Date post: | 26-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | cornelia-robertson |
View: | 221 times |
Download: | 4 times |
HISTORY OF CHINA
Until 20th century: Dynastic Cycles Long periods of family rule divided by
times of chaos.
Mandate of Heaven Legitimacy, right to rule, came from
ancestral wisdom from heaven.
REVOLUTION OF 1911
Overthrew emperor Birth of the Republic of
China Weak central
government under. . . Sun Yat-sen
Nationalist Party (Kuomintang [KMT])
Provincial warlords retained much power Supported by various
foreign powers
CHINESE COMMUNIST PARTY (CCP)
Formed by intellectuals in 1921. Controlled by USSR. Initially united with KMT to defeat
warlords and unite the country.
NATIONALISTS V. COMMUNISTS
1927: KMT surprise attack against Communists
Beginning of Civil War KMT led by. . .
Chiang Kai-shek Communists led
by. . . Mao Zedong
1931-1949
1931: Japanese invade Manchuria
1937: KMT and Communists ally to fight Japanese.
1945: WWII ends. Civil War back on.
1949: People’s Republic of China
Chiang to Taiwan
MAOIST PHILOSOPHY
Collectivism Community above individual
Self-Reliance & Struggle Egalitarianism Mass Line
Line of communication (back and forth) from CCP leaders, through members, to peasants.
Leaders take ideas of the masses, shape them into policy, then explain that policy to the masses.
“Iron Rice Bowl:” Guaranteed Employment.
MAO AND LENIN
Both Democratic centralism Pre-industrial society
Mao More Egalitarian social
structure Mass line: greater
political efficacy (in theory)
More agrarian based
DEVELOPMENT IN THE PRC (1949-1957)
Heavily influenced by Soviet expertise Land Reform– redistribution from rich to
poor Collectivization and development of
industry
SINO-SOVIET SPLIT
Causes USSR would not support:
China’s nuclear development Attempts to attack Taiwan
USSR relaxed hostility with U.S.
HUNDRED FLOWERS MOVEMENT (1957) Mass line
Give and take of ideas Invited criticism of party performance Mass complaints by intellectuals about
the political system. Critics labeled as “rightists.” Start of Anti-Rightist Campaign
Thousands of intellectuals persecuted
THE GREAT LEAP FORWARD (1958-1962) Develop industry AND agriculture Collectivization of farms
Contradicted earlier land reform Mass Mobilization People’s Communes
Thousands of households in one unit Competed with other communes
FAILURE OF GREAT LEAP FORWARD
Communes made their own steel. Cheap and useless
Beijing set high goals for farm output Local party members lied on reports Not enough food for commune workers
Unusually bad weather Three year famine
Famine and false reports led to 30 million deaths
Party members afraid to challenge Mao’s policy
THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION
1. What are the reasons for the Cultural Revolution?
2. Who were the targets?3. How was it carried out?
AFTERMATH OF GREAT LEAP FORWARD Mao withdrew from
public for several years after failure of Great Leap Forward.
Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping lead recovery. Allowed farming on
the side. Relaxed restrictions
on peasants.
THE CULTURAL REVOLUTION (1966-1976)“IT’S RIGHT TO REBEL”
Reasons
Mao feeling obsolete.
Declared that the party itself was an obstacle to revolution
Factions in CCP Reds
Politically reliable ideologists
Utopians
Versus Experts
Intellectuals Economic growth
TARGETS OF CULTURAL REVOLUTION
“THE FOUR OLDS”Ideas
CultureHabits
Customs
Party Officials Landlords Capitalist Roaders Rightists Intellectuals Businessmen Associated with foreigners
Red Guard: Followers of Mao who
carried out Revolution
CULT OF MAO
Cult of Personality The excessive
adulation of a single leader
Little Red Book Book of Mao quotes
Loyalty Dance Twice a day homage
to Mao.
END OF CULTURAL REVOLUTION
Sent-Down Youth Mao sent Red Guard
to live in most rural areas to learn from peasants.
1976: Mao Dies
1976: Arrest of the Gang of Four Included Mao’s wife Radical architects of
the Cultural Revolution
IMPACT
Over ½ million killed.
10 years of closed schools.
No scientific or technological advancement
Deng Xiaoping, a moderate “expert,” became new leader.
DENG XIAOPING (1978-1997)
BLACK CAT/WHITE CAT “It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white or
black, as long as it catches mice.”
Focus on economic prosperity, not socialism.
Dramatic turn-around for economy Combined:
Socialist Planning Capitalist Free Market SOCIAL MARKET ECONOMY
DENG XIAOPING
Economic Pragmatist Political Authoritarian
Absolute authority of Communist state.
Economic Liberalization NOT
Political Liberalization
GRADUAL economic change, NOT “shock therapy”
DENG XIAOPING’S MODERNIZATION (‘78-‘97)
FOUR MODERNIZATIONS
IndustryAgriculture
ScienceMilitary
Open Door Trade Policy
Reformed Education Visited U.S. and
normalized relations
END OF THE COMMUNES (1983)(BLACK CAT/WHITE CAT)
Household Responsibility System Peasants could lease land. Keep the surplus crop. Greatly reduced poverty in the
countryside.
“Mao Zedong gave us liberation. Deng Xiaoping gave us food.”
Popular saying in countryside
ENTREPRENEURS AND PRIVATIZATION (1980S)
Small entrepreneurs begin to emerge.
Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Rural factories and businesses Run by local government and private
entrepreneurs.
Beginning stages of privatization
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ)(BLACK CAT/WHITE CAT)
Tax breaks and incentives for foreign investors (FDI) in certain cities.
1979: 4 SEZ
“TO GET RICH IS GLORIOUS!”
-- Deng Xiaoping
SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES (SEZ)(BLACK CAT/WHITE CAT)
Tax breaks and incentives for foreign investors (FDI) in certain cities.
1979: 4 SEZ 1984: 18 SEZ 1990s: Began to create:
Free Trade Zones High-Tech Zones Economic & Tech Zones
Various zones get different preferential policies
“TO GET RICH IS GLORIOUS!”
-- Deng Xiaoping
STATE OWNED ENTERPRISES (SOE) & PRIVATE INDUSTRY
Number of SOEs is decreasing.
Number of private enterprises is increasing.