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NEWater: Singapores Experience in Water Reuse
Ong Key Wee
Senior Principal Engineer, Water Supply (Plants)
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Contents
Introduction
The Journey to NEWater
Uses of NEWater
Network and Infrastructure
Gaining Publics acceptance
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Rain Sea
Managing the Entire Water CycleFrom sourcing, collection, purification and supply of drinking water, to treatment of
used water and turning it into NEWater, drainage of storm water
Direct Non-
Potable Use
NEWater
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Rain
Sea
Direct Non-
Potable Use
Overview of NEWater Concept
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Overview of NEWater Concept
Used water Dischargeto SeaFinalEffluent
NEWater
NEWaterFactory
Reject
WaterReclamation
Plant
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NEWater
Microfiltration /Ultrafiltration
Ultra-Violet
TreatedUsed Water
Reverse Osmosis
NEWater Production Process
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What is Osmosis ?
Semi-permeableMembrane
Unwantedsalt,
bacteria
& virus etc.
Clean
Water
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What is Reverse Osmosis ?
Semi-permeable
membrane
Unwantedsalt, bacteria
& virus etc.
Pressure
CleanWater
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295 water quality parameters, over and above the 100 specified by USEPA
and 114 specified by WHO
Most comprehensive water quality study of reclaimed water conducted to
date
Categories of parameters:
Physical
Inorganic
Organic
Pesticides/ Herbicides
Radionuclides
Wastewater signature compounds
Synthetic and natural hormones
Microbiological parameter Good laboratory practice
QA/QC team
Analytical protocols
Good quality and accurate data for analysis / trending / troubleshooting
Sampling and Monitoring Programme (SAMP)
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Water Quality Parameters
Turbidity [NTU]
Total Dissolved Solids [mg/l]
Lead [mg/l]
Mercury [mg/l]
Hormones (Synthetic & Natural) [g/l]
PCBs [g/l]
Dioxin [pg/l]
Total Organic Carbon [mg/l]Total Coliform [cfu/100 ml]
Enterovirus
Water Quality Comparisons
Local
Reservoir
Water
0.5 - 11
117 - 154
< 0.013
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Sampling and Monitoring Programme (SAMP)
To date, more than 133,000 tests have been conducted on
samples from treated used water and NEWater
The quality of NEWater consistently meets the latest
requirements of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys
(USEPA) National Primary and Secondary Drinking Water
Standards and World Health Organisations (WHO) Drinking
Water Quality Guidelines
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Background to NEWater Journey
Planned Indirect Potable Use (IPU) as a source of water
supply is not new. It has been practised in several partsof the United States for more than 20 years.
Study Trip was conducted to learn from overseas
experience
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NEWater Study Project Organisation Structure
Steering
Committee
Technical
CommitteeExpert
PanelConsultant
Demo
Plant
Health
Effect Study
Team
Sampling &
Monitoring
Programme
Project
Unit
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NEWater Demonstration Plant
Upstream
fundamental research
Pilot PlantStudies
Demonstration PlantStudies
DemonstrationPlant
Learningfrom
Overseasexperiences
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NEWater Demonstration Plant
To design, construct and operate a
10,000 m3/day advanced water reclamation
demonstration plant, operational since May2000
Objective of demo plant is to test the
technology for its reliability and robustness
Operational problems experienced at demo
plant level can be incorporated into the
design of full scale plant
Some problems and concern: low flow at
night, use of hypochlorite will damage
membrane
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Expert Panel
Name Expertise Institute
Prof Ong Choon Nam(Chairman)
Human Health and Toxicology National University ofSingapore (NUS)
Prof Joan Rose Microbiology Michigan State University
Mr William Lauer Water Reclamation Studies American Water Works
Association
Prof Ng Wun Jern Engineering and Water Technologies NUS
Prof Mulkit Singh Microbiology NUS
Dr Chew Suok Kai Human Health and Epidemiology Ministry of Health (MOH)
Prof Lee Hian Kee Environmental Chemistry NUS
Dr Bosco Bloodworth Water Quality and Analysis MOH/Health SciencesAuthority of Singapore
(HSA)
Prof James Tam Life/Biological Sciences Nanyang Technological
University
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Sampling and Monitoring Programme
293 water quality parameters; more than the 100 specified
by USEPA and 122 specified by WHO
Most comprehensive water quality study of reclaimed water
to date
Categories of parameters
Physical, inorganic, organic, radio-nuclides, pesticides /
herbicides, wastewater signature compounds, synthetic /
natural hormones
Microbiological water quality parameter study
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Health Effects Study
Complements SAMP in determining the safety of NEWater
Toxicological assessment of NEWater against reservoir
water
Short and long term health effects on two animal species
Mice Long term toxicity and carcinogenicity assessment
Fish Long term toxicity and carcinogenicity assessment,
and estrogenic assessment (reproductive and
development)
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Mice test ing faci l i ty at the
Anim al Handl ing Unit , NUS
Histopathological analyses of animal
tissues and organs at Experimental
Pathology Laboratories Inc. (EPL) in
the U.S.
