllp (dUH

Inlic arts and 1 lduCl

plni i

lI1il

I ht ~

tl

Iti h t tw ri

litl

flu

iI JI r

i I f f

it1fdl gt

janl j

domino li-idc t h1 t 20-

llElntli

Blllzii gtwh Iud - [

part Ili

ing 11 la I

lImen) celli oj

i~ts i I

~t nile)middot

vidual groilp-

August 1

idnupshymen ill

Manh ~ iOll or t tOnlshy

tndents cl)llical

I Lendshyi I thi ~iETU

i ltIll ti al lImiddotUli~l

U11 i ershy

for 1)shy

~~ 1~171

It inlushy_lIti--lry -oilkallt ad ill Iht U-i THIIIC

la1t hv

ppilllct I 11shyIllttna~

tv)lO)shy

j ~ (J r l

Ti n 11l1i~

ir hih d (alllC

ItllJlljl

I Ilr til dqdHL

t rial JljIUP(L

HaUni rluall

tmiddotd fnrshyPellles

( Ill I-

I nf Ihe Fcdcntl

Itinhllf irnprishy

l Itlthshy

er~ nnd Jan-Carl -tl1le a grnduate ntlologllt Pl1cticing doctos ami mltes al~o huve been active terrorists in these Vest Genmll glOllI1S

Anhol1~h spanning a Iather wide educatiOlml speltlum the furma] t raillil1g of both terrorist lenders llHl eadre ill rnost group lenned to fOCll~ 011 the humanitic- with particlllar cmplla~i1 nn luw hi1tOlY ecnl1omic- education sodology philosophy and rnetlidrw In contluHf to thi general ~nl md 8ci0tle(~4 clIlIituhlm Ilanian and Turldsh tllTollslH tem1t11 to lH~

edutatetl ill tl more cad sciences pad ilularly in technital ncldR sllch ltlR puginecling Ah a genera uxetplion to the entire educaUonal liHtieIn howshyen is the Provisional Ving or the Irh Hepublkan Army e-entiallr for the rea-iuliS sci rorth in the eallier ililIlnll or tlcial origin

Till l ru l il(11 INA aud the cr~

tlrwi rn)fcffJuf (111114 which urost iJl ffrdiol til ii (In (hI ntdJ rlNorisl nillli=ntiIs ill tllr lnlld which 11111

11 fllIr IlrIdf~ltfll lin 11 ro(linlll I(l

IId(t(I As stated elt-lrlil~I parikularlr in reM

g-ltllrllo Lillill n1tritnn bInJils- the tl_lminant lRlpatio1 amOllj thel-1c illshydhjIWS i~ nnw Hmi alar~ Ila~ been that of student Ofktl ill their earl~

0- TlljJllmlflu~ JiI)lfOHtToilt (

members ami ihe vltlrion roitoW(11 of Bra7ilian revolutiollilry Carlo4 11HIIshyglwla fnqwtlUy have tmHhtthd tl~r~

Ilwist operal ions almnt a it dired part of their lulcge ltlllituln Operatshying from unhersity eentel hi1h )shy1 did Llatlilhlll were imtmme from gOH~rlHnenl sealTh 1110112 than 70 1W1shy

lulli or 1he- arrlted ltlclItifiltl elTOl~

iiiL-l ill r~ellinl and Urug-wIY Vel

-tlldej]i~ III lrazil the- pClcclItnge WHO iell leL 50 hen nldel iodishyiduub Ibu were Hllhc ill t1H)~l

-flnlp tJh~- tJdLll --e while-collnl

August 1911

TERRORIST PROfilE

wmkers and l11)reBionals Outside Lalin ~meriea alt Iwu~h the percentshya~J of ~tll(h-nt terrorists was -ome~

yhat le- this occllpatioll rema ined in~p()rtanL SimllI of the prUrl-shysiollal~ the itw (collomlt ami medishy(illt tn lJltrticlllnrly pll~alell Lmung EUllpean and Vliltlde gt))E11l lerrorshyist lendlr 0111(1 eadlc lit like nHlTlllCr

l111h(ndLi(~ ill WeL lhrlin Frank~

furt Heid(middotlbcg nlltl Hamhug in rermnny allil (ewhulc in gUlope

11ltl i)QYld as opera iUl1l1l bH-~ 11)1

tCllori-t efrnl~

Melhod-Plate of Recruitment Ii

fnHcltidtriHI--i the lJllPOllailL rule pla ~tl hr stutlent-- lId un)Ver)ity grallttllt j pi drupollb) ill Jl1o~ 1efshy

