090718 Nose Uralic Australian Adv

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R Reitaku UniversityR Reitaku University

Contrastive study of the adverbial case

functions between Finno-Ugric and

Australian languagesNew trends in Uralistics: typology, syntax, sociolinguistics, 2009 SEP3-5, Szeged, Hungary

Masahiko Nose

Reitaku University, Chiba, Japan


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Number of cases (Iggesen 2005a)

Eurasia and Australia: rich case system

Needless to say, no genealogical/genetic relations

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Questions of this study

Why Finno-Ugric and Australian languages

have many cases?

Which kinds of cases Finno-Ugric andAustralian have?

Which kinds of cases Finno-Ugric andAustralian have for adverbial functions?

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Sampling method: Finno-Ugric & Australian

Not including Samoyed languages, such as

Nganasan and Enets.

Finno-Ugric:

not only languages (Finnish, Hungarian) with rich

case system, but also those (Ostyak, Vogul)with afew cases

Australian: languages with rich case system

Availability of reference grammars Not considering genealogical relations

between Finno-Ugric and Australian

Case markings are not borrowed easily090903 Nose Szeged 4/24


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Sampling results; 12 languages

Finno-Ugric: 8 Finnic: Cheremis (Mari), Estonian, Finnish, Udmurt

(Votyak)

Ugric: Eastern Ostyak (Khanty), Northern Ostyak

(Khnaty), Hungarian, Vogul (Mansi)

Australian: 4

Dyirbal, Gooniyandi, Guugu Yimidhirr, Yidin



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Sampling results; map


Arrived 30,000 B.P. andSeparated by New Guinea

island10,000 B.P.

Proto-Uralic

4,000-8,000? B.P.


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Australian Aboriginal languages (Blake 1987)

Over 200 languages, 150 description

Hard to reconstruct proto-Australian

Agglutinative morphology (cf. FU)

Rich case system (cf. FU)

Singular, dual, plural (cf. Ob-Ugric)

Ergative case marking

Possessive construction:

Guugu Yimidhirr: N P-genitive suffix

House woman-genitive (The womans house)


f l d


8/38R Reitaku UniversityR Reitaku University 8 24

Language map of Australia: semi-nomadic

hunter-gatherers living in small groups

Diversity of Australian http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/corporate/a8_publish/modules/publish/content.asp?navgrp=default&id=aboriginalaustralia



Research objectives

Through contrasting between Finno-Ugric and

Australian,

Clarifying characteristics of Adverbial cases

Classifying Functional differences of cases

Also, examining genitive case and possessive

constructions




Results and discussion

Number of cases (based on descriptive grammars)


Languages Cases Languages Cases

Finnish 15 Norhtern Ostyak 3

Estonian 14 Vogul 6

Udmurt 15 Gooniyandi 13

Cheremis 11 Dyirbal 9

Hungarian 18 Guugu Yimidhirr 11

Eastern Ostyak 9 Yidin 6-9



Yidin, 6-9 cases (Dixon 1977:124)

Absolutive: zero

Ergative: -ngu/ -du

Instrumental: -la/ -da

Locative

Allative

Fear: -yida/ -dida

Dative: -nda Causal: -mu/ -m

Ablative




Contrastive study of cases: observed cases

Grammatical functions Fu: Nominative, Accusative(-Genitive), Dative

Au: Absolutive, Ergative, Dative

Locative functions (next slide) Adessive, Locative, Lative, Allative, etc.

Adverbial functions (later slides)

Instrumental(-comitative), Abessive, Essive, etc.

Possessive constructions/ Genitive case




Locative cases: totally different kinds of Locations

Finno-Ugric

Differences among [on], [in] (Fi, Es), and [by] (Hu)

Lative (toward) in Cheremis, Eastern Ostyak and Vogul

Locative carrying [on], [at], [in], [to], etc. (Ob-

Ugric: Vogul kol-t: at/on/in/to house )

Egressive in Udmurt, isen: starting point, beginning of a period of time

Australian

2 ablatives and 4 allatives, Perlative in Gooniyandi

Ablative1 (from, because of), Ablative2(away from)

Locative-allative in Guugu Yimidhirr

Instrumental-locative, Causal-Ablative in Yidin

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Possessive/ Genitive

Finno-Ugric:

