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Publications:

Articles published

1. Hazarika, N. et al. What do epiphytic lichens of Guwahati city indicate? Current

Science 101 (7), 824, 2011.

2. Daimari, R. et al. Atmospheric heavy metal accumulation in epiphytic lichens and

their phorophytes in the Brahmaputra Valley, Asian Journal of Water, Environment

and Pollution 10 (4), 1--12, 2013.

3. Daimari, R. et al. New records of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam,

India, Indian Forester. 140 (8), 807--811, 2014.

Article communicated

Daimari, R. et al. New records of lichen for the mycota of Assam state, Eastern

Himalaya.

Poster/Oral Presentation in National/International Conferences

1. Poster presentation on “Lichens and Climate Change: Study from Tezpur”, in

National Seminar on Climate Change and Sustainable Development with Reference

to India, held at Tezpur University, Assam from April 1–3, 2010.

2. Participated in a joint oral presentation entitled “Biodiversity vs. people of

Northeast India,” on a One day Symposium on India Post-1991: The North East

Perspective, held at Tezpur University, Assam on 5th October, 2010.

3. Presented oral presentation on “Epiphytic lichens of Guwahati city: Can we

correlate with air pollution?,” in International Conference on Harnessing natural

Resources for Sustainable Development- Global Trend to be held from 29–31

January, 2014 at Cotton College, Guwahati, Assam.

CORRESPONDENCE

CURRENT SCIENCE, VOL. 101, NO. 7, 10 OCTOBER 2011 824

What do epiphytic lichens of Guwahati city indicate? Lichens are composite organisms consist-ing of a symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner, either a green alga or a Cyanobacteria, grow in diverse climatic conditions and on equally diverse substrata and are widely distrib-uted in almost all the phytogeographical regions of the world. An ‘annotated checklist’ published by the Botanical Survey of India (BSI) documents 2303 species belonging to 305 genera and 74 families in India1. Lichens are a major section of species that are sensitive to changes in atmo-spheric nutrient conditions2 and have been used as bioindicators of pollution over a long period of time, especially sulphur dioxide (SO2)3. Fruticose lichens are known to be the most sensitive to air pollution, followed by foliose and crus-tose forms. The vanishing of sensitive lichen species due to changes in micro-climatic conditions and air pollution has been reported from Indian cities of Ban-galore4 and Kolkata5. Due to the fast rate of disappearance of flora for a range of reasons like habitat loss, air pollution, changes in the microclimatic conditions and uncontrolled harvest, lichen biolo-gists have initiated a discourse to creat-ing ‘protected areas’ for conservation of lichens6. Systematic studies on lichens in India, however, are still sporadic. More so, there are instances of limited studies in the northeastern region of India, which is also a biological hotspot. Guwahati is the largest city in the northeastern region of India, and the sec-ond metropolitan in eastern India after Kolkata. The city is situated between the

Brahmaputra River to the north and the foothills of the Shillong plateau to the south. It is one of the most rapidly grow-ing cities in India. During the past few decades the city has experienced uncon-trolled expansion in terms of area, popu-lation, number of automobiles and polluting industrial units, leading to the degradation of air quality. The fate of many lichens genera of Guwahati city, therefore, could be bleak and probably could perish unnoticed in the future. A study was undertaken during July 2010 to understand the epiphytic lichen diversity of Guwahati city. Random col-lection of epiphytic lichen species was done from a single tree species, Delonix regia, which is common in all the three representative localities of Guwahati city, with distinct polluting activities, viz. industrial (Noonmati Refinery area), residential (Kahilipara Battalion Gate) and highway (Jalukbari area) that were chosen. Phorophytes that were above 70 cm in diameter were considered and lichens were collected at a height between 1 and 1.5 m from the ground. A total of 91 samples were collected and further identified at the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI), Lucknow. We found only two growth forms of lichens, namely crustose and foliose; fructicose lichens were not found in the study. Species belonging to five families, namely Arthoniaceae, Graphidaceae, Lecanoraceae, Physciaceae and Thelot-remataceae were identified. Graphida-ceae, a crustose form, is found to be the most dominant.

As the three localities vary significantly in the pollution strength and type, we made an attempt to see how difference in air-pollution load affects the lichen growth forms in totality. The representa-tion of the growth forms is illustrated in Figure 1. It was interesting to note how the foliose growth form was diminishing from industrial (38%) and highway (14%) localities compared to the residen-tial locality (50%). Highways receive loads of SO2 from the diesel-powered automobiles, which could have resulted in the depleted foliose growth form. Some residential areas in Guwahati city, like the Battalion Gate, experience less air pollution and hence support lichen growth. However, keeping the changes in climatic parameters and air quality of Guwahati city in mind, more studies of lichens vis-à-vis air pollution are immi-nent.

1. Singh, K. P. and Singha, G. P., Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist, BSI, Lucknow, 2010.

2. Barkman, J. J., Phytosociology and Eco-logy of Cryptogamic Epiphytes: Supple-ment. Including a Taxonomic Survey and their Description of their Vegetation Units in Europe, Van Gorcum Publication, 1958.

3. Hawksworth, D. L. and Rose, F., Nature, 1970, 227, 145–148.

4. Nayaka, S., Upreti, D. K., Gadgil, M. and Pandey, V., Curr. Sci., 2003, 84, 674–680.

5. Upreti, D. K., Nayaka, S. and Bajpai, A., Curr. Sci., 2005, 88, 338–339.

6. Upreti, D. K. and Nayaka, S., Curr. Sci., 2008, 94, 976–978.

NATASHA HAZARIKA1

REBECCA DAIMARI1 SANJEEVA NAYAKA2

RAZA R. HOQUE1,* 1Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, India 2Lichenology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow 226 001, India *e-mail: rrh@tezu.ernet.in

Figure 1. Representation of growth forms of lichens borne by tree species, Delonix regia, in Guwahati city.

*Corresponding Author

Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, Vol. 10, No. 4 (2013), pp. 1–12.