IIlris1 1ll0tHWIlLi it i~ Hot ulprising

illa many all--rl~ 1IIJi(lIsilie hac IHen illd are WIW jl r i HI II l Y n1vndUlIg )Tnll lids for optII lional I ell()Ii~t

(HIIII quilt nfttII YOIHlg- nWII aill I 11lH1l first llliOlllller IItltIlhist it and -larxi-t (bJll rillegt lill elltrnntC illto 1I

llli(l~it) whpn the pl0Ynl(nHe r sHcil tOlllIpigt i- nrtc Ioupied wllh n tl(IHg Ii-larxi higt nil UIl Plllt nr profe----nr LIllI ldrnini-iLalol Vlwl j ll1sl dtvPlqpnHlJlo are Jjll[td wll h

fllqllnt Mlx- Inmillal ion of stl~

dent fldplmiddotaljolls it js Hot 0urpri-oin that tiIt Hniv(lsily Im~ hliome- tin ldlologkal 1rHilling- gfnllJut for fut lerrori-t cailn Thu flil the iapashylWSC H~d Arfll) till Uni VlI- it iCi of Tnkyo liikkjn ~lhl 1)10 havc lWC1l tw iOlpnrtlllll III Sptill both tlw BH~(III- hTA-F llld the (onlmuni-shy

~IIJlJ)()I(ed FHA IWl lH~IH )taffed JY

~~1adutI-S (Iom the Unlendtics 1)1 Madrid Hod nIITelolla III Italy the llllitIiies ill ItoIlH Turin 1I1d Ii)middot t~jtna tn~ f(rtil( lTnlitillg ~jnlld

31

TERRORIST PROFILE

for anIIThislic groups sH(h 1- Ow Red BIigailes In Latin Amerill the Nlliullai lJnivelt-Oitr in iIontevideo the Ullit~L-jly of Bllenos Aire and ihngte in Htazil hae I1Jlp1i(~t it -llb~

-Ialltid pelLelltll~e of Lho individshy11tJ invuhed in urban terrorism

Tlw Jlilllt~I1l lt11-0 LolllilllllS in Iran Tllrkey and the Fpdl~lal Hepuolie of GItmaIlY There the ullielsili(~s ill Vv-t [triin Frilllfllll IItmiJlIrg lleidellwrg IJllllkh and Slutl)l1 have he(~Jl tht~ ba je trainillg Lentl~rs

ful many GellllllI tlllorist glOUJ)-i

Fil1lt111y l~(n ill the lISt rd the Pd(~shyIillian nlally of whom ell~ ldlllaled 1)I(Ild lllller-iiliei tII freq1lent rt~shy

(ruiting 11- ()nly ill iorlhern 11(shybllli Il(l III -IJllW elfllt ill th( na~(ll1e 1~T ~l as well a tllllJllg- C(Ililill Palshyl~1 illian grollpi ii the patteIll hroken III lllh (JI ihe-e la I 11IIwvel lel shyIlIri~ n-tTllil111el1t IJften i~ bled ()II [he prilllalY apll-t of nalilllJalism la[h(~I than an ltl1llti1ThLiic and Alanshyi p(llil ieal philo()phy

Ful tilOce few lell()li~t glUllp-

whit-h illlludl holh intelkdual 1I1i (Jilllillni eleml~tlb the place ()f inititl relluitmenl for lhe laller is often a PJiOlI 1hlllt- Ilw flaliall Armed PlOshytIlli1l uclei fleqlllnllr malo ini~

I iLI (01111ll with a pull-Illial tl~1Turist

whill he ii ilill -Plving 11 pri-on sell shytelll[ Fwilitatillg lhe elualt-L 111 -leh til individual (I pJoidilljf iI~-imiddot[al1le

to him aftel telt~loc Ap~l i- able lo a-e-s hi lolenti1i fur terrorisl ltlelivshyii If uSLful lu lIw IlrjfJnizatiun ~lIlh

iI [hIol)1 oftell (lttil Jr n~(lllilLd withshy(Jut llllllh dillilllll In this liWllner iVlarlillll Zilchilella (he AiP member kiled [1 the I] December 1l7G a~-asshy

inttioll atlt~ITlJlt against Horne Hlltishyterrorisl (11irf Alfonso Xure appal shyen Iy Wl-i drlwlI illlo lhe IllgalliZiltioll Thl- SillllP 11lt1 bel1l lrue for (he ill1shyprionerl ilaariel-IVleinl]()f ladrc whose

