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Consulting
Introduction: ContentsIntroduction: Contents
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio Network Planning
Planning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Specifics influencing Radio Network Planning
Site Survey & Site Investigation
Antenna Types
Antenna Parameters
Antenna Patterns
Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
(Effective) Antenna Height
Antenna Diversity
Antenna Cables Antenna cables and Intermodulation
Antenna Near Products
Exercises
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network PlanningGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning
Implementation of additional hardware to improve QOS
Extension of coverage area
Implementation of new technologies (e.g. HSCSD, GPRS, EDGE)
Network extension
Fine tuning of the existing network without addition of new hardware
Reduction of interference on Air interface
Network optimization
Connecting the links between the different network elementsNetwork integration
Download and activation of network element specific software and databasesCommissioning of the network elements
BTS, BSC, TRAU, MSCInstallation of the network elements
Number and location of BTSs, BSCs, and MSCs
Number and type of links between the network elements
Type of BTSs and antennas (sectorised, omni-directional)
Number of TRXs per cell
Frequencies of serving and neighbor cells
BSICs
LACs
(GSM) Network planning (design)
RemarksSteps
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Consulting
Cellular network
partial overlap of cells
only a few frequencies per cell
frequency re-use distance
1
1
2
2
4
4
5
5
6
67
7
3
3
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cellular ConceptGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cellular Concept
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: TDMA ConceptGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: TDMA Concept
TDMA frame: 4.615 ms
Time
Time Slot
0.577 msTDMA frame No. 0180 TDMA frame No. 0181
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 6 70 0
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
network Planning: FDMA ConceptGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
network Planning: FDMA Concept
UPLINK
25 MHz
75 MHz
890 MHz
1710 MHz
915 MHz
1785 MHz
DOWNLINK
935 MHz
1805 MHz
960 MHz
1880 MHz
25 MHz
75 MHz
GSM900
GSM1800
1 2
200 kHz
124374
guard band
1 2124374
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cell TypesGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Cell Types
360
omni directional cell
180
180 sector cell
120
120 sector cell
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning
Radio Network Planning: Cell TypesGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning
Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
8 km
35 km
100 km
GSM 900 Extended Cell
Standard Cell: GSM 900
Standard Cell: GSM 1800
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning
Radio Network Planning: Cell TypesGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning
Radio Network Planning: Cell Types
Concentric cell
Inner area: TRX with low power for
capacity
Complete area: TRX with high
power for coverage
Hierarchical cells
Different layers of cells for
different coverage areas
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Logical ChannelsGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Logical Channels
logical channels
control channels traffic channels
BCH CCCH DCCH
FCCH
BCCHSCH
AGCHPCH FACCH
SACCHSDCCH
TCH/F
RACHTCH/H
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BCCH MultiframeGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BCCH Multiframe
F S F S F S F S F S IB C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A0 A1
F S F S FS F S F S IB C C C D0 D1 D2 D3 A2 A3
RR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRD3 A2 A3 D0 D1 D2
RR RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RRD3 A0 A1 D0 D1 D2
F - FCCH - Frequency Correction Ch.
S - SCH - Synchronization Channel
B - BCCH - Broadcast Control Channel
C - CCCH - Common Control Channel
D - SDCCH - Stand alone Dedicated Control Ch.
A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Ch.
