1. Ecological Surveys and the Relations of Animals to Habitat ConditionsJournal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 30, No. 2 (Nov., 1961), pp. 439-445Published by: British Ecological SocietyStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2313 .

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Ecological Surveys 439

1. ECOLOGICAL SURVEYS AND THE RELATIONS OF ANIMALS TO HABITAT CONDITIONS

(a) MARINE AND BRACKISH

Crisp, D. J. (1960). Mobility of barnacles. Nature, Lond. 188, 1208-1209. Operculate barnacles possess a limited mobility when subjected to lateral pressure. Such

ability offers barnacles certain advantages, which are discussed. It can, however, result in the detachment of young forms.

Evans, F. & Newell, G. E. (1957). Tidal streams and larval dispersal at Whitstable. Rep. Dove Mar. Lab. 5.

Hewetson, A. (1957). Tagging experiments in the river Shannon in 1954, 1955 and 1956. Eire Dept. Lands Rep. Sea Inland Fish. 1957, 86-99.

Salmon, mostly grilse, tagged at four stake nets in the Shannon estuary and recovered mostly in drift nets and close to the point of release. One fish travelled 89 miles. Most fish moved from 5 to 15 miles per day.

Lewis, J. R. & Powell, H. T. (1960). Aspects of the intertidal ecology of rocky shores in Argyll, Scotland. I. General description of the area. II. The distribution of Chthama- lus stellatus and Balanus balanoides in Kintyre. Trans. Roy. Soc. Edin. 64, 45-100.

Describes and discusses distribution and zonation of intertidal fauna and flora of specified coasts in Argyll, particularly in the very sheltered Loch Sween and West Loch Tarbert where the lower shore is very rich. Concludes that this component of the shore may be major throughout the British Isles but requires further study. The anomalous relations between barnacle species in these two lochs are discussed in relation to the general pattern over Britain and it is concluded that they result from a unique local succession of ecological factors which is elaborated.

Lockie, J. D. (1959). Grey seals and salmon fisheries on the Northumberland and Berwickshire coast. Salm. Trout Mag. (157), 165-175.

Attempts to assess damage to fixed salmon nets between mid 1956 and late 1958.

Morton J. E. (1960). The responses and orientation of the bivalve Lasaea rubra Montagu. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 39, 5-26.

Laboratory analysis of photo-, geo- and thigmo-taxes and discussion of their role in main- taining position in the habitat - empty barnacle shells and Pygmaea lichen tufts.

Scott, A. (1960). The fauna of the sandy beach, Village Bay, St. Kilda: a dynamical relationship. Oikos, 11, 153-160.

Confirms older views that this beach is impermanent, the biological evidence of poor fauna and fresh algal growths below 30 in. of sand indicating marked and rapid changes in shore conditions.

Sutcliffe, D. W. (1960). Observations on the salinity tolerance and habits of a euryhaline caddis larva, Limnephilus affinis Curtis (Trichoptera: Limnephilidae). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 156-162.

Large populations of this larva have been taken from the salt marsh at Seaton Sluice, Northum- berland, where salinity fluctuated between 1 %o and 33 %O. It is able to complete its life cycle in approximately 17%o salinity but survives for several months in 26%o at temperatures below 1 5oC and for short periods in 30%,.

Thompson, T. E. (1960). Defensive acid-secretion in marine gastropods. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 39, 115-122.

Histology of glands, and aquarium tests with various species of gastropod and predator.

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440 Abstracts

Thompson, T. E. (1960). Defensive adaptations in opisthobranchs. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 39, 123-134.

Feeding tests using twenty-four species of opisthobranchs tested against species of fish, shore crabs and anemones.

Went, A. E. J. (1957). Investigations into the movements of salmon around Ireland. Eire Dept. Lands Sea Inland Fish. 1957, 66-80.

Summarizes and analyses results from tagging some 4000 salmon since 1948. Recoveries vary markedly from different stations the overall percentage being 25 6. Distances moved, periods of liberty, rates of movement and destinations reached are discussed.

Went, A. E. J. (1957). Recent taggings of salmon and sea-trout kelts. Eire Dept. Lands Sea Inland Fish. 1957, 81-85.

Summarizes tagging at four stations in Eire since 1947 with data on recoveries.