32

tated objedie i In politiLize fellow inmate fur the l1)Jllinlled revolution 11IIre freed from confinement ~l

Political Philosophy

The queilinn of a political philososhyph~ i~ mOit dilicull to (rcnl a a cnleshy

gll]Y SiJlle it dLlie- a slalilieal cshy

spOII-e C~ing the blil definition of tl~Il()li=-gt1ll a=-gt a lad it u-ed by weak

gTOIIJl=-gt agaill-i1 lalgf~ opposinL fnrces ill ]Hll-illit of Jlolilili1i ubjedives one lan di-icanl ll1T()Iislll itself as meelshying the llileria of n philoiophy Three ha-ie ideologilal tlntienlies are al play alllUllg lllll=-gtt major 1l~rroli~t

gnlllJli opraling today-anall~him

Iiatxiorn-Lellillism and IwtilJllalism It i- the comiJinatioll or lhese lhree ill Sllccifie cOlllex hieh prmuees [he villiant lefl-extrcll1i~d philL)sophie~ l[Hlll-111 by 1ll0st tell()rist- tmlay

Nationalilt-m i- rarely all impl)]tallt illgtl~dielll ill su~h icws Of the ]8 IIIganiz1Itioll=-gt -tlldilt il l1l1 be l()Il shy

-ideleti -iipnifilant only ill the (aH~ of thlee the Bn-lll1e 1~7A-l the It-jsh

HcpuiJliLltl11 AllllY ltlnd lhe Popular Fnl1l f(l] the Libl~ratioll of Paie-lillc I~vpll in lhe-e gl(ll)l-i huwever it is blended stloll)ly with Marxi-il11 For Ilost olhel organization SIlLh as lhe Juplt111eSe ned AIIllY and lhe Vest Gennan Baadll-Aleillhof glUUp ~I and I he IlIonl11Lnt Two Jum t he mixture i a LomiJinalioll of llwrlhi-111 and llnxislll with the Ialtc] Hei a predomshyinanl element

Although basilnlly 11alxist the mashyiority of terrolist olganizalions today Je-jed lhe pasiie oullnok of orlhodox Soviet lDl11l1l1111i-111 ill favor of lhe 1l()llltiollalY vinlelll8 i1dvo~ated hy Carlos M~Ilig-hela III 1etUlll the 01shyIwdox Communist=-gt normally reject

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Military Review August 1977

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who IHlk a pnlitkHl f0111Hlllon and han abandunecl lhp tesletl udnl lIlld jlHi kd fullltlHlllj Parly ~t lutlllrc

ill Jnol of hOll-sighted alld often tlillllerpndlleiin hooliganLml

llOnlillgly it ~holh be nil -111shypli~) that the h~lToli-t disliJs-etl in Ihl profile )ehded more llne1y with lilt Tlotskyill FUl1rth Inteliwlinual ihlln )olel t()mmllni~n1

T)lIlskUgt hltlllI If jlffHltlllnlf 111shy

111iIJ liPjJJaslI if if~ lIWshy

tiltiol lSiitd till apiln IltItllrt flf ti 11111 JIJ ii(JI tliI III (18nll iJik4 111shy

11lt11 IIufiiliil il pll fllfllli with Jlil dClir( fl Ffillli culuri mill I1fiIull disfindiJl will uii filis Olil

Ir Itwll( If wiitsnud the rlIJutil1Ishy

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TERRORIST PROFILE

rJoi-t~ tHllle from dllllllll HrlJ1I1

lIIidllh-llllO fanililJi rnny of whom tlIjllY lOli idirnldl -llial l)Jt d 0

Lilt 111111 fl1hlIgtl mall of the older trturits han betli trailgt Jor the jllui0-gtlinll Hnd may haVe [wad iced 11H~l ()(TupdilillS tlliol t() thell O11shy

milllllll tn 11 tlrI(ri~t nfl Whether hm-Iog- turned to terrodrn

ltIi I 1IIlirlj~i sththlli or bit Iljoj

11 lHraquoidld all IHlarthi-d i( 0) itltxshy

i1 wurld yi0W a- W(t l JTIuild into 11j1li~l j11I_aliIJ11 whill lit the IInishy

tIsil III (bv IIHnlities thel nlll~~ prjduel of 11 dihlllIl ()eilly ure (pnfr 1ed illiliall with ami pnlyilhd lllarthLtit pl Jlalxbt ideoshy

ogkld laurplllnlll (UI 11)111 nlleshyi-( IcllirllllHrd flII ratiutl allti

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IHlII Iran ()j11l11I Inbnd llId