Atmospheric Heavy Metal Accumulation in Epiphytic Lichens and Their Phorophytes in the

Brahmaputra Valley

Rebecca Daimari, Raza Rafiqul Hoque*, Sanjeeva Nayaka1 and Dalip K. Upreti1

Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur – 784028, India1Lichenology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute (CSIR), Lucknow – 226001, India

* rrh@tezu.ernet.in

Received July 18, 2013; revised and accepted September 9, 2013

Abstract: Lichens are indicator species of air quality of a locality. Estimate of heavy metal (HM) accumulation in lichens offers an indirect measure of their levels in the atmosphere. Accumulated HMs of lichen thalli of 16 species belonging to 10 genera and their phorophytes of two characteristic areas of Brahmaputra valley were studied. Acid digested samples of thalli and phorophytes were analysed for Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb by ICP-OES. Mean concentrations of the HMs were found to be higher in lichens at the area situated close to the downtown area of the city and the Brahmaputra River. Accumulation of Cd, Cu, Fe and Ni were found to be higher in lichen thalli; however, leaves accumulated higher levels of Co and Mn. Linear regression analysis shows poor dependency of the thalli on their phorophytes indicating accumulation of metals from atmosphere. The extent of enrichment in the lichen thalli, which was evaluated by calculating enrichment factors (EFs) revealed moderate enrichment of Cr, Cu, Ni and Pb; however, Cd was found to be highly enriched. Ecological risk posed by the heavy metals were calculated and it was found that Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the data set identifies three contributing sources: coal-fired industrial emission, crustal dust blown from dry river bed and vehicular emission.

Key words: Air pollution, biomonitoring, lichen, Tezpur, source apportionment.

Introduction

Atmospheric pollution has become a ubiquitous phenomenon. Pollutants from urban centres are often carried far to the remote rural and forest areas by atmospheric processes. Deposition of the pollutants far from the source affects biota, land and water environment. Air pollution, therefore, is a matter of concern today for scientists, engineers and planners.

Spatial and temporal distribution of atmospheric pollutants varies greatly over a region. As a result, it becomes physically strenuous and expensive to monitor atmospheric pollution over a large area using conventional methods. Consequently, in recent years,

the use of biomonitoring of atmospheric pollutants, especially with lichens, has gained increasing acceptance among pollution researchers (Mishra et al., 2003). For regions that are economically underdeveloped or developing may not have pollution data. Accumulation of pollutants on the lichens can provide basic idea of the atmospheric levels of the pollutants like the heavy metals.

Often as a part of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) studies, survey and controls of biological indicators like lichens could be handy to evaluate emission sources.

A number of traits of lichens such as large geographical range, lack of cuticle and stomata, direct dependence

806 The Indian Forester [August

Acknowledgements

Author is grateful to Dr. P. Singh, Director, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata and Dr. A. A. Mao, Scientist E and HOO, Botanical Survey of India, Arunachal Pradesh Regional Centre, Itanagar for providing necessary facilities. The author is also grateful to the forest authorities for necessary permission and generous support during field exploration work.

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NEW RECORDS OF EPIPHYTIC LICHENS FROM THREE DISTRICTS OF ASSAM, INDIA

1REBECCA DAIMARI, NATASHA HAZARIKA, RAZA R. HOQUE*, SANJEEVA NAYAKA AND DALIP K. UPRETI

Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur (Assam)*E-mail: rrh@tezu.ernet.in

ABSTRACT

Distribution of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam viz. Baksa, Kamrup and Sonitpur have been enumerated for the first time from eleven locations. A total of 67 species belonging to 12 families and 24 genera have been recorded. Of the total species, crustose, foliose and leprose lichens represented 60%, 39% and 1% respectively. The family Physciaceae emerged to be the most dominant, with a total of 20 species followed by Graphidaceae with 16 species. Patkijuli location revealed to have the highest lichen diversity followed by Nameri National Park. A total of 41 lichen taxa are new records for Assam.

Key words : Assam, Distribution, Diversity, Enumeration, Epiphytic lichens, North-east Himalaya

Family physciaceae was found to be dominant family with 20 species of lichens among total 67 species belonging to 12 families and 24 genera recorded from 3 districts of Assam.

1Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India

Introduction foothills of north Bhutan. Sonitpur is situated in the northern bank of the river Brahmaputra between the The north-eastern India, due to its immense

o ocoord inates 26 30"N–27 01"N lat i tude and topographical and climatic variations, encompasses large o o92 16"E–93 43"E longitude. Situated in the northern floristically rich areas and it is considered to be “Botanical

bank of the river Brahmaputra and positioned between Eden” (Balakrishnan, 1981–83). It is having innumerable o o o o25.43 N–26.51 N latitude and 90.36 E–92.12 E lichen flora both in luxuriance and species diversity along

longitude, Kamrup district is the fastest growing city of with other plants. Lichen which is a symbiotic association the state.of a fungus with an algae and/or cyanobacteria is

believed to be the pioneer of the plant kingdom. Despite Representative collections of epiphytic lichens of harbouring rich lichen diversity, reports on lichen flora were made at the height of 1–1.5 meter above the from north-east India particularly Assam is meagre. ground from trees available in the sites which include Awasthi (1961), reported some foliose and fruticose Aquilaria agallocha, Areca catechu, Bombax lichens collected by R. Seshagiri Rao and G. Panigrahi malabaricum, Camellia sinensis, Cassia siamea, from 'erstwhile' Assam and north-east frontier agency Cinnamomum tamala, Cocos nucifera, Delonix regia, (NEFA) during 1956-58. A series of publications have Gamelina arborea, Lannea coromandelica, Litchi been made on the foliicolous lichens from different parts chinensis, Phoenix dactylifera and Plumeria sp. Trees of eastern India (Pinokiyo et al., 2005; Singh and with girth >80 cm were selected for the collection. Pinokiyo, 2004; Singh and Pinokiyo, 2008). Rout et al. Lichen identification(2005, 2010) documented the epiphytic lichen diversity

Unlike higher plants whose identification basically in NIT campus and a reserve forest of the Barak valley of

involves the external morphology, for lichen Assam. This study accumulates up to 150 species of lichens for Assam state. However, the lichen flora of most of the regions situated in the Brahmaputra valley of Assam has not been explored yet. The present study, therefore, was taken up with the objective to document the epiphytic lichen flora of the region.

