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Unicellular, Prokaryotic OrganismsAuto or HeterotrophicReproduce by budding or binary fissionSuper Kingdom- Archaebacteria- cell
walls are not made out of peptidoglycanAnaerobicMethanogens-produce methane gas and
live in soil and intestines of herbivoresHalophiles- extremely salty environments
(Dead Sea)Thermoacidophiles-acidic sulfur springs
of Yellowstone Park or deep sea vents
Super Kingdom-Eubacteria-true bacteria, cell wall made out of peptidoglycan, circular piece of DNA called plasmid used in recombinant DNA
Heterotrophic-living organisms or wastes Autotrophic-living organisms photosynthetic, Chemotrophic – obtain energy from the
breakdown of nitrogen and sulfur Decomposers Nitrogen fixation Recombinant DNA (insulin, human growth
hormone Used to make cheese, yogurt, soy sauce, vinegar
Pathogens-microorganisms that cause disease
Non-communicable diseases-can not be passed to others around you (genetic disorders like sickle cell, hemophilia, cystic fibrosis)
Communicable diseases-enter body easily through cuts, respiratory tract, digestive tract, or reproductive tract
Toxin-poison substance that causes a disease
Produced by some bacteria like Clostridium botulinum
Cooking foods to appropriate temperatures kill these bacteria
Bacterial infections are treated with antibiotics (against living things)
Antibiotics either destroy cell wall or reproduction
Antibiotics can not treat viral infectionOver-usage of prescription drugs have led to bacterial resistant strains
Best defense is frequent hand washing and cleaners like bleach and ammonia
Tooth Decay Strep ThroatStaph InfectionsTuberculosisFood PoisoningsPeptic UlcersSyphilisLyme DiseaseTetanusBacterial Meningitis
Contains protein coat called a capsid and hereditary material (DNA or RNA)
Cell specific- can only infect cell if the capsid can fit into the receptor site of host cell membrane
Bacteriophages most common viruses in which virus inserts its DNA or RNA into bacteria as host
Lytic Cycle-invade and immediately reproduce and lyse cell
Lysogenic Cycle-invade and hang around in the host cell then moves into lytic cycle
Examples- fever blisters, chicken pox to shingles, AIDS
Retroviruses contain RNA and transcriptase, an enzyme that allows RNA to make DNA by a process called reverse transcription
HIV is a retrovirusVaccine-weakened or dead
pathogens injected into the body to produce immunity
Fungi live in moist places Skin, hair follicles, nail beds, lung pH of skin, fatty acid content of skin
cells, cell cycle time Treated with fungicides
Protists cause African sleeping virus, amoebic dysentary, malaria,
Contaminated food, water, or through animal intermediate like mosquito
First line of defense is the skinMucus, tears, sweat, and saliva have
lysozyme that break down bacterial cell walls
Oil and sweat glands make an acidic environment
Second line of defense is increased blood flow to the area which brings macrophages (phagocytes) to area that eat the pathogens
Second line of defense is increased blood flow to the area which brings macrophages (phagocytes) to area that eat the pathogens
Inflamation-swelling-destroys pathogen
and repair damaged tissue Fever-increase in body temperature
unsuitable for pathogen growth and initiates third line of defense
Third Line of Defense Antigen-Antibody Response
Antigen-foreign substanceAntibodies-proteins produced by white blood
cells which act on antigens by bonding with them and block negative affects of antigen
T-cells recognize the virus and attack infected cells(cell-mediated response)
B-cells are activated by T-cells and make antibodies to destroy pathogens(antibody-mediated immunity)
Active Immunity- new immune response is activated in the body (vaccines, exposure to disease
Long-term, explains why get disease only once in lifetimePassive Immunity- when antibodies are
introduced into the body from mother through breast feeding or injections of antibodies from someone else
Short term
Nutrients-substances needed by organisms to carry out life functions (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins, and minerals
Eat diet predominantly fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and meats low in saturated fats
Avoid artificial sweeteners and preservatives
Eat slow, on a small plate, and eat only until full
Drink Water-64 ounces per dayLimit alcohol- abuse can cause alcohol
poisoning, coma, paralysis, liver disease, heart disease, and emotional disorders
Avoid tobacco products and second hand smoke (increases chance of cancer, heart disease, tooth decay, chronic bronchitis and emphysema
Regular exercise to maintain body weight, increases circulation, flexibility, increased immunity, strengthen bones, relieves stress, and decreases depression