SIdn 1rhlll lillblilt1 group lilill pli(IHiflHtllili PI lIJhgtl1i 1lltHi-l1l iljf

ltI ~l ft iIi n g youllg I1H] VlIlIll IS idllI)l jJH(jltilW 11l11ll1r tiL)

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Tu la[ (xlVIIi ~hi dvVt()pmlfll 1l11shy

a It lr lli preIlHI)I ((mjluSile

blfjld ill lhis arlllll is (11 alli (bmiddot gt(1111) ulditinnll 111111 alld attgt

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d-II )-- ljqinnHjI p[ gt1111lt Idil hm - hlI--q 1u (OldIg 110 j h EWWmiddotI

1gt1 glII (m n lo1I1H jl1Ijllnl lOjLah Ie lid ~ll1nIgtl11 middotlIml1lk~ I

I middotm lIn ( n III 11( 1llloli [ 111 lt1111 Itll 11itj 1~1gti1l

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I raI PlIINh 111 111(nmiddotIM11~1lmiddot 1W-

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1 ltl1l lt 11middotlt1 lrnqily UllImiddot middotpit laquo 11 poI amiddotI mi ~~Ii lit 11w

AllrUst 1911 33

TERRORIST PROFILE

-- lif lh 1dlii f-I di-llJ~L Illlt gt1hn lin Ifnindhrly iulltmiddotbkt I Ilr IHul 111-niliHI k IHmiddotjltmiddotnt Abhu emtlll IIlC jqwJ in VA iIWIIgtmiddot 11 jI-wi1Il ill Ill lidhmiddot I-l-t at till alWVlJ (iltmiddotJ llt-unl Jun-ishylilli 1 lalivmiddot r 1middotlml1o i lhe 11(111 III 1111-Igt]- djl_~ifkd )11lt1 ullp~ii1 ]i(IJ 11war(h Ill 1 11lInlI1I- 1 1 1gtlliHiln 11--middot rmIl 11 11middot11 iImiddot II IllIilit 1(1 -nd f)IHjjtIHntr Ih()I I~middottdmiddotlt_ II I 11 It Jftllhlr 11wulwl al 111lt 0 Ab- FIgt lpli1I OHin~ Sfihwl 11 Midltll ElhiP1 l)lllm arlit ill~lI~tW~middot

~ nit 1IIt rlHitCul ~BImiddotd f In dltl 011 111shy11 imiddotmiddott ruIImiddot w It~l1lmillli HPHJl ~ud) ihl Juhh 1 rroTi 1111 i flMridltl nf riiIjl (Pili I J-ltpalJigt1 Ip nljmlJlI4im MIJri St1uill It AI ItHmiddotful wn (ltIfk lUHdy~ ~l11 IIHImiddot_Iwh II~ En~tlt MI~jtl 1(J~ Irimshy~ to JiIX rt IrmiVliillOl fa dllby-In 11ltshyY11I1 r Titwn ~trltnll rlI 111 thnillllh ~)71) ilt IhIIirl~ tuluiyin OlgtIWIIrui E~ ild liy EnW~l ~lnmiddottln CNllI1) 11ItImiddotultuml hmiddot nltinlnJ1l11UjU tllllwlIn il-Itmiddotf 117I AIu U~shy(I 1 1(Hil~1I IlrtHllnHl IntHllwtiult StrvJ rlnl anol rlllt rjwillf hy~pll) n 11 Nn r rf 7JlI Tt jII)UlH Tfm~ Til fOIWIh fntlillli 11 11111 IIIC Mndf 1 11)e Hlh in 0 Jr lu lltlIlil L 11 l)middot 1lt1111111101111 Iu-l hlil Nlgtw (If onshyhill rOf middottllWi r (lid IT U ~IJr i m 1(jrrJ Ikllt in hll 11 liiorgti~ r Milun HI II 1 w FI1Hklrtt AlIigtIf Zlti(HHlI hi Wmiddot( nl1ll)

t) 1lt1) tI IJPljcr IUI 7IIHuHrgt 111 Editorial njtoH~ Mrxko Cit 1 r~7 pp rti Till h t will 11 1lW trI~P IIY II( fjhllaquoV b f HIgtil1 r Ill HHIi~t IWi hlIk pIllmiddotImiddotj 111 J(nliIlH uHIItI tf) till Id TJIjlIllru