(b) FRESHWATER

Gledhill, T. (1959). The life-history of Ameletus inopinatus (Siphlonuridae, Ephemerop- tera). Hydrobiologia, 14, 85-90.

Description of the life history of this arctic-alpine mayfly in the English Lake District.

Hall, R. E. (1959). The development of eggs of Chirocephalus diaphanus Prevost in relation to depth of water. Hydrobiologia, 14, 79-84.

Laboratory observations on delayed development correlated with water depth.

Hanna, H. M. (1960). Methods of case-building and repair by larvae of caddis flies. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 97-106.

In an investigation of thirty-eight species of Trichoptera describes eight ways in which larvae initially construct a case. Gives details of reconstruction, growth and the repair of cases and describes the adaptations of the legs associated with the material used in case building.

Reynoldson, T. B. (1960). A quantitative study of the population biology of Polycelis tenuis (Ijima) (Turbellaria, Tricladida). Oikos, 11, 125-141.

Data from a small eutrophic pond at Bangor and from laboratory observations. Adults reach a peak of numbers in early spring, decline markedly during breeding and begin to recover in autumn when breeding ceases. The cycle appears to be controlled by the demands of the young appearing in spring and producing a food crisis for the whole population. Field observations are confirmed by fecundity records in laboratory and field and by the condition of the gonads in large animals.

Reynoldson, T. B. (1961). Environment and reproduction in freshwater triclads. Nature, Lond. 189, 329-330.

Asexual reproduction is the usual method in unproductive habitats, but becomes progres- sively less important in most productive waters, where it is finally replaced by the sexual process. The relationship between energy intake and expenditure might explain the infrequency of sexual reproduction in species occupying unproductive habitats, and its restriction to colder periods. Growth and reproduction ontly being possible when basic metabolic rate is slowed. It seems likely that high temperatures account for inhibition of sexual reproduction when basic meta- bolism is rapid. Abundance of food in productive habitats in relation to activity of flatworms would permit sexual reproduction.

Sparshott, S. M. (1958). An ecological survey. Young Scient. 1 (3), 19-22. Preliminary survey of a small lake in the Nene Valley, Northampton.

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Ecological Surveys 441

Tindall, A. R. (1960). The larval case of Triaenodes bicolor Curtis (Trichoptera: Lepto- ceridae). Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 93-96.

Describes case-building and reports equal proportions of sinistrally and dextrally coiled cases. The pupal case is described.

(c) LAND

Bawden, F. C. (1960). Soil-borne viruses. Agriculture, 67, 387-391. Some 'soil-borne' viruses, such as the ringspot viruses, have been found to be transmitted by

eelworms (Xiphinema sp.).

Bickerton, B. M. & Chapple, W. (1961). Starling roosts and their dispersal. Agriculture, 67, 624-626.

Winter starling roosts may damage or kill young trees and disperse game birds to less favour- able coverts. The birds can be prevented from roosting by noise, caused by fireworks, shot guns, etc., and smoke. In most cases, intensive efforts have cleared a roost by the fourth night.

Bruns, H. (1960). The economic importance of birds in forests. Bird Study, 7, 193-208. Reviews existing knowledge, suggesting that in general birds are valuable in preventing the

onset of pest plagues rather than in controlling these when they occur. Methods of management of bird populations are discussed.

Butler, C. G. (1960). The significance of queen substance in swarming and supersedure in honey-bee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 129-132.

Suggests that queen rearing by uncrowded colonies, preparing to supersede or to swarm with her, is caused by the queen producing too little queen substance. Queen rearing in an over- crowded colony before swarming is probably due to the inefficient collection and distribution of queen substance and not to its inadequate production.

Butler, C. G. (1960). Queen substance production by virgin queen honey-bees (Apis mellifera L.) Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 170-171.

Experimental work shows that the amount of queen substance produced by virgin queens increased with age, was greater when they were laying but always less than that produced by mated laying queens. Suggests that both the inability of a virgin queen to inhibit queen rearing and the difficulty of replacing a virgin queen by a mated laying queen are due to the small amount of queen substance in colonies headed by virgin queens.

Campbell, B. (1960). The mute swan census in England and Wales 1955-56. Bird Study, 7, 208-223.

Detailed analysis of the results of B.T.O. censuses with a density map. Estimates of up to 3500 breeding pairs and 8250 non-breeding birds with evidence of 15 6% increase per annum in the London area.