R - RACH - Random Access Channel
I - idle
uplink
downlink
51 TDMA multiframe
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: SDCCH MultiframeGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: SDCCH Multiframe
B0..B7 SDCCH subslots
A0..A7 SACCH subslots
51 TDMA multiframe
downlink
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
A0 A1 A2 A3
A4 A5 A6 A7
uplink
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
B0 B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7
A0
A1 A2 A3
A5 A6 A7
A4
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: TCH MultiframeGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: TCH Multiframe
T T T T T T T T T T T T A T T T T T T T T T T T T -
T t T t T t T t T t T t A t T t T t T t T t T t T a
26 TDMA frame = 120 ms
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/F)
uplink / downlink: Traffic Channel (TCH/H)
T - TCH - Traffic Channel
t - TCH - Traffic Channel
A - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel
a - SACCH - Slow Associated Control Channel
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Consulting
dummy burst
training sequence
26
encrypted bits
57
S
1
TB
3
encrypted bits
57
S
1
TB
3
fixed bit pattern
142
TB
3
TB
3
GP
8.25
GP
8.25
normal burst
frequency correction burst
fixed bits always 0TB
3
TB
3
GP
8.25
synchronization burst
training sequence
64
information
39
TB
3
information
39
TB
3
GP
8.25
access burst
training sequence41
TB8
information36
TB3
GP68.25
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Burst TypesGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Burst Types
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: RXQUALGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: RXQUAL
Assumed value 18.1%12.8 % < BERRXQUAL = 7
Assumed value 9.05%6.4 % < BER < 12.8 %RXQUAL = 6
Assumed value 4.53%3.2 % < BER < 6.4%RXQUAL = 5
Assumed value 2.26%1.6 % < BER < 3.2%RXQUAL = 4
Assumed value 1.13%0.8 % < BER < 1.6%RXQUAL = 3
Assumed value 0.57%0.4 % < BER < 0.8%RXQUAL = 2
Assumed value 0.28%0.2 % < BER < 0.4 %RXQUAL = 1
Assumed value 0.14%BER < 0.2 %RXQUAL = 0
RXQUAL (Received signal quality, see GSM 05.08)
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: RXLEVGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: RXLEV
RXLEV (Received signal level, see GSM 05.08)
greater than 48 dBmRXLEV = 63
49 dBm to 48 dBmRXLEV = 62
......
109 dBm to 108 dBmRXLEV = 2
110 dBm to 109 dBmRXLEV = 1
Less than 110 dBmRXLEV = 0
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: SQIGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: SQI
SQI (Speech quality index, Ericsson defined (and patented) parameter, see Pat. No. WO-9853630)
Value ranges:
-20 dBQ to 30 dBQ for Enhanced Full Rate (EFR) speech coders
-20 dBQ to 21 dBQ for Full Rate (FR) speech coders
badSQI 0
good1 SQI 19
Very good for FR / EFR20 SQI 21 / 30
Perceived speech qualitySQI values
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSIC / LAIGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSIC / LAI
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code, see GSM 03.03 and GSM 05.08)
BSIC = NCC BCC
NCC = Network colour code (range: 0 7)
BCC = Base station colour code (range: 0 7)
LAI (Location are Identification, see GSM 03.03)
LAI = MCC MNC LAC
MCC = Mobile country code
MNC = Mobile network codeLAC = Location area code (range: 0-65535)
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: ARFCNGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: ARFCN
RFC (Radio frequency carrier, see GSM 05.01 and GSM 05.05)
The carrier frequency is related to the absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) as given inthe following table:
1805-1880 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 95512 n 885
1710 1785 MHz
F(UL) = 1710.2 + 0.2 x(n-512)
DCS 1800 band
925 - 960 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 450 n 124975 n 1023
880 915 MHz
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x nF(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x (n-1024)
Extended GSM
900 band(E-GSM band)
935 960 MHz
F(DL) = F(UL) + 451 n 124
890 915 MHz
F(UL) = 890 + 0.2 x n
Primary GSM
900 band
(P-GSM band)
DL-frequenciesARFCN value
range
UL-frequenciesFrequency band
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Consulting
438 = n = 511Fl(n) = 747.2 +0.2*(n-438)
30777 - 792747 - 762GSM 750
921 - 925
488.8 496
460.4 467.6
869 894
1930-1990
1 805 - 1 880
925 935
935 - 960
Downlink freq.
(MHz)
45
10
10
45
80
95
45
45
Duplex dis-tance (MHz)
Fl(n) = 890 +0.2*(n-1024)
Fl(n) = 479 +0.2*(n-306)
Fl(n) = 450.6 +0.2*(n-259)
Fl(n) = 824.2 +0.2*(n-128)
FI(n) = 1850.2 +0.2*(n-512)
1710.2 +
0.2*(n-512)
Fl(n) = 890 +0.2*(n-1024)
Fl(n) = 890 +0.2*n
259 = n = 293450.4 457.6GSM 450
955 = n = 973876 - 880Railway GSM
306 = n = 340478.8 486GSM 480
128 = n = 251824 849GSM 850
512 = n = 8101850-1910GSM 1900
512 = n = 8851 710 - 1785GSM 1800
975 = n = 1023880 890GSM 900Extended band
1 = n = 124890 915GSM 900Primary band
Numbering of ARFC (Uplink freq.)Uplink freq.
