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ROSNEFT | ANNUAL REPORT 2010 ROSNEFT | ANNUAL REPORT 2010 22 23 Ф Refinery modernization programme: main units Unit Refinery Purpose Input Output Specifics Komso- molsk Achinsk Tuapse Novokuib- yshevsk Kuibyshev Syzran Angarsk Atmospheric and vacuum distillation Fractionation of crude oil into base petro- leum products for further refining Crude oil Butane, naphtha (straight-run gasoline), kerosene, light gas oil, heavy gas oil, straight-run residues The process occurs at low pressure (in order to decrease boiling point) and temperature near 400°C Hydrocracking Conversion of heavy fractions into gasoline and lighter fractions in the presence of hydrogen Heavy gas oil Mixture of oil butanes, light and heavy hydrocracking product, and kerosene fractions The process occurs in two reactors in the presence of hydrogen and a catalyst. In the first reactor the temperature reaches 400°С and pressure is 140 atmospheres. Temperatures and pressure in the second reactor are even higher. Walls of the steel reactor are up to 15 cm thick Catalytic cracking Conversion of heavy fractions into gasoline and lighter fractions Straight-run heavy gas oil Hydrocarbon gases, cracking gasoline, light cracking gas oil, heavy cracking gas oil and coke The process occurs in a cracking unit, where straight-run fractions are heated to 480°С at high pressure in contact with a catalyst Delayed coking Processing of heavy oil residues to obtain additional volumes of light petroleum prod- ucts and oil coke for various uses. Fuel oil, tar, cracking residue Coke, gases, coke gasolines, coking gasoil A semi-constant process at tempera- ture of 500°С and close to atmospheric pressure Flexicoking The process unites coking and gasification of coke to produce a range of liquid hydro- carbons characteristic of the coking process together with flexigas. Tar or fuel oil Hydrocarbon gases, coking gaso- line, coking gasoil, and flexigas, which is a low-potential fuel consisting of nitrogen, hydrogen and carbon oxides with some other admixtures The process begins with a coking stage and the amount of coke finally produced can be varied in the second gasification stage between 0 % and 20 % of the input volume. The amount of flexigas produced is inversely proportional to coke output Visbreaking Conversion of bottom residues into a com- ponent of residual fuel Residue from vacuum distillation or heavy cracking gas oil Hydrocarbon gases, gasoline, naphtha and gas oil The process occurs in a reaction block at high pressure and temperature of 440–500°С Reforming Obtaining high-octane gasoline components and aromatic hydrocarbons Straight-run naphtha Highly aromatized gasoline distillates The process occurs in three consecutive reactors, in which pressure is between 14 and 35 atmospheres, and temperature is 480–520°С Isomerization Creating high-octane gasoline components or production of inputs for alkylation Mixture of oil butanes, hexane-pentane fractions Isobutane, isoparaffin The process is induced in a reactor with a platinum catalyst by addition of a small amount of hydrogen and chloride Hydrotreatment Removal of admixtures of various hydrocar- bons in order to improve quality Crude oil fractions containing С6 and heavier hydrocarbons Petroleum products cleansed of sulfur, as well as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, methane, ethane, propane and butanes Hydrotreatment occurs in a reactor, where a flow of petroleum products is mixed with a flow of hydrogen and a cata- lyst at temperatures of 260–425°С Alkylation Production of high-octane gasoline com- ponents Propylene and butyl- ene, isobutane Alkylate (isoparaffins), propane and butane The alkylation process occurs in a system of reactors at temperatures of 4–5°С us- ing sulfuric acid and lasts between 15 and 20 minutes MTBE production Production of octane-boosting additives for production of gasoline to Euro standards Isobutane Octane-boosting additive A simple process with a unit for synthesis and separation of MTB, and a unit for removing methanol from hydrocarbons which have not reacted LEGEND: - construction - upgrade - construction/upgrade completed - primary distillation - conversion processes - reforming processes OIL REFINING: A NEW STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT OIL REFINING: A NEW STAGE OF DEVELOPMENT
