01 Anatomical Terms

8/13/2019 01 Anatomical Terms

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ANATOMICAL TERMS

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Farihah Hj. Suhaimi

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Azian Abd. LatiffAssoc. Prof. Dr. Srijit Das

Dept. of AnatomyMedical Faculty, UKMSession 2011/2012


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Contents

History

Disciplines in Anatomy

Main approaches to study Anatomy

Anatomical position

Anatomical planes

Terms describing position

Terms comparing position

Terms of movement

Terms of specific joint movement


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GREEK

anatome

to cut / to dissect

ANATOMY


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ANATOMY

The study of the structureand functionof the body

Structure Relationship


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TO EXAMINE A PATIENT

WITHOUT A THOROUGHKNOWLEDGE OF LIVING ANATOMYIS COMPARABLE TO SAILING AN

UNKNOWN SEA WITHOUT CHARTS

DISASTER


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Rembrandt 1632, The Haque

The Anatomy lesson of Dr Nicholaas Tulp (1593-1674)


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Gross /Macroscopic

Surface anatomy

Histology / Microscopic

DISCIPLINES IN ANATOMY

Embryology /Developmental

Neuroanatomy

Comparative Anatomy


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Heart

Gross / Macroscopic Anatomy

is the study of

anatomical structuresthat can be seenby unaided vision with the naked eye


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Heart

Lungs Lungs


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Surface (Topographic) Anatomy

The study of the configuration

of the surface of the body,especially in relation to its internal parts


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Histology / Microscopic Anatomy

is the study of minute anatomical structuresassisted with microscopes


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Embryology / Developmental Anatomy

is a science which is about

the developmentof an embryo from thefertilization of the ovum to the foetus stage.


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Neuroanatomyis the study of the

physical structure and organization ofthe nervous system.


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Main approaches to studyAnatomy

Systemic Regional Clinicale.gSkeletalMuscular

ArticularRespiratoryCardiovascularUrinary

e.gUpper LimbLower limb

ThoraxAbdomenPelvis & PerineumHead & Neck

Relate to thepractice ofmedicine

and otherhealthsciences


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Systemic Anatomy


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Main Approaches to studyAnatomy

Systemic Regional Clinicale.gSkeletalMuscular

ArticularRespiratoryCardiovascularUrinary

e.gUpper LimbLower limb

ThoraxAbdomenPelvis & PerineumHead & Neck

Relate to thepractice ofmedicine

and otherhealthsciences


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Regional Anatomy

PECTORAL

SHOULDER

ARM

AXILLA

CUBITAL

FOSSA

FOREARM

HAND

Upper Limb

Median NerveUlnar Artery


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Clinical Anatomy


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Why the need of Anatomical &

Medical Terminology?Standardization

- among medical/allied healthprofessions

International

Communicate effectively

- Doctor Doctor/Paramedics


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They are universal termsthat may be readily understood

by Anatomists

who speak any language.

ANATOMICAL TERMS


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Anatomical position

Head, eyes & toes

directed forward

Upper limbs by the

sides, palms facinganteriorly

Lower limbs together,feet directed anteriorly


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Anatomical position:

- Body erect, eyes look straight to the front

- Upper limbs hang by the side of the trunk withpalm directed forwards

- Lower limbs parallel with toes pointing forwards


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Supine position: Lying down (recumbent)position with face directed upwards

Prone position: Lying down (recumbent)position with face directed downwards

Lithotomy position: Lying supine withbuttocks at the edge of the table


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Anatomical planes

Imaginary planes that pass throughthe bodyin anatomical position

Describe sections and images of thebody

4 planes

Median / Median Sagittal

Sagittal

Coronal

Transverse


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Median Sagittal Plane

Vertical planepassing throughthe bodydividing it into:

Right Left


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Sagittal Plane

Vertical planepassing throughthe body parallelto the medianplane

Mediansagittal

plane


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Horizontal / Transverse Plane

Plane passingthrough the body at

right anglesto themedian & coronalplanes, dividing itinto:

INFERIOR /LOWER

SUPERIOR /

UPPER


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Anatomical planes

Median Sagittal

Coronal

Horizontal


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Terms describing Position

Superior (cranial) -high, nearer to the head Inferior (caudal)- low, nearer to feet

Anterior (ventral)- front

Posterior(dorsal)- back

Medial- nearer to median plane

Lateral- farther away from median plane

Palmar- anterior surface of the hand

Plantar- sole of the foot


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Superior

Inferior

Anterior Posterior


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Terms describing Position


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refers to two structures on thesame side of the body's midline(such as the left arm and left leg).

Ipsilateral


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refers to two structures which are onthe opposite side of the body'smidline (such as the left arm andright leg).

Contralateral


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Terms comparing Position

Proximal vs Distalnearer to farther from

the trunk

Superficial vs Deep

nearer to farther from

the surface


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Proximal and Distal


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Superficial and Deep


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Terms comparing Position

External vs Internalouter part inner part

of structure / organ

Parietal vs Viscerallayer close to layer close to

body wall an organ


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External and Internal


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Parietal and visceral


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Terms of Movement

Limbsand other partsof the body

Movements take place atjoints


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l


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Flexion - Extension

f


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Terms of Movement

Adduction Abduction

Moving towards

the

Moving away

from

the median plane inthe coronal plane

Abd i Add i


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Abduction - Adduction


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L l i M di l i


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Lateral rotation Medial rotation

f M t


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Terms of Movement

Circumduction

The circular movement

The combination in sequence offlexion, extension, abduction &adduction

Ci d ti


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Circumduction

T f M t


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Terms of Movement

Elevation Depression

Raises / moves

a partsuperiorly

Lowers /

moves the partinferiorly

T f S ifi J i t M t


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Terms of Specific Joint Movement

Pronation SupinationForearm

Thumb

Opposition

Sole of the foot

Inversion Eversion

E i I i


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Eversion - Inversion

Towards midline Away from midline


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Terms used for hollow organs

Exterior or outer

Interior or inner

Invagination or inward protrusion

Evagination or outward protrusion

Terms used for describing


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Terms used for describingmuscles

Origin - The end of the muscle which is relativelyfixed during contraction

Insertion -the end of a muscle which movesduring contraction

Belly -The fleshy and contractile part

Tendon -the fibrous, non contractile and cord likepart

Aponeurosis -The flattened tendon

Muscle


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Muscle

Anatomy today


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Anatomy today.


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01 Anatomical Terms

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