(MHz)
Frequency band
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Frequency BandsGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Frequency Bands
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Consulting
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BAGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BA
Neighbour cell list (BA, BCCH Allocation, see GSM 04.08 and GSM 05.08)
The BA is a list of ARFCN which are used in the neighbour cells.
GSM distinguishes the BA (BCCH) and the BA (SACCH).
The carriers to be monitored by the MS in idle mode (for cell reselection) are given by the BA
(BCCH).
The carriers to be monitored by the MS while being in connected mode (TCH or SDCCH) are given
by the BA (SACCH).
The parameter BA-IND discriminates between measurement results related to different BA (BA
(BCCH) and BA (SACCH)).
The parameter BA-USED shows the value of the BA-IND used for BCCH allocation.
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Consulting
BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61
BTSplus BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241
Special types BS82 E-Micro-BTS
BS242 Pico-BTS
Naming convention:
last digit: 0 = indoor1 = outdoor
2 = special purpose
first digit(s) number of TRX supported
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning:
SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning:
SIEMENS BASE STATION Types
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Consulting
BS-60 BS-61
BS-20 BS-21 BS-22
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSoneGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSone
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Consulting
BS241BS240BS40 BS41
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplusGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplus
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Consulting
BS240 XL
More carriers per rack than normal BS240
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplusGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BTSplus
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Consulting
BS82
E-Micro-BTS
4 carriers per cabinet in Dual carrier units
Built-in antenna or external antenna
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS TypesGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS Types
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Consulting
Server rack
BS242 Pico-BTS
Up to 24 carrier agents at remote locations
Carrier Agent
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS TypesGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Special BTS Types
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Consulting
BS240 XS
Up to 6 carriers with small rack
and BTSplus Hardware
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BS240 XSGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BS240 XS
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Consulting
Base
station
controller
BSC
Transcoding
and Rate
Adaptation
Unit
TRAU
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSC and TRAUGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: BSC and TRAU
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Consulting
3500
3200
1536
> 240
72
32
200
250
500
BR6.0
4000
3200
2880
> 240
120
36
200
400
900
BR7.0
200020001000Switch.
Cap. (Erl)
320032001000Process.
Cap. (Erl)
128n. a.n. a.GPRS TS
48-112112112LAPD
464636PCMx
202012TRAU
10010060BTSE
150150120Cells
250250120TRX
BR5.5BR5.0BR4.0Capacity
GSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Capacity NumbersGSM and SBS fundamental aspects concerning Radio
Network Planning: Capacity Numbers
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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning StepsPlanning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
General planning objectives:
To realize service(s) with
maximum coverage
maximum capacity
maximum Quality of Service (QoS)
minimal interference
at minimum costs
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Planning Objectives & Principle Planning StepsPlanning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Principle planning steps
1) Basic planning data acquisition (data about: expected traffic load and planned service area)
nominal cell plan
2) Terrain data acquisition & installation of a digital terrain database (including topographical and
morphological data) into a planning tool
3) Coarse coverage prediction and initial site determination for a first site selection process using
the digital terrain data and standard propagation models
4) Site survey and site selection
5) Survey measurements (to fine tune the propagation models)
6) Detailed network design (to determine final network structure: Number and configuration of
BTS, BSC, TRAU; needed antennas and transmission lines; frequency plan; future evolution
strategy)
7) Transmission planning
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Consulting
Planning Objectives & Principle Planning StepsPlanning Objectives & Principle Planning Steps
Nominal Plan
Detailed Plan
Modification &
Optimization
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Consulting
External factors influencing radio network planning:
Physics (propagation of electromagnetic waves, interaction of electromagnetic waves with
matter, ...)
Government restrictions (concerning coverage, blocking, maximum output power
levels, ...)
Topography
Statistics (population distributions, population development, )
...
Specifics influencing Radio Network PlanningSpecifics influencing Radio Network Planning
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Site Survey & Site InvestigationSite Survey & Site Investigation
Site survey and site investigation:
Selection of the sites to be used from alternative locations (if available)
Contract for site leasing exists?
Adaption of the cell plan to the real locations that are used (nominal positions must be replaced
by the real ones)
Antenna installation possible?
Antenna separation possible?
Predicted antenna height realistic?
