Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy 134 P. K. Guha Road Dum Dum Kol-28 Study Material of 05/6/2020 For Class Nursery to XII Class Nursery Subject Topic Execution English Worksheet Reading Book Pg 38 Check WhatsApp Listen and repeat Math Number 31, 32 Write in the copy Art/craft Art/craft book Pg 4 Do in the book Class KG I Subject Topic Execution English Work Book Pg 40, 41 Write in the book Math Work book Pg 100 (One – Ten) speak aloud Bengali এএএ এএএএ Pg 11 Write in the book Hindi Worksheet Check WhatsApp Conversatio n Reading Book Pg 32 (Q.1 – 15) Listen and repeat Class KG II Subject Topic Execution English Cursive writing Book Pg 7,8,9 Write in the book Science Where is Mili? – Worksheet Check WhatsApp Art/Craft Art/Craft Book – Pg 4 Do in the book GK (Term I) Pg 134 Do in the book Class I Subject Topic Summary Execution English 1 Opposites Learn and practice writing opposites page 59 2 nd column English 2 Poem the furry home Learn and practice writing If I were a mouse And wanted a house, I think I would choose My new red shoes. Maths Compariso n of numbers up to 20 page 207 CASE 1.If 2 numbers have different numbers of digits, then the number with more digits is always greater. CASE 2a. If two numbers have the same number of digits, then first we compare the digits at the tens place then ones place. CASE 2b. If the digits at tens place are same, then we CASE 1 example 2- digit number = 15 1-digit number = 8 So here 15>8 or we say 15 is greater than 8. CASE 2. Example 2-digit number =12. Here tens place =1 2-digit number =20. Here tens place = 2 So we can see 2>1 So, 20> 12
Transcript
Rishi Aurobindo Memorial Academy134 P K Guha Road Dum Dum Kol-28
Study Material of 0562020For Class Nursery to XII
Class NurserySubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Worksheet
Reading Book Pg 38 Check WhatsApp Listen and repeat
Math Number 31 32 Write in the copyArtcraft Artcraft book Pg 4 Do in the book
Class KG ISubject Topic ExecutionEnglish Work Book Pg 40 41 Write in the bookMath Work book Pg 100 (One ndash Ten) speak aloud
Bengali এসো লিলি Pg 11 Write in the bookHindi Worksheet Check WhatsApp
Conversation Reading Book Pg 32 (Q1 ndash 15) Listen and repeatClass KG II
Subject Topic ExecutionEnglish Cursive writing Book Pg 789 Write in the bookScience Where is Mili ndash Worksheet Check WhatsApp
ArtCraft ArtCraft Book ndash Pg 4 Do in the book GK (Term I) Pg 134 Do in the book
Class ISubject Topic Summary Execution English 1 Opposites Learn and practice writing opposites page 59 2nd columnEnglish 2 Poem the
furry home Learn and practice writing If I were a mouseAnd wanted a houseI think I would choose My new red shoes
Maths Comparison of numbers up to 20 page 207
CASE 1If 2 numbers have different numbers of digits then the number with more digits is always greater
CASE 2a If two numbers have the same number of digits then first we compare the digits at the tens place then ones place
CASE 2b If the digits at tens place are same then we compare the digits at ones place
CASE 1 example 2- digit number = 151-digit number = 8So here 15gt8 or we say 15 is greater than 8
CASE 2 Example 2-digit number =12 Here tens place =12-digit number =20Here tens place = 2So we can see 2gt1So 20gt 12
CASE 2b example 2-digit number =182-digit number =11So in both the numbers at tens place there is 1so now we will see the number at ones place Then as 8gt1 so 18 gt11
Do page 208 by yourself in book EVS Chapter 8
clothes 1 What is a houseAns-The space we live in is called our house2 Why do we need a house
Ans-A house protect us from heatcold wind rain animals and thievesHindi Chapter 5
page 462चितर दखिए तथा सही शबद नकर वाकय पर कीजिए-रल पर ढमना गा रही थी
यह कलाश कापर हथल स फल निनकालसनिनक दश की रकषा करत ह सरश कला ा
Class IISubject Topic Summary ExecutionEng literature
Orchid ch 1 Brave Jiya Book Orchid
Refer to pg 8Write down in your copy and learn them
Ex C Answer the following questionsQs1 Where did Jiya and Tarun liveAns Jiya and Tarun lived in a small house near the riverbank with their parentsQ2What did Jiya and Tarun makeAns Jiya and Tarun made paper boats
Eng language
Ch 7 Being words
Refer to pg 38Write in the book
Ex D Choose the correct verbs and fill in the blanksAnswers
1 was2 was3 was4 were5 was6 were7 were
EVS Ch 7 Houses we Build
Refer to pg133Write in the book and learn them
Ex A Fill in the blanksAnswers
1 safe2 ice3 cloth4 sloping5 air
Ex B Circle the correct word in the sentences given belowAnswers
1 clean2 Eskimos3 Wheels4 mud
Mathematics
CHAPTER 4 ADDITION
Kapil has 250 pencils and Ruchi has 190 pencils How many pencils do they have in allSOLUTIONNoof pencil kapil has = 250Noof pencil Ruchi has = +190 _________Total = 440
PRACTICE GIVEN WORD PROBLEMS
Ans) They have 440 pencils in all
Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONCOMPUTER
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO MS WORD
EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE Q5) WHAT ARE THE KEYBOARDS SHORTCUTS OF FOLLOWING IN MS WORD
a CREATING A NEW DOCUMENTb SAVING A DOCUMENTc OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENTd CLOSING A DOCUMENT
ANS)
a CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT- CTRL + N
b SAVING A DOCUMENT- CTRL + Sc OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENT-
CTRL + Od CLOSING A DOCUMENT- CTRL + F4
B FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 EXIT2 FILE3 NEW4 TEXT
C WRITE TRUE OR FALSE
1 FALSE2 FALSE3 FALSE4 FALSE5 FALSE6 FALSE
Science
Birds (Types of beaks and food habits)
∆∆ Broad and short beak Swallow bird has board and short beak its beak is sticky from inside When it moves in the air with open beak tiny flying insects get stuck inside its
mouth
∆∆ Strong and chisel shaped beak A woodpecker has this type of beak it helps them to poke holes in trunks
Bookrsquos Exercise
A Tick the correct answer
4 Which of these uses its beak like a needle to make its nest ndash tailor bird
B Write T for True or F for False
1 Birds have hollow bones that are filled with air ndash True
2 A bird uses its claws to change its direction while flying ndash False
3 Birds do not have teeth ndash True
of trees and pull out insects
∆∆ Broad and flat beak Water Birds like the ducks swans have this type of beaks Their beaks have comb-like edged They eat small insects worms and small plants present in the muddy water The water and the mud flow out through the edges leaving the food inside the mouth
∆∆ Long and slender beak Hoopoes and hummingbirds have this type of
beaks It helps the hoopoes to pull out insects from the ground and hummingbirds to suck nectar from flowers
∆∆ Broad long and sharp-edged
beak Fish-eating birds like pelicans have this type of beaks with a pouch that help the bird to catch fish
Eng language
Ch 6 Gender Refer to pg 24 Write in the book and learn them
homeworkTRY TO DO EX C IN THE BOOK I WILL SEND THE ANSWERS IN MY NEXT CLASS
Ex B Write the feminine nouns from the box next to the correct masculine nounsAnswers 1aunt 2mistress 3spinster4 wife 5hostess 6heiress7heroine 8bride 9mother10goose 11cow 12vixen13duchess 14police woman 15goddess16madam
MATHEMATICS
Ch 5
Multiplication
In a multiplication sum the number to be multiplied is called lsquomultiplicandrsquo and the number by which we multiply is called lsquomultiplierrsquo and the result is called lsquoproductrsquo
For example 3 5 Multiplicand
times 1 4 Multiplier
4 9 0 Product
Exercise ndash 30
Without actual multiplication fill in the following blanks
1 25_______ = 3825
Solution 2538 = 3825
[Commutative property]
2 _____42 = 4276
Solution 7642 = 4276
[Commutative property]
4 9242 = 42_____
Solution 9242 = 4292
[Commutative property]
6 71182 = _____711
Solution 71182 = 82711
[Commutative property]
Properties of multiplication
1 The product of two numbers does not change when we interchange the order of multiplicand and the multiplier This is called commutative property of multiplication
For example 4723 = 1081 and 2347 = 1081
2 The product of three numbers remains the same when the grouping of three numbers is changed This is called associative property of multiplication
For example 7510 = 3510 = 350 and
7510 = 750 = 350
3 The product of a number and 1 is the number itself This is called multiplicative property of one
For example 4361 = 436 98011 = 9801 etc
4 The product of a number and zero is always zero This is called multiplicative property of zero
For example 790 = 0 5010 = 0 etc
7 485319 = 19 _____ 48
Solution 485319 = 1953 48
[Associative property]
8 239625 = 2596______
Solution 239625 = 259623
[Associative property]
9 5481 = _____
Solution 5481 = 548
[Multiplicative property of one]
10 56070 = ______
Solution 56070 = 0
[Multiplicative property of zero]
Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience The Teeth
(Taking care of teeth and gums)
Taking care of teeth and gumsWe have already discussed that our teeth help in our digestion Our teeth along with the tongue and the saliva help us to chew food so that it can be swallowed and digested easily Healthy teeth are a part of a healthy body So we should take care of our teeth
We should brush our teeth twice a day in the morning and at the night before going to bed
We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
We should massage gently the gums with a finger
We should rinse our mouth after every meal
We should also follow the correct ways of brushing the teeth
Bookrsquosexercise B Fill in the blanks3 Teeth that begin to fall when a child is about six years old are called milk teeth 4 The four chisel-shaped front teeth in each jaw are called incisors 5 The top part of a tooth is called crown
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Ans-A house protect us from heatcold wind rain animals and thievesHindi Chapter 5
page 462चितर दखिए तथा सही शबद नकर वाकय पर कीजिए-रल पर ढमना गा रही थी
यह कलाश कापर हथल स फल निनकालसनिनक दश की रकषा करत ह सरश कला ा
Class IISubject Topic Summary ExecutionEng literature
Orchid ch 1 Brave Jiya Book Orchid
Refer to pg 8Write down in your copy and learn them
Ex C Answer the following questionsQs1 Where did Jiya and Tarun liveAns Jiya and Tarun lived in a small house near the riverbank with their parentsQ2What did Jiya and Tarun makeAns Jiya and Tarun made paper boats
Eng language
Ch 7 Being words
Refer to pg 38Write in the book
Ex D Choose the correct verbs and fill in the blanksAnswers
1 was2 was3 was4 were5 was6 were7 were
EVS Ch 7 Houses we Build
Refer to pg133Write in the book and learn them
Ex A Fill in the blanksAnswers
1 safe2 ice3 cloth4 sloping5 air
Ex B Circle the correct word in the sentences given belowAnswers
1 clean2 Eskimos3 Wheels4 mud
Mathematics
CHAPTER 4 ADDITION
Kapil has 250 pencils and Ruchi has 190 pencils How many pencils do they have in allSOLUTIONNoof pencil kapil has = 250Noof pencil Ruchi has = +190 _________Total = 440
PRACTICE GIVEN WORD PROBLEMS
Ans) They have 440 pencils in all
Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONCOMPUTER
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO MS WORD
EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE Q5) WHAT ARE THE KEYBOARDS SHORTCUTS OF FOLLOWING IN MS WORD
a CREATING A NEW DOCUMENTb SAVING A DOCUMENTc OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENTd CLOSING A DOCUMENT
ANS)
a CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT- CTRL + N
b SAVING A DOCUMENT- CTRL + Sc OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENT-
CTRL + Od CLOSING A DOCUMENT- CTRL + F4
B FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 EXIT2 FILE3 NEW4 TEXT
C WRITE TRUE OR FALSE
1 FALSE2 FALSE3 FALSE4 FALSE5 FALSE6 FALSE
Science
Birds (Types of beaks and food habits)
∆∆ Broad and short beak Swallow bird has board and short beak its beak is sticky from inside When it moves in the air with open beak tiny flying insects get stuck inside its
mouth
∆∆ Strong and chisel shaped beak A woodpecker has this type of beak it helps them to poke holes in trunks
Bookrsquos Exercise
A Tick the correct answer
4 Which of these uses its beak like a needle to make its nest ndash tailor bird
B Write T for True or F for False
1 Birds have hollow bones that are filled with air ndash True
2 A bird uses its claws to change its direction while flying ndash False
3 Birds do not have teeth ndash True
of trees and pull out insects
∆∆ Broad and flat beak Water Birds like the ducks swans have this type of beaks Their beaks have comb-like edged They eat small insects worms and small plants present in the muddy water The water and the mud flow out through the edges leaving the food inside the mouth
∆∆ Long and slender beak Hoopoes and hummingbirds have this type of
beaks It helps the hoopoes to pull out insects from the ground and hummingbirds to suck nectar from flowers
∆∆ Broad long and sharp-edged
beak Fish-eating birds like pelicans have this type of beaks with a pouch that help the bird to catch fish
Eng language
Ch 6 Gender Refer to pg 24 Write in the book and learn them
homeworkTRY TO DO EX C IN THE BOOK I WILL SEND THE ANSWERS IN MY NEXT CLASS
