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Water as a solvent Acids, bases and pH Organic compounds Hydrocarbons Functional groups Dehydration synthesis/ hydrolysis

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Water and life 4. The universal solvent Water can form hydrogen bonds with any polar or ionic compound. Therefore, many things can be dissolved in water The dissolving agent is called the solvent The dissolved substance is called the solute A liquid of two or more evenly mixed substances is a solution

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Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H + ions to a solution. Bases Accept H + ions & remove them from solution.

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pH= A measure of hydrogen ion concentration, but on a logarithmic scale (potential of Hydrogen) Solutions with high hydrogen ion concentrations have low pH are acidic Solutions with low hydrogen ion concentrations have a high pH are basic There is a 10-fold difference in hydrogen ion concentration between solutions that differ by one pH unit. So what is pH??

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Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H + ions to a solution. Bases Accept H + ions & remove them from solution.

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Acids & Bases Acids: Donate H + ions to a solution. Bases Accept H + ions & remove them from solution.

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Implications of extreme pH in the environment

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Acid deposition affects land and aquatic environments

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What US regions are affected by acid deposition? EPA Air Quality Website

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Some common acids, bases and salts

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Salts Neither acids or bases Can form when acids and bases react The dissociated hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions join to form water. The remaining ions form ionic bonds creating a salt. This is an example of neutralization. H + Cl - + Na + OH - Na + Cl - + H + OH - Hydrocloric + Sodium Sodium + Water acid hydroxide chloride

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Molecules containing carbon and hydrogen Long chains or rings of carbon form backbone of diverse biological compounds. C9H8O4C9H8O4

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All organic molecules have a carbon skeleton. This determines the overall shape of the molecule. Organic molecules differ in these ways: 1. The length and arrangement of the carbon skeleton. 2. Which atoms are attached to the skeleton

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Length: How long is the carbon based skeleton? Dehydration synthesis: Single units/ monomers are linked to form large units/ polymers; water removed Hydrolysis: Polymers are broken into monomers during metabolism; water is added.

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Arrangement of the skeleton: Isomers Organic molecules can have the same number and composition of atoms, but can have different arrangements. These are called isomers.

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Isomers

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Atoms attached to C-H skeleton Polar functional groups= hydrophilic Non-polar functional groups= hydrophobic

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Macromolecules are very large organic molecules. The most important organic compounds found in living things are: 1. Carbohydrates 2. Proteins 3. Lipids 4. Nucleic acids

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Carbohydrates Compounds with a 1:2:1 ratio of C:H:O Monomers= monosaccharides Polymers= polysaccharides Hydrophobic or hydrophilic? Function?

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Simple sugars are described by the number of carbons in the molecule. Triose-3 carbons Pentose-5 carbons Hexose-6 carbons

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When two simple sugars are combined they form disaccharides Formed via dehydration synthesis Examples: Maltose, lactose and sucrose

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So how is high fructose corn syrup different from sugar? Sugar HFCS

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Contain many simple sugars connected by _________________ Examples of polysaccharides:

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Primarily C, H and O but not a fixed ratio Monomer = amino acid Polymers= proteins or polypeptides Hydophobic or hydrophilic? Function?

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An amino acid contains: 1. Amino group 2. Carboxyl group 3. Side chain/ R group There are 20 different amino acids

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Amino acids are joined via dehydration synthesis. The bond formed between amino acids is called a peptide bond. Several amino acids joined together form polypeptide chains or proteins.

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The sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide constitutes the primary structure of the protein

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Polypeptides twist and fold into their secondary structure Form -helix or -pleated sheet

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The 2 structure folds in a random manner to form a globular 3 structure.

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Multiple polypeptides interact to form a functional protein

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Denaturation: When heat or other environmental conditions break the bonds that stabilize tertiary structure.

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The proteins overall shape determines function Example: Sickle cell anemia A mutation in one gene causes the protein to have a different shape- changes RBC shape. Different shape altered function

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Composed of C, H and a little O, but no fixed ratio There are three types of lipids: True fats (e.g. pork chop fat and oils) Phospholipids (membrane components) Steroids (most hormones) Hydrophobic/ hydrophilic? Function?

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True fat= triglyceride Used to provide energy The building blocks of fats= fatty acid A glycerol molecule Three fatty acid tails

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If the carbon skeleton of a fatty acid has as much hydrogen as possible, the fat is called a saturated fat. If the carbons of a fatty acid have double bonded carbon molecules in them, the fat is called unsaturated fat.

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Trans (Elaidic acid)Elaidic acidCis (Oleic acid)Oleic acidSaturated (Stearic acid)Stearic acid Elaidic acid is the principal trans unsaturated fatty acid often found in partially hydrogenated vegetable oils. [22] [22] Oleic acid is a cis unsaturated fatty acid that comprises 5580% of olive oil. [23] [23] Stearic acid is a saturated fatty acid found in animal fats and is the intended product in full hydrogenation. Stearic acid is neither cis nor trans because it has no double bonds. These fatty acids are geometric isomers (structurally identical except for the arrangement of the double bond).geometric isomers This fatty acid contains no double bond and is not isomeric with the previous ^^ Alonso L, Fontecha J, Lozada L, Fraga MJ, Jurez M (1999). "Fatty acid composition of caprine milk: major, branched-chain, and trans fatty acids". Journal of Dairy Science 82 (5): 878 84. doi:10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75306-3. PMID 10342226. doi10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75306-3PMID10342226 ^^ Alfred Thomas (2002). "Fats and Fatty Oils". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a10_173.doi10.1002/14356007.a10_173

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Phospholipids: Are complex organic molecules that resemble fats but contain phosphate groups. Phospholipids are the major components of cell membranes. Some are known as lecithins.

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Nonpolar molecules that are arranged in rings of carbon Steroids are important components of cell membranes. Cholesterol Steroids often serve as hormones and serve in regulation of body processes. Testosterone, estrogen

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Cholesterol: LDL vs HDL Cholesterol does not travel freely in the bloodstream. Carried by lipoproteins (L) LDL LOW Density Lipoproteins Deposit excess cholesterol on arterial walls. bad cholesterol HDL HIGH Density Lipoproteins Remove cholesterol from the blood. good cholesterol

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Nucleic acids Contains C, H as well as lots of N, P and O Monomer = nucleotide Polymer= nucleic acids DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) RNA (ribonucleic acid) Hydophobic or hydrophilic? Function?

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The functions of DNA 1. Replicate itself 2. Store information and pass to offspring 3. Make proteins

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The nucleotide monomer Each nucleotide contains 1. A 5-carbon sugar DNA: deoxyribose RNA: ribose 2. A phosphate group 3. A nitrogenous group

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The 4 nucleotides of DNA

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Nucleotides are linked by ______________ Each DNA molecule is made of two strands. Strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. The bases pair according to base pair rules Adenine - Thymine Cytosine Guanine The DNA polymer

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-helix structure of DNA

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Each DNA strand is divided into segments called genes Genes are the recipes for proteins The sequence of nucleotides in a gene dictate the order of amino acids in a polypeptide. Each DNA strand is called a chromosome Human cells have 46 chromosomes in each cell. DNA, genes, and chromosomes

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RNA is a single stranded molecule Nucleotides: 4 nucleotides BUT contains uracil instead of thymine Base pairs with itself and DNA A-U G-C RNA is found in three different forms: mRNA (messenger RNA) rRNA (ribosomal RNA) tRNA (transfer RNA) The RNA polymer

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A special nucleotide- ATP - Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) contains 1. Ribose sugar 2. Adenine sugar 3. 3 phosphate groups - Bonds between phosphates are used for energy storage

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Overview