Material and Methods

Study sites

Eleven localities within three districts viz. Baksa, Kamrup and Sonitpur districts were considered for the present study (Table 1). Baksa district is located at

o o23 11.4"N latitude and 88 54.6"E longitude in the

Table 1 : Sampling sites

District Location Baksa district 1. Patkijuli Kamrup district 2. Guwahati, Jalukbari

3. Guwahati, Battalion gate 4. Guwahati, Noonmati

Sonitpur district 5. Biswanath Chariali 6. Dhekiajuli 7. Nalbari, Gohpur 8. Nameri National Park, Nameri 9. Sirajuli 10. Tezpur University campus, Napam 11. Tezpur, Agnigarh Hill

Indian Forester, 140 (8) : 807-811, 2014http://www.indianforester.co.in

ISSN No. 0019-4816 (Print)ISSN No. 2321-094X (Online)

808 The Indian Forester [August New records of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam, India 8092014]

identification, along with the external morphology, anatomy as well as the chemical substances present in the thallus is equally important (Awasthi, 1991, 2007). The morphology of the taxa was studied under stereozoom, Leica S8AP0 microscope. Anatomical details were studied under Leica DM500 compound microscope using water as the mounting medium. Colour test were performed with reagents K (5% KOH), PD (Paraphenylene diamine) and C (aqueous solution of Calcium hypochlorite). Chemical substance in lichens were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent system A (Toluene 180: 1, 4-dioxane 60: Acetic acid 8) (Walker and James, 1980). Classification of Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) was followed. Lichen specimens are housed in the Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University and a set of that Physciaceae is a prominent family in tropical India voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of

and ranked third among other families with more than National Botanical Research Institute (LWG), Lucknow.

200 species. Among the others Lecanoraceae (7 species), Results and Discussion Arthoniaceae (6 species), Parmeliaceae (4 species) and

A total of 67 species belonging to 12 families and Pertusariaceae (4 species) are prominent families in the 24 genera were enumerated (Table 2), of which 41 were study area, while Chrysothrichaceae, Ramalinaceae, recorded for the first time from Assam. More than 60% of Teloschistaceae and Trypetheliaceae showed a low Indian lichens crustose (Singh and Sinha, 1997); During representation with single taxa each (Fig. 2). The lichen present study majority of the lichen taxa were found species Pyxine cocoes and D. aegialita are common to all to be of crustose (40 species) accounting to 59% the three districts. Amongst the lichen species Dirinaria followed by foliose consisting of 26 species (40%) and 1% aegialita, Lecanora helva, Pyxine cocoes, P. subcinerea,

leprose with a single species (Fig. 1) (Singh, and Sinha, Pyrenula bilirana and P. macularis were frequently found 1997). in the sites under study. Comparative account of the

In India, Graphidaceae is most dominant family lichen growth forms in the three districts revealed that with >430 species and Graphis is the most dominant Sonitpur has higher percentage of crustose lichens genus with about 110 species (Singh and Sinha, 1997). (62.5%) followed by Baksa (40%) and Kamrup district These taxa are mostly found in tropical forests such as (37.5%). Foliose lichens were also higher in Sonitpur western ghats and eastern Himalayas. In the present (69.2%) than Baksa (46.2%) and Kamrup district (11.5%). study a total of 16 species are recorded for the family In general, crustose lichens are the most dominant in all Graphidaceae and 8 species for genus Graphis. However, the sites which indicate their wide range of distribution. in the three districts studied, the family Physciaceae Amongst the 11 locations under study, Patkijuli under emerged as most dominant with a total of 20 taxa and Baksa district reveals to have the largest lichen diversity Pyxine as dominant genus with 8 taxa. It can be noted followed by Nameri National Park indicating their

favourable climatic conditions for lichen growth and

good air quality.

India recorded a total of 2303 species of lichens under 74 families and 305 genera, of which 502 species (22.5%) are found to be endemic to India (Singh and Sinha, 2010). The species Graphis garoana one of the endemic species of India is also found in our study in two locations of Sonitpur district. Lichen taxa Arthonia inconspicua and Graphis capillacea recorded in the present study were earlier reported to be endemic to Western Ghats of India (Nayaka and Upreti, 2005). These resemblances indicate climatic similarity between the Western Ghats and the eastern Himalayas.

Fig.1 : Per cent representation of the various growth forms of lichens.

Fig.2 : Per cent representation of lichen families.

Table 2 : Distribution of lichens in different localities and their growth forms.

Sl.no.

Name Family GF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A B C A B

1 *Arthonia inconspicua Stirt. Arthoniaceae C - + - + - - - + - - -2 *A.medusala (Pers.) Nyl. Arthoniaceae C - - + - - - - - - - -3 *A.tumidula (Ach.) Ach. Arthoniaceae C - - - - - - - - + - -4 *Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Arthoniaceae C - - - - - - - + - - -5 *C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makh. & Patw. Arthoniaceae C + - - - - - - - - - +6

*C. scripta G. Thor.

Arthoniaceae

C

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

+

- - -7

*Chrysothrix candelaris

(L.) J. R. Laundon

Chrysothrichaceae

L

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -8

Leptogium sp.

Collemataceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - +9

*L. millegranum

Sierk

Collemataceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -10

*L. phyllocarpum

(Pers.) Mont.

Collemataceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -11

Diorygma sp.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -12

*D. heiroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -13

D. junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb & al.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -14

*D. megasporum Kalb, Staiger & Flix

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -15

*D. soozanum

(Zahlbr.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -16

*Glyphis cicatricosa

Ach.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -17

Graphis capillacea

Stirt.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- + -18

*G. garoana

Nag. & Patw.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -19

*G. illinata

Eachw.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -20

*G. intricata

Fée

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -21

*G. leptocarpa Fée

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -22

G. nigroglauca

Leighton

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

- - -23

G. scripta (L.) Ach.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -24

G. subasahinae

Nag. & Patw.

Graphidaceae

C

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -25

*Leucodecton glaucescens

(Nyl.) Frisch.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -26

Sarcographa leprieurii

(Mont.) Müll. Arg.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -27

*Lecanora allophana

(Ach.) Nyl.

Lecanoraceae

C

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -28

L. cenisia

Ach.

Lecanoraceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -29

L. helva

Stizenb.

Lecanoraceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- + -30

*L. leprosa Fée

Lecanoraceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -31

L. perplexa

Brodo

Lecanoraceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -32

*L. tropica

Zahlbr.

Lecanoraceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -33

L. saligna

(Schrad.) Zahlbr.

Lecanoraceae

C

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -34

*Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -35

Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - +36

P. saccatilobum (Tailor) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + +37

P. tinctorum

(Nyl.) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - +38

*Pertusaria albescens

(Huds.) M. Choiry & Werner

Pertusariaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -39

*P. cinchonae

Müll. Ach.

Pertusariaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -40

P. coccodes

(Ach.) Nyl.

Pertusariaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -

41

P. quassiae

(Fée) Nyl.

Pertusariaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -42

*Baculifera curtisii

(Tuck.) Marbach

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -43

Diplotoma lauricassiae

(Fée) Szat.

Physciaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -44

Dirinaria sp.

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -45

*D. aegialita

(Afz. in Ach.) Moore

Physciaceae

F

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+ - -46

*D. applanata

(Fée) D.D. Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -47

D. consimilis(Stirton) D.D. Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -48

*D. papillulifera

(Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -49

Heterodermia diademata

(Taylor) D.D.

Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -50

*Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -51

*P. pyrrhophora (Poelt) D.D.

Awasthi &

M.Joshi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -52

*Physcia crispa

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -53

*P. tribacoides

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -54

*Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imsh.

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -55

P. cocoes

var. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

+ + +56

*P. cocoes

var.prominula (Stirton) Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -57

P. meissnerina

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -58

P. petricola

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -

59

*P. petricola

var. pallida

Swinsc. & Krog

Physciaceae F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -

60

*P. retirugella

Nyl.

Physciaceae F

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

- - -

61

*P. subcinerea

Stirt.

Physciaceae F

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

- - +

62

*Pyrenula bilirana

Vain.

Pyrenulaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - +63

*P. macularis (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris

Pyrenulaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - +

64 P. nodulata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Pyrenulaceae C + - - - - - - - + - -65 *Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Müll. Arg. Ramalinaceae C - - - - - - - - - + -

808 The Indian Forester [August New records of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam, India 8092014]

identification, along with the external morphology, anatomy as well as the chemical substances present in the thallus is equally important (Awasthi, 1991, 2007). The morphology of the taxa was studied under stereozoom, Leica S8AP0 microscope. Anatomical details were studied under Leica DM500 compound microscope using water as the mounting medium. Colour test were performed with reagents K (5% KOH), PD (Paraphenylene diamine) and C (aqueous solution of Calcium hypochlorite). Chemical substance in lichens were identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC) using solvent system A (Toluene 180: 1, 4-dioxane 60: Acetic acid 8) (Walker and James, 1980). Classification of Lumbsch and Huhndorf (2010) was followed. Lichen specimens are housed in the Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University and a set of that Physciaceae is a prominent family in tropical India voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of

and ranked third among other families with more than National Botanical Research Institute (LWG), Lucknow.

200 species. Among the others Lecanoraceae (7 species), Results and Discussion Arthoniaceae (6 species), Parmeliaceae (4 species) and

A total of 67 species belonging to 12 families and Pertusariaceae (4 species) are prominent families in the 24 genera were enumerated (Table 2), of which 41 were study area, while Chrysothrichaceae, Ramalinaceae, recorded for the first time from Assam. More than 60% of Teloschistaceae and Trypetheliaceae showed a low Indian lichens crustose (Singh and Sinha, 1997); During representation with single taxa each (Fig. 2). The lichen present study majority of the lichen taxa were found species Pyxine cocoes and D. aegialita are common to all to be of crustose (40 species) accounting to 59% the three districts. Amongst the lichen species Dirinaria followed by foliose consisting of 26 species (40%) and 1% aegialita, Lecanora helva, Pyxine cocoes, P. subcinerea,

leprose with a single species (Fig. 1) (Singh, and Sinha, Pyrenula bilirana and P. macularis were frequently found 1997). in the sites under study. Comparative account of the

In India, Graphidaceae is most dominant family lichen growth forms in the three districts revealed that with >430 species and Graphis is the most dominant Sonitpur has higher percentage of crustose lichens genus with about 110 species (Singh and Sinha, 1997). (62.5%) followed by Baksa (40%) and Kamrup district These taxa are mostly found in tropical forests such as (37.5%). Foliose lichens were also higher in Sonitpur western ghats and eastern Himalayas. In the present (69.2%) than Baksa (46.2%) and Kamrup district (11.5%). study a total of 16 species are recorded for the family In general, crustose lichens are the most dominant in all Graphidaceae and 8 species for genus Graphis. However, the sites which indicate their wide range of distribution. in the three districts studied, the family Physciaceae Amongst the 11 locations under study, Patkijuli under emerged as most dominant with a total of 20 taxa and Baksa district reveals to have the largest lichen diversity Pyxine as dominant genus with 8 taxa. It can be noted followed by Nameri National Park indicating their

favourable climatic conditions for lichen growth and

good air quality.

India recorded a total of 2303 species of lichens under 74 families and 305 genera, of which 502 species (22.5%) are found to be endemic to India (Singh and Sinha, 2010). The species Graphis garoana one of the endemic species of India is also found in our study in two locations of Sonitpur district. Lichen taxa Arthonia inconspicua and Graphis capillacea recorded in the present study were earlier reported to be endemic to Western Ghats of India (Nayaka and Upreti, 2005). These resemblances indicate climatic similarity between the Western Ghats and the eastern Himalayas.

Fig.1 : Per cent representation of the various growth forms of lichens.

Fig.2 : Per cent representation of lichen families.

Table 2 : Distribution of lichens in different localities and their growth forms.

Sl.no.

Name Family GF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A B C A B

1 *Arthonia inconspicua Stirt. Arthoniaceae C - + - + - - - + - - -2 *A.medusala (Pers.) Nyl. Arthoniaceae C - - + - - - - - - - -3 *A.tumidula (Ach.) Ach. Arthoniaceae C - - - - - - - - + - -4 *Cryptothecia effusa (Müll. Arg.) R. Sant. Arthoniaceae C - - - - - - - + - - -5 *C. lunulata (Zahlbr.) Makh. & Patw. Arthoniaceae C + - - - - - - - - - +6

*C. scripta G. Thor.