No Genitive case in Hungarian, Ostyak, Vogul Possessive suffix: Hu: az aut-m (my car)

Genitive-Accusative: Estonian, Fnnish

Fi: Minu-n auto (my car)

Genitive case in Cheremis, Udmurt

Australian:

No Genitive case in Gooniyandi, Guugu Yinidhirr,

and Yidin

Genitive suffix: Yidin: waga:l-ni (my wife)

Simple/general genitive cases in Dyribal




Some adverbialexamples in Finno-Ugric

Modal-comparative in Cheremis -la

Mar-la ojla speaks Mari: adjectival, derivational Adverbial -ja and Transitive -etiin Udmurt

Adverbial: according to, Transitive:along

Translative in Vogul - (also, in Hu, Es, Fi, Ud, EN-Os) become S, work as S

Instrumental in Eastern Ostyak

with tools, together with(comitative function)

Essive in Finnish -na/-n (also in Es, Hu)

opettaja-na (as a teacher)




Some adverbialexamples in Australian

Deprivative in Gooniyandi

gamba-winjya (for lack of water): cf. Abessive

Purposive in Guugu Yimidhirr (not causal)

goal, purpose (also including fear of)

Fear in Yidin (Dixon 1977)

Bama-yida (for fear of the people)

Simple genitive/General genitive in Dyribal

Simple -u: present possession (Dixon 1972:108)

General -mi: past ownership




Adverbial cases: contrastive summary Finno-Ugric

Modal-comparative (like) in Cheremis

Caritive, Abessive in Fi, Es, E-Os?

Adverbial, Terminative (until/ by also in Hu, Es) in Udmurt,

Comitative-Instrumental: sharing (Hu,E-Os, Vo) or

separating (Fi, Es)

Partitive in Finnish, Estonian

Translative (*Ungarinjin has it), Essive (*Nunngubuyu has it)

Australian

Deprivative in Gooniyandi (cf. Caritive, Abessive) Purposive(goal, purpose, fear), Causal(=abl), Abessive in Guugu

Yimidhirr

Fear in Yidin (also in Pitjantjatjara)

17/24*Iggesen 2005b:94-95



Contrastive ofFearfunction

Yidin (Lynch 1998:188)

Yingu waguuja garba-ng bama-yida.

This:abs man:abs hide-present people-fear

This man is hiding for fear of the people

Hungarian

Fl valaki-tl (for fear of someone): Ablative

(Locational)




Contrastive ofInstrumentalfunction

Hungarian: instrumental -val/-vel

Az aut-val (with a car): Instrumental A bart-om-mal (with my friend): Comitative

Finnish(instrumental, not comitative)

Instructive -n: kaksi-n ksi-n (with both hands) Comitative -ine: vaimo-ine-n (with his wife)

Guugu Yimidhirr

Instrumental -ngun: miil-ngun (with the eye) Ergative -ngun: gabiirr-ngun (girl-erg)




Answers for this study

Why Finno-Ugric and Australian have many cases?

FU: many locative cases, or few locative cases (Ob-Ugric) Au: some locative (abl. all.) and many adverbial cases

Which kinds of cases Finno-Ugric and Australian have?

FU: Nominative-Accusative

Au: Ergative-Absolutive

Which kinds of cases Finno-Ugric and Australian have for

adverbial functions?

FU: Essive, Translative, Instrumental(-comitative)

Au: Instrumental(-ergative), Fear, Genitive (past ownership)

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Contrastive results

Case

functions

Abessive

(without)

Causal,

Purpose

Essive,

Translative

Instrumental Fear Genitive

Finno-

Ugric

[Nom-Acc]

Ablative,

Causal(Hun)

+Comitative

Locative

Accusative

Or Suffix

Australia

n

[Erg-Abs]

Causal

Suffix

+Ergative

Suffix

(present/pastownership)




Conclusion: partly similar, totally different

Adverbial functions between Finno-Ugric and

Australian languages are partly similar inhaving instrumental function. But,

FU: Comitative-instrumental

AU: Ergative-instrumental Peculiar adverbial cases found respectively in

Finno-Ugric and Australian. (Essive, Fear)

The differences are not only based onuniversal/cognitive features, but also are

considered as a geographical tendency.