Ex B Write the feminine nouns from the box next to the correct masculine nounsAnswers 1aunt 2mistress 3spinster4 wife 5hostess 6heiress7heroine 8bride 9mother10goose 11cow 12vixen13duchess 14police woman 15goddess16madam
MATHEMATICS
Ch 5
Multiplication
In a multiplication sum the number to be multiplied is called lsquomultiplicandrsquo and the number by which we multiply is called lsquomultiplierrsquo and the result is called lsquoproductrsquo
For example 3 5 Multiplicand
times 1 4 Multiplier
4 9 0 Product
Exercise ndash 30
Without actual multiplication fill in the following blanks
1 25_______ = 3825
Solution 2538 = 3825
[Commutative property]
2 _____42 = 4276
Solution 7642 = 4276
[Commutative property]
4 9242 = 42_____
Solution 9242 = 4292
[Commutative property]
6 71182 = _____711
Solution 71182 = 82711
[Commutative property]
Properties of multiplication
1 The product of two numbers does not change when we interchange the order of multiplicand and the multiplier This is called commutative property of multiplication
For example 4723 = 1081 and 2347 = 1081
2 The product of three numbers remains the same when the grouping of three numbers is changed This is called associative property of multiplication
For example 7510 = 3510 = 350 and
7510 = 750 = 350
3 The product of a number and 1 is the number itself This is called multiplicative property of one
For example 4361 = 436 98011 = 9801 etc
4 The product of a number and zero is always zero This is called multiplicative property of zero
For example 790 = 0 5010 = 0 etc
7 485319 = 19 _____ 48
Solution 485319 = 1953 48
[Associative property]
8 239625 = 2596______
Solution 239625 = 259623
[Associative property]
9 5481 = _____
Solution 5481 = 548
[Multiplicative property of one]
10 56070 = ______
Solution 56070 = 0
[Multiplicative property of zero]
Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience The Teeth
(Taking care of teeth and gums)
Taking care of teeth and gumsWe have already discussed that our teeth help in our digestion Our teeth along with the tongue and the saliva help us to chew food so that it can be swallowed and digested easily Healthy teeth are a part of a healthy body So we should take care of our teeth
We should brush our teeth twice a day in the morning and at the night before going to bed
We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
We should massage gently the gums with a finger
We should rinse our mouth after every meal
We should also follow the correct ways of brushing the teeth
Bookrsquosexercise B Fill in the blanks3 Teeth that begin to fall when a child is about six years old are called milk teeth 4 The four chisel-shaped front teeth in each jaw are called incisors 5 The top part of a tooth is called crown
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Ans) They have 440 pencils in all
Class IIISUBJECT TOPIC SUMMARY EXECUTIONCOMPUTER
CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO MS WORD
EXPLANATION HAS BEEN DONE Q5) WHAT ARE THE KEYBOARDS SHORTCUTS OF FOLLOWING IN MS WORD
a CREATING A NEW DOCUMENTb SAVING A DOCUMENTc OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENTd CLOSING A DOCUMENT
ANS)
a CREATING A NEW DOCUMENT- CTRL + N
b SAVING A DOCUMENT- CTRL + Sc OPENING AN EXISTING DOCUMENT-
CTRL + Od CLOSING A DOCUMENT- CTRL + F4
B FILL IN THE BLANKS
1 EXIT2 FILE3 NEW4 TEXT
C WRITE TRUE OR FALSE
1 FALSE2 FALSE3 FALSE4 FALSE5 FALSE6 FALSE
Science
Birds (Types of beaks and food habits)
∆∆ Broad and short beak Swallow bird has board and short beak its beak is sticky from inside When it moves in the air with open beak tiny flying insects get stuck inside its
mouth
∆∆ Strong and chisel shaped beak A woodpecker has this type of beak it helps them to poke holes in trunks
Bookrsquos Exercise
A Tick the correct answer
4 Which of these uses its beak like a needle to make its nest ndash tailor bird
B Write T for True or F for False
1 Birds have hollow bones that are filled with air ndash True
2 A bird uses its claws to change its direction while flying ndash False
3 Birds do not have teeth ndash True
of trees and pull out insects
∆∆ Broad and flat beak Water Birds like the ducks swans have this type of beaks Their beaks have comb-like edged They eat small insects worms and small plants present in the muddy water The water and the mud flow out through the edges leaving the food inside the mouth
∆∆ Long and slender beak Hoopoes and hummingbirds have this type of
beaks It helps the hoopoes to pull out insects from the ground and hummingbirds to suck nectar from flowers
∆∆ Broad long and sharp-edged
beak Fish-eating birds like pelicans have this type of beaks with a pouch that help the bird to catch fish
Eng language
Ch 6 Gender Refer to pg 24 Write in the book and learn them
homeworkTRY TO DO EX C IN THE BOOK I WILL SEND THE ANSWERS IN MY NEXT CLASS
Ex B Write the feminine nouns from the box next to the correct masculine nounsAnswers 1aunt 2mistress 3spinster4 wife 5hostess 6heiress7heroine 8bride 9mother10goose 11cow 12vixen13duchess 14police woman 15goddess16madam
MATHEMATICS
Ch 5
Multiplication
In a multiplication sum the number to be multiplied is called lsquomultiplicandrsquo and the number by which we multiply is called lsquomultiplierrsquo and the result is called lsquoproductrsquo
For example 3 5 Multiplicand
times 1 4 Multiplier
4 9 0 Product
Exercise ndash 30
Without actual multiplication fill in the following blanks
1 25_______ = 3825
Solution 2538 = 3825
[Commutative property]
2 _____42 = 4276
Solution 7642 = 4276
[Commutative property]
4 9242 = 42_____
Solution 9242 = 4292
[Commutative property]
6 71182 = _____711
Solution 71182 = 82711
[Commutative property]
Properties of multiplication
1 The product of two numbers does not change when we interchange the order of multiplicand and the multiplier This is called commutative property of multiplication
For example 4723 = 1081 and 2347 = 1081
2 The product of three numbers remains the same when the grouping of three numbers is changed This is called associative property of multiplication
For example 7510 = 3510 = 350 and
7510 = 750 = 350
3 The product of a number and 1 is the number itself This is called multiplicative property of one
For example 4361 = 436 98011 = 9801 etc
4 The product of a number and zero is always zero This is called multiplicative property of zero
For example 790 = 0 5010 = 0 etc
7 485319 = 19 _____ 48
Solution 485319 = 1953 48
[Associative property]
8 239625 = 2596______
Solution 239625 = 259623
[Associative property]
9 5481 = _____
Solution 5481 = 548
[Multiplicative property of one]
10 56070 = ______
Solution 56070 = 0
[Multiplicative property of zero]
Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience The Teeth
(Taking care of teeth and gums)
Taking care of teeth and gumsWe have already discussed that our teeth help in our digestion Our teeth along with the tongue and the saliva help us to chew food so that it can be swallowed and digested easily Healthy teeth are a part of a healthy body So we should take care of our teeth
We should brush our teeth twice a day in the morning and at the night before going to bed
We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
We should massage gently the gums with a finger
We should rinse our mouth after every meal
We should also follow the correct ways of brushing the teeth
Bookrsquosexercise B Fill in the blanks3 Teeth that begin to fall when a child is about six years old are called milk teeth 4 The four chisel-shaped front teeth in each jaw are called incisors 5 The top part of a tooth is called crown
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
of trees and pull out insects
∆∆ Broad and flat beak Water Birds like the ducks swans have this type of beaks Their beaks have comb-like edged They eat small insects worms and small plants present in the muddy water The water and the mud flow out through the edges leaving the food inside the mouth
∆∆ Long and slender beak Hoopoes and hummingbirds have this type of
beaks It helps the hoopoes to pull out insects from the ground and hummingbirds to suck nectar from flowers
∆∆ Broad long and sharp-edged
beak Fish-eating birds like pelicans have this type of beaks with a pouch that help the bird to catch fish
Eng language
Ch 6 Gender Refer to pg 24 Write in the book and learn them
homeworkTRY TO DO EX C IN THE BOOK I WILL SEND THE ANSWERS IN MY NEXT CLASS
Ex B Write the feminine nouns from the box next to the correct masculine nounsAnswers 1aunt 2mistress 3spinster4 wife 5hostess 6heiress7heroine 8bride 9mother10goose 11cow 12vixen13duchess 14police woman 15goddess16madam
MATHEMATICS
Ch 5
Multiplication
In a multiplication sum the number to be multiplied is called lsquomultiplicandrsquo and the number by which we multiply is called lsquomultiplierrsquo and the result is called lsquoproductrsquo
For example 3 5 Multiplicand
times 1 4 Multiplier
4 9 0 Product
Exercise ndash 30
Without actual multiplication fill in the following blanks
1 25_______ = 3825
Solution 2538 = 3825
[Commutative property]
2 _____42 = 4276
Solution 7642 = 4276
[Commutative property]
4 9242 = 42_____
Solution 9242 = 4292
[Commutative property]
6 71182 = _____711
Solution 71182 = 82711
[Commutative property]
Properties of multiplication
1 The product of two numbers does not change when we interchange the order of multiplicand and the multiplier This is called commutative property of multiplication
For example 4723 = 1081 and 2347 = 1081
2 The product of three numbers remains the same when the grouping of three numbers is changed This is called associative property of multiplication
For example 7510 = 3510 = 350 and
7510 = 750 = 350
3 The product of a number and 1 is the number itself This is called multiplicative property of one
For example 4361 = 436 98011 = 9801 etc
4 The product of a number and zero is always zero This is called multiplicative property of zero
For example 790 = 0 5010 = 0 etc
7 485319 = 19 _____ 48
Solution 485319 = 1953 48
[Associative property]
8 239625 = 2596______
Solution 239625 = 259623
[Associative property]
9 5481 = _____
Solution 5481 = 548
[Multiplicative property of one]
10 56070 = ______
Solution 56070 = 0
[Multiplicative property of zero]
Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience The Teeth
(Taking care of teeth and gums)
Taking care of teeth and gumsWe have already discussed that our teeth help in our digestion Our teeth along with the tongue and the saliva help us to chew food so that it can be swallowed and digested easily Healthy teeth are a part of a healthy body So we should take care of our teeth
We should brush our teeth twice a day in the morning and at the night before going to bed
We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
We should massage gently the gums with a finger
We should rinse our mouth after every meal
We should also follow the correct ways of brushing the teeth
Bookrsquosexercise B Fill in the blanks3 Teeth that begin to fall when a child is about six years old are called milk teeth 4 The four chisel-shaped front teeth in each jaw are called incisors 5 The top part of a tooth is called crown
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
beak Fish-eating birds like pelicans have this type of beaks with a pouch that help the bird to catch fish
Eng language
Ch 6 Gender Refer to pg 24 Write in the book and learn them
homeworkTRY TO DO EX C IN THE BOOK I WILL SEND THE ANSWERS IN MY NEXT CLASS
Ex B Write the feminine nouns from the box next to the correct masculine nounsAnswers 1aunt 2mistress 3spinster4 wife 5hostess 6heiress7heroine 8bride 9mother10goose 11cow 12vixen13duchess 14police woman 15goddess16madam
MATHEMATICS
Ch 5
Multiplication
In a multiplication sum the number to be multiplied is called lsquomultiplicandrsquo and the number by which we multiply is called lsquomultiplierrsquo and the result is called lsquoproductrsquo
For example 3 5 Multiplicand
times 1 4 Multiplier
4 9 0 Product
Exercise ndash 30
Without actual multiplication fill in the following blanks
1 25_______ = 3825
Solution 2538 = 3825
[Commutative property]
2 _____42 = 4276
Solution 7642 = 4276
[Commutative property]
4 9242 = 42_____
Solution 9242 = 4292
[Commutative property]
6 71182 = _____711
Solution 71182 = 82711
[Commutative property]
Properties of multiplication
1 The product of two numbers does not change when we interchange the order of multiplicand and the multiplier This is called commutative property of multiplication
For example 4723 = 1081 and 2347 = 1081
2 The product of three numbers remains the same when the grouping of three numbers is changed This is called associative property of multiplication
For example 7510 = 3510 = 350 and
7510 = 750 = 350
3 The product of a number and 1 is the number itself This is called multiplicative property of one
For example 4361 = 436 98011 = 9801 etc
4 The product of a number and zero is always zero This is called multiplicative property of zero
For example 790 = 0 5010 = 0 etc
7 485319 = 19 _____ 48
Solution 485319 = 1953 48
[Associative property]
8 239625 = 2596______
Solution 239625 = 259623
[Associative property]
9 5481 = _____
Solution 5481 = 548
[Multiplicative property of one]
10 56070 = ______
Solution 56070 = 0