Collingwood, C. A. (1961). Aphids and aphicides. Agriculture, 67, 526-529. Compares aphid population levels in 1959 and 1960, and discusses possible reasons for the

differences (weather and predators) and new control measures.

Condry, W. (1960). The breeding birds of conifer plantations. Quart. J. For. 54 (4), 357-362.

A popular paper with no figures for Wales, 0 to 2000 ft but interesting to compare with Lack's 1933 and 1939 papers on the Breckland plantations.

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442 Abstracts

Crichton, M. I. (1960). A study of captures of Trichoptera in a light trap near Reading, Berkshire. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 112, 319-344.

Records seventy species but the bulk of the catch consisted of Oxyethira costalis (Curt.) and Orthotrichia tetensii Kolbe. Details are given of numbers and proportions of each sex for the different species. Species are grouped, according to their seasonal occurrence, into summer, autumn and double-brooded species.

The autumn catches of Limnephilidae are shown to be significantly related to both tempera- ture and rainfall.

Crowson, E. A. (1961). The oak woods of Scotland and their spiders: with notes on two rare spiders of the pine woods. Glasgow Nat. 18, 148-159.

Lists of spiders typical of Scottish oakwoods; notes on fourteen of the species; and notes on Robertus scoticus and Dipoena torva from the pine woods.

Egglishaw, H. J. (1960). The life-history of Fucellia maritinma (Haliday) (Diptera, Musci- dae). Entomologist, 93, 225-231.

An account of laboratory and field observations on the life cycle, seasonal history, food, habitat and relative abundance made in Co. Durham during 1955-58, with descriptions of the immature stages.

Free, J. B. (1960). The distribution of bees in a honey-bee (Apis mellifera L.) colony. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 141-144.

Experimental work suggests that it is improbable that nurse bees of different ages feed larvae of different ages. The larvae are fed on a glandular secretion throughout their life and it is suggested that individual bees can vary this secretion to suit the age of particular larvae.

Goto, H. E. (1960). Facultative parthenogenesis in Collembola (Insecta). Nature, Lond. 188, 958-959.

Amongst a number of species reared, two isotomid springtails (Folsomia candida and F. cavicola) showed facultative parthenogenesis. Although males occur in natural populations and are apparently functionally normal, females kept in isolation laid eggs which gave rise only to females. From these completely parthenogenic cultures were built up.

Haarl0v, N. (1960). Microarthropods from Danish soils. Ecology, phenology. Oikos, Suppl. 3, 1-176.

Monographic treatments of the interstitial microarthropods in relation to physical and biotic factors of the habitat and to the structure and physiology of the animals concerned. An invalu- able paper for all ecologists.

Harrison, C. J. 0. (1961). Woodlark population and habitat. Lond. Bird Rep. 24 (1959), 71-80.

Examination of the published and other data on the distribution and populations of the woodlark in the London area, which is near the northern limit of its range, indicated that num- bers fall after severe winters and that the observed re-establishment and increase coincide with an amelioration of climate in the Northern Hemisphere.

This is discussed and the ecological features of the occupied habitats assessed.

Hodson, N. L. (1960). A survey of vertebrate road mortality 1959. Bird Study, 7, 224-231. Analysis of casualties on 2 miles of arterial road in Northants, in relation to traffic density,

character of surroundings, weather and season. 288 birds of twenty-six species, 295 other vertebrates of sixteen species are recorded. Concludes that speed and density of traffic are probably the major lethal factors affecting birds.

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Ecological Surveys 443

Janson, H. W. (1961). Colorado beetle in 1960. Agriculture, 67, 522-523. Forty-six Colorado beetles were found on imported produce during the first 10 months of

1960, including the first specimens originating from Majorca and the extreme south of Italy. Beetles imported in refrigerated trucks suffered no ill effects. New information about the east- ward spread of the beetles is reviewed.

Laithwaite, E. R. (1960). A radiation theory of the assembling of moths. Entomologist, 93, 113-117, 133-137.

Experiments with Orgyia antiqua suggest that assembling does not result from olfactory stimuli, and a theory of long-range response to radiation is postulated and used also in an attempt to explain attraction to light.