First Fresnel Zone free of obstacles (for the nearest 50 to 100 meters)?
Enough place for the radio (BTS and microwave) equipment, the battery backups, ...?
Find out from where the primary power can be taken Find antenna cable path and measure required cable length
Find out how the transport network can be brought into the site
Sketch the earthing and lightning protection system
...
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Consulting
Antenna TypesAntenna Types
Antenna types used in GSM:
Omni-directional antennas (often used in rural areas) Directional antennas (preferable used in urban areas)
Multi antenna systems
Leaking cables (used e.g. in tunnels, buildings,)
Parabolic antennas (used for microwave and satellite links)
Antenna locations:
Outdoor
Indoor
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Antenna PatternsAntenna Patterns
Antenna pattern:
The (real) distribution of the radiated power as function of the direction is usually displayed inhorizontal and/or vertical antenna radiation patterns. For these diagrams, usually polar
coordinates graduated in decibels (dB) are used. Since an antenna is a passive component, due
to the conservation of energy an increase of the radiated power in one direction will reduce the
radiated power in an other direction. For sector antennas, the main lobe in the front direction
should be maximised whereas the back lobe should be minimised.
The sector width (e.g. 120 sector) should not be confused with the half power beam width. For
example, often 60 65 half power beam width antennas are used to realise 120 sectors.
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Consulting
Antenna PatternsAntenna Patterns
Antenna patterns display the distribution of radiated energy in the horizontal and vertical direction:
horizontal pattern vertical patternelectrical
down-tilted
antenna
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Consulting
Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Frequency range
Polarization Gain
Half-power beam width
Electrical tilt
Front to back ratio
Impedance
VSWR and return loss
Maximum power per input
Input connectors
Connector position
Dimensions (height, width, depth)
Weight
Wind load (frontal, lateral, rearward)
Maximum wind velocity
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Consulting
Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Example values for a sector antenna:
200 km/hMaximum wind velocity
460 N, 300 N, 1020 N at 150 km/hWind load (frontal, lateral, rearward)
12 kgWeight
2574 / 258 / 103 mmDimensions (height, width, depth)RearsideConnector position
7/16 femaleInput connectors
500 W (at 50oC ambient temperature)Maximum power per input
< 1.3VSWR and return loss
50 OhmImpedance
> 23 dBFront to back ratio
6o electrical downtiltElectrical tilt
H-plane: 90o / E-plane: 6.5oHalf-power beam width
17dBiGain
VerticalPolarization
870 - 960 MHzFrequency range
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Consulting
Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Half power beam width:
The opening angle between the points where the radiated power is 50 % (3 dB) lower than the
power transmitted in the main direction is called the half power beam width.
Antenna gain:
The gain of an antenna is given either in dBi (with respect to an ideal, isotropic antenna) or in dBd
(with respect to a dipole antenna):
Gain (dBi) = Gain (dBd) + 2.15 dB
Antenna tilt:
Two different tilt types can be distinguished: electrical tilt and mechanical tilt.
Mechanical tilt is achieved by corresponding mounting of the antennas using special mounting
devices.
Electrical tilt is a built-in function of an antenna. Either an antenna has or does not has this
function. Usually an electrical down-tilted antenna has just one (fixed) electrical (down)-tilt but
there also exist antennas where the electrical (down)-tilt is settable.
In addition to an electrical tilt also a mechanical tilt can be applied. The effective tilt is the sum of
both tilts.
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Consulting
Antenna ParametersAntenna Parameters
Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR):
The VSWR-ratio is a measure for the reflected output power. If the impedance of the antenna
does not match to the impedance of the feeder, the output power is reflected to the transmitter. Asa consequence the transmitter performance and the radiated power will be reduced. The closer
the VSWR-ratio is to 1, the lower the reflected output power.
Polarisation:
The polarisation plane is given by the electrical field vector. Usually antennas are vertically or
cross polarised.