[Multiplicative property of zero]
Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience The Teeth
(Taking care of teeth and gums)
Taking care of teeth and gumsWe have already discussed that our teeth help in our digestion Our teeth along with the tongue and the saliva help us to chew food so that it can be swallowed and digested easily Healthy teeth are a part of a healthy body So we should take care of our teeth
We should brush our teeth twice a day in the morning and at the night before going to bed
We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
We should massage gently the gums with a finger
We should rinse our mouth after every meal
We should also follow the correct ways of brushing the teeth
Bookrsquosexercise B Fill in the blanks3 Teeth that begin to fall when a child is about six years old are called milk teeth 4 The four chisel-shaped front teeth in each jaw are called incisors 5 The top part of a tooth is called crown
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
7510 = 750 = 350
3 The product of a number and 1 is the number itself This is called multiplicative property of one
For example 4361 = 436 98011 = 9801 etc
4 The product of a number and zero is always zero This is called multiplicative property of zero
For example 790 = 0 5010 = 0 etc
7 485319 = 19 _____ 48
Solution 485319 = 1953 48
[Associative property]
8 239625 = 2596______
Solution 239625 = 259623
[Associative property]
9 5481 = _____
Solution 5481 = 548
[Multiplicative property of one]
10 56070 = ______
Solution 56070 = 0
[Multiplicative property of zero]
Class IVSubject Topic Summary ExecutionScience The Teeth
(Taking care of teeth and gums)
Taking care of teeth and gumsWe have already discussed that our teeth help in our digestion Our teeth along with the tongue and the saliva help us to chew food so that it can be swallowed and digested easily Healthy teeth are a part of a healthy body So we should take care of our teeth
We should brush our teeth twice a day in the morning and at the night before going to bed
We should use dental floss to clean between the teeth
We should massage gently the gums with a finger
We should rinse our mouth after every meal
We should also follow the correct ways of brushing the teeth
Bookrsquosexercise B Fill in the blanks3 Teeth that begin to fall when a child is about six years old are called milk teeth 4 The four chisel-shaped front teeth in each jaw are called incisors 5 The top part of a tooth is called crown
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Hindi 2ndlang
सव(नाम 4परशनवाक सव(नाम-ो सव(नाम शबद परशन पछन क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उनह परशनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स कौन कया निकस निकसका कहा आदिद 5सबधवाक सव(नाम- ो सव(नाम शबद वाकय म दसर सव(नाम या सजञा शबद स सबध बतान क चिलए परयोग निकए ात ह उस सबधवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स - ोसो जिसन -उसन जिसका उसका आदिद6निनवाक सव(नाम - जिन सव(नाम शबदो का परयोग अपन चिलए निकया ाता ह उस निनवाक सव(नाम कहत ह स- सवय द अपन आप आदिद
निनमनचिलखित शबदो स सव(नाम शबद नकर उनक भद चिलखिए
क) मझ कछ काम करना ह) आप कहा ा रह ह ग) वह तम और म शहर लगघ) ो लबा लडका ह वह मरा मिमतर ह ङ) मरा बसता भारी हो गया ह ) म अपना काम सवय करती ह छ) तम कहा रहती हो उततरक) कछ ndashअनिनशचिGत वाक सव(नाम) कहाndashपरशनवाक सव(नामग) वहतमम ndashपरषवाक सव(नामघ) ोवह ndashनिनGयवाक सव(नामङ) मरा ndashनिनवाक सव(नाम) सवय-निनवाक सव(नामछ) कहा ndashपरशनवाक सव(नाम
The human body is made of 11 important organ systems including the circulatory respiratory digestive excretory nervous and endocrine systems They also include the immune integumentary skeletal muscle and reproductive systems The systems work together to maintain a functioning human body
Answer the following questions1 Blood carries oxygen to all parts of the
body2 Heart is protected by ribs3 Which organ pumps the blood
Heart pumps the blood4 There are two pair of ribs in human
beings5 The blood flows to different parts
through the blood vessels6 Gastric juices kills the bacteria in
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
thestomach7 How many kidneys are there in human
bodyThere are two kidneys in the human body
8 Which system do the heart belongHeart belong to the circulatory system
9 Which system protects our body from diseases and infectionsThe immune system protects our body from diseases and infections
10 Enamel is harder than the bone
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 7
Divi
sion
Problems on four fundamental operationsThe four fundamental operations in mathematics are1 Addition2 Subtraction3 Multiplication4 DivisionSo in mathematics when all the fundamental operations are given in a sum the order of operations is as follows First we do the operation of Division then multiplication then addition and lastly subtraction
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Class VSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBengali বইndash
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
क) औपारिरक पतर स परधानााय( को नगर निनगम सपादक आदिद
ख) अनौपारिरक पतर स पापा को दोसत को बहन को अपन परिरनो को
महोदया ी सनिवनय निनवदन ह निक म आपकी ककषापावी की निवदयाथ ह कल रात स मझ त बार ह डॉकटर न
मझ आराम करन को कहा हअतः म निवदयालय आन म असमथ( ह आपस निनवदन ह निक आप मझ दिदनाक
१३स १७ तक की अवकाश दन की कपा कर हम आप क आभारी रहग
धनयवादआपका आजञाकारी चिशषयसीमा सिसहककषा-५
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
MAT
HEM
ATIC
S
Ch 5
Fact
ors a
nd M
ultip
les
Common FactorsWe are taking two numbers 24 and 56The factors of 24 are 1234681224The factors of 56 are 123478142856there4 The common factors of 24 and 56 are1248The full form of HCF is Highest Common FactorSo in the above discussion the HCF of 24 and 56 is 8
HCF by prime factorizationSteps1 Find the prime factorization of the given numbers2 Take all the common factors3 Multiply all common factors4 Product obtained in step-3 is the HCF
HCF by long division methodIf the numbers are 3-digit 4-digit or above in such cases we use another method which is called Long Division Method This method is based on the following two principles1 If a number is divisible by another number then every multiple of the first number is also divisible by the second number eg if 8 is divisible by 2 then 1624hellip are also divisible by 22 If a number divides two given numbers then it divides their sum and difference also eg if 6 divides 12 and 42 then 6 also divides (42+12) or 54 and (42-12) or 30
HCF of two numbersTo find the HCF of two numbers follow the steps given below
a) Divide the greater
Exercise ndash 21
2 Use prime factorization to find HCF of the following number(a) 15 and 42
Solution 3 15 2 42 5 3 21 7Now15 = 3times542 = 2times3times7there4 The HCF is 3
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
3 Use common division method to find the HCF of the following numbers[Long Division Method]
(d) 4270
Solution
42 70 1 42 28 42 1 28 14 28 2 28 times
there4 The HCF is 14
Class VISubject Topic Summary ExecutionBIOLOGY Ch-8
AdaptationsHABITATThe place where living organisms live is called their habitat Kinds of HabitatThe three main types of habitats are a aquatic habitat b terrestrial habitat and c aerial habitat
a Aquatic habitat Aquatic habitat includes both freshwater and marine water River lakes and ponds are fresh water bodies Sea and oceans are marine water bodies Some aquatic habitat are are fish water lily and lotus
b Terrestrial habitat Deserts mountains Polar regions forest and grassland are all comes under terrestrial habitat
1) Desert habitat - some plants and animals that are found in desert habitat are cactus date tree camel and desert fox etc
2) Mountain habitat - some plants found in mountain habitat are pine trees fir trees Some animals found in mountain habitat are yak mountain goats etc
3) Polar habitat - some animals found in polar habitat are polar bears penguin and reindeers etc
4) Forest and grassland habitat - some example of plants that are found in these regions are Banyan peepal mango etc Some animals found in these regions are tiger lion
Page - 107ATick the correct options
1 Which of the following is a type of habitat
Aquatic terrestrial aerial all of these
2 Which of these is not a terrestrial habitat
Mountain desert forest sea
3 Living organisms adapt to ndash find food protect themselves find suitable condition for
reproduction all of these
4 Which of these is not an abiotic component
Soil plant water air
B Fill in the blanks 1 The place where all living organisms live is called their habitat 2 Favourable features present in plants and animals that help them survive in a particular types of habitat are called adaptation 3 Adaptation is a very slow and gradual process 4 The environment has two types of components biotic and abiotic
C Find the odd one 1 Cactus camel penguin desert fox
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
jackal monkeys snake etc
c Aerial habitat Aerial habitat means the place above the ground Many varieties of birds bats bees and butterflies are found in this habitat
ADAPTATIONAdaptation is the evolutionary process where an organism becomes better suited to its habitat
Why living things adapt Living things adapt ndash
i To find food ii to protect themselves from
unfavourable weather and their enemies
iii To reproduce under favourable condition
Our environment is made up of two types of component
Biotic component ( living components are called biotic components Example ndash animals birds human plants etc )
Abiotic component ndash (non living components are called abiotic components Example ndash air water soil sunlight temperature etc )
Ans - Penguin as it lives in polar habitat
2 Pine tree yak reindeer mountain goat
Ans - Reindeer as the others live in Mountain habitat except reindeer lives in polar habitat
3 Penguin polar bear reindeer camel Ans - Camel as it lives in desert habitat
CHEMISTRY
Chapter ndashElement and Compound
F Write the symbol of the following elements ndash Helium Boron Carbon Oxygen Neon Sodium Chlorine Potassium Silver Gold
Ans ndash o Helium - Heo Boron - Bo Carbon - Co Oxygen - Oo Neon - Neo Sodium - Nao Chlorine - Clo Potassium - Ko Silver - Ago Gold - Au
G Symbols of some elements are given below Name the elements 1 Be 2 F 3 Al 4 Si 5 Ar
Ans ndash o Be ndash Berylliumo F ndash Fluorineo Al ndash Aluminiumo Si ndash Silicono Ar - Argon
PHYSICS Physical Answer the following in short
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
quantities 1 How will you get the unit of a derived physical quantity Ans - We will get the unit of a derived physical quantity from fundamental physical quantities 2 What is parallax error Ans - A parallax error is the perceived shift in an objects position as it is viewed from different angles Parallax error mainly happens when the object is viewed from an angle due to the wrong positioning of eye3 Explain the working of an electronic weighting machine Ans - Generally the electronic weighing machine has a stain gauge sensor placed just below the pan or tray and attached to it As soon as we put a weight on the pan it pushes the pan downwards and the stain gauge below it produces an electrical signal which is send to an electronic circuit to convert it to digital form4 What is a mean solar day Ans - The time between two successive passages of the mean sun across the meridian at noon A Mean Solar Day is 24 hours5 Why is there slight bend in the body of a clinical thermometer near the bulb Ans - A slight bend or kink in the capillary tube of the clinical thermometer near the bulb ensures that the mercury does not move back into the bulb when the thermometer is taken out of a persons mouth for reading6 What do you understand by the term area Ans - Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape or planar lamina in the plane Area is measured in square units such as square centimteres square feet square inches etc
GEOGRAPHY
CHAPTER 3 WATER BODIES
Hydrosphere ndash the liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
The Hydrological Cycle
The sun heats up water bodies water evaporates as water vapour being light vapour rises upward in the air
Upon reaching higher colder level of atmosphere vapour condensates in water droplets droplets join to form clouds
When clouds become too heavy to remain suspended in air it precipitates in the form of snow or rain Rain is the biggest source of fresh water
Some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
The cycle is then repeated
1 What is HydrosphereThe liquid water component of the Earth including the oceans seas rivers lakes ponds and streams together forms Hydrosphere
2 Where does the rain water goThe rainwater goes the following way - some rainwater seeps underwater some fills up depressions to form lakes and other just flow into the rivers and streams which carry the water to the seas and oceans
SYNOPSISSubject- History BUDDHISM
Causes of the Spread of Buddhism Simple Teachings Simple Language Leadership of Buddha The Buddha Sangha Royal Patronage Buddhist Councils The Buddhist Universities
Sects of Buddhism
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Hinayana ( the original Buddhism or Lesser Vehicle )Mahayana ( the reformed Buddhism or the Great Vehicle )
