1
Francisco José Arteiro de OliveiraOperation Planning and Scheduling
Director
Increasing Wind Power Generation Penetration Degree in Brazil: a Challenge for the Brazilian Interconnected Power System
2
Agenda
• Introduction
• Wind power generation penetration degree increase in the Brazilian
Energetic Matrix
• Characteristics of wind power plants in Brazil
• Major challenges for the increase of wind generation penetration
degree in the Brazilian Interconnected Power System - BIPS
• Ongoing improvements necessary to connect wind farms to grids
with high wind generation penetration degree
• Conclusions
3
Introduction
4
Brazilian Interconected Power System - BIPS
Isolated systems
BrazilianInterconnected PowerSystem
+3.400km
+3.4
00km
CemigFurnasAES-TieteCESPCDSAConsórciosCopelTractebel
ITAIPUBINATIONAL
Grande River
Paranaiba River
Tiete River
Paranapanema River
Iguaçu River
Utilities
• The BIPS covers 2/3 of the national territory:
5 million km2
• The BIPS supplies about 98% of the country’s
electricity consumption.
• Hydro generation is dominant: about 79% of
the installed capacity
• Thermal generation is complementary with
diversity of fuels: nuclear, coal, natural gas, oil,
diesel (about 16%)
• Small share (about 5%) of other renewable
energies: wind and biomass
• Main transmission grid with long distance lines
(≥ 230 kV). Over 100,000 km of transmission
lines
5
Brazilian Interconected Power System - BIPS
• Multi-owned: 97 agents own assets (≥ 230 kV)
• The Main Transmission Grid is operated and expanded in order to achieve safety of supply and system optimization
• Inter-regional and inter-basin transmission links allow interchange of large blocks of energy between regions, based on the hydrological diversity between river basins
• The current challenge is the interconnection of the projects in the Amazonian Region
6
Brazilian Electricity Supply in 2012
Source: Brazilian Energy Balance 2013 / year 2012 – MME/EPE
7
Wind Power Generation Penetration Degree Increase in the Brazilian Energetic Matrix
8
Regularization Capacity Evolution
Evolution of Cumulative Volume and of the Installed Power (hidro generation) in BIPS
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
110,000
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014
Inst
all
ed
ca
pac
ity
- H
idro
(M
W)
0
30
60
90
120
150
180
210
240
270
300
330
Vo
lum
e(1
000
hm
3)
Installed Capacity
Useful Volume
Três Marias -15.,3 .
103 hm3
Furnas
- 17.2 . 10 3 hm3
Nova Ponte
- 10.4 . 10 3 hm3
Serra da Mesa
- 43.3 . 10 3 hm3
Emborcação
- 13.1 . 10 3 hm3
Tucuruí
- 39.0 . 10 3 hm3
Ilha Solteira eTrês Irmãos - 16. 3 .
103 hm3
Marimbondo – 5.3 .
103 hm3
Capivara - 5.7 . 10 3 hm3
Sobradinho – 28.7 . 10 3 hm3
São Simão - 5. 5 . 103 hm3
Á. Vermelha - 5.. 2 . 103 hm3
Itumbiara – 12.5 . 10 3 hm3
Growth Between 2000-2014
Installed Power -> 47. 2% Volume -> 10. 8%
The 13 largest reservoirs identified in the figure have useful volume greather than 5 x 103 hm3, and together account for 74% of total accumulated volume
9
Gradual Reduction of Regularization
2021
3.35
2001 2013 2015 2017
Ratio between stored energy / load
6.25.4
5.04.7
How many months of maximum energy storage
Ten-year Plan*
10
The Expansion of Supply Between 2012 and 2017
TYPE 12/31/2012 12/31/2017 GROWTH 2013-2017
MW % MW % MW %
HIDRO(1) 89,521 77.9 107,491 73.8 17,970 20.1
NUCLEAR 1,990 1.7 1,990 1.4 0 0.0
N. GAS/L.N. GAS 9,808 8.5 13,054 9.0 3,246 33.1
COAL 2,125 1.9 3,210 2.2 1,085 51.1
BIOMASS(2) 4,948 4.3 5,875 4.0 927 18.7
OTHER(3) 749 0.7 749 0.5 0 0.0
OIL 4,048 3.5 4,821 3.3 773 19.1
WIND 1,762 1.5 8,477 5.8 6,715 381.1
TOTAL 114,951 100.0 145,667 100.0 30,716 26.7
(1) Includes the participation of Itaipu and small hidro power plants;
(2) Includes small thermal power plants;
(3) The portion "OTHER" refers to other thermal plants with CVU.
11
Wind Generation Expansion in Southern
Source: ANEEL
Cerro Chato I
Cerro Chato II
Cerro Chato III
Cidreira 1
Palmares
Parque Eólico de Osório
Parque Eólico de Sangradouro
Sangradouro 2
Sangradouro 3
Parque Eólico dos Índios
Água Doce
Amparo
Aquibatã
Bom Jardim
Campo Belo
Cascata
Cruz Alta
Púlpito
Rio do Ouro
Salto
Santo Antônio
390 MW
231 MW
621 MW (21 UEE)
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN NOVEMBER 2012
12
Wind Generation Expansion in Southern
Source: ANEEL
Cerro Chato I
Cerro Chato II
Cerro Chato III
Cidreira 1
Palmares
Parque Eólico de Osório
Parque Eólico de Sangradouro
Sangradouro 2
Sangradouro 3
Parque Eólico dos Índios
Água Doce
Amparo
Aquibatã
Bom Jardim
Campo Belo
Cascata
Cruz Alta
Púlpito
Rio do Ouro
Salto
Santo Antônio
390 MW
231 MW
621 MW (21 UEE)
1027 MW(43 UEE)
1027 MW
Atlântica I
Atlântica II
Atlântica IV
Atlântica V
Cerro Chato IV
Cerro Chato V
Cerro Chato VI
Cerro dos Trindade
Chuí I
Chuí II
Chuí IV
Chuí V
Corredor do Senandes II
Corredor do Senandes III
Corredor do Senandes IV
Dos Índios 2
Dos Índios 3
Fazenda Rosário 2
Força 1
Força 2
Força 3
Giruá
Ibirapuitã I
Minuano I
Minuano II
Osório 2
Osório 3
Pinhal
Pontal 2B
REB Cassino I
REB Cassino II
REB Cassino III
Vento Aragano I
Verace I
Verace II
Verace III
Verace IV
Verace V
Verace IX
Verace VI
Verace VII
Verace VIII
Verace X
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN DECEMBER 2015
1648 MW
SOMENTE EMPREENDIMENTOS COM OUTORGA
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Wind Generation Expansion in Northeast
PARACURUAMONTADA
PARQUE EÓLICO DE BEBERIBEFOZ DO RIO CHORÓPRAIAS DE PARAJURU
BONS VENTOSCANOA QUEBRADACANOA QUEBRADA (RV)ENACELICARAIZINHO
RIO DO FOGO
MILLENIUMALBATROZATLÂNTICACAMURIMCARAVELA
PRAIA DO MORGADOVOLTA DO RIOPRAIA FORMOSA
TAÍBA ALBATROZ
ALHANDRA
COELHOS ICOELHOS IICOELHOS IIICOELHOS IVMATARACÁ
PRESIDENTEVITÓRIA
GRAVATÁMANDACARUSANTA MARIA
PIRAUÁ
XAVANTE
PEDRA DO SAL
ALEGRIA IALEGRIA IIARATUÁ MIASSABA III
CABEÇO PRETOCABEÇO PRETO IV
MANGUE SECO 1MANGUE SECO 2MANGUE SECO 3MANGUE SECO 5
MACAÚBASNOVO HORIZONTESEABRA
Barra dos Coqueiros
95 MW
542 MW
25 MW
18 MW
373 MW
35 MW
66 MW
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN NOVEMBER 2012
1154 MW (50 UEE)
Source: ANEEL
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Wind Generation Expansion in Northeast
Source: ANEEL
PARACURUAMONTADA
PARQUE EÓLICO DE BEBERIBEFOZ DO RIO CHORÓPRAIAS DE PARAJURU
BONS VENTOSCANOA QUEBRADACANOA QUEBRADA (RV)ENACELICARAIZINHO
RIO DO FOGO
MILLENIUMALBATROZATLÂNTICACAMURIMCARAVELA
PRAIA DO MORGADOVOLTA DO RIOPRAIA FORMOSA
TAÍBA ALBATROZ
ALHANDRA
COELHOS ICOELHOS IICOELHOS IIICOELHOS IVMATARACÁ
PRESIDENTEVITÓRIA
GRAVATÁMANDACARUSANTA MARIA
PIRAUÁ
XAVANTE
PEDRA DO SAL
ALEGRIA IALEGRIA IIARATUÁ MIASSABA III
CABEÇO PRETOCABEÇO PRETO IV
MANGUE SECO 1MANGUE SECO 2MANGUE SECO 3MANGUE SECO 5
MACAÚBASNOVO HORIZONTESEABRA
Barra dos Coqueiros
95 MW
542 MW
25 MW
18 MW
373 MW
35 MW
66 MW
1154 MW (50 UEE)
AlvoradaAmetistaAngicalBorgoCaetitéCaetité 2Caetité 3CaitituCandibaCoqueirinhoCorrupiãoCristalDa PrataDos Araçás DouradosEmilianaEspigãoGuanambiGuirapáIgaporãIlhéus
InhambuJoanaLicínio de AlmeidaMaronMorrãoN. Sra. da ConceiçãoPajeú do VentoPedra BrancaPedra do ReinoPedra do Reino IIIPelourinhoPilõesPindaíPlanaltinaPorto SeguroPrimaveraRio Verde São JudasSão Pedro do LagoSeraímaSerra do Salto
Serra do EspinhaçoSete GameleirasTamanduá MirimTanqueTeiuVentos do Nordeste
ArarasBoca do CórregoBuritiCajucocoCataventos Paracuru 1ColôniaCoqueiroDunas de ParacuruEmbuacaFaisa IFaisa IIFaisa IIIFaisa IVFaisa VFleixeiras IGarçasGuajirúIcaraí
Icaraí IIcaraí IIIlha GrandeJandaiaJandaia IJunco IJunco IILagoa SecaMalhadinha IMundaúPau BrasilPau FerroPedra do GerônimoPlanalto da TaíbaPorto SalgadoPotengiQuixabaRibeirãoSão Paulo
TacaicóTaíba ÁguiaTaíba AndorinhaTrairíVento do OesteVento FormosoVentos de HorizonteVentos de Santa RosaVentos de Santo InácioVentos de São GeraldoVentos de SebastiãoVentos de TianguáVentos de Tianguá NorteVentos do Morro do ChapéuVentos do Parazinho
Marco dos Ventos 1Marco dos Ventos 2Marco dos Ventos 3Marco dos Ventos 4Marco dos Ventos 5Ventos do Norte 1Ventos do Norte 10Ventos do Norte 2Ventos do Norte 3Ventos do Norte 4Ventos do Norte 5Ventos do Norte 6Ventos do Norte 7Ventos do Norte 8Ventos do Norte 9
Aratuá 3Areia BrancaArizona I Asa Branca IAsa Branca IIAsa Branca IIIAsa Branca IVAsa Branca VAsa Branca VIAsa Branca VIIAsa Branca VIIICaiçara 2Caiçara do NorteCalango 1Calango 2Calango 3Calango 4Calango 5Campos dos Ventos II
Carcará ICarcará IICarnaúbasCosta BrancaDreen Boa VistaDreen CutiaDreen GuajiruDreen Olho d'ÁguaDreen São Bento do NorteEurus IEurus IIEurus IIIEurus IVEurus VIFamosa IFarolGE JangadaGE Maria HelenaJuremas
LanchinhaMacacosMar e TerraMel 02Miassaba 3Miassaba 4Modelo IModelo IIMorro dos Ventos IMorro dos Ventos IIMorro dos Ventos IIIMorro dos Ventos IVMorro dos Ventos IXMorro dos Ventos VIPeladoPedra PretaRedutoRei dos Ventos 1Rei dos Ventos 3
Rei dos Ventos 4Renascença IRenascença IIRenascença IIIRenascença IVRenascença VRiachão IRiachão IIRiachão IVRiachão VIRiachão VIISanta Clara ISanta Clara IISanta Clara IIISanta Clara IVSanta Clara VSanta Clara VISanta HelenaSanto Cristo
São JoãoSerra de Santana ISerra de Santana IISerra de Santana IIISMUnião dos Ventos 1União dos Ventos 10União dos Ventos 2União dos Ventos 3União dos Ventos 4União dos Ventos 5União dos Ventos 6União dos Ventos 7União dos Ventos 8União dos Ventos 9Ventos de Santo UrielVentos de São Miguel
59 MW
432 MW
1249 MW
2559 MW
78 MW
1144 MW
6584 MW(210 UEE)
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN DECEMBER 2015
7738 MW
SOMENTE EMPREENDIMENTOS COM OUTORGA
15
Characteristics of Wind Power Plants in Brazil
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Renewable Sources Connection to the Grid
• The connection to