Chapter 22. Carl A. Johansen. 1981. Involvement of bee poisoning in integrated pest management with special reference to alfalfa seed crops. Pages 433-444. In: David Pimentel (editor). CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture. Volume 2, Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, 501 pages.

Keywords: major effects of bee poisoning, non-target effects of insecticides, killing of honeybee or wild bee foragers, mainly by contact with insecticidal residues on blooming plants, killing of newly emerged worker honeybees, killing of the brood, cessation of oviposition by the queen, supersedure of the queen, and subsequent death of the entire colony, integrated pollinator and pest management on alfalfa seed crops, pollinators, primary pests, predators, Megachile rotundata, Nomia melanderi, primary pests Lygus bugs Lygus hesperus, L. elisus, predators, secondary pests, sampling, timing of selective program, timing of semi-selective program, aphid control timing, mite control by timing, timing for secondary pests, variable factors, economic thresholds, insecticide application, toxicity of different insecticides to honeybees, to wild bees