Leaders of Mahayana Buddhism ndash Nagajuna Vasubandha and Dignaga
Causes of Decline of Buddhism Revival of Brahmanical Hinduism Loss of Royal Patronage Split in Buddhism Corruption in Buddhist Sangha Adoption of Sanskrit The Turkish Invasion
Compilation of Buddha Teachings ndash Tripitakas or the three baskets Three parts ndash Sutta Pitaka Vinaya Pitaka and Abhidhamma Pitaka
Tales dealing with the previous births of Buddha ndash the JatakasArt form developed under Buddhist patronage ndash the Gandhara artFamous Buddhist universities ndash Nalanda Taxila and VikramshilaFamous Buddhist architecture ndash the Sanchi stupa
Class VIISubject Topic Summary Execution
History and civics
Rise and Spread of Islam
Prophet Muhammad Prophet Muhammad was born at Mecca in 570 AD He belonged to a trader family of the Quraysh tribe and spent his early life in the caravan trade Although Prophet Muhammad was married and had children he spent a lot of his time in praying and meditation He used to meditate on the Hira Cave near Mecca One day in 610 AD true light dawned upon him He had a vision of the Gods angel Gabriel From that moment he was known as Prophet The verses revealed to Prophet Muhammad through the angel Gabriel are compiled in the holy book Quran The Arabic word Quran means recitation He proclaimed a new religion called Islam He told people to accept one God- name Allah
1 When and where Prophet Muhammad was bornAns Mecca in 570 AD
2 Which tribe did Prophet Muhammad belongedAns Quraysh tribe
3 Where he used to meditate Ans Hira Cave
4 What is the word Quran meanAns The Arabic word Quran mean recitation
6 Name the new religion which was founded by Prophet MuhammadAns Islamic religion or Islam
COMPUTER
CHAPTER 2 BINARY SYSTEM
The operation is carried out by means of the following steps
(i) At first 2rsquos complement of the subtrahend is found
(ii) Then it is added to the minuend
(iii) If the final carry over of the sum is 1 it is dropped and the result is positive
(iv) If there is no carry over the tworsquos complement of the sum will be the result and it is negative
The following examples on subtraction by 2rsquos complement will make the procedure clear
Evaluate
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
(i) 110110 - 10110
Solution The numbers of bits in the subtrahend is 110110 while that of minuend is 110110 We make the number of bits in the subtrahend equal to that of minuend by taking a `0rsquo in the sixth place of the subtrahend
Now 2rsquos complement of 010110 is (1s complement of 010110) ie101001(101001 + 1) ie101010 Adding this with the minuend 1 1 1 1 carry 1 1 0 1 1 0 Minuend
Carry over 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 Result of additionAfter dropping the carry over we get the result of subtraction to be 100000
PRACTICEPhysics(vii)
Physical Quantities and Measurement
Exercises A) Tick the most appropriate answer1) The region enclosed within the boundaries of a closed figure is known as its - (b) area2) The total space occupied by an object is called its ndash (b) volume3) Which of the following device is commonly used to measure the volume of liquids such as petrol or kerosene ndash (c) Conical cans4) The density of a substance is the ratio of its mass to ndash (b) volume5) Which of the following physical quantity is used to describe the motion of a body ndash (d) speed6) Which of the following relation is correct ndash (b) distance = speed times timeB) Fill in the blanks1) The SI unit of area is ( square metre)2) The area of a leaf can be found by using a (graph paper)3) Each unit of space in a solid figure is taken as a (unit) cube4) Liquids do not have a (definite) shape5) The (density) of a substance is a ratio of its mass to volume6) The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its (speed)7) The speed of fast moving objects is expressed in (kilometre per hour)C) Match the columns1) Area of a rectangle ndash (c) length times breadth2) Volume of a cuboid ndash (e) length timesbreadth times height3) Density --- (d) massvolume4) Speed of an object ndash (b) distance time5) SI unit of speed ndash (a) msD) Answer the following in short1) What do you understand by the term areaAns The amount of surface enclosed by a plane figure is called its area2) What do you understand by the term capacityAns The maximum volume of a liquid that a container can hold is known as its capacity3) Define density of a substance State the unit of density in the SI systemAns Density of a substance is defined as its mass per unit volumeThe SI unit of density is kgm3 or kg m-34) Why is iron heavier than wood for the same volumeAns When we say that iron is heavier than wood for a given volume it simply means that the density of iron is greater than of wood5) Define speed Write its SI unitAns The distance travelled by a body in unit time is known as its speedMathematically Speed = distancetime
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
The SI unit of speed is metre per second (ms)
Class VIIISubject Topic Summary Execution
HINDI 2nd
languageअपना अपना भागय 5rdquo आदमिमयो की दनिनया म बस यही उपहार उसक पास छोडा था ldquo
क) लडका कौन था उसक पास कौन सा उपहार और निकसन छोडाथा ) वह कयो मर गया परकनित न उसक चिलए कया परबध निकयाग) यदिद दोनो मिमतर वकील साहब को उस लडक क निवषय म बता दत निक वह उस ानत ह तो कहानी का अत निकस परकार
का होता घ) इस कहानी को लक न निकस उददशय स चिला ह उततर
क) वह एक निनध(न पहाडी लडका था उसक मा-बाप दर एक गाव म रहत थ वहा पर उनक चिलए कोई काम नही था अतः भ रहकर गारा करना पडता था इसचिलए वह गाव सरोी और रोटी की तलाश म ननीताल भाग आया था विकत 10 वष( की अवसथा म ही निनषठर काल न उस अपना गरास बना चिलया उसक शरीर पर इस समय काल चितरो की मली कली कमी और हलकी सी बफ( की तरह ही शष रह गई थी मली कली कमी और तषार की हलकी सीतह ही उसक चिलए उपहार थ
) वह लडका भ और ठड क परकोप स कवल 10 वष( की आय म अपनी ीवन यातरा समापत कर गया परकनित न उस गरीब क शव को हलकी सी बफ( की ादर स ढक दिदया था लक न बताया ह निक परकनित न बफ( का यह आवरण उसक नग शव को दनिनया की बहयाई स चिछपान क चिलए कर दिदया था
ग) यदिद लक और उसक मिमतर उस पहाडी लडक क निवषय म यह बता दत निक वह उस अचछी तरह ानत ह तो उसको काम मिमल ाता भ और ठड स सरकषा हो ाती और उसकी इस तरहमतय नही होती और कहानी दात क सथान पर सात होती
शरी नदर कमार न अपना अपना भागय कहानी क माधयम स मानव को उसकी निवषम परिरसथिसथनितयो क समकष कमोर बताया ह और इस बात की पमिv की ह निक मानव परिरसथिसथनितयो का दास ह और सासारिरक द स भागय वष( होत ह कोई
भी मनषय भागय क चिल को ना मिमटा सकता ह और ना आपशचिततयो को बाट सकता ह BENGALI 2nd
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
SUBJECT ndash HISTORY CIVICSChapter ndashUnion Legislature
Rajya sabha-The Rajya Sabha or Council of States is the upper house of the bicameral Parliament of India It currently has a maximum membership of 245 of which 233 are elected by the legislatures of the states A member of the Rajya Sabha must Be a citizen of India Make and subscribe before some person authorized in that behalf by the Election Commission an oath or affirmation according to the form set out for the purpose in the Third Schedule to the Constitution Be at least 30 years oldSeats and qualifications-The Rajya Sabha can have a maximum strength of 250 members out of these 238 are to be the representatives of the States and remaining 12 members are to be nominated by the President from amongst persons who have achieved distinctions in the fields of art literature science or social servicesAt present the Rajya Sabha has 245 members 233 elected and 12 nominated Members of each State Legislative Assembly together elect their allotted number of MPs for Rajya Sabha The President nominates 12 MPs of Rajya Sabha Odisha has 10 seats in the Rajya HouseMethod of Election-The members of the Rajya Sabha are elected indirectly by the people The people of each state elect the members of their state legislative assembly who then elect the members of Rajya Sabha by a method of proportional representationmdashsingle transferable vote system Each State Legislative Assembly elects as many representatives as have been allocated to it by the Constitution Odisha Legislative Assembly has 147 MLAs who together elect 12 members of Rajya SabhaHomework- learn
Class IXSubject Copmuter ApplicationChapter 5 (Operators in Java)Answer the following questions
1 What is an operator How is the classification of operators based uponAnswer An operator is a specialised symbol that performs a specific kind of evaluation on one two or three operands and produces a result
Operators in Java can be categorized based on two criteriabull Forms of operatorsbull Types of operators
2 What are the different forms of operatorsAnswer Forms of operators groups operators in terms of the number of operands There are three types of operators based on the number of operands An operator is called a unary binary or ternary operator based on the number of operands If an operator takes one operand it called a unary operator if it takes two operands it called a binary operator if it takes three operands it called a ternary operator
3 What is assignment operator Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The Assignment operator is used to assign or give a value to a variable
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
4 What are Arithmetic operators What are the different forms of arithmetic operatorsAnswer Arithmetic operators are used to evaluate mathematical expressions Arithmetic operators are a form of operator that may either by a Unary Operator or a Binary Operator
5 What is incrementdecrement operator used for Explain with the help of an exampleAnswer The incrementdecrement operator is used to increasedecrease the value of a variable by 1 For example a++ increases the value of the variable a by 1 similarly a-- decreases the value of the variable a by 1
6 What is an expressionAnswer An expression is a construct that is made up of variables operators and method invocations which are constructed according to the syntax of the language that evaluates to a single value
Subjectndash Biology Topic- Seeds Structure and GerminationSummary Execution Today we will discuss about the difference between bean seed and maize grain and Germination conditions necessary for it
Q5 Write major differences between bean seed and maize grain
Bean seed Maize Grain
i) Two cotyledon
ii) No endosperm
iii) Large embryo
iv) Plumule large
V) Hilum and micropyle visible
Vi) Seed separately contained in the fruit called pod
i) One cotyledon
Ii) Large endosperm present
iii) Small embryo
iv) Plumule very small
V) Hilum and micropyle not visible
vi) The seed wall and the fruit wall fused to form a single grain with no separate seed
Q6 What is germination
Germination is the formation of a seedling developed from the embryo
Q7 What are the conditions necessary for germination
I) WATER used for a) the seed wall and seed coat ruptures allowing the elongating radicle to come out and form the root system
b) Water is essential for biochemical reaction of food with enzymes
Ii) SUITABLE TEMPERATURE A range (25C-35C) of temperature is favorable for germination
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Iii) OXYGEN Energy is available only by respiration ( oxidation of food ) and hence the need for oxygen (or air )
SUBJECT- English Literature
The Television
Line 27-28
IT CLOGS AND CLUTTERS UP THE MINDIT MAKES A CHILD SO DULL AND BLIND
Ronald Dahl continues to argue on how television affects a childrsquos mind Children Wtch different shows on different channels Sometimes there are contradictory ideas Sometimes it does not match with reality and they are surprised Thus these things clog and clutter up the mind- mess up the organised ideas and thoughts
Moreover the child forgets to think on his own His entire mind is full of the images he has seen on the TV So how would he get the time and scope to think over other things His important time is wasted in the thoughts that are fictional and not related to his own life Thus his study and thoughts on how to improve his skills and personality are neglected This is as if the child gradually becomes lsquodull and blindrsquo
The poet feels that due to the imposed limitations on thoughts the children can no longer understand a fantasy or a fairy tale They cannot extend their imaginative power to that level They are now used to see an image of the likely real world-a virtual reality
HIS BRAIN BECOMES AS SOFT AS CHEESEHIS POWERS OF THINKING RUST AND FREEZE
HE CANNOT THINK- HE ONLY SEES
Dahl now opines that by watching television the brain becomes soft like cheese Children now believe everything they watch on hear on TV They cannot find their own logic to analyse and interpret a thing The power of thinking the thought process freezes and gets rusty They cannot think on their own All they do is watching and believing what others say on TV
lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll cry lsquoAll rightrsquo yoursquoll saylsquoBut if we take the set away
What shall we do to entertain Our darling children Please explainrsquo
Now the poet says that he knows what the readers or especially the parents would ask him The question is how parents shall entertain their affectionate children if they take the TV set away from them The poet has the answer in the following lines