Arthoniaceae

C

-

+

-

-

-

+

-

+

- - -7

*Chrysothrix candelaris

(L.) J. R. Laundon

Chrysothrichaceae

L

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -8

Leptogium sp.

Collemataceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - +9

*L. millegranum

Sierk

Collemataceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -10

*L. phyllocarpum

(Pers.) Mont.

Collemataceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -11

Diorygma sp.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -12

*D. heiroglyphicum (Pers.) Staiger & Kalb.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -13

D. junghuhnii (Mont. & Bosch) Kalb & al.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -14

*D. megasporum Kalb, Staiger & Flix

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -15

*D. soozanum

(Zahlbr.) M. Nakan. & Kashiw.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -16

*Glyphis cicatricosa

Ach.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -17

Graphis capillacea

Stirt.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- + -18

*G. garoana

Nag. & Patw.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -19

*G. illinata

Eachw.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -20

*G. intricata

Fée

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -21

*G. leptocarpa Fée

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -22

G. nigroglauca

Leighton

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

+

+

-

-

-

-

- - -23

G. scripta (L.) Ach.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -24

G. subasahinae

Nag. & Patw.

Graphidaceae

C

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -25

*Leucodecton glaucescens

(Nyl.) Frisch.

Graphidaceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -26

Sarcographa leprieurii

(Mont.) Müll. Arg.

Graphidaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -27

*Lecanora allophana

(Ach.) Nyl.

Lecanoraceae

C

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -28

L. cenisia

Ach.

Lecanoraceae

C

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

-

- - -29

L. helva

Stizenb.

Lecanoraceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- + -30

*L. leprosa Fée

Lecanoraceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -31

L. perplexa

Brodo

Lecanoraceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -32

*L. tropica

Zahlbr.

Lecanoraceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -33

L. saligna

(Schrad.) Zahlbr.

Lecanoraceae

C

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -34

*Bulbothrix isidiza (Nyl.) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -35

Parmotrema praesorediosum (Nyl.) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - +36

P. saccatilobum (Tailor) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + +37

P. tinctorum

(Nyl.) Hale

Parmeliaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - +38

*Pertusaria albescens

(Huds.) M. Choiry & Werner

Pertusariaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -39

*P. cinchonae

Müll. Ach.

Pertusariaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -40

P. coccodes

(Ach.) Nyl.

Pertusariaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -

41

P. quassiae

(Fée) Nyl.

Pertusariaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -42

*Baculifera curtisii

(Tuck.) Marbach

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -43

Diplotoma lauricassiae

(Fée) Szat.

Physciaceae

C

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -44

Dirinaria sp.

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -45

*D. aegialita

(Afz. in Ach.) Moore

Physciaceae

F

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+ - -46

*D. applanata

(Fée) D.D. Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -47

D. consimilis(Stirton) D.D. Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- + -48

*D. papillulifera

(Nyl.) D.D. Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -49

Heterodermia diademata

(Taylor) D.D.

Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -50

*Phaeophyscia hispidula (Ach.) Moberg

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -51

*P. pyrrhophora (Poelt) D.D.

Awasthi &

M.Joshi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -52

*Physcia crispa

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - -53

*P. tribacoides

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -54

*Pyxine berteriana (Fée) Imsh.

Physciaceae

F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -55

P. cocoes

var. cocoes (Sw.) Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

+

+

+

+

+

+

-

+

+ + +56

*P. cocoes

var.prominula (Stirton) Awasthi

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -57

P. meissnerina

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - -58

P. petricola

Nyl.

Physciaceae

F

-

+

-

+

-

-

-

-

- - -

59

*P. petricola

var. pallida

Swinsc. & Krog

Physciaceae F

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

- - -

60

*P. retirugella

Nyl.

Physciaceae F

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

+

- - -

61

*P. subcinerea

Stirt.

Physciaceae F

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

- - +

62

*Pyrenula bilirana

Vain.

Pyrenulaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

+

- - +63

*P. macularis (Zahlbr.) R. C. Harris

Pyrenulaceae

C

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

+ - +

64 P. nodulata (Stirt.) Zahlbr. Pyrenulaceae C + - - - - - - - + - -65 *Bacidia millegrana (Taylor) Müll. Arg. Ramalinaceae C - - - - - - - - - + -

810 The Indian Forester [August

Acknowledgements

Authors thank the Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute for providing laboratory facilities, University Grants Commission (UGC), India for providing 'Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship' to Rebecca Daimari to carry out the research, Urvashi Dubey for identifying Graphidaceae samples and members of Lichenology Laboratory for their cooperation.

vklke (Hkkjr) ds rhu ftyksa ls vf/iknih; ykbdsu dk u;k fjdkMZjsCchdk n~;kekjh] urk'kk gtkfjdk] jtk-vkj- gd] latho uk;d rFkk nyhi ds- mizsrh

lkjka'kigyh ckj] vklke ds rhu ftyksa ;Fkk% cDlk] dke:i vkSj lksfuriqj dh X;kjg vofLFkfr;ksa ls vf/iknih; ykbdsu dh x.kuk dh xbZA

12 dqyksa vkSj 24 oa'kksa dh dqy 67 iztkfr;ksa dks fjdkMZ fd;k x;kA dqy iztkfr;ksa esa ls ØLVksl] iQhfy;ksl rFkk ysizksl dk izfrfuf/Ro Øe'k% 60%] 39 vkSj 1 FkkA iQkbZlslkbZ dqy dh lokZf/d 20 iztkfr;ka FkhA ftlds ckn xzsiQkbZMklkbZ dh 16 iztkfr;ka ikbZ xbZA iVdhtqyh vofLFkfr esa mPpre ykbZdsu oSfoè; Fkk ftlds ckn uesjh jk"Vªh; ikdZ dk LFkku jgkA dqy feykdj vklke ds fy, 41 ykbZdsu u;s VsDlk dks fjdkMZ fd;k x;k gSA

References

Awasthi D.D. (1961). Some foliose and fruticose lichens from Assam and North-East Frontier Agency of India. Proceedings: Plant Sciences, 54: 24-44.