Ii TIll NI~rnlHr I lUlUli JIHmiddot Timu WidI I 111ITII 1~Ir (jrllt)H d I~~ngtrj ~ gtIinlf f -111 lind 1~ll 11))(11 (II 1gt11 IH( I lItiillfltl d (rnoriflw- ljur1lilM middoti~ h)lri 14pnin 11 fu) I 1111 ~- nd tlw 1111-1111 Ij~ iu 1 01 HpI ti luly al] 1 1Id H AlIVl1il IlI7

Slt HI lit 1ijhlIr ldwln I~rl rmt I I r f)tl)( liIiI flmiddotkdit Fnihuq 11(( ji 110 ~ IIt1 17 1111 IIrl invlnlti middotn1 nmiddot wItHn 1lIIlW1IH (nlilIinmiddot olshyjI )l] h Ii liJ(I~ wj) lll l)igtI 1 lIP I mIIHmjr IH1]jr Illlil b 0 ill Ultlr 11If~~i wll jh~ natlily WIt i( 1~aJr hi Iluhl iimiddotiT~ Of th~ 2 IthI~I f 0 HAlmiddot 1I1lgt Iu~ I II- W0II1Wll Of Ih(~ 0 ndirhtl wrw jlhr raquoIilllldt fill 11 F li1II 1( 1Ihl T lt(III Ifli lHjjl Idfdty ( (Ill HA Ii ill 1bu II rl~ul r 1 jin InIIJiP~Igtn o tillt pllllilIIlIlillrt fnlh did~t~middotmiddot (bmJbll lrmlnti hy l1w ntll II 1 HIr I

P(rt Smiddotlwrlllil Hmf IIH Ij Al11 Ifa p I

HI It j)hlIlY middotIrtIiltI s jU)H)lltP fI

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I ~ tw( 1 n1( fll gltH~ld cIu~nt mlllLrlJll - 1 Hlf jh rlfill ftmiddot 11111 p In Ii nudil III lUJOllurQ 1111lt10 Vid -iHdJ11~ hll 1llv HIIltlt Ill iiS AIItshyTIl~i jh ]tltitks iif 1111c The lIrtllln ltWlrillil ( HmlI )IIllrl1 Odlr Il Ill 11111 fA wflliolm lrnJrJ~I IIm~ilmiddot f O(Ir (j)ltj VIU1 Dlrnlwl 1IiW 111 BJ f)Hlri( A Hhn Ilum F khnkmiddotl IHIII fnH~ll A MillI rbal Iirrillo ill AqtPlItllljj

1lt1 HilIi nphJmiddotmiddot 11 1111 11 UmiddotmiddotII Hlnw 1 Nun(lf a FilII 1il 11 rmiddotlmiddot~ II HH8middotI1[)middotrJ iii Uli1tI itIIH UL l FbnHjY Jjli Ilub1 O oltlllnn hmiddot1 IJII)-Ili) mI il InI (IJuJili(d MI~tflmiddot Thptigt Ul1l~ily f Urlll ldl 10111 Iil) FT lllt l7fi 11 W IlJt~rdnfi Itgt iJr 11Ii11 i1HIishy(I ill) l-rrurIIH Ii Iiriu nl middotlI1I 1 rit bullbull ul Ill link Iwr nOrlhm ~I tImiddotnlttllr Tht LUl1I Manl 111Imiddotilh rilL hhlihllitl lin) d IlIHlllyi Ii~middot Almy Anllnmiddothhb (lt 1i I gt1)1gt IIlldluh for Ill lluy e IHulUd 1011 EgtlIf_ hnHlY jfa MI Inn~middot )1

11 rl~ Murlghdl1 Pr 11- 10 mf(1) tlf Urlshyii C amp Wyman lvnd111 Jgtllj P71 Ill 1-7gt

II middotE1 jcf I brillhll lIilrnlTilu ITill j )1 (hlHd ifJnIltImiddotmiddot~ I I)ldnla lill1 I 10 tltml~i ~u lullj tTf~ 11l~ r ff mI~ tI t rrltlruuw 1)(1 Iii Dllnr 1( I )IfnI 1NlIlrH hi Irllhlll (hi) If ~~ Fell la) 11 ill 11~5U

