+966540084084
hbaggazi
هيثم بن محمد باقازيكلية علوم األرض بجامعة الملك عبدالعزيز–عضو هيئة التدريس
- Control the migration, trapping and escape of
hydrocarbon fluids
- Guide the mining process
- Interpretation of geophysical, geochemical, and
geochronological data.
- Geotechnical site assessment for bridges, dams,
tunnels, nuclear reactors, waste disposals etc.
- Earthquake seismology.
- study of past and present mountain belts and
sedimentary basins
WHY STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY IS IMPORTANT
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
St#DD_Lat
DD_Long
Strike
121.54
13339.62
508 10
221.54
41139.62
472 310
221.54
41139.62
472 130
521.55
39439.62
611 310
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Recognizing and describing structures and measuring:
locations, geometries, and orientation
Examples: Orientations of bedding and foliations - Positions of fold hinges and faults
St#DD_Lat
DD_Long
Strike
121.54
13339.62
508 10
221.54
41139.62
472 310
221.54
41139.62
472 130
521.55
39439.62
611 310
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Deformational movements responsible for the development of the structures
Rotation - changes in orientation
Dilation - changes in sizeDistortion - changes in shape
Translation - changes in position
Examples: How far did this fault slip - How much shortening occurred Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Forces or stresses responsible for the formation of structures
(Stress Analysis)
Examples: How much stress is acting on the San Andreas fault - What drives plate movements?
Abdullah et. Al., 2014Baggazi et. al., 2019
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Baggazi, 2020 Baggazi, 2020
Global Scale Structures(Geotectonics)Non-Tectonic Structures
(Primary Structures)
Tectonic Structures(Secondary Structures)
❖Primary Igneous❖Intrusive and Extrusive❖Primary Sedimentary
Brittle Structures
Folds, Foliations, Lineations Faults, Joints
❖History❖Plate Tectonic Theory❖Plate Boundaries
Ductile Structures
Top and bottom of the
stratigraphic sequences
http://www.wenval.cc/rdawes/http://www.travelinggeologist.com/2012/09
http://www.volcano.si.edu http://marlimillerphoto.com/intrusive.html
http://serc.carleton.edu http://raider.mountunion.edu
http://users.monash.edu.au
Figure 35. Mineral cluster lineation plunging south (looking West).
Figure 36. Horizontal mineral cluster lineation in medium to high schistose
metamorphic rocks (looking West).
51
http://notnecessarilygeology.wordpress.com
http://raider.mountunion.edu
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Stress-Related Structures
• Tensional stress: pulling apart, extension,
stretching (Normal fault, rift)
• Compressional stress: pressing together
(Fold, reverse fault, thrust fault)
• Shear stress: Strike-slip fault
• Vertically directed stress: Stress up or
(down Uplift – dome, Subsidence – basin)
Brittle Behavior – Near the Earth’s surface (low T and P), rocks exhibit brittle behavior.
Ductile Behavior – At depth in the Earth (high T and P), rocks exhibit plastic behavior.
http://3dparks.wr.usgs.gov/nyc/highlands/highlands.html
http://www.teachengineering.org/
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
• Hinge Line (fold axis): “intersectionbetween axial plane and the bed”.And “ it is the line in the foldedsurface along which the curvature isa maximum” (Twiss and Moores1992).
• Limbs “ are the flanks of folds >>joined at the hinge” (Davis andReynolds, 1996) and “ regions withlowest curvature” (Twiss andMoores, 1992).
• Axial surface “ passes throughsuccessive hinge lines in a stackingof folded surfaces.., Planner axialsurface is called axial plane” (Davisand Reynolds, 1996).
• Hinge Zone “ Maximum curvatureachieved along the folded surface” (Ramsey, 1967, and Davis &Reynolds, 1996). “ most highlycurved portion of a fold near thehinge line” (Twiss and Moores,1992).
Davis and Reynolds, 1996Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Pluijm and Marshak, 2004
http://homepage.usask.ca
http://www.see.leeds.ac.uk
Pluijm and Marshak, 2004
http://www.rci.rutgers.edu
http://www.ualberta.cahttp://www.rci.rutgers.edu
Davis and Reynolds, 1996
Davis and Reynolds, 1996
http://www.eas.purdue.edu/
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
http://www.elateafrica.org/elate/geography/earthmovements/earthmovementsintro.html
http://www.ualberta.ca
http://www.ualberta.ca
Symmetrical FOLD
Asymmetrical FOLD
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
- Fold
- Anticline Fold
- Tight Anticline Fold
- Open Syncline Fold
- Anticline plunging Fold
- Tight- Plunging anticline fold
- Tight – North Plunging – Anticline Fold
- Isoclinal – Inclined – North Plunging- Anticline fold
- Tight – Inclined- Asymmetrical – north plunging - anticline fold
- Tight – incline – South Verging- Asymmetrical – North Plunging- Anticline fold
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Fold vergence
The rotation of the axial surface from the symmetric fold style
into the asymmetric style. The vergence trend indicates to the
direction of tectonic stress formed these folds.
In the areas that affected by two or more folding phases, the folds
show simple or complex interference patterns depending on the
orientations of the two folding phases.
Interference patterns
σ
F1
F2
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Outcrop belts formed on the limbs of plunging folds tend to
converge and form a "U" shaped pattern. This "U" points or
converges in the direction of plunge in anticlines, but opposite to
direction of plunge in syncline
http://hays.outcrop.org/GSCI100/lecture14s.html
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
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A is the trend of the fold axis
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Anticline
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Always verge toward the anticlinal hinge. When you see a small asymmetric fold, you
can infer that there is a larger fold with an anticlinal hinge in the direction of the vergence.
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
https://www.geological-digressions.com/s-and-z-folds/Haitham Baggazi, 2020
https://www.geological-digressions.com/s-and-z-folds/Haitham Baggazi, 2020
https://www.geological-digressions.com/s-and-z-folds/Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Faults
Anderson theory
Anderson’s Standard relationship between ideal faults and stresses
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Faults
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Faults
F.WF.W
F.WF.W
F.WF.W
F.W F.W
Faults
Faults
Haitham Baggazi, 2020
Faults
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Rake = 50 from N
Faults
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A good structural geologist
• The ability to think in 3D and to solve large scale 4D puzzles.
• The ability to interact with a large range of geoscientists over a wide range of geological and environmental problems.
• The ability to link field studies to computationalmodelling.
Haitham Baggazi, 2020