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1
CONFUCIUS
• Born 551 BC in state of Lu (Shantung Province)
• Period of instability in Zhou dynasty
• Much of life’s history is legendary vs. factual
Basic Beliefs• Believed society would
improve if traditional focus on relationships and hierarchy were restored– Jen is the most important
virtue (“humanness” or benevolence, compassion, humanity)
• Believed in the good and perfectibility of the individual• through learning,
especially
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Confucian Relation-ships
• Five relationships must be maintained; • In these relationships, the “order” must
be honored and proper ritual followed:• Father-son• Elder-young• Husband-wife• Friend-friend• Ruler-Subject
Confucian Relation-ships
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• All relationships should be built on the principle of concern for someone else, with compassion and respect.
• Learning self-restraint requires mastering li• Li is the rules of behavior that honor those in a
higher social status and that will be looked upon admirably by others
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“Since you yourself desire standing [rank] then help others achieve it; since you your-self desire success then help others at-tain it.” (Lunyu 12.2, 6.30)
“Look at nothing in defiance of ritual, listen to nothing in defiance of ritual, speak of nothing in defiance or ritual, never stir hand or foot in defiance of ritual.“(Lunyu 12.1)
Confucius say…
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“If your desire is for good, the people will be good. The moral character of the ruler is the wind; the moral character of those beneath him is the grass. When the wind blows, the grass bends.” (Lunyu 12.19)
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Confucian Ideals seen in Culture
Obligation of son to parents Ancestor worship Collectivism Hierarchical worldview and
social structure Emphasis on education
Confucianism in Korean Culture
Introductions & Gift Giving– Bow– Business cards– Give/receive with both hands!
Personal contact “rules”– No PDA– Girls hold hands, arm-in-arm
3rd Party Arbitration– Reveals status/connections– Avoid conflict; social harmony
Laughter– Cover mouth!
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Last name First name– Lee Sung Il– Paternal last name– Woman keeps maiden name
Age & Status– Always respect elders– Know birthdays, age
No “I” in Korean– It is redundant; “we” valued
Always say “yes” (ne: nay)– Agree– “I understand”
Pour each others’ drink– Hand position important
Eldest eats first Metal spoon, chopsticks
– Eat rice with spoon– Never put chopsticks in
rice
One person pays bill, often the youngest
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Confucianism in Korean Culture: Dining
Education one of highest values in Korean society
“Education Fever” Elementary—mostly public
– Grades 1-6 Middle—70%+ public
– Grades 1-3 High School—30% public
– Grades 1-3 School day & week: long!
– ~7:30-6 pm (formal)– 6 pm-10 pm (private)– Saturday half-days
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Confucianism in Korean Culture: Education
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Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
6:30 a.m.
wake up
7:30
school begins
7:40–8:20morning meeting
with principal
self-study or supplementary lessons (e.g., English, Korean, or Math)
8:30–8:40morning meeting
9:00 Korean English MathMilitary Exercises
Korean Korean History
10:00 Foreign Language Korean Korean History English Earth Science Music
11:00 Math Music English Math English Chemistry
12:00 p.m. English World History KoreanPhysical Education
Physics
12:50–1:30 lunch
1:30 Physical Education Biology Art Korean Math
2:30 Domestic Science Math Art Physics Chemistry
3:30–4:20 World History Korean Literature Club Activities Class Meeting Music
4:20–4:30 evening meeting
4:30–4:50 classroom cleaning time
5–10 /11 p.m. hagwon (a special study, or "cram" school) and/or self-study in the school library
1212
Korean High School