Lewis, S. (1960). Potato root eelworm under glass. Agriculture, 67, 127-131. Soil samples were taken from 857 glasshouses covering 41 acres in Glamorgan and Mon-

mouthshire. The distribution of Heterodera rostochiensis is described, and its relation to various soil factors, such as pH, soluble salt concentration and organic content, and cultural conditions discussed.

Lister, R. M. (1960). Strawberries and soil-borne virus diseases. Agriculture, 67, 25-29. Eelworms of the genus Xiphinema transmit arabis mosaic, and probably also raspberry

ringspot and tomato black ring. These viruses affect strawberries and many other plants, including several common weeds, and have been found to be indigenous in sixteen counties in England, Wales and Scotland.

Madge, D. S. (1961). 'Preferred temperatures' of land arthropods. Nature, Lond. 190, 106-107.

The behaviour of Belbageniculosa, an oriobatoid mite, in temperature gradients is described. Temperature appears to have greater effects than other factors in this case. At constant tempera- tures, however, the mite responds readily to humidity gradients. The inherent errors of closed temperature gradient apparatus are discussed.

Michael, D. T. (1960). Aspects of shelter in relation to the grazing animal. Scot. For. 14 (3), 130-135.

A useful general paper with some figures for sheep.

Milne, S. (1960). Studies on the life histories of various species of arthropleone collem- bola. Proc. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. (A) 35, 133-140.

Details of the life cycle, based mainly on laboratory cultures, are given for the following species: Tullbergia krausbaueri (Boerner), Onychiurus furcifer Boerner, 0. latus Gisin, 0. procampatus Gisin, Folsomia candida Willem, Isotoma viridis Bourlet and Neanura muscorum (Templeton).

Moreton, B. D. (1960). Helpful insects. Agriculture, 67, 232-242. Surveys predators (ladybirds, lacewings, hoverflies, capsids and related bugs), and parasites

and their effectiveness in controlling pest numbers, both naturally and when artificially increased, the possibilities of 'flare-back' of pests, i.e. increases in numbers after insecticide applications, and the occurrence of 'man-made pests' after insecticide applications which destroy predators and pests. Control methods should aim to avoid destruction of useful insects, and examples are discussed.

Mountford, G. (1961). Concrete nest-boxes damaged by great spotted woodpeckers. Brit. Birds, 54, 119.

Nest-boxes of an extremely hard mixture of concrete and sawdust had the entrance holes enlarged by great spotted woodpeckers in winter by up to 7500.

J.A.E. Q

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444 Abstracts

Nichols, J. E. (1960). Shelter needs in relation to land use. Forestry, 33 (1), 8-12. A good general discussion.

Osborne, P. (1960). Pests associated with ploughed-out grassland. Scot. Agric. 39, 150-153.

Attention is drawn to the population densities of wireworms, tipulid larvae and slugs in freshly ploughed grassland; methods of sampling are discussed, and the effects of known populations on following crops receive mention.

Price, M. Philips (1961). Warbler fluctuations in oak woodland. Brit. Birds, 54, 100-106. Population data from 1927 or 1928 to 1960 for the nightingale, willow warbler, chiffchaff,

garden warbler and blackcap in the Severn Valley near Gloucester. A tendency for numbers to decline, least marked in the chiffchaff, is shown. For some species the cause may be a decline in the rabbit population and the consequent increase of brambles, but this should not affect adversely nightingales, garden warblers and blackcaps.

Ribbons, B. W. (1961). The boundaries of the vice-counties of Scotland. Part I. Glasgolw Nat. 18, 160-168.

Discussion, with maps, of boundary difficulties in v-cc. 84 (Linlithgow) and 86 (Stirling).

Roper, G. D. (1960). Starlings in plantations. Quart. J. For. 54 (3), 270-271. Cheap 'banging' rockets and guns; operations must be every night until birds are cleared.

Saunders, D. S. (1960). The ovulation cycle in Glossina morsitans Westwood (Diptera: Muscidae) and a possible method of age determination for female tsetse flies by the examination of their ovaries. Trans. R. Ent. Soc. Lond. 112, 221-238.

Describes a method of determining physiological age by estimating the number of ovarioles showing evidence of ovulation.

Seel, D. C. (1961). Seasonal fluctuations in numbers of blackbirds and house sparrows on a Middlesex farm, 1954-57. Lond. Bird Rep. 24 (1959), 60-70.

