The CV system The respiratory system The muscular system

The CV system

Heart, Blood and Blood Vessels.

Heart pumps blood around the body

(2 main functions):

1. To supply the body with oxygen/nutrients

2. To remove waste products such as carbon dioxide

Aerobic (with air) activity

Any sustained activity requiring increased breathing and oxygen consumption

Aerobic activities normally last for a minute or more

Increases cardio - vascular fitness and efficiency of respiratory system

E.g. long distance running

Anaerobic (without air) activity

Anaerobic activities are high intensity activities over a short period of time

They only last for 40 second or so, even the fittest athletes cannot work at this intensity for longer

Examples include 100m sprint

The CV system

Immediate effects of exercise: Increased HR (adrenaline released) Increased blood pressure Increased body

temperature/sweating Lactic acid build up Muscle fatigue / tiredness

The CV System during exercise

Effects of regular training and exercise:

Increased stroke volume and cardiac output (so heart pumps more blood per beat)

Quicker recovery rate Lower resting HR Healthy veins and arteries Reduced blood pressure

Overall more efficient CV system

Regular Exercise & the CV System

Rest High Cholesterol Recreational drugs Sedentary lifestyle & lack of exercise Stress

The effect of lifestyle on the CV system

The Respiratory System Inspiration The intercostal muscles

contract pulling the rib cage up and out

Diaphragm contracts causing it to flatten

Chest cavity gets larger causing pressure in the lungs to fall

Air moves into the lungs through the trachea from the higher outside pressure into the chest and one of the two bronchi through bronchioles and into the alveoli.

Air flowing in

YOU WILL NOT BE TESTED ON HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS BUT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC

The Respiratory System Expiration The intercostal muscles

relax and so the rib cage returns to normal

The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up

The chest cavity gets smaller so the pressure in the lungs increases

Air flows out of the lungs During periods of

exercise expiration becomes an active process involving the forced expulsion of air

Air flowing outward

YOU WILL NOT BE TESTED ON HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS BUT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC

The Respiratory System Expiration The intercostal muscles

relax and so the rib cage returns to normal

The diaphragm relaxes pushing it up

The chest cavity gets smaller so the pressure in the lungs increases

Air flows out of the lungs During periods of

exercise expiration becomes an active process involving the forced expulsion of air

Air flowing outward

YOU WILL NOT BE TESTED ON HOW THIS SYSTEM WORKS BUT WILL HELP YOU UNDERSTAND THIS TOPIC

Tidal volume “The amount of air inspired and expired

with each normal breath at rest and during recovery”

Tidal volume increases during exercise

Vital capacity “the maximum amount of air you can

breathe out after breathing in as much air as possible”

The Respiratory System

Oxygen debt“the extra oxygen consumed during recovery from a period of strenuous physical activity, compared with the amount which would usually have been consumed over the same length of time at rest.”

Immediate and long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system

Immediate and long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system

Improved efficiency of lungs and better delivery of oxygen to the working muscles.

Meaning the body will be able to cope better during exercise.

VITAL CAPACITY increases No. OF ALVEOLI increases No. OF BLOOD VESSELS increases

Smoking can have serious negative effects on the respiratory system (i.e. damage alveoli affecting gaseous exchange).

The muscular system The muscular system describes all the muscles in

the body and how they work.

It is the driving force behind movement, which happens as a result of muscles contracting and lengthening.

Voluntary muscles bring about movement, these are the ones that can be consciously controlled and we use in sport and physical activity.

Involuntary muscles contract by themselves e.g. heart

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Produces Main Action

Extension of the upper leg

Pull the legs back at the hips.Running/good posture

Flexion of the leg at the knee.

Bend the legs at the knees.Sprinting: leg bends

Plantar flexion of the foot

Straighten the foot so you can stand on your toes.Running: pushing onto the toes

Hamstring

Gluteals

Gastrocnemius

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Produces Main Action

Pull arms down at Pull arms down at the shoulders and the shoulders and back behind your back behind your back. back. Butterfly Butterfly (swim)(swim)

Straighten the arms Straighten the arms at the elbow. at the elbow. Throw Throw a cricket ball.a cricket ball.

Hold and rotate the Hold and rotate the shoulders and also shoulders and also move the head move the head back and sideways.back and sideways. RowingRowing

Rotates upper arm Rotates upper arm at the shoulder.at the shoulder.

Extension of the Extension of the arm at the elbowarm at the elbow

Rotates the Rotates the shoulder blades shoulder blades backwards.backwards.

Trapezius

Latissimus dorsi

Triceps

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Produces Main Action

Deltoids

Biceps

Quadriceps

Abducts the Abducts the upper arm, from upper arm, from the body.the body.

Flexion of arm at Flexion of arm at elbowelbow

Extension of leg Extension of leg at the kneeat the knee

Raise the arms in Raise the arms in all directions at all directions at the shoulders.the shoulders.

Serve in tennis.Serve in tennis.

Bend the arms at Bend the arms at the elbows.the elbows.

To throw a To throw a cricket ball.cricket ball.

Straighten the Straighten the legs at the knees.legs at the knees.Kicking a Kicking a football.football.

Muscles and muscle action

Muscle Produces Main Action, Sport Example

Pectorals Adduction of armAdduction of arm

Flexion and Flexion and rotation of the rotation of the trunk.trunk.

Raise the arms up, Raise the arms up, sideways and sideways and across the chest at across the chest at the shoulders.the shoulders.

Front crawl swimFront crawl swim

Pull in the abdomen Pull in the abdomen and bend the spine and bend the spine so you can bend so you can bend forward.forward.RowingRowing

Abdominals

Muscles and movement

Antagonistic muscles

Skeletal muscles work across a joint and are attached to the bones by strong cords known as tendons.

They work in pairs, each contracting or relaxing in turn to create movement.

Muscles and muscle action

Flexion (bending) of the arm

The muscle doing the work (contracting) and creating the movement is called the agonist or prime mover. The muscle which is relaxing and letting the movement take place

is called the antagonist.

Agonist or Prime Mover(Biceps contract)

Antagonist(Triceps relax)

How muscles work A muscle can work in two ways; Isometrically Isotonically

ISOMETRIC the muscle stays the same length, a good example being during a tug of war, or when holding the plank.

ISOTONIC the muscle changes length as it works.

Muscle Shortening= concentric Muscle Lengthens= eccentric

Long term effects of exercise on the muscular system

Increased muscle size (hypertrophy) (Atrophy is a loss of muscle mass; may

experience when injured and stop training)

Potential injuries: Soft tissue injuries: tears, pulls and strains Prevention: Warm up and cool down Treatment: RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation)