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More equal More resilient Agnes Otzelberger, CARE International Copenhagen, May 2 nd 2012 Social dimensions of climate change adaptation – a gender lens
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More equal More resilient
Agnes Otzelberger, CARE InternationalCopenhagen, May 2nd 2012
Social dimensions of climate change adaptation
– a gender lens
Overview
1 Differentiating vulnerability and capacity
2 Gender analysis as a starting point
3 Gender-equitable adaptation planning (if time permits)
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1 DIFFERENTIATING VULNERABILITY AND CAPACITY
CARE's Community-based Adaptation Framework
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COMMUNITY-BASED
ADAPTATION
Local adaptive & organisational capacity
Addressing underlying causes of
vulnerability
Disaster risk reduction
Climate-resilient
livelihoods
Influencing enabling policy
environment
Climate change knowledge
Risk and uncertainty
Vulnerability and capacity: Why „differential“?
•Vulnerability to climate change: exposure, sensitivity and capacity depend on roles, responsibilities, access, control, culture... result of power relations• Different groups within a community have different but complementary knowledge, capacities, experience
Social determinants of vulnerability and capacity
Effective, equitable adaptation requires understanding of vulnerability dynamics within the community and within households.
Gender influences these dynamics as do other factors.
What other social determinants of climate change vulnerability can you think of, and can you give examples?
Why gender?
• Inequalities distribution of rights, resources, power particularly accentuated between gender groups
deep impacts on livelihoods, risk reduction, adaptive capacity
• Roles and division of labour: Knowledge and priorities are diverse and complementary!
• Gender-blind planning undermines successful adaptation processes
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What do we mean by gender?
Key conceptsRights-based approach – rights of all are respected, including the most vulnerable
Gender equality
equal rights, opportunities, resources and rewards
not governed by whether an individual is born male or female
Gender equity
recognition of unequal power relations
distributional justice
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Gender equity
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SOME GLOBAL GENDER GAPS WE ARE FACING: DIVISION OF LABOUR
Women work two thirds of the world‘s working hours and receive 10% of the world‘s income.
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GLOBAL GENDER GAPS: EDUCATION
The world has 876 million illiterate adults: 75 % women, 25% men
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GLOBAL GENDER GAPS: PROPERTY
Property ownership worldwide: 99% owned by men, 1% owned by women.
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AGRICULTURE: EXTENSION SERVICES
Share of agricultural exension services worldwide received by women: 5%
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GLOBAL GENDER GAPS: DISASTER MORTALITY
Natural disasters kill more women than men and at an earlier age.
Gap: up to 90%
Male disaster
mortality peaks
during disaster
Impact.
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FOOD AND NUTRITION: The ‚Gender Gap in Agriculture“
2GENDER ANALYSIS: ASKING THE RIGHT QUESTIONS
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Gender analysis•early on! •No one, universal way•Gender = power!!!•Gender relations are not static
Gender analysis is the first and key step
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…brings about challenges in relation to
•Power over knowledge and decisions•Conflicting information and priorities•Time, resource and other constraints limiting the understanding of the context
…makes a difference in
•WHAT•HOW •WHO
Planning, M&E
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“Oldies, but goodies”: Key gender analysis questions
Who does what? How? Where? When? Why? (labour)
Who uses what? How? Where? When? Why? (access)
Who controls what? How? Where? When? Why? (decision-making)
Source: Gender & REDD training materials from Catherine Hill, independent consultant, Zanzibar April 2011
Who knows what? How? When? Where? Why? (information = power)
Who benefits from what? How? When? Where? Why? (benefit-sharing)
Who is included in what? How? When? Where? Why? (participation)
Www
Key question: Who is vulnerable and why?
The basis: We need to understand wo/men’s & boys’/girl’s status in…
• access to & control over assets
• decision-making at different levels
• division of labour and use of time
• participation in public spaces
• agency and aspirations for oneself
• ….
…. what this is to do with other social variables…
…. and how these dynamics change over time. Climatic shifts, too, catalyse change in gender roles!
Understanding gender and climate: „What‘s new?“
Climate change can catalyse changes in gender relations & responsibilities:
Positive results e.g. Shared responsibilities, women’s empowerment
Negative results e.g. overburdening women, social tension, institutional failure, widened gender gaps
Climate change and the social tissue
Climate impacts not only contribute to soil erosion but also to social erosion...
Declining tea harvests in Malawi (Oxfam 2011)
„When a woman is earning less than she used to from tea picking, she loses some of the respect and influence she commanded in her home and the community. [...] The men feel like we are being a burden to them in the homes, and even the community at large.“
It emerged in the men‘s focus group discussion that the reduction in labour opportunities in the estates is eroding the respect, power and influence when regularly employed:
„If you do not make more money women say you are not man enough“
... But successful adaptation has the potential to catalyse better mutual understanding and collaboration between women and men: more equal – more resilient!
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Learning from the Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP)
Understanding gender
and adaptation:
•is about understanding social transformation in the face of rapid or gradual (and unpredictable) change
•helps understanding how climatic impacts contribute to new changes and shifts in gender roles
•leads to CBA processes that strengthen household and community resilience
•requires looking across and mediating between generations. Gender relations often reflect power relations between them.
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Learning from the Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP)
Integrating gender in CBA…
•allows for better understanding of differential vulnerability within communities and households
•shows the differences of and complementarities between women’s and men’s experience in coping with and adapting to shocks and stressors
•requires valuing and strengthening women’s knowledge, participation and voice in processes informing community-based adaptation
Women vs Men??
Are women ‘more vulnerable’ to climate change?Many examples – women using their knowledge and capacities
Agents of change
Are men “not vulnerable”?Pressure to provide
Other factors
Complementarity
Digital photo stories from Nanighi, Northern Kenya (Adaptation Learning Programme)
Women: http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=TzvTFVfcOII
Young men:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M22tIKlwiU8&feature=player_embedded
Elderly men:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Eq3XeD-nG1E&feature=player_embedded
Over to you
Digital photo stories from Nanighi, Northern Kenya (Adaptation Learning Programme) continued
1)What are the different videos talking about
2)Why do you think the women, younger men, and elder men raise these issues?
3)What would this mean for integrating climate into the design of a project or a local development plan?
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3GENDER-EQUITABLE ADAPTATION POLICY
Group exercise: SWOT Analysis of 3 NAPAS
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Source: UNDP 2011 Training Module on Gender and Adaptation, Working Draft: access under “Series of Gender and Climate Change Training Modules and Policy Briefs on adaptation, agriculture and food security, and energy and technology in Africa”
What is needed for gender-equitable adaptation planning?
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• A social lens on adaptation
• An understanding of, or measures to increase the understanding of, gender risks and opportunities
• Gender-related goals and activities (“twin-track”)
• Inclusive planning and decision-making
• Institutional mandates and adequate budgets
• Measurable achievements and provisions for M&E
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MANGE TAK!
Thanks also to
•Adaptation Learning Programme for Africa (ALP) for learning on key challenges and ingredients of gender-equitable adaptation
•UNDP/ IUCN/ GGCA for training materials on gender and adaptation
•