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Consulting
Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Mechanical downtilt:
JAdvantages:
Downtilt adjustable, simple method (requires only some mounting hardware: downtilt kit)
L Disadvantages:
Downtilt angle varies for different azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width increases with downtilt angle
Gain reduction depending on azimuth direction
Electrical downtilt:
JAdvantages:
Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
L Disadvantages:
Downtilt angle is fixed
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Consulting
Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)Antenna Tilt (Mechanical and/or Electrical)
Adjustable electrical downtilt:
JAdvantages:
Downtilt adjustable
Downtilt angle is constant for all azimuth directions
Horizontal half-power beam width does not increase with downtilt angle
Optimum downtilt angle:
Must be calculated
Depends on the surrounding
Field strength reduction in the horizontal direction is maximum if minimum between main
and first upper side lobe is pointing towards horizon
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Consulting
(Effective) Antenna Height(Effective) Antenna Height
Several methods to calculate effective antenna height:
Absolute calculation method:
Effective height = Base station antenna height above ground
Heff= HBS
Relative calculation method:
Heff= HBS + HTHatBS HTHatMS if HTHatBS > HTHatMS
Heff= HBS if HTHatBS HTHatMS
HBS = Base station antenna height above ground at base station site
HTHatBS = Terrain height above sea level at base station site
HTHatMS = Terrain height above sea level at mobile station site
Averaged calculation method:
Effective height = Base station antenna height above the averaged terrain height of the
prediction area
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Consulting
Antenna DiversityAntenna Diversity
Diversity techniques:
Space diversity:horizontal separation (effective separation depends on azimuth)
vertical separation
Polarization diversity:
+/- 45 polarization
horizontal plus vertical polarization
Combining techniques:
Switched combining
Maximum ratio combining
Diversity gain:
Depends on the combining technique
Increases with the number of receive antennas
Increases with decreasing correlation of the individual received signals
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Consulting
Antenna CablesAntenna Cables
The radio planner has to know the exact loss of the system:
Jumper cable / Feeder cable / Connectorswhich must be specified in the link budget.
Cables are characterized by:
Cross-section and length
Loss in [dB/m]
Impedance
Frequency range
Reflection factor
3rd order inter-modulation product
Minimum bending radius (for repeated bending)
Hints concerning the selection of antenna cables:
The power dissipation increases exponentially with the cable length. Thick cables have lower
losses, but larger bending radii and they are more expensive.
Avoid unnecessary long cables!
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Consulting
Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
What is intermodulation (IM)?
Occurrence of frequencies different from the transmitted frequencies in the spectrum
Example: Two frequencies are used: f1 = 942.6 MHz, f2 = 945.6 MHz
Additionally frequency fIM = 936.6 MHz is measured
Responsible for Intermodulation are non-linearities in the transmission path
Example: non-linear amplifier
dirty surfaces
oxidized contacts
treated surfaces, e.g. antennas on printed circuit boards
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Consulting
Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
Order of an Intermodulation Product (IMP)
IM-Frequencies are related to the transmitted frequencies by sums and differences:
fIM = | n * f1 m * f2 |
Order O of IM-Product is
O = n + m
Examples:
far away from f1 or f242 * f1 2 * f2
close to f1 and f253 * f1 - 2 * f 2
close to f1 and f232 * f1 - 1 * f 2
far away from f1 or f221 * f1 - 1 * f 2
remarkordern,m
Odd orders of IMP are close to the original frequencies!
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Consulting
Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous?
IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere!
Example 1 (Extended GSM, f1 = 942.6 MHz, f2 = 945.6 MHz):
948.61 * f1 - 2 * f 2
951.62 * f1 - 3 * f 2
954.63 * f1 - 4 * f 2
957.64 * f1 - 5 * f 2
930.65 * f1 - 4 * f 2
4 * f1 - 3 * f 2
3 * f1 - 2 * f 2
2 * f1 - 1 * f 2
n,m
933.6
936.6
939.6
fIM [MHz]
Frequency
960 MHz925 MHz
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Consulting
Antenna cables and IntermodulationAntenna cables and Intermodulation
Why can Intermodulation Products be dangerous?
IMP can be located in a frequency band where they interfere!