Wersquoll answer this by asking youlsquoWhat used the darling ones to do
lsquoHow used they keep themselves contentedBefore this monster was invented
Have you forgotten Donrsquot you know
The poet answers the above question only by throwing a question What people used to do to keep them entertained when television was not invented TV set is a dreaded device a monster to him He wants people remind what they used to do in the absence of such a device
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Subject GeographyChapter Earth As A Planet
Earth as a Planet
Long Answer Questions
Q1) ln the context of shape of Earth
(a) State any five evidences to prove that Earth is spherical in shape
(b) How it was proved that Earth is an oblate sphere
Ans (a) There are five evidences to prove that the Earth is spherical in shape
(I) Sunrise and sunset do not take place at all places on the Earth at he same time This fact itself proves that the Earth is not a flat disc but a spherical body
ll) The distant horizon is always and everywhere circular of watched from a cliff
Ill) The circular shadow of the Earth during a lunar eclipse on the Moon proves that the Earth is spherical because if the Earth was flat the shadow would not be spherical
IV) Ship coming towards the port does not show the whole of it at one time from the seashore shows that the sea level has a curved surface
V) Bedford canal experiment ndash Three tall poles were fixed in a level canal in England at a distance of 5 kms from each other The middle pole appeared standing taller than the other two This confirmed the spherical shape of the Earth
(b) Earth is an oblate sphere because its equatorial diameter slightly longer than the polar diameter This is due to the slight bulge on the equator and slight flattening as its poles as the difference between the length of its polar and equatorial radius is about 215 kms
Q2) ldquoThe Earth is the fifth largest among the planetsrdquo In this context explain
(a) Its size
(b) Role of Eratosthenes in recording the Earth size
(c) Name the planets which are larger than Earth
Ans (a)The whole distance around the earth or its circumference ie size is 111x360= 39960 km which is closer to the actual 40075 along the equator The polar circumference is about 40024 km Its equatorial diameter is about 127568 km and polar diameter is about 127138 km
(b) The size of the Earth was first recorded by Eratosthenes on 3rd century by comparing the length of the shadows by mid day Sun cast by rods fixed at Syene in Aswan and at Alexandria in Egypt
The actual distance between these two poles was 5000 stadia ( 1 stadia is equal to about 160 meters) and this distance being 150th of the Earthrsquos circumference Eratosthenes calculated the Earths circumference 250000 stadia means 24700 miles which is close to the real figure measured by modern scientists by advanced instruments ie 24860 miles
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
(c) The planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune are larger than the Earth
Class XSubject Topic Summary ExecutionBiology Chpmdash5
TranspirationToday we will discuss about kinds of transpiration and especially stomatal regulation of transpiration
Q5 Describe different kinds of transpiration Transpiration from the aerial parts of a
plant occurs from three different regions
I) Stomatal transpiration From the leaves through stomata
Ii) Cuticular transpiration Directly from the surface of the leaves and stems through cracks of cuticle (a waxy layer) The greater the thickness of the cuticle the lesser is the evaporation
Iii) Lenticular transpiration From the lenticels (special opening s present in barks of older stem) It never closes The amount of transpiration through lenticels is more than cuticular and less than stomatal transpiration
Q6 Explain the mechanism of stomatal transpiration
From the xylem vessel of the leaf veins water vapour diffuse out into the intercellular spaces of the leaves
The guard cells of stomata have thick inner wall and a thin outer wall
Guard cells contain chloroplast which synthesizes glucose and increases osmotic pressure and draws water inside from surrounding cells and becomes turgid
The inner thick walls are pulled apart resulting in the opening of the guard cells
Due to this the gap called the stoma opens and water vapour goes out and thus transpiration takes place
During night reverse process occur and cells become flaccid and stomata close
EnglishLanguage
Letter ndashFormal The heading the name and address of the person you are writing to must be included beneath your own address In formal letters ldquoblock stylerdquo of address is preferred
Subject complain in brief
Salutation If the person you are writing to is known to you you may begin ldquoDear MrrdquoOr ldquoDear Mrsrdquo In all other instances you should begin
You are Rohan shruti living at D-10 Vansant Vihar New Delhi Write a letter to the superintendent Delhi municipal corporation complaining against the scarcity of water in your area
D-10 Vasant ViharNew Delhi
5th June2020
Receiverrsquos address
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
ldquoDear Sirrdquo or ldquoDear Madamrdquo Or ldquoSirsrdquo
The body A formal or business letter has four partsReference The letter should begin by referring to a letter you have received an advertisement or the reason that has prompted you to writeInformation In the second paragraph it is necessary to supply more detailed information that is related to the referencePurpose Here you must give the reason why you are writing the letter This must be stated clearly and ensure that it is relevant to the question that has been setConclusion round off the letter with some polite remarkThe subscription when a letter has begun with dear sir sirs Madam you should end with Yours faithfully or yours truly When however you address a person by name you must conclude with the words ldquoYours sincerelyrdquo
Sub Complaining about the scarcity of water
Sir With due respect I would like to draw your kind attention towards the scarcity of water in our areaWe have been facing this problem for a long time There is an acute water shortage in r our area Because of which the residents of our locality are facing problems They have no water at their homes That taps remain dry most of the days Open the water pressureflow is very low Therefore the residents have to suffer a lot Many a times the residence has to get the service of the private tankers to fulfill their daily water demands and pay more money for this The situation is getting from bad to worst every single day It has become difficult for them to what clothes and completes the domestic choresSometimes even go to office without taking bath
We have complaint many times but no action has been taken yetI hope that you will take immediate and effective steps to solve this problem
Yours faithfullyShruti
Commercial Studies
Capital and Revenue Expenditure(Contunehellip)
Today let us discuss aboutCapital and Revenue Receipt
Meaning of capital receiptCapital receipt refer to the receipt of a non recurring nature such as additional capital from owners loans raised by the firm and money obtained from the sale of fixed assets Capital receipt are shown on the liabilities side of the balance sheetExamples of capital receipt
1 Amount received by way of loans2 Capital raised by an issue of shares
and debentures3 Amount received from the sale of
investment and fixed assetMeaning of revenue receiptRevenue receipts are the receipt obtained during the normal course of business operation and are of a recurring in nature These receipts neither create a liability nor involve reduction in the value of fixed assets Revenue receipts are credited to the trading or profit and loss account
Distinguish between Capital Receipts and Revenue Receipts
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
1Capital receipts create liabilities or increase share capital whereas revenue receipts do not have such consequences2 Capital receipts are of a non-recurring nature whereas revenue receipts are of a recurring nature
Computer Application
Chapter ndash 2Java Programming
hellipcontinue from last classUsing nested loops write programs to generate the following patterns on the screena 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1Ans class Sol27static void main()int ijc=1for(i=1ilt=6i++)for(j=1jlt=ij++)if(c2==0)Systemoutprint(ldquo0rdquo)elseSystemoutprint(ldquo1rdquo)c++Systemoutprintln()
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
State whether work is done or not by writing yes or no in the following cases
(a) A man pushes a wall
(b) A coolie stands with a box on his head for 15 min
(c) A boy climbs up 20 stairs
Solutions
(a) No work is done by a man
(b) No work is not done by a coolie
(c) Yes work is done by a boy climbing up a stairs
Question 10
A coolie X Carrying a load on his head climbs up a slope and another coolie Y carrying the identical load on his head move the same distance on a frictionless horizontal platform Who does more work Explain the reason
Solutions
The capacity to do work is energy and the energy spent is equal to the work done The coolie X will do more work as the work done by him will involve a change in potential energy kinetic energy and loss of energy due to friction whereas the work done by the coolie Y carrying the load in horizontal frictionless surface does not involve change in potential energy and work done by the friction is also zero
Question 11
The work done by a fielder when he takes a catch in a cricket match is negative Explain
Solutions
The work done by a fielder is negative when he takes a catch because the force applied by the fielder is in opposite direction of displacement of ball
Question 12
Give an example when work done by the force of gravity acting on a body is zero even
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
though the body gets displaced from its initial position
Solutions
The displacement is in the horizontal direction when a coolie carries a load walking on a ground while the force of gravity acts vertically downward Hence the work done by the force of gravity is zero
Question 13
What are the SI and CGS units of work How are they related Establish the relationship
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule and CGS unit of work is erg
Relation between joule and erg
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 14
State and define the SI unit of work
Solutions
The SI unit of work is Joule When a force of 1 newton displaces a body through a distance of 1 metre in its own direction then 1 joule of work is said to be done
Question 15
Express joule in terms of erg
Solutions
1 joule = 1N times 1m
But 1 N = 105 dyne and 1 m = 102 cm
Therefore 1 joule = 105 dyne times 102 cm
= 107 dyne times cm
= 107 erg
there41 joule = 107 erg
Question 16
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
A body of mass m falls down through a height h Obtain an expression for the work done by the force of gravity
Solutions
Let a body of mass m falls down through a height h either vertically or inclined plane For example a hill slope or staircase The force of gravity on the body is F = mg acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction of force is S = h Therefore the work done by the force of gravity is
W = FS = mgh
Question 17
A boy of mass m climbs up a stairs of vertical height h
(a) What is the work done by the boy against the force of gravity
(b) What would have been the work done if he uses a lift in climbing the same vertical height
Solutions
Let a boy of mass m climb up through a vertical height h either through a staircase or using a lift F = mg is the force of gravity acting vertically downwards and the vertical displacement in the direction opposite to the force is
S = ndash h
Therefore the work done by the force of gravity on a boy is
W = FS = ndash mgh or
The work W = mgh is done by a boy against the force of gravity
Question 18
Define the term energy and state its SI unit
Solutions
The term energy is defined as lsquothe energy of a body is its capacity to do workrsquo The SI unit of energy is Joule
Question 19
What physical quantity does electron volt (eV) measure How is it related to the SI unit of that quantity
Solutions
The energy of atomic particles is measured in electron volt (eV)
1 eV = charge on an electron times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 coulomb times 1 volt
= 16 times 10-19 J
Question 20
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Complete the following sentence
(a) 1 J = _____ calorie
(b) 1 kWh = ______ J
Solutions
(a) 1 J = 024 calorie
(b) 1 kWh = 36 times 106 J
ECO-10 050620 Topic-ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
MEANING
Demand for a commodity is affected by many factors such as its price price of related goods income of its buyer tastes and preferences etc Elasticity means degree of response Elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand Demand for a commodity responds to change in price price of related goods income etc So we have three dimensions of elasticity of demand