Awasthi D.D. (1991). A key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, Bd. 40, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart.

Awasthi D.D. (2007). A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

Balakrishnan N.P. (1981-83). Flora of Jowai and vicinity Meghalaya. Vol. I and II. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.

Joshi S., Upreti D.K. and Punetha N. (2008). Change in lichen flora of Pindari Glacier Valley, Uttarakhand (India), during the last three decades. Annals of Forestry, 16: 168-169.

% %

The region under the present study is fast growing Pindari Glacier Valley within a period of three decades, economically, yet richness in the diversity of the lichen there was a declination in the growth of cyanophycean flora is clearly observed. Lichens remain unnoticed most lichens, and saxicolous and terricolous lichens while it is of the times and majority of the common people are the reverse for lichen species containing green algae and unaware of the important role played by them and their epiphytic corticolous lichen. Similarly comparison of the applications sometimes even lead to their extinction lichen flora encountered during survey with earlier from nature. There is a report of hundreds of lichen bags records of lichen species of Lalbagh garden in Bangalore being exported from different foothill areas of the City indicates majority of them to be replaced and/or Himalayas and the family Parmeliaceae and Physciaceae extinct with only a few species to be common are the ones mostly exploited (Upreti et al., 2005). Thus it (Nayaka et al., 2003). It can be concluded that habitat will be sensible to popularize it among the public and its loss, over exploitation, air pollution and climate are necessity for conservation. Pressure of economic major threats for the existence of the lichens in an area. development leading to environmental pollution is a Large number of new records for Assam clearly indicates threat to the survival of many lichens as they are very that the northeast India is one of the biodiversity hotspot, sensitive to environmental changes, especially to the but it is under-explored and may envelope large number of composition of the air pollutants. In the recent times lichen species which may be new and interesting. Thus it global warming and climate change have been seriously demands a long term study for this under-explored region discussed as major factors for change in flora and faunal of India. Floristic data from the present study will provide composition of an area. Such changes are also observed baseline information regarding the lichen flora of Assam, for lichens in India. Joshi et al. (2008) observed that in particularly of the regions studied.

Nayaka S., Upreti D.K., Gadgil M. and Pandey V. (2003). Distribution pattern and heavy metal accumulation in lichens of Bangalore city with special reference to Lalbagh garden. Current Science, 84: 674-68.

Nayaka S. and Upreti D.K. (2005). Status of lichen diversity in Western Ghats, India. Sahyadri E-News, Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System-Issue XVI, http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue16/main_index.htm11.

Pinokiyo A., Singh K.P. and Borthakur S.K. (2005). Foliicolous species of Porina (lichens) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Forestry, 27: 407-416.

Rout J., Rongmei R. and Das P. (2005). Epiphytic lichen flora of a pristine habitat (Nit Campus) in Southern Assam, India. Phytotaxonomy, 5: 117-119.

Rout J., Das P. and Upreti D.K. (2010). Epiphytic lichen diversity in a Reserve Forest in southern Assam, northeast India. Tropical Ecology, 51: 281-288.

Singh K.P. and Pinokiyo A. (2004). Four foliicolous lichens new to Indian lichen flora. Geophytology, 33: 119-121.

Singh K.P. and Pinokiyo A. (2008). New taxa of foliicolous lichens from eastern India. The Lichenologist, 40: 23-29.

Singh K.P. and Sinha G.P. (1997). Lichens. pp. In: Floristic Diversity and Conservation Strategies in India, vol. I (Cryptogams and Gymnosperms) V. Mudugal & P.K. Hajra (ed.) Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.

Singh K.P. and Sinha G.P.(2010). Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist. Government of India, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.

Upreti D.K., Divakar P.K. and Nayaka S. (2005). Commercial and Ethnic Use of Lichens in India. Economic Botany, 59: 269-273.

Walker F.J. and James P.W. (1980). A revised guide to micro chemical technique for the identification of lichen products. Bulletin of the British Lichenology Society, 46: 13-29.

66 Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex. Ach.) Zahlbr. Teloschistaceae C + - - - - - - - + - -67 *Trypethelium ubianense (Vain.) Zahlbr. Trypetheliaceae C + - - - - - - - + - -

29 7 10 8 1 3 2 17 13 14 9

*Lichen taxa newly reported from Assam.

(Note: C-Crustose, F- Foliose, L- Leprose; '+'= Present, '–' Absent; Localities: 1-Patkijuli, 2- Guwahati: 2A-Batallion gate, 2B-Jalukbari, 2C-Noonmati, 3-Biswanath Chariali, 4-Dhekiajuli, 5-Nalbari, Gohpur, 6-Nameri National Park, 7-Sirajuli, 8-Tezpur: 8A-Napam, 8B- Agnigarh Hill).

Sl.no.

Name Family GF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A B C A B

New records of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam, India 8112014]

810 The Indian Forester [August

Acknowledgements

Authors thank the Director, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute for providing laboratory facilities, University Grants Commission (UGC), India for providing 'Rajiv Gandhi National Fellowship' to Rebecca Daimari to carry out the research, Urvashi Dubey for identifying Graphidaceae samples and members of Lichenology Laboratory for their cooperation.

vklke (Hkkjr) ds rhu ftyksa ls vf/iknih; ykbdsu dk u;k fjdkMZjsCchdk n~;kekjh] urk'kk gtkfjdk] jtk-vkj- gd] latho uk;d rFkk nyhi ds- mizsrh

lkjka'kigyh ckj] vklke ds rhu ftyksa ;Fkk% cDlk] dke:i vkSj lksfuriqj dh X;kjg vofLFkfr;ksa ls vf/iknih; ykbdsu dh x.kuk dh xbZA

12 dqyksa vkSj 24 oa'kksa dh dqy 67 iztkfr;ksa dks fjdkMZ fd;k x;kA dqy iztkfr;ksa esa ls ØLVksl] iQhfy;ksl rFkk ysizksl dk izfrfuf/Ro Øe'k% 60%] 39 vkSj 1 FkkA iQkbZlslkbZ dqy dh lokZf/d 20 iztkfr;ka FkhA ftlds ckn xzsiQkbZMklkbZ dh 16 iztkfr;ka ikbZ xbZA iVdhtqyh vofLFkfr esa mPpre ykbZdsu oSfoè; Fkk ftlds ckn uesjh jk"Vªh; ikdZ dk LFkku jgkA dqy feykdj vklke ds fy, 41 ykbZdsu u;s VsDlk dks fjdkMZ fd;k x;k gSA

References

Awasthi D.D. (1961). Some foliose and fruticose lichens from Assam and North-East Frontier Agency of India. Proceedings: Plant Sciences, 54: 24-44.