Example 2 (Extended GSM, f1 = 933 MHz, f2 = 955.6 MHz):
978.21 * f1 - 2 * f 2
4 * f1 - 3 * f 2
3 * f1 - 2 * f 2
2 * f1 - 1 * f 2
n,m
865.2
887.8
910.4
fIM [MHz]
915 MHz880 MHz Freq.960 MHz925 MHz
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: OverviewAntenna Near Products: Overview
Antenna near products:
Antenna combiners
Receiver modules
Additional equipment
Equipment depends on base station type:
BTSone BS20, BS21, BS22, BS60, BS61
BTSplus BS40, BS41, BS240, BS241, BS240XL
Specific solutions:
BS82
BS242
BS240XS
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Consulting
BTSone:
BTSplus:
BS82:
BS242:
Antenna Near Products: Output PowerAntenna Near Products: Output Power
40 W60 WHigh Power
25 W25 WLow Power
GSM1800/1900GSM900PA version
50 W63 WEDGE CU GMSK
32 W40 WEDGE CU 8PSK
40 W60 WGSM CU
GSM1800/1900GSM900CU version
14 W14 WCU without DUAMCO
8 W8 WCU with DUAMCO
GSM1800/1900GSM900DCU version
200 mW100 mWCA without Duplexer
GSM1800/1900GSM900CA version
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: CombinersAntenna Near Products: Combiners
Tasks of combiners:
reducing amount of antenna for transmitting
combining concepts: combining on air
hybrid couplers
filter combiners
duplex function for using the antenna in RX path
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: HYCOMAntenna Near Products: HYCOM
TX 0
TESTLOOP
ANT VSWRIsolator
TX 0
TESTLOOP
ANTTX 1
3 dBHybridVSWR
Isolator
Isolator
TX 0
TESTLOOP
ANT
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
3 dB
Hybrid
3 dBHybrid
3 dBHybridVSWR
Isolator
Isolator
Isolator
Isolator
HYCOM 1:1
HYCOM 2:1
HYCOM 4:1
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DUCOMAntenna Near Products: DUCOM
DUCOM (DUKIT) 2:1
DUKIT 2*1:1
DUCOM 4:1
RX-FIL
TX-FILIsolator
VSWR
RX-FIL
TX-FILIsolator
VSWR
TESTOUT 0
RX 0
TX 0
RX 1
TX 1
TESTOUT 1
ANT 0
ANT1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
VSWR
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
VSWR
TESTOUT 0
RX 0
TX 0
RX 1
TESTOUT 1
ANT 0
ANT1
TX 1
TX 2
TX 3
3 dBHybrid
3 dBHybrid
Iso la to r
Iso la to r
Iso la to r
Iso la to r
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
Isolator
VSWR
Isolator
VSWR
TESTOUT 0
RX 0
TX 0
RX 1
TX 1
TESTOUT 1
ANT 0
ANT 1
RX-FIL
RX-FILRXdiv 0ANTdiv 0
RXdiv1ANTdiv 1
RX-FIL
TX-FIL
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: FICOMAntenna Near Products: FICOM
ANT OUT
FICOM Base 2:1
TX 2 TX 3TX 0 TX 1
VSWR
TX 4
FICOM Expansion 2:1 FICOM Expansion 1:1
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTS1
1.82.0HYCOM 1:1
3.93.7HYCOM 2:1
7.66.5HYCOM 4:1
2.82.8DUKIT
2.52.5DUCOM 2:1
4.93.3FICOM 6:1
4.23.0FICOM 4:1
3.52.4FICOM 2:1
5.75.7DUCOM 4:1
Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)Loss for GSM (dB)Combiner type
Combiner losses for BTS one:
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:2
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 4:2
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 8:2
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1Antenna Near Products: DUAMCO 2:1, 4:1
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: FICOMAntenna Near Products: FICOM
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplusAntenna Near Products: Combiner Losses BTSplus
5.35.3DUAMCO 2:1
8.58.5DUAMCO 4:1
2.52.5DUAMCO 2:2
5.84.2FICOM 8:1
4.63.7FICOM 6:1
4.23.2FICOM 4:1
3.72.7FICOM 2:1
8.98.9DUAMCO 8:2
5.75.7DUAMCO 4:2
Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)Loss for GSM (dB)Combiner type
Combiner losses for BTS plus and BS82:
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: RX SensitivityAntenna Near Products: RX Sensitivity
BTSone: -109 dBm at rack input
BTSplus: - 116 dBm with TMA
BS82: = -110 dBm
BS242:-88 dBm (GSM900), -95 dBm (GSM1800/GSM1900)
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Receiver ModulesAntenna Near Products: Receiver Modules
Tasks of receiver modules:
amplifying received signals
different concepts: receiver module in BTS rack
Tower mounted amplifiers
splitting of received signal for TRX equipment
comparison of different signals (RX diversity)