Health Effects Study
No long term carcinogenic
effect
(Mice; B6C3F1 strain)
Modif ied and im proved f ish
test ing fac il i ty at the NEWater
Demonstrat ion Plant
(Fish; Japanese Medaka)
Histopathological analyses
of fish tissue and organs
No long term
carcinogenic effect
No estrogenic effect
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The Journey to NEWater
1972
1998
2001
2002
More affordable cost
of membrane
technology
PUB embarked onthe NEWater
initiative
Completion of 3rd NEWaterfactory
Birth ofreclaiming
used water2003/04
Completion of 1st two
NEWater factories (NF)
2007
Completion of 4th
NEWaterfactory
2010
Completion of
5th NEWater
factory
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NEWater
N
LEGEND
Pulau
Bukom
Woodlands
NEWater SR
Kranji
NF
Tampines
NEWater SR
Bedok
NF
PROPOSED NEWater SERVICE
RESERVOIR AT MANDAI HILL 68
EXISTING NEWater SERVICE RESERVOIR
EXISTING NEWater FACTORY
EXISTING NEWater PIPELINES
PROPOSED NEWater PIPELINES
PROPOSED NIP LINES
Changi NFJIWW
Ulu
PandanNF
INDUSTRIAL WATER PIPELINES
Kent Ridge
NEWater SR
Mandai SR
Jurong Hill 65 SR
Kranji
17 mgd
Bedok 18 mgd
Ulu Pandan
32 mgd
NEWater met 30% of water needs
Changi 50 mgd
Water for All (NEWater)
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Bedok NEWater Factory (18 mgd)
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Ulu Pandan NEWater Factory (32 mgd) Design-Build-Own-Operate
PUB purchases water from Keppel-Seghers
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Contents
Introduction
The Journey to NEWater
Uses of NEWater
Network and Infrastructure
Gaining Publics acceptance
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Primary purpose is for Direct Non Potable Use (DNPU)
o As part of the Replace Strategy, this frees up large amounts ofpotable water for other vital potable purposes
o Will increase to 40% of Singapores water needs by 2020
Secondary purpose is for Indirect Potable Use (IPU)
Uses of NEWater
Si W t D d
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Singapore Water Demand
(Residential)Domestic (Commercial &
Industries)
Non-domestic
Non-potable water
(primarily NEWater)
Where is NEWater used?
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Where is NEWater used?
Processes- wafer fabrication
- petrochemical
- power plants,
- manufacturing etc
Cooling towers
- hospitals
- commercial buildings
- institutions, etc
Others
- general washing- toilet flushing, etc
Indirect Potable Use
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Indirect Potable Usein Singapore
Rainwater
Raw waterImport Reservoir
Waterworks
PopulationIndustriesCommercial
WaterReclamation
Plant
NEWaterFactories
NEWater
Desalted Water
Mixing
Sea
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Contents
Introduction
The Journey to NEWater
Uses of NEWater
Network and Infrastructure
Gaining Publics acceptance
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NEWater Supply Network
Total NEWater network ~ 360 km
NEWater Infrastructure Plan (NIP) 87km of transmission pipelines (2200 mm dia) from Changi
NEWater Factory in the east to Jurong in the west via Bedok, Kranji
and Seletar clusters
Completed in 2011 To supply an additional 50 mgd
Important part of Singapores integrated water
management
Linking all the NEWater factories
Managing NEWater demand as a whole
Increasing the reliability of supply
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NEWater Infrastructure Plan
NEWater
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NEWater
N
LEGEND
Pulau
Bukom
Woodlands
NEWater SR
Kranji
NF
Tampines
NEWater SR
Bedok
NF
PROPOSED NEWater SERVICE
RESERVOIR AT MANDAI HILL 68
EXISTING NEWater SERVICE RESERVOIR
EXISTING NEWater FACTORY
EXISTING NEWater PIPELINES
PROPOSED NEWater PIPELINES
PROPOSED NIP LINES
Changi NFJIWW
Ulu
PandanNF
INDUSTRIAL WATER PIPELINES
Kent Ridge
Mandai SR
Jurong Hill 65 SR
Kranji
Changi
Water for All (NEWater)
NEWater Transmission Pipelines under
the NEWater Infrastructure Plan
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Contents
Introduction
The Journey to NEWater
Uses of NEWater
Network and Infrastructure
Gaining Publics acceptance
Public Communication Simple Messaging
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MICROFILTRATIONUV
DISINFECTION
Unwanted solids trappedon the outside of the fibre
Suspended solids and
bacteria of more than 0.2
microns are filtered out.
Filtered water is conductedthrough the middle of the
hollow fibres.
0.0004
microns
membranes
Water is further
disinfected with
ultraviolet light.
High
Pressure
Hollow fibres
REVERSE
OSMOSIS
Semi-permeable
membranes
NEWater
Treated
Used
Water
Public Communication - Simple Messaging
Product ion o f NEWater too technical?
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100 MillionTimes
Watermolecules
Water
molecules
EstrogenEndrocrine
Disruptors
BacteriaVirus
X =Reverse OsmosisPore Size
Size ofTennis Balls
P bli C i ti
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Public Communication
Good Branding
Choice of words Used Water vs Wastewater;
NEWater vs Reclaimed Water
Water Reclamation vs Sewage Treatment
Emphasis Concept is not new
RO technology
Indirect Potable Use
G
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Gaining Publics acceptance
(Briefing to Grassroots, Jul 2002)
PUB and its parent ministry tookthe lead in public communicationwith support from the Panel ofExperts
Bottled NEWater for publicsampling, bottles distributed onNational Day Parade
Strong political leadership with itsability to rally the entirecommunity to face a nationalchallenge
Grassroots leaders helpedNEWater to reach out to thecommunity in the heartland
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NEWater demonstration
plant, 2000
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C ti d P bli Ed ti / A t
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Continued Public Education/ Acceptance
NEWater Visitor Centre
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NEWater Visitor Centre
Officially opened on 21 Feb 2003
NEWater VC is the focal point of ourcontinuing education on:
The importance of water
Role of NEWater as one of the 4national taps
The technology behind NEWater
Targets mainly our youngergeneration (eg students)
Visitor friendly with multi-mediacomputer interactives (games) andvideos
Provides first hand experience of theNEWater plant operations
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Thank youThank you
Marina Barrage,
Singapore