1-D motion
22
21
22
2
1
mVmVdxFWx
x
netxtotal
Definition of work: dxFWx
xx
2
1
Work-energy theorem:
SI units of work and energy: Joule = Nm=kg m2/s2
Kinetic energy: 2
21 mVK
James Prescott Joule b. Dec. 24, 1818, Salford, Lancashire, England
d. Oct. 11, 1889, Sale, Cheshire
Discovered some basic laws of electricity and thermodynamics (Joule’s Law and Joule-Thomson Law); established the basis of the Law of Conservation of Energy and The First Law of Thermodynamics
Main occupation and source of funding:Brewery
Was home-schooled by some of the finest scientists of his time (including John Dalton)
Since childhood, he was a fearless and meticulous experimenterAs a boy, he hiked in the mountains with a pistol, studying echo and the speed of sound. He sounded the depth of Lake Windermere to be 198 ft.He tortured servants with some crazy experiments.
Spent his honeymoon climbing in French Alps and measuring the temperature at the top and the bottom of waterfalls
As a teenager, Joule was trying to replace steam engines with electric engines in his brewery.He failed, but became interested in the connections between mechanical work, heat, and electricity.
In 1840, at the age of 21, he discovered “Joule’s Law”:
Heat generated in a wire = Resistance x Current^2
It showed that electricity can be converted into heat!
1843 (Age 24): Paddle-wheel experiment: mechanical work can be converted into heat!Therefore, heat is one of the forms of energy.
Met with hostility and disbelief. It took decades before Joule’s discovery was accepted.
It led to the First Law of ThermodynamicsIt also showed that energy is conserved.
Energy Conservation Law!
Only one person believed Joule. It was William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin). They started working together.
Joule's paper ``On the Mechanical Equivalent of Heat'' was communicated by Faraday to the Royal Society in 1849 and appeared in Philosophical Transactions in 1850. The last paragraph of this historic paper ends with the statements:
I will therefore conclude by considering it as demonstrated by the experiments contained in this paper:
1.That the quantity of heat produced by the friction of bodies, whether solid or liquid, is always proportional to the quantity of force extended. 2.That the quantity of heat capable of increasing the temperature of a pound of water (weighed in vacuo, and taken between 55 deg and 60 deg F) by 1 deg F requires for its evolution the expenditure of a mechanical force represented by the fall of 772 lb. through a space of one foot.
A third proposition, suppressed by the publication committee, state that friction consists of a conversion between mechanical work into heat.
2 or 3 D motion
22
21
22 mVmVrdF
Lnet
rdFWL
Definition of work:
Kinetic energy: 2222
|| 2222zyx mVmVmVVm
Work-energy theorem:
A block of mass M is on a horizontal surface and is attached to a spring, spring constant k. If the spring is compressed an amount A and the block released from rest, how far will it go before stopping if the coefficient of friction between the block and the surface is ?
How will this answer change is the block is not attached to the spring??
Problem 2
A 5.00 kg block is moving at v0=6.00 m/s along a frictionless, horizontal surface toward a spring with constant k=500 N/m that is attached to a wall.
a) Find the maximum distance the spring will be compressed.
b)If the spring is to compress by no more than 0.150 m, what should be the maximum value of v0?
Problem 3A car is stopped by a constant friction force that is independent of the car’s speed. By what factor is the stopping distance changed if the car’s initial speed is doubled?
Problem 3aA car accelerates from rest to a speed of 100 mph over a distance of 200 m. What is the work done by a friction force on a car?
Problem 4
You and your bicycle have combined mass 80.0 kg. When you reach the base of a bridge, you are traveling along the road at 5.00 m/s. At the top of the bridge, you have climbed a vertical distance of 5.2 m and have slowed to 1.5 m/s. You can ignore work done by friction and any inefficiency in the bike or your legs. a) What is the total work done on you and your bicycle when you go from the base to the top of the bridge? b) How much work have you done with the force you apply to the pedals?
Problem 5How many joules of energy does 100 watt light bulb use per hour? How fast would a 70-kg person have to run to have that amount of energy?
Problem 6