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: RXAMOD/RXMUCO,
RXAMCOAntenna Near Products: RXAMOD/RXMUCO,
RXAMCO
RXMUCO within BTSE rack
Rx Antenna
R
x
C
A
B
L
E
LNA
TPU
RXAMOD at Rx antenna
LNA
Cascading Output
TPU
Cascading
Output
RXAMCO
DUCOM
TXFIL
RXFIL
LNA
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: ValuesAntenna Near Products: Values
2.52.5DUKIT
1.71.7RXFIL
2.22.2DUCOM
RX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)RX Loss for GSM (dB)Equipment type
3030RXAMOD
22RXMUCO
22.520RXAMCO
RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB)RX Gain for GSM (dB)Equipment type
Gain and loss of various BTS1 equipment:
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DIAMCOAntenna Near Products: DIAMCO
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Consulting
Antenna
Rx Tx
LNA
TMA
Rx Tx
TriplexerEncoder
DUAMCO/DIAMCO
Antenna Near Products: TMAAntenna Near Products: TMA
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19.5 (without TMA)19.5 (without TMA)DIAMCO
19.5 (without TMA)19.5 (without TMA)DUAMCO
25.525.0TMA
RX Gain for DCS/PCS (dB)RX Gain for GSM (dB)Equipment type
Gain and loss of various BTS plus equipment:
0.60.4TMA
TX Loss for DCS/PCS (dB)TX Loss for GSM (dB)Equipment type
Antenna Near Products: ValuesAntenna Near Products: Values
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Additional EquipmentAntenna Near Products: Additional Equipment
Additional equipment: DULAMO
D4EMHPDU
DUBIAS
DIPLEXER
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DULAMOAntenna Near Products: DULAMO
DULAMO for BTSone:
Allows to use TMA with BTSone
Works with HYCOM, DUCOM and FICOM
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Antenna Near Products: D4EMAntenna Near Products: D4EM
D4EM for BTSone:
Allows to use 2 DUCOM 2:1 for one cell
with 4 TRX
Reduced combiner loss
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: HPDUAntenna Near Products: HPDU
High Power Duplexer: HPDU
Duplex filter for combining RX and TX path
HPDU technical data
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DUBIASAntenna Near Products: DUBIAS
FICOM
HPDU
DUBIAS
TMA
TX/RX antenna
DIAMCO
TMA
CU1 CU8 RX1 RX8
BIAS-TEE for HPDU: DUBIAS
Allows use of HPDU with TMA
DUBIAS technical data
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: DIPLEXERAntenna Near Products: DIPLEXER
DIPLEXER
Allows use of one feeder cable or even
one antenna for GSM900
and GSM 1800/1900
Antenna
Combiner
900
DIPLEXER
Antenna
Combiner
1800
DIPLEXER
TX/RX ant. TX/RX ant.
1700 - 2000 MHz800 - 1000 MHz
800 - 1000 MHz 1700 - 2000 MHz
Dimensions:
274mm * 126mm * 51mm
Insertion loss:
0,15 dB (800 - 1000 MHz)
0,25 dB (1700 - 2000 MHz)
Base Station
Feeder cable
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution without DUAMCO
Output Power: 14 W
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS82 Enhanced Micro-BTS: Solution with DUAMCO
Output Power: 8 W
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Consulting
Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS242 Pico-BTS: Losses of antenna near equipment
3.8 dB3.8 dBEXTSPLIT
1.7 dB1.7 dBDUPL
GSM1800/
GSM1900
GSM900Equipment
type
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Antenna Near Products: Specific SolutionsAntenna Near Products: Specific Solutions
BS240XS antenna near equipment
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Consulting
ExercisesExercises
1) What are the units for:
- the power?
- the level?
- the loss?
- the gain?
2) Write down the formula which expresses the level as function of the power.
3) Write down the formula which expresses the power as function of the level.
4) Consider a device with 10 mW output power and 1 W input power.
What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?
5) Consider a device with 100 W output power and 1 W input power.
What is the amplification/attenuation in dB?
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ExercisesExercises
6) Fill in the following table:
Factor of: +/- 10 dB
60 dBm
50 dBm
40 dBm
30 dBm
20 dBm
10 dBm
0 dBm
-10 dBm
...
-90 dBm
-100 dBm
-110 dBm
P [W]L