DIMENSION OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND TYPES OF ELASTICITY OF DEMAND
Price elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand Cross Elasticity of demand
Price elasticity of demand Price elasticity of demand means degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in its price For example if demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 fall in its price
Price elasticity of demand (ep)=Percentage change in quantity demanded Percentage change in price of the commodity = 10 ( -)5 = ( - )2Note that ep will always be negative due to inverse relationship of price and quantity demanded
(ii) Income elasticity of demand Income elasticity of demand refers to the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in income of its buyer Suppose income of buyer rises by 10 and his demand for a commodity rises by 20 then Income elasticity of demand (ey)= change in quantity demanded change in price of the commodity =20 10 = 2
Cross Elasticity of demand Cross elasticity of demand means the degree of responsiveness of demand for a commodity to the change in price of its related goods (substitute goods or complementary goods) Suppose demand for a commodity rises by 10 due to 5 rise in price of its substitute good then Cross elasticity of demand
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
(ec) = change in quantity demanded change in price of related good = 10 2 = 5 (Tastes and preferences cannot be expressed numerically So elasticity of demand cannot be numerically expressed)Class XISubject Topic Summary Execution Bengali (2nd
महामारी क परड परकोप क कारण हाहाकार मा हआ था अपन मर हए बचचो को दकर माताए रो रही थी ऐस समय म एक अछत कनया सखिया का निपता अपनी बटी को बाहर ाकर लन को मना कर रहा था वह उस महामारी की पट स बाना ाहता था परत दभा(गय निक वह कनया लन स ना रोक पाए और बार स पीनिडत हो गई उस कनया न
दवी क मदिदर क परसाद क एक फल की इचछा परकट की बटी की इस इचछा को परा करन क चिलए निपता पव(त पर सथिसथत मदिदर म गया और मदिदर म परवश करक उसन दीप और फल मा को भ ढाया उस पा क फल भी पारी स मिमल उस शी थी निक अब उसकी बटी फल पाकर सवसथ हो ाएगी वहा मदिदर म उपसथिसथत माता क भकतो न उस अछत कह कर पकड चिलया मखय और घस मारकर उस नी निगरा दिदया परसाद भी निगर गया मदिदर को अपनिवतर करन का अपराध उस अपनी बटी स मिमलन स वचित कर गया वह अपनी बटी को अनितम बार गोद म नही ल सका अपनी बटी की एक फल की
ाह को भी वह परी नही कर सका अछत होन क कारण वह सवय को अभागा इसान मानन लगा
Continue to nextEnglish Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition
1 Life without electricityIntroduction- various reviews without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyse them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 We are slaves of objects around
Mathematics
Quadratic equation
Nature of the roots of a quadratic equationTo understand the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation let us consider the general form a quadratic equationaxsup2 + bx + c = 0(Here a b and c are real and rational numbers)To know the nature of the roots of a quadratic-equation we will be using the discriminant (bsup2 - 4ac)Because ( bsup2 -4ac)discriminates the nature of the rootsQuadratic formulax=[-b+radicbsup2-4ac]2aand x=[-b-radic(bsup2-4ac)]2aCase-IIf bsup2-4ac=0 the roots are real equal and rationalExplanation If bsup2-4ac=0 we have x= (-b2a) (-b2a) Hence the roots are real equal and rationalCase-IIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and also a perfect square the roots are realdistinct and rationalExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac= 4Now put bsup2-4ac=4 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic4]2a = [-bplusmn2]2aHence the roots are real distinct and rational Case-IIIIf bsup2-4acgt0 and not a perfect square then the roots are real distinct and irrational ExplanationFor example let bsup2-4ac=3Now put bsup2-4ac =3 in quadratic formulax=[-bplusmnradic3]2aHence roots are real distinct and
Example 1 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 3xsup2 + 8x + 4 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general form axsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 3 b = 8 and c = 4Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = 8sup2 - 4(3)(4)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 64 - 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 and also a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and rational Example 2 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 2xsup2 - 3x - 1 = 0 Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -3 and c = -1Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-3)sup2 - 4(2)(-1)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 9 + 8Or bsup2 - 4ac = 17 Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational Example 3 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation xsup2 - 16x + 64 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 1 b = -16 and c = 64Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-16)sup2 - 4(1)(64)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 256 - 256Or bsup2 - 4ac = 0 So the roots are real equal and rational Example 4 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation 5xsup2 - 4x + 2 = 0Solution The given quadratic equation is in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 5 b = -4 and c = 2Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
irrational Case-IVIf bsup2-4aclt0 the roots are imaginary ExplanationLet bsup2-4ac=-4Then x=[-bplusmnradic(-4) ]2aWhich is an imaginary numberHence the roots are imaginary
bsup2 - 4ac = (-4)sup2 - 4(5)(2)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 16 - 40Or bsup2 - 4ac = -24 Here bsup2 - 4ac lt 0 So the roots are imaginary Problem 5 Examine the nature of the roots of the following quadratic equation1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Solution The given quadratic equation is not in the general form First write the given quadratic equation in the general form 1(x+1) + 2(x-4) = 2Add the two fractions on the right side of the equation using cross multiplication [(x-4) + 2(x+1)] [(x+1)(x-4)] = 2Or (x - 4 + 2x + 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Or (3x - 2) (xsup2 - 3x - 4) = 2Multiply each side by (xsup2 - 3x - 4) 3x - 2 = 2(xsup2 - 3x - 4)Or 3x - 2 = 2xsup2 - 6x - 8Or 2xsup2 - 9x - 6 = 0Now the quadratic equation in the general formaxsup2 + bx + c = 0Then we have a = 2 b = -9 and c = -6Find the value of the discriminant bsup2 - 4ac bsup2 - 4ac = (-9)sup2 - 4(2)(-6)Or bsup2 - 4ac = 81 + 48Or bsup2 - 4ac = 129Here bsup2 - 4ac gt 0 but not a perfect square So the roots are real unequal and irrational
EVS Chapter-2 Ecology
Desert biomesDesert biomes are the driest of all the biomes CharacteristicsThe following are the key characteristics of the desert biome
1 little rainfall (less than 50 centimeters per year)
2 temperatures vary greatly between day and night
3 high evaporation rates4 coarse-textured soils5 drought-resistant
vegetationDeserts are areas that have hardly any rain are extremely dry and are usually very hot Animals and plants have adapted to the harsh environment so they can survive the extreme conditions
Answer the following questions briefly Q Discuss the adaptations of plants and animals in desertAns ndashAdaptation of desert animalsDesert animals prevent water leaving their bodies in a number of different ways Some like kangaroo rats and lizards live in burrows which do not get too hot or too cold and have more humid (damp) air inside These animals stay in their burrows during the hot days and emerge at night to feedOther animals have bodies designed to save water Scorpions and wolf spiders have a thick outer covering which reduces moisture loss The kidneys of desert animals concentrate urine so that they excrete less waterSince water is so scarce most desert animals get their water from the food they eat succulent plants seeds or the blood and body tissues of their preyNocturnal desert animals keep cool by being active at night Other common adaptations seen in desert animals include big ears light-colored coats humps to store fat and adaptations that help conserve water
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Adaptation of desertplantsDeserts plants have many adaptations to survive in such a dry environment They are good at storing and finding water Some plants have seeds that can stay dormant in the sand for a long time until there is enough rain for them to grow In hot deserts Cacti are great at storing water With their waxy coating water cant escape and their spines protect them from being desert dinner Their roots are shallow and widely spread so that any rain can be absorbed immediately These plants must adapt to minimal rainfall by having extensive root systems that come up to the surface to absorb any possible rainfall and go far down to absorb any water saturated in the ground These plants also have very thick leaves that can absorb and store water whenever it is available Plants can even live in cold deserts
Business Studies
Authority Responsibility amp Accountability
Questions
1 ldquoAuthority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delgatedrdquo CommentAnswer Authority means the right to decide and act A manager may exercise this right himself or delegate it to his subordinates On the other hand responsibility is a personal obligation and cannot be shared Therefore authority can be delegated but responsibility cannot be delegated
2 ldquoCentralisation and Decentralisation are relative termsrdquo Why Answer No organisation can be completely centralised or decentralised Complete centralisation means no chain of command Complete Decentralisation means no control Therefore every organization is partly centralised and partly decentralised
3 ldquoDelegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of workrdquo Explain
Answer No manager can perform all the work himself Therefore he performs more important tasks and gets the other tasks performed by his subordinates Such division of work requires that the manager delegates some authority to his subordinates Therefore delegation of authority is based on the elementary principle of division of work
Commerce Forms of Business Organisation
Sub-TopicPartnership (continuehellip)
Today we will discuss about Types of PartnershipThere are mainly four types of Partnership They are General Partnership Limited liability Partnership Partnership at Will Particular Partnership
Explanation of each kind of Partnership
1 General PartnershipIn a general partnership all the partners share equal rights and responsibilities in the management of the business Likewise each partner here assumes full personal liability for the debts and obligations of the business Again one partner can enter into a contract on behalf of the partnership making the other partner(s) legally bound to the terms
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
of the contract
2 Limited Liability PartnershipA limited partnership consists of at least one general partner and one or two more limited partners The general partner will bear full personal responsibility for the debts and obligations of the business The limited partner takes a passive role in the business and in fact does not participate in the management of the business at all The limited partnerrsquos risk is limited to his or her investment in the business
3 Partnership at WillIn this type of partnership the time period rf the purpose of the firm is not mentioned at the time of formation It is formed for an indefinite period This type of partnership may be dissolved by any partner by giving a notice to the other partners of his desire to quit In other words a partnership at will can continue for any length of time depending on the will of the partners
4 Particular PartnershipIt is formed to achieve specified objectives or for a specific time period It is automatically dissolved at the expiry of the specified period or on the accomplishment of the specific purpose for which it was formed
Computer Science
General programming in Java
In order to perform a specifiied task in a program we need various matehematical functions to perform desired tasks In this segment we will discuss about the general programming to develop the basic odeas Java provides the following ways to get the data value within a program They are as follows
By assigning the values By using BlueJ system By using Input streams By using command line arguments
Java programming by using Assignment Statement This is the most common and the fundamental concept to write a program in java This method is generally used for the beginners where the values are supplies within the program It means that the program is valid for a particular type of data value Let us understand the same with an illustrated program To find the area and perimeter by using assignment statement public class rectangle public static void main(String args[])
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