1 Bud)J(tl1 AUUt ilson (liO ill 1middot liddif flu (wil1I9r pi Oil [[1110 InImiddot VItN fur nll1nh iu ~nial -ltgtl11l ~ihlnshy11 [Ie 1IlIII) JJi~I 11 lO-j lml li W

11Se priIJI 1llihlll in) itJlnc nut1cri1l1middot w1l hl Pht-r lIlit 1 1 rrm Ilil k 1111111 enImiddot Imtilub rII tin Stld~ If etlilitl 101 l1l JtIraquo 1~17 Su Idw rhntJIl )1 ril If rJ Jhr jll IUlIl ti l1t tIll lwu ltltIgtllliltl SII[ I Huldltnl 1 riC

Igt hdmiddot Ihusun fll dl III jfl~~]I) 10 j IIIHI 111 ITll) lrl1tr )UIIlt i)7 tltltrdly h fj(dh 1UIiJlii 1 J11H t~t7 I Imiddot II ll~ltllshyJY) d 1 (rliFf 1 II gt- I r)FfilliJNUI_ 11 rallllllj) Ili6 11(11111 AII) H1l~ Iwl [I11111Y Ill IIHI Ibull 1ff) 17 anll 4 Fuhnlry tHn

I hhnnl ChIHIJWj T1trilllllllt I (Jill SPlllllt Vlbj Stbttlarl Fit 111 I 14

(1 H lib LI1 1gtImiddotIjd[ II u fJhli11 1 d 1lrrilHllII r amp 0 (l1nw ~)Ul UthlImiddotNvgtlIjr 17 lip ti 1 jirfjld~Ii ift III luImiddot(Ii Iru(lt H~k amp Onil Curm)lff 11 My t171 tI 1- ll1d I-J fUI J It mri I 1lttmiddotl1l11 I1nlll ( trllllIilla rdmiddot N U tIUIh~ 11lt1 IIY 11171 11 UI

1 PI )-[ r1 Ill ilu( llrrt~rltlrJI j )lIn dlut1 IliforlIII(I I df

~ 1 iI I1sph r i or Ilw poli1iJtl lhihpmiddot lhy If Ibr lind IVlrrjlj ~rlqs H 11oc1 11 Th City IlI)1 Ivluliol1 Ijitihl VjulIFi II ~hln lSOtlltil1 IIlid the JmLli of Ittvhnn JI llltlt fIJI 1Iu tjjj-I CHyarltl ~llilln t (lt41u~IH1 hw NY Ill2 (hnlllt L PI jJt EdwiH1 IIgt lmiddotIroTi~f1 lilt TpfltUJlIl II I 11 7JjriI~ ~L Mnrtil JrCH Jllt~ NI 1117middot1 1 ifinlly Chajltrl 1middotmiddot1 I11lt1 11111 Wilkin~ 1111 1(11 Jfmiddotrrurillltl Jrn Vll~y ~ ShU lnt NY 111 ClllQJlfS 1-3

1 Fal jllli1t inflrrtlllfilm un thl luJithK Iew_ f 1111 HHUlclmiddotMelnhnf i)lmiddotj7l111iuli1Tl finll lUNhip ric f)tblllHulutioj iiJer Ildirifltilt drlhdi1ha (iIIllttiila i ltgtr HnllilllrtIgtIIf[k JiruIdrlill )f)rgtHWUlfl fJgt1 AHllrrhi~t CriUlilt1i~ fill fdrII UfjlulJlk of (iermluu1 n tltlWIW (11m pr unlhItut Uunllaquor~lhitlhf wrill1l~ iwd jllrll1g ntlh m tcrrpri01 lclhl ill July I) lIml Ull -I ldHlfllV 107~ Imhliilhj hy 111 Celnlll ll luhrlllr ~liniqlY iin fiNfllnnj jurbll ltl-I

1 AnthollY Burton UIQilii TrrmliiXt 1Ir~~ fi1lt(ii~ Juf aSjllllli Fr P~ilb NY l~ia JI IOI

Military Revi

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August 1917 21

T IlHOl(1I0Vf 1 pao[ Jk a -ll_u ri~~ ill 1(11011gt1 ltlei ishy

it in many ntioH ha gcllclatpd t

nnwl of tllIdemic military nnd 10111shyIlailk 4tudi(-~ In fllnt of thlt nlltl~ y-l~ ht(-Pl the primal fOC1L ljL~