Awasthi D.D. (1991). A key to the Microlichens of India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bibliotheca Lichenologica, Bd. 40, J. Cramer, Berlin, Stuttgart.

Awasthi D.D. (2007). A Compendium of the Macrolichens from India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Bishen Singh Mahendra Pal Singh, Dehradun.

Balakrishnan N.P. (1981-83). Flora of Jowai and vicinity Meghalaya. Vol. I and II. Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.

Joshi S., Upreti D.K. and Punetha N. (2008). Change in lichen flora of Pindari Glacier Valley, Uttarakhand (India), during the last three decades. Annals of Forestry, 16: 168-169.

% %

The region under the present study is fast growing Pindari Glacier Valley within a period of three decades, economically, yet richness in the diversity of the lichen there was a declination in the growth of cyanophycean flora is clearly observed. Lichens remain unnoticed most lichens, and saxicolous and terricolous lichens while it is of the times and majority of the common people are the reverse for lichen species containing green algae and unaware of the important role played by them and their epiphytic corticolous lichen. Similarly comparison of the applications sometimes even lead to their extinction lichen flora encountered during survey with earlier from nature. There is a report of hundreds of lichen bags records of lichen species of Lalbagh garden in Bangalore being exported from different foothill areas of the City indicates majority of them to be replaced and/or Himalayas and the family Parmeliaceae and Physciaceae extinct with only a few species to be common are the ones mostly exploited (Upreti et al., 2005). Thus it (Nayaka et al., 2003). It can be concluded that habitat will be sensible to popularize it among the public and its loss, over exploitation, air pollution and climate are necessity for conservation. Pressure of economic major threats for the existence of the lichens in an area. development leading to environmental pollution is a Large number of new records for Assam clearly indicates threat to the survival of many lichens as they are very that the northeast India is one of the biodiversity hotspot, sensitive to environmental changes, especially to the but it is under-explored and may envelope large number of composition of the air pollutants. In the recent times lichen species which may be new and interesting. Thus it global warming and climate change have been seriously demands a long term study for this under-explored region discussed as major factors for change in flora and faunal of India. Floristic data from the present study will provide composition of an area. Such changes are also observed baseline information regarding the lichen flora of Assam, for lichens in India. Joshi et al. (2008) observed that in particularly of the regions studied.

Nayaka S., Upreti D.K., Gadgil M. and Pandey V. (2003). Distribution pattern and heavy metal accumulation in lichens of Bangalore city with special reference to Lalbagh garden. Current Science, 84: 674-68.

Nayaka S. and Upreti D.K. (2005). Status of lichen diversity in Western Ghats, India. Sahyadri E-News, Western Ghats Biodiversity Information System-Issue XVI, http://www.ces.iisc.ernet.in/biodiversity/sahyadri_enews/newsletter/issue16/main_index.htm11.

Pinokiyo A., Singh K.P. and Borthakur S.K. (2005). Foliicolous species of Porina (lichens) from Arunachal Pradesh, India. Indian Journal of Forestry, 27: 407-416.

Rout J., Rongmei R. and Das P. (2005). Epiphytic lichen flora of a pristine habitat (Nit Campus) in Southern Assam, India. Phytotaxonomy, 5: 117-119.

Rout J., Das P. and Upreti D.K. (2010). Epiphytic lichen diversity in a Reserve Forest in southern Assam, northeast India. Tropical Ecology, 51: 281-288.

Singh K.P. and Pinokiyo A. (2004). Four foliicolous lichens new to Indian lichen flora. Geophytology, 33: 119-121.

Singh K.P. and Pinokiyo A. (2008). New taxa of foliicolous lichens from eastern India. The Lichenologist, 40: 23-29.

Singh K.P. and Sinha G.P. (1997). Lichens. pp. In: Floristic Diversity and Conservation Strategies in India, vol. I (Cryptogams and Gymnosperms) V. Mudugal & P.K. Hajra (ed.) Botanical Survey of India, Howrah.

Singh K.P. and Sinha G.P.(2010). Indian Lichens: An Annotated Checklist. Government of India, Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata.

Upreti D.K., Divakar P.K. and Nayaka S. (2005). Commercial and Ethnic Use of Lichens in India. Economic Botany, 59: 269-273.

Walker F.J. and James P.W. (1980). A revised guide to micro chemical technique for the identification of lichen products. Bulletin of the British Lichenology Society, 46: 13-29.

66 Caloplaca bassiae (Willd. ex. Ach.) Zahlbr. Teloschistaceae C + - - - - - - - + - -67 *Trypethelium ubianense (Vain.) Zahlbr. Trypetheliaceae C + - - - - - - - + - -

29 7 10 8 1 3 2 17 13 14 9

*Lichen taxa newly reported from Assam.

(Note: C-Crustose, F- Foliose, L- Leprose; '+'= Present, '–' Absent; Localities: 1-Patkijuli, 2- Guwahati: 2A-Batallion gate, 2B-Jalukbari, 2C-Noonmati, 3-Biswanath Chariali, 4-Dhekiajuli, 5-Nalbari, Gohpur, 6-Nameri National Park, 7-Sirajuli, 8-Tezpur: 8A-Napam, 8B- Agnigarh Hill).

Sl.no.