int a b ar p ar=0 p=0 a=25b=20 ar=ab p=2(a+b) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe area of rectangle=rdquo+ar) Systemoutprintln(ldquoThe perimeter of rectangle=rdquo+p) To be continuedhelliphelliphellip
ACCOUNTS- Topic- BANK RECONCILIATION STATEMENT
Favourable Balances When debit balance as per cash book or credit balance as per pass book is given(a) Take balance as a starting point say Balance as per Cash Book(b) Add all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the pass book(c) Deduct all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of pass book(d) Extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as shown in the pass bookIn case balance as per pass book is taken as starting point all transactions that have resulted in increasing the balance of the Cash book will be added and all transactions that have resulted in decreasing the balance of Cash book will be deducted Now extract the net balance shown by the statement which should be the same as per the Cash book The following illustration helps to understand dealing with the favourable balance as per cash book or pass bookIllustration 1From the following particulars of Ms Ananaya Industries prepare bank reconciliation statement as on December 31 20141 Bank balance as per cash book ` 325002 Cheques deposited into bank but not credited upto December 31 2014 `89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment ` 125004 Bank credited ` 5000 for receiving dividend through Electronic Clearing System5 Bank charges debited by Bank ` 400
Solution
Bank Reconciliation statement of Ms Ananaya Industriesas on December 31 2014
Particulars Plus Minus Amount Amount (Rs`) (Rs`)
1 Balance as per cash book 325002 Cheques deposited but not credited by the bank 89003 Cheques issued but not presented for payment 125004 Dividend received through ECS 50005 Bank charges debited by bank 400Balance as per pass book 40700
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
50000 50000
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS
UNEMPLOYMENTUnemployment can be defined as a state of workless ness for a person who is fit and willing to work at the current wage rate It is a condition of involuntary and not voluntary idleness Simply stated an unemployed person is the one who is an active member of the labor force and is seeking work but is unable to find the same In case of voluntary unemployment a person is out of job on his own accord or choice doesnrsquot work on the prevalent or prescribed wages Either he wants higher wages or doesnrsquot want to work at all The involuntary unemployment on the other hand is the situation when a person is separated from remunerative work and devoid of wages although he is capable of earning his wages and is also anxious to earn them It is the involuntary idleness that constitutes unemployment Involuntary unemployment can be further divided into cyclical unemployment seasonal unemployment structural unemployment and frictional unemployment natural rate of unemployment disguised unemployment and under employment
CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
Slow Economic GrowthDuring the planning period the trend rate of growth was considerably lower than the targeted rate Therefore jobs in adequate number were not created Further economic growth by itself does not solve the problem of unemployment In the recent past there has been deceleration in the growth of employment in spite of the accelerated economic growth This can be explained in terms of steady decline in the degree of response of employment to change in output in all the major sectors of economic activity except in construction According to TS Papola over a period of time the output growth in agriculture and manufacturing sector has become more input and technology-intensive and less labor-intensive Besides the sectoral composition of growth is also an important determinant of unemployment Excessive dependence on agriculture and slow growth of non-farm activities limit employment generation
Increase in Labor forceThere are two important factors that have caused an increase in the labor force which are as follows
(i) Rapid Population Growth Rising population has led to the growth in the labor supply and without corresponding increase in the employment opportunities for the increasing labor force has aggravated the unemployment problem(ii) Social Factors Since Independence education among women has changed their attitude toward employment Many of them now compete with men for jobs in the labor market The economy has however failed to respond to these challenges and the net result is a continuous increase in unemployment backlogsRural-Urban MigrationThe unemployment in urban area is mainly the result of substantial rural migration to urban areas Rural areas have failed to provide subsistence living in agriculture and allied activities and so large scale migration is taking place to cities However economic development in cities has failed to create enough additional jobs for the
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
new urban entrants to the labor market Thus only some of the migrants are absorbed in productive activities and the rest join the reserve army of unemployed workers Inappropriate TechnologyIn India though capital is a scarce factor labor is available in abundant quantity yet producers are increasingly substituting capital for labor This policy results in larger unemployment Despite the abundance of labor capital intensive technology is adopted in India mainly because of rigid labor laws It is quite difficult to follow easy hire and fire policy and so right sizing of manpower is difficult for the enterprises It is difficult to reduce the number of labor-Force Further the factors like labor-unrest and lack of work-culture leads to the increased inefficiency of labor and thus provide incentives to follow labor-saving technology by organizations Defective Educational SystemThe present educational system has theoretical bias and has limited utility for productive purposes It lacks the emphasis on the development of aptitude and technical qualifications required for various types of work among job seekers This has created a mismatch between the need and availability of relevant skills and training which results in unemployment especially of youth and educated while shortage of technical and specialized personnel continues Lack of Infrastructure DevelopmentLack of investment and infrastructure development limits the growth and productive capacity of different sectors which leads to inadequate generation of employment opportunities in the economy Lack of employabilityIndia faces poor health and nutrition situation among masses which reduces the capacity of person to be employable and it causes unemploymentClass XIISUBJECTS TOPICS SUMMARY EXECUTIONMathematics
Application of derivative-maxima minima
Second Derivative Test Let f be a function defined on an interval I and c I Let f be twice isindifferentiable at c Then(i) x = c is a point of local maxima if f (c) = 0 and f Prime(c) lt 0primeThe value f (c) is local maximum value of f (ii) x = c is a point of local minima if f c ( ) 0 = and f Prime(c) gt 0primeIn this case f (c) is local minimum value of f (iii) The test fails if f (c) = 0 and f Primeprime(c) = 0In this case we go back to the first derivative test and find whether c is a point of local maxima local minima or a point of inflexionLet us consider an exampleExample Find any local maxima and minima of f(x) = x⁴ minus 8 xsup2 using the Second Derivative TestSolution f(x) =x⁴-8xsup2 f(x) = 4xsup3-16xNow f (x) = 0 at x = minus2 0 and 2 primei e if we relate with the above definition here c= -202 for f(c)=0f(x) =12xsup2-16
Example Find local maximum and local minimum values of the function f given byf (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2+ 12Solution We havef (x) = 3x⁴+ 4xsup3ndash 12xsup2 + 12or f (x) = 12xsup3+ 12xsup2ndash 24x = 12x (x ndash 1) (x + 2)primeor f (x) = 0 at x = 0 x = 1 and x = ndash 2primeNow f Prime(x) = 36xsup2+ 24x ndash 24 = 12 (3xsup2+ 2x ndash 1)f(0) =-12lt0f(1) =48gt0f(-2) =84gt0Therefore by second derivative test x = 0 is a point of local maxima and local maximum value of f at x = 0 is f (0) = 12 while x = 1 and x = ndash 2 are the points of local minima and local minimum values of f at x = ndash 1 and ndash 2 are f (1) = 7 and f (ndash2) = ndash20 respectivelyExample Find all the points of local maxima and local minima of the function f given by f(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2 + 6x +5Solution We havef(x) = 2xsup3ndash 6xsup2+ 6x +5or f(x) =6xsup2-12x+6=6(x-1)sup2f(x) =12x-12=12(x-1) Now f (x) = 0 gives x =1 Also f Prime(1) = 0 primeTherefore the second derivative test fails in this case
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Because fPrime(x) = 12 xsup2 minus16 you find that f(c) = fPrime(minus2) = 32 gt 0 and f has a local minimum at c=minus2Again fPrime(2) = 32 gt 0 and f has local minimum at c=2And fPrime(0) =-16lt0 and f has a local maximum at c=0
English Language
Composition Essays
A composition is the art creating a piece of writing on any topic or subjectStructure of the composition
Introduction ( you lay the foundation for your composition)
Body (it constitutes the main part of the essay)
Conclusion (final statement that leaves a lasting impression)
Kinds of essay composition Narrative composition Descriptive composition Argumentative
composition Reflective composition
Reflective composition is form of writing in which you put down your thoughts and analyses them It is a flashback in the process of exploring some problem and thinking over what you have learnt from it
2 Life without electricityIntroduction- various scenarios without electricity -life without it hard even to imagine
Body electricity is the power running the modern world -all aspects of life affected by itContrast with life in the pre electricity days
Conclusion One of the most useful miracles of science
Or
2 We are slaves of objects around
Hindi 2ndlang
सारा आकाश उततराध( भाग 6
ब हम कोई सद समाार मिमलता ह तो हम उस लद स लद घरवालो क साथ मिमलकर बाटना ाहत ह हम नही ाहत निक उस समय निकसी भी परकार की कोई रकावट आए बाधक को ाह हम निकतना भी नापसद कयो ना करत हो उस समय हम उसस पीछा छडा कर लद स लद घर पह
ाना ाहत ह दिदवाकर न एक परस म मर चिलए परफ रीविडग की नौकरी पककी कर दी थी इसक चिलए उसन शत( री
थी निक म थड( ईयर ॉइन करगा काम क चिलए सबह 500 ब स 1100 ब तक का समय था इसक पGात म कॉल ा सकता था म पढना भी ाहता था नौकरी करक परिरवार को सहारा भी
₹दना ाहता था मन परभा की धोती क चिलए दिदवाकर स 20 उधार माग निनकल ही रहा था निक सीरी भाई साहब आ गए उनका धयान सीधा मर वालो पर गया और मरी कटी हई ोटी पर वयग करत हए कहा निक यह नई ी तो मन दी ही नही दिदवाकर न कहा एक बार की बहस म सब कठी माला भल गए सरश भाई स पीछा छडाकर म बडी कदिठनाई स घर की ओर भागा रासत म धोती रीदत समय एक ₹धोती का दाम 12 सना तो करा गया मबरन एक ही धोती लकर घर की तरफ दौडा शीघर ही या शी सिता म बदल गई सबक होत हए यह धोती परभा को कस दगा अममा और भाभी बरा मान ाएग तो अलग वह बारी भी कया कर घर की हालत ठीक नही ह कायद स यह धोती अममा को मिमलनी ानिहए वरना घर म घसत ही पछा कया लाए हो मर मह स निनकल गया कछ नही तमहारी
भाभी क चिलए धोती लाया ह मन धोती ल ाकर सीधा अममा की गोद म डाल दिदया और कहा तमहार चिलए धोती लाया ह अममा न मसकरा कर कहा कयो कयो नही कहता अपनी बह क चिलए लाया ह तभी कवर न आकर कहा धोती तो भाभी क चिलए लाए ह यही कह रह थ हम मान कट शबदो म कहा
जिसक चिलए लाया ह उस ही कयो नही द दता ाना ात- ात मन भाई साहब स कहा मन सोा ह निक थड( ईयर म एडमिमशन ल ल भाई साहब क की बात करन पर मन कहा निक वह म निनकाल लगा उनहोन कहा ो तमह दिद तो करो यह कह कर वह नारा होकर ल गए अभी बाबी क गसस को और भगतना था परभा धोती की बात पर थोडी नारा भी हई और श भी उसन कहा रपए कही पड मिमल गए थ कया मन कहा मझ नौकरी मिमल गई ह वह हरान रह गई उसक पछन पर
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
₹मन बताया 75 की ह आसानी स एम एतक का ा( निनकल ाएगा उस रात मरी कलपनाओ को प लग गएएमए अचछ निडवीजन म करक म कही ना कही परोफसर लग ाऊगा बगल क बाहर नम पलट तक तय कर ली कवर को अपन पास र लगा भाई साहब का बोझ भी कछ हलका हो ाएगा सोा अगल दिदन ाकर काम द आऊगा और निफर घर वालो को बता दगा लनिकन साफ कह दगा निक नौकरी दिदवाकर न इस शत( पर दिदलवाई ह निक थड( ईयर ॉइन
करगा मरी बात बी म ही छट गई दीवारो पर निकसी न ोर स लात मारी थी बाबी करोध म चिलला रह थ वानी हम भी आई थी पर ऐसी नही निक दिदन द ना रात 1000 ब रह ह घर का
सारा काम का तम हो गया सब नहा चिलए इनका सोना ही तम नही होता निहममत तो दो यह अभी और पढ ग
What is Adult Franchise-Universal suffrage (also called universal franchise general suffrage and common suffrage of the common man) gives the right to vote to all adult citizens regardless of wealth income gender social status race ethnicity or any other restriction subject only to relatively minor exceptions
Election process-Members of LokSabha (House of the People) or the lower house of
Answer the following questions-1 What is Adult Franchise2 Discuss-electoral process3 What are the methods of election
in India
Homework- learn
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