Different Grammaticalization (Loc > Adv, or not)22/24



References (selected)

Blake, Barry. 1987.Australian Aboriginal Grammar. London/New York: Croom Helm

Dixon, R.M.W. 1972. The Dyibal Language of North Queensland. Cambridge: CUP.

Dixon, R.M.W. 1977.A Grammar of Yidin. Cambridge: CUP.

Dryer, Matthew S. 2005. Order of subject, object and verb. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 81in WALS: 330-333.

Haspelmath Martin, Matthew S. Dryer, David Gil, and Bernard Comrie (eds.). 2005. The WorldAtlas of Language Structures. Oxford: OUP.

Haviland, John B. 1979. Guugu Yimidhirr sketch grammar. In: R. M. W. Dixon and B. Blake(eds.).Handbook of Australian Languages Vol I. : 26-180.

Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005a. Number of cases. In: Haspelmath et al. (eds.): feature 49 in WALS: 202-

205.Iggesen, Oliver A. 2005b. Case-Asymmetry: a world-wide study on lexeme-class-dependent

deviations in morphological case inventories. Munchen: Lincom Europa.

Kahr, Joan Casper. 1975. Adpositions and locationals: typology and diachronicc development.Working Papers on Language Universals 19: 21-54. Stanford University.

Kurzon, Dennis & Silvia Adler(eds.). 2008.Adpositions: pragmatic, semantic and syntacticperspectives. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Kurzon, Dennis. 2008. Ago and its grammatical status in English and other languages. In: Kurzon& Adler(eds.): 209-227.

Lynch, John. Pacific languages: an introduction. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.

McGregor. 1990.A functional grammar of Gooniyandi. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.

Nose, Masahiko. 2006. Diversity of Cases: Using The World Atlas of Language Structures. GengoKenkyuu 130: 109-123.

Svorou, Soteria. 1993. The grammar of space. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.




Thank you for your attention


Acknowledgments:Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists(Start-up), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Research project fund (2009), Linguistic Research Center, Reitaku University



Classification of Adverbial cases

Semantic map



26/38R Reitaku UniversityR Reitaku University 26090903 Nose Szeged



Cheremis 11

Nominative

Accusative

Genitive

Dative

Inessive

Lative

Illative

Ablative

Modal-comparative

Comitative

Caritive




Estonian 14

Nominative

Genitive/Accusative

Inessive

Elative

Illative

Adessive

Allative Ablative

Essive

Partitive

Translative

Comitative

Abessive

Terminative


h


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Finnish 15

Nominative

Genitive

Accusative Inessive

Elative

Illative

Adessive

Allative

Ablative

Essive

Partitive

Translative

Instructive

Abessive

Comitative


d


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Udmurt 15

Nominative

Accusative

Genitive Ablative

Dative

Caritive

Adverbial

Instrumental

Approximate

Inessive

Illative

Elative

Egressive

Transitive (through)

Terminative


H i 18


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Hunagrian 18

Nominative

Accusative

Dative Elative

Inessive

Illative

Delative

Superessive

Sublative

Ablative

Adessive

Allative

Terminative

Essive-formal

Instrumental

Translative

Causal-final

Associative


E O k 9


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Eastern Ostyak, 9

Nominative

Lative

Locative

Ablative Approximative

Translative

Instrumental-final Comitative-instrumental

Abessive


N h O k 3


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Northern Ostyak, 3

Nominative

Locative

Translative


V l 6


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Vogul, 6

Nominative

Lative

Locative

Ablative

Instrumental

Translative


G i di 13


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Gooniyandi, 13

Absolutive

Ergative

Dative

Locative

Ablative 1

Ablative 2

Allative 1

Allative 2

Allative 3

Allative 4

Perlative

Comitative

Deprivative


D ib l 9


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Dyribal, 9

Nominative

Ergative

Instrumental

Simple genitive

Locative

General genitive

Dative

Allative

Ablative


G Yi idhi 11


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Guugu Yimidhirr, 11

Absolutive

Ergative

Dative

Purposive

Causal

Instrumental Locative-allative

Ablative

Superjacent

Adessive

Abessive


Yidi 6 9


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R i k U i iR i k U i i

Yidin, 6-9

Absolutive

Ergative Instrumental

Locative

Allative Fear

Dative

Causal Ablative

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