Name Family GF 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8A B C A B

New records of epiphytic lichens from three districts of Assam, India 8112014]

Plate-1

Fig. a Anthracothecium austroindicum Fig. b Anthracothecium variolosum

Fig. c Arthonia dispersula Fig. d Arthonia inconspicua

Fig. e Arthonia medusala Fig. f Arthonia polymorpha

Plate-2

Fig. a Arthonia radiata Fig. b Arthonia recedens

Fig. c Arthonia simplicascens Fig. d Arthonia tumidula

Fig. e Arthopyrenia alboatra Fig. f Arthopyrenia fraxinii

Plate-3

Fig. a Arthothelium abnorme Fig. b Arthothelium confertum

Fig. c Bacidia incongruens Fig. d Bacidia laurocerasi

Fig. e Bacidia millegrana Fig. f Bacidia phaeolomoides

Plate-4

Fig. a Bacidia submedialis Fig. b Baculifera curtisii

Fig. c Buellia morehensis Fig. d Bulbothrix isidiza

Fig. e Caloplaca bassiae Fig. f Caloplaca pyracea

Plate-5

Fig. a Chrysothrix candelaris Fig. b Chrysothrix chlorina

Fig. c Cratiria lauri-cassiae Fig. d Cresponea flava

Fig. e Cryptothecia effusa Fig. f Cryptothecia lunulata

Plate-6

Fig. a Cryptothecia punctulata Fig. b Cryptothecia scripta

Fig. c Cryptothecia subtecta Fig. d Diorygma heiroglyphicum

Fig. e Diorygma junghuhnii Fig. f Diorygma megasporum

Plate-7

Fig. a Diorygma soozanum Fig. b Dirinaria applanata

Fig. c Dirinaria consimilis Fig. d Dirinaria papillulifera

Fig. e Dirinaria picta Fig. f Enterographa divergens

Plate-8

Fig. a Enterographa mesomela Fig. b Enterographa tropica

Fig. c Fissurina comparimuralis Fig. d Fissurina longiramea

Fig. e Fissurina rubiginosa Fig. f Glyphis cicatricosa

Plate-9

Fig. a Glyphis confluens Fig. b Graphis ajarekarii

Fig. c Graphis arecae Fig. d Graphis brahmanensis

Fig. e Graphis caesiella Fig. f Graphis chloroalbo

Plate-10

Fig. a Graphis chlorotica Fig. b Graphis cincta

Fig. c Graphis crebra Fig. d Graphis dendrogramma

Fig. e Graphis elegans Fig. f Graphis filiformis

Plate-11

Fig. a Graphis furcata Fig. b Graphis glaucescens

Fig. c Graphis handelii Fig. d Graphis insulana

Fig. e Graphis librata Fig. f Graphis lineola

Plate-12

Fig. a Graphis plumierae Fig. b Graphis prunicola

Fig. c Graphis pyrrhocheiloides Fig. d Graphis scripta

Fig. e Graphis sonitpurensis Fig. f Graphis stenotera

Plate-13

Fig. a Graphis submarginata Fig. b Graphis sundarbanensis

Fig. c Graphis supracola Fig. d Graphis tenella

Fig. e Graphis xanthospora Fig. f Heterodermia diademata

Plate-14

Fig. a Lecanora achroa Fig. b Lecanora argentata

Fig. c Lecanora sp. Fig. d Lecanora helva

Fig. e Lecanora leprosa Fig. f Lecanora saligna

Plate-15

Fig. a Lecanora tropica Fig. b Malmidea granifera

Fig. c Leptogium millegranum Fig. d Leptogium phyllocarpum

Fig. e Letrouitia transgressa Fig. f Ochrolechia subviridis

Plate-16

Fig. a Opegrapha dimidiata Fig. b Opegrapha microspora

Fig. c Opegrapha simplicior Fig. d Opegrapha varia

Fig. e Parmotrema mesotropum Fig. f Parmotrema praesorediosum

Plate-17

Fig. a Parmotrema saccatilobum Fig. b Parmotrema tinctorum

Fig. c Pertusaria alpina Fig. d Pertusaria pertusella

Fig. e Phaeographis submaculata Fig. f Phaeophyscia hispidula

Plate-18

Fig. a Phaeophyscia pyrrhophora Fig. b Physcia crispa

Fig. c Physcia tribacoides Fig. d Porina internigrans

Fig. e Pyrenula anomala Fig. f Pyrenula arthoniotheca

Plate-19

Fig. a Pyrenula aspistea Fig. b Pyrenula bilirana

Fig. c Pyrenula brunnea Fig. d Pyrenula cayenensis

Fig. e Pyrenula confinis Fig. f Pyrenula cuyabensis

Plate-20

Fig. a Pyrenula decumbens Fig. b Pyrenula defosa

Fig. c Pyrenula fusco-olivacea Fig. d Pyrenula glabrescense

Fig. e Pyrenula himalayana Fig. f Pyrenula immersa

Plate-21

Fig. a Pyrenula impressa Fig. b Pyrenula interducta

Fig. c Pyrenula introducta Fig. d Pyrenula leucostoma

Fig. e Pyrenula leucotrypa Fig. f Pyrenula macularis

Plate-22

Fig. a Pyrenula mastophoriza Fig. b Pyrenula nodulata

Fig. c Pyrenula nuda Fig. d Pyrenula ochraceoflava

Fig. e Pyrenula oculata Fig. f Pyrenula oculifera

Plate-23

Fig. a Pyrenula pinguis Fig. b Pyrenula subacutalis

Fig. c Pyrenula subaggregata Fig. d Pyrenula subandamanica

Fig. e Pyrenula subindica Fig. f Pyrenula sublaevigata

Plate-24

Fig. a Pyrenula subnitidella Fig. b Pyxine berteriana

Fig. c Pyxine cocoes var. cocoes Fig. d Pyxine farinosa

Fig. e Pyxine meissnerina Fig. f Pyxine reticulata

Plate-25

Fig. a Pyxine retirugella Fig. b Pyxine sorediata

Fig. c Sarcographa assamensis Fig. d Pyxine subcinerea

Fig. e Sarcographa fenicis Fig. f Sarcographa heteroclita

Plate-26

Fig. a Sarcographa labyrinthica Fig. b Sarcographa subtorquescens

Fig. c Sphinctrina sp. Fig. d Stictis sp.

Fig. e Stirtonia dubia Fig. f Thecaria quassiicola

Plate-27

Fig. a Trypethelium assimile Fig. b Trypethelium catervarinum

Fig. c Trypethelium eluteriae Fig. d Trypethelium refertum

Fig. e Trypethelium tropicum Fig. f Trypethelium ubianense