Indias Parliament are elected by being voted upon by all adult citizens of India from a set of candidates who stand in their respective constituencies Every adult citizen of India can vote only in their constituency Candidates who win the LokSabha elections are called Member of Parliament and hold their seats for five years or until the body is dissolved by the President on the advice of the council of ministers The house meets in the Lok Sabha Chambers of the SansadBhavan in New Delhi on matters relating to creation of new laws removing or improving the existing laws that affect all citizens of India Elections take place once in 5 years to elect 545 members for the Lok Sabha (Lower house)
HISTORY ESTABLISHMENT AND DEVELOPMENT OF INDIAN DEMOCRACY (1947-1966)
SUB TOPIC- TRANSFER OF ASSETS
Transfer of assets Problem of evacuee property is one of the major obstacles to harmonious relation between India and Pakistan It is a direct consequence of passing hastily of millions of refugees who abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of the property left by them The total value of property was so abandoned their lands homes personal belongings cash securities property in order to save their lives There is considerable property in India belonging to Muslims and in Pakistan belonging to Hindus and Sikhs which has been left by them The total value of property so abandoned is not easy to estimate The value of property left by Hindus and Sikhs to be six to ten times that left by Muslims Both India and Pakistan wanted the refugees to give compensation to each other or lands to be transferred or sold This issue created a lot of problems in later Days
1 Question What do you mean by Transfer of Assets between India and Pakistan after Independence
Answer Transfer of population problem of recovery of abandoned properties and division of assets between newly born India and Pakistan were the consequences of partition of India 1947The problem of division of assets between two countries created bitter relation with each other Indiarsquos cash balance was 4000 million out of which 750 million should be paid to Pakistan But Pakistan did not agree to pay its debt to India till todayIndia had taken responsibilities of share of foreign debts But Pakistan refused to pay its debts The then Prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru wanted to pay the debts after resolving the Kashmir issue Mahatma Gandhi opposed it Division of assets was divided between India and Pakistan in41 ratioPakistan reused Indian currencies as they had no sufficient printing pressProblem of recovery of abandon properties of both India and Pakistan created a great trouble at that timeThe communal riots had forced the people of both the countries to abandon their immovable properties in the parent countriesIndia wanted the refugees to give compensation for the properties they had left behind Pakistan also held the opinion that the matter should be solved- the property should be either transferred or sold India decided to evacuee for the benefit of the refugees by passing displaced personrsquos Act
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
in the Parliament In 1956 both the Governments of India and Pakistan decided to transfer evacuee bank accounts lockers and safe deposits But this issue did not end here and created lots of other problems in the later years
Business Studies
Staff Remuneration
Today let us discuss about wage records of the staffThere are several methods of wage records but we will learn about
Pay-slip and Payroll
Meaning of Pay-Slip
Pay-slip as the composition of wages is somewhat complicated Most employees required a slip showing full details of total wages deduction made and the net wages paid Such a slip is known as the pay-slip It is a form showing the details of the make- up of a pay This is often prepared manually or mechanically
Meaning of payroll
Payroll is a sheet showing full information relating to the pay (wage or salary) of all the employees working in the organisation Generally a monthly or weekly payroll is prepared It has one column line section for each employee
Following are the components of payroll
1 Fixed data Items which generally remain unchanged from month-to-month that is employees name code number basic pay deduction for provident fund life insurance housing loan etc
2 Balance brought forward These include total size of gross pay and tax deducted to date balance is outstanding on loan accounts etc These are duplicated on the payroll with the help of stencils But changes in employees are few the fixed data may be held on a duplicate
3 Current data Information relating to the month for which Pay is to be calculated that is non -recurring deduction like overtime pay bonus etc A specimen of the payroll is given on the previous page
These days the preparation of payroll and pay slip is done with the help of computers
ECO ndash12 05 06 2020Topic- Cost Analysis
DEFINITION OF COST AND COST FUNCTIONCost is defined as the expenditure incurred by a firm or producer to purchase or hire factors of production in order to produce a product As you know factors of production are land labour capital and entrepreneurship In the production process the entrepreneur organizes land labour capital and raw materials to produce output As a producer heshe has to pay rent for land wages to labour and interest to procure capital The producer must also be compensated for hisher services which is called normal profit Wages rent interest profit are called factor costs of production Besides these the producer also incurs expenditure on raw materials electricity water depreciation of capital goods such as machines and indirect taxes etc The
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
producer also uses the services of certain factors supplied by hisher own self The imputed value of such inputs also forms the part of cost
Cost FunctionSince the producer who produces output incurs cost we can say that cost is a function of output It means that cost of production will increase or decrease depends on whether level output is increasing or decreasing In the lesson on production you have studied that output depends on factors of production such as labour capital Hence cost is related to expenditure on these factors If the producer hires more amount of factors cost will automatically increase and vice versa
TYPES OF COSTExplicit Costs (Money Costs)A firm purchases the services of assets like building machine etc It pays hiring charges for building normally termed as rent It employs workers accountant manager etc and pays wages and salaries to them It borrows money and pays interest on it It purchases raw material pays electricity bills and makes such other payments All such actual payments on purchasing and hiring different goods and services used in production are called lsquoexplicit costsrsquo Normally in business the accountant takes into account only the actual money expenditure as cost So in business the cost is normally the lsquoexplicit costrsquo only Implicit costs (Imputed costs) Many a times we find that all inputs are not always bought or hired by the producer from the market Some of the inputs are provided by the entrepreneur or producer himself He may use his own building He may invest his own money in the business He may be the manager of his own firm A farmer may cultivate his own land If a producer had taken a building from another production unit he would have paid rent In the same way if he had borrowed money he would have paid a certain amount of interest Similarly if he had engaged a manager he would have paid him a salary But he is not paying these amounts explicitly ie (rent for his building interest on his money and salary for his services) because he has contributed them for his own business So market value of these self-owned and self supplied inputs must be calculated It is therefore a cost to the producer We can make an estimate of these costs on the basis of their prevailing market prices Let us term such costs as lsquoimplicit costsrsquo (to distinguish them from explicit costs) These are also termed as imputed costs One example of such cost is the imputed rent of the self owned factory building It can be taken as equivalent to the actual rent paid for a similar type of building Similarly we can find out imputed interest and imputed wages In microeconomics in addition to the paid out cost imputed cost is also included in the cost of production
Opportunity costEconomists define opportunity cost as the value of next best alternative foregone What does this mean It is a common practice that a person makes a list of several activities before adopting a particular one to peruse hisher goal Similarly in production a producer leaves some alternatives before finally choosing to produce the particular output So while finally choosing one the producer did forego the alternative production Let us take example of a farmer He can produce either rice or wheat on a piece of land If he has decided to produce wheat on this piece of land he has to forego the production of rice for producing wheat So value of rice foregone (next best alternative) is the opportunity cost of producing wheat
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
NORMAL PROFIT AS COST OF PRODUCTIONAnother component of cost is lsquonormal profitrsquo Normal profit is an additional amount over the monetary and imputed cost that must be received by an entrepreneur to induce him to produce the given product Normal profit is entrepreneurrsquos opportunity cost and therefore enters into cost of production Opportunity cost is the value of the opportunity or alternative that is sacrificed You may be wondering how it that profit is an element of cost is We will try to convince you For that let us first understand the meaning of the term lsquonormal profitrsquo It is nothing but the minimum assured profit in the next best occupation Normal profit is the reward which an entrepreneur must receive for the risk and uncertainties he bears in the production of a commodity It can be understood with an example Suppose there is a publisher who has the option of publishing commerce books or science books He chooses to publish commerce books because he gets higher return from these Now suppose that the market for science books is more assured but profit is lower This would mean that the publisher who is publishing commerce books is sacrificing an assured return on science books and is taking a risk He would be prepared to face the risk only when he thinks that he would be able to get at least the same profit which he would have in any way got from science books Loss of assured return on science books is then an element of cost for the publisher who is publishing commerce books instead of science books It is termed as lsquonormal profitrsquo because it is an estimate of the minimum expectations of a producer from a business So long as he gets this minimum he will continue to publish commerce books If at any stage he does not get this amount he will shift to the publication of science books So in order that a producer continues to produce a commodity he must get normal profit in addition to recovering his lsquoexplicit costrsquo and lsquoimplicit costrsquo We hope you are now convinced that minimum expectation of a producer from a business is also an element of cost There are three elements of the total cost of production in micro economics
(a) Explicit costs(b) Implicit costs and(c) Normal profits
In business accounts only explicit costs are treated as cost Let us consider an example of the total cost elements for a farmer He requires following inputs to produce say rice a piece of land agricultural workers tools and implements tractor and harvester water seeds manures power and many other things He will either provide these inputs himself or he will purchase them from the market
PRIVATE AND SOCIAL COSTS(a) Private CostsWhile producing a commodity a firm has to pay for raw material it has to pay wages of workers it has to pay rent of building These are private costs for the firms Thus private costs are the expenditure of an individual firm in producing a commodity(b) Social CostsFactories emit large amount of smoke from their chimneys into the atmosphere This may not figure in the calculation of costs in their records But the cost to the community may be in the form of additional washing bills for clothes and the money spent by the community on medical bills etc These costs are social costs
MONEY COST VS REAL COST
The explicit cost and the private cost referred above are actually incurred by the producer in money terms So they are also called money cost Wage to labour rent for building and interest on borrowed funds etc are paid in monetary units and hence
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
called money cost Real cost on the other hand has no definite money value nor it can be measured in monetary terms A producer makes lots of sacrifices and toils hard to set up business The pain discomfort stress and strain that heshe undergoes cannot be measured in money This is called real cost to the producer The sacrifice discomfort disutility toils and efforts involved in supplying factors of production by their owners make real cost of production