IH(11 on 1110 nlefhatlji~ Ill hITorim rdlwj thid nn tlh ilhlivlduab ilshyHht(L A~ tI n)llIL 1Hth lIbh~lt-t a- tilt nllHl io urbll1 l1ift in the lOlII- 1)1 lllil-l tl~IIorit HHd g-ulrrilla operashyUlli a~ well aM h ~trudlltl llq-lIllshy

zal iOll 111lltllHil1g Wtapnnry 1 rnL(i~ Iud tatlcA of BJinl-gt [(llOIit gTolJ-i

bHVL iH i LlI e-plored ill -me tlelaiJ

ill rLtlllt ytar~ tq Igt I H card alshy111I1ipli hH beell til~1 iH lht JlrolJhJll nr IrllbllaiiHld tl~n(lliln and Lhe iJlshyllt-IillJly cloie illh-lTebLjtnship~ exshyj-iin~f iJdLwCef) itlTIllit urganization11

ill widlly -Lpalnted gLngTtphil ltlre1s

O lIlt world ltfliIIl unlilllw ell~

ldditi~lgtd Ixploib o( 1he Ho illfashy

lWltl YIl(illtll lll)1gt1i-j llIn-

l l~id ItllIlltl SlIhz) l j illddlrillly

PO dl111IPl WI- gin) jq llY eXHlIlshy

illaii()ll fr lIlt tlHtiridlln- luyolvtd in ttTIIl01 ((1 imiddotiiy

imiddotlrlht~k- 1( Dr thalill1l-t JulwshyIn puilied nil d lIlt 2j-~W lilldl 117( t ldllI~Iltl oil Illttlllatiulltil Telshyngtri-Ili ill Ya~hillgtlJlI lH Ltldiliollal lIlPjqlgr j 11p~~ary ill jhL 111lshy i

jlilrlJI 1l1 I Hhlllt klllJw[(ilgL a-

tu Ihp ypt Ilf itldhifitwl engilj(middott ill

Hrht llfTori-nl md Iho-e (ado HHshy

iyting hi Ilioll COpi~ig jll nw i1llldulH III )tth lIatjqnal atld 11al~shy

lliitinBal titTlgti-11l will hltHIlll illshy

lrtI=-lIljly dimnd~_ Whill thi~ Idiell line not [Jlei(IH

1n dlp thi-i imptlvlalll l~-parch g-tll

it i 11 droJL ~n df1elnlllle if therL an tll1 (lIlllllWII (jmlalipritk- and -limshyibritite ill IIll Sl(ltl origill politilHI phiisopiJv tdunliiUll alSe and fmlly

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Military Review

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AllrUst 1911 33

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Military Review

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Augut 197










August 1917

TERRORIST PROfiLE








25

TERRORIST PROFilE







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~--------~








2

3


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TERRORIST PROFILE

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2-Ulrike MllInhof


ltI-Mario Santuchll


J

Augus 1977 21

TERRORIST PROFlE












Military Review

Social ltIi







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Augus 1977 28


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TERRORIST PROFILE






29

TERRORIST PROFilE



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Military Review


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August 1911

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31

TERRORIST PROFILE














32













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AllrUst 1911 33

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Military Revi

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23

TERRORIST PROFILE











24








Military Review

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Augut 197










August 1917

TERRORIST PROfiLE








25

TERRORIST PROFilE







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~--------~








2

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ltI-Mario Santuchll


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Augus 1977 21

TERRORIST PROFlE












Military Review

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Augus 1977 28


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29

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Military Review


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32













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24








Military Review

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August 1917

TERRORIST PROfiLE








25

TERRORIST PROFilE







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~--------~








2

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TERRORIST PROFILE

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ltI-Mario Santuchll


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Augus 1977 21

TERRORIST PROFlE












Military Review

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29

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Military Review


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32













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August 1917

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25

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~--------~








2

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ltI-Mario Santuchll


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Augus 1977 21

TERRORIST PROFlE












Military Review

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29

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32













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~--------~








2

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Augus 1977 21

TERRORIST PROFlE












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29

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32













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Augus 1977 21

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Military Review

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29

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32













(

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32













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32













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TERRORIST PROFILE














32













(

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TERRORIST PROFILE














32













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