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BacteriaBacteria
Domain: Bacteria and ArchaeaDomain: Bacteria and Archaea
Kingdom Eubacteria and Kingdom Eubacteria and Archaebacteria (previously Archaebacteria (previously
Monera)Monera)
Crash Course: Bacteria Video
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Lack nucleus and organelles (prokaryotic)Lack nucleus and organelles (prokaryotic)Usually smaller than eukaryotic cellsUsually smaller than eukaryotic cellsSingle cells but can form strands or Single cells but can form strands or
clumpsclumpsSingle circular piece of DNASingle circular piece of DNAReproduce by binary fissionReproduce by binary fission
Can divide every 20 minutesCan divide every 20 minutesLimited food source reduces actual rate of Limited food source reduces actual rate of
divisiondivision
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CharacteristicsCharacteristics
Flagella that spins for movementFlagella that spins for movementSome have piliSome have pili
Shorter and thicker than flagellaShorter and thicker than flagellaUsed for attachmentUsed for attachment
www.ou.edu/class/pheidole/bacteria.html
Aerobic or anaerobic metabolismAerobic or anaerobic metabolism
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Classification of Bacteria Classification of Bacteria
Ways Bacteria are classifiedWays Bacteria are classifiedShape – most common way to classifyShape – most common way to classifyArrangement (Number/ size)Arrangement (Number/ size)Food requirementsFood requirementsOxygen requirementsOxygen requirementsHow they move/number of flagellaHow they move/number of flagellaCell wall composition (gram staining)Cell wall composition (gram staining)Method of reproduction – rarely usedMethod of reproduction – rarely used
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Bacterial ShapesBacterial Shapes
Bacillus = rodBacillus = rod
Coccus = roundCoccus = round
Spirillum = spiralSpirillum = spiral
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Bacterial ArrangementBacterial Arrangement Diplococcus = 2 round Diplococcus = 2 round
bacteria cellsbacteria cells
Streptococcus = chains of Streptococcus = chains of round bacteriaround bacteria
Staphylococcus = cluster Staphylococcus = cluster of round bacteriaof round bacteria
Tetrad = 4 round bacteria Tetrad = 4 round bacteria in a squarein a square
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Bacterial ArrangementBacterial Arrangement
Diplobacillus = pairs Diplobacillus = pairs of rod shaped of rod shaped bacteriabacteria
Streptobacillus = Streptobacillus = chains of rod shaped chains of rod shaped bacteriabacteria
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Bacteria FactsBacteria Facts
Bacteria is everywhereBacteria is everywhereThe number of bacteria in the human The number of bacteria in the human
mouth is greater than the number of mouth is greater than the number of people who ever lived on the earth.people who ever lived on the earth.
Bacteriologist is a scientist who studies Bacteriologist is a scientist who studies bacteria.bacteria.
Bacteria is grown in a lab as a culture with Bacteria is grown in a lab as a culture with nutrient agar (food source).nutrient agar (food source).
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Gram StainingGram Staining
Used to identify the type of bacteria Used to identify the type of bacteria presentpresent
Used to determine the best antibiotic Used to determine the best antibiotic needed to kill the bacterianeeded to kill the bacteria
Antibiotic = interferes with the life Antibiotic = interferes with the life processes of bacteriaprocesses of bacteriaAlexander Fleming – penicillin inventorAlexander Fleming – penicillin inventor
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Why are bacteria so resistant?Why are bacteria so resistant?
Endospores = thick walls around bacteria Endospores = thick walls around bacteria during harsh conditionsduring harsh conditionsEx- low nutrients, drought, high temperatures, Ex- low nutrients, drought, high temperatures,
low temperature, etc.low temperature, etc.Endospores will open up when conditions Endospores will open up when conditions
become more favorable.become more favorable.
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Bacteria Structure Bacteria Structure
Draw a bacterial cell. Label cytoplasm, DNA, Draw a bacterial cell. Label cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, cell ribosomes, flagella, pili, capsule, cell wall, cell membranemembrane
Capsule = purple outer layer
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Obtaining Energy (nutrition)Obtaining Energy (nutrition)
1.1. Photosynthetic = makes own foodPhotosynthetic = makes own food
2.2. Heterotrophs = obtain food from another Heterotrophs = obtain food from another sourcesource
a.a. Saprophytes = Eat dead organismsSaprophytes = Eat dead organisms
b.b. Symbiotic relationships = live in close association Symbiotic relationships = live in close association with another organism with another organism
Mutualism = both organisms are helpedMutualism = both organisms are helped Example= sheep & cows have bacteria in stomach to aid in Example= sheep & cows have bacteria in stomach to aid in
grass digestiongrass digestion Parasitism = one is helped; other is harmedParasitism = one is helped; other is harmed
Host = organism that is harmedHost = organism that is harmed
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Obtaining energy (nutrition)Obtaining energy (nutrition)
3.3. ChemoautotrophsChemoautotrophs Use inorganic compounds such as ammonia Use inorganic compounds such as ammonia
and hydrogen sulfide to make foodand hydrogen sulfide to make food Use organic compounds such as methane to Use organic compounds such as methane to
make food make food
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RespirationRespiration
Obligate aerobes - require oxygenObligate aerobes - require oxygenObligate anaerobes – require no oxygen; Obligate anaerobes – require no oxygen;
oxygen will poison the bacteria and kill itoxygen will poison the bacteria and kill itBotulism – produces toxins in improperly Botulism – produces toxins in improperly
canned foodscanned foodsFacultative anaerobes – can function with Facultative anaerobes – can function with
or without oxygen but will not be poisoned or without oxygen but will not be poisoned by the presence of oxygenby the presence of oxygen
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Economic ImportanceEconomic Importance
Pathogenic – disease causingPathogenic – disease causingExamples: tuberculosis, anthrax, bubonic Examples: tuberculosis, anthrax, bubonic
plague, cholera, dental cavities, lyme disease, plague, cholera, dental cavities, lyme disease, typhus, strep throat, acne, tetanus, stomach typhus, strep throat, acne, tetanus, stomach ulcersulcers
Food PoisoningFood PoisoningBotulismBotulismE. coli (ground beef)E. coli (ground beef)
Food spoilageFood spoilage
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Economic ImportanceEconomic Importance
BiowarfareBiowarfareFood ProductionFood Production
Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, Pickles, buttermilk, cheese, sauerkraut, olives, vinegar, sourdough bread, sausageolives, vinegar, sourdough bread, sausage
Make chemicalsMake chemicalsAcetone, butane, medicinesAcetone, butane, medicines
MiningMiningExtracts minerals from impure sourcesExtracts minerals from impure sources
Clean up petroleum and chemical spillsClean up petroleum and chemical spills
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Preventing Food SpoilagePreventing Food Spoilage
RefrigerationRefrigerationFreezingFreezingDryingDryingSaltingSaltingCanningCanningHeating thoroughlyHeating thoroughly