Fortnightly counts on grassland and cereal crops established that blackbirds and house sparrows, but not the other thirty-nine resident bird species, showed regular seasonal fluctua- tions in numbers. The relations of numbers of each of the two species to food and weather are discussed.

Smith, K. Paviour- (1960). The fruiting-bodies of macrofungi as habitats of the family Ciidae (Coleoptera). Oikos, 11, 43-71.

Discusses the concept of an animal's 'headquarters' being its main centre of biological activity, using the ciid beetles inhabiting polypore fungi in Wytham Woods, Berkshire. A full analysis is made of the habitats of the ten species examined and an artificial key to these habitats provided.

Snow, B. (nee Whitaker) (1960). The breeding biology of the shag Phalacrocorax aristo- telis on the island of Lundy, Bristol Channel. Ibis, 102, 554-575.

Four years', 1954-58, study in which all nests of a breeding population of 120-132 pairs were found. Birds breeding for the first time were less successful than older birds, and late nests than early ones. Fledging success was 90-95 % except in 1956 when food was scarce and it was 67 %.

Steele, J. (1960). Dangers of uncooked waste foods (in relation to foot and mouth disease, swine fever and fowl pest). Agriculture, 67, 63-66.

The virus of these diseases can remain active for long periods in uncooked meat. In 1950-58 thirty-nine primary outbreaks of foot and mouth disease were attributed to uncooked swill containing imported meat scraps, and the other two diseases have frequently been spread this way.

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Methods, etc. 445

Stokes, A. W. (1960). Nest-site selection and courtship behaviour of the blue tit Parus caeruleus. Ibis, 102, 507-519.

Six pairs of blue tits were observed during 200 hours between mid-March and 7 May at Madingley Wood, Cambridge. Behaviour from the time of nest-hole selection by the male to incubation is described. It is concluded that bright plumage has evolved as enhancement of threat display, and its epigamic value is secondary.

Thomas, I. (1959). Control and conservation. Ann. App. Biol. 47, 391-401. Presidential address reviewing control of harmful organisms, with specific references to

oystercatchers preying on cockles and mussels.

Turcek, F. J. (1960). On the damage by birds to power and communication lines. Bird Study, 7, 231-236.

Principally woodpeckers excavating poles.

Pettersson, M. (1960). Cultural diffusion in other animals and man. Biol. Human Aff. 25 (3), 24-29.

Overall speed of geographical diffusion of acquired habits is estimated for, e.g. eating of Daphne seeds by Chloris chloris and human agriculture, bronze-working and iron-working. With a quantitative model of the early spread of tool-making.

Venables, L. S. V. & Venables, U. M. (1961). Further sex counts of wintering blackbirds. Brit. Birds, 54, 120-121.

A preponderance of males is shown, and where adult and first winter males have been dis- tinguished adults preponderate.

2. METHODS, APPARATUS, POPULATION STATISTICS AND TAXONOMIC STUDIES OF USE TO ECOLOGISTS

Atkins, D. (1960). A new species and genus of Brachiopoda from the western approaches, and the growth stages of the lophophore. J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 39, 71-89.

Fallax dalliniformis sp. nov. compared with Dallina septigera.

Atkins, D. (1960). A note on Dallina septigera (Lovdn) (Brachiopoda, Dallinidae). J. Mar. Biol. Ass. U.K. 39, 91-99.

Redescribes this animal with illustrations.

Bossanyi, J. (1959). A simple apparatus for routine zooplankton counts. J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer, 24, 452-454.

Passes a steady controllable flow of water containing preserved plankton through a counting cell. Various common species have been successfully counted.

Brindle, A. (1960). The larvae and pupae of the British Tipulinae (Diptera: Tipulidae) Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 14, 63-114.

Includes notes on ecology, keys to larvae and pupae, and a check-list of the British Tipulinae indicating species whose larvae and/or pupae are unknown.

Broadhead, E. & Datta, B. (1960). The taxonomy and ecology of the British species of Peripsocus Hagen (Corrodentia, Pseudocaeciliidae). Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 14, 131- 146.

Revises the taxonomy of P. phaeopterus, P. didymus, P. subfasciatus and P. alboguttatus, with notes on identification of the nymphs. Also describes their distribution in England, their distri- bution and abundance on larch in Yorkshire, and their natural food, which is mainly Pleuro- coccus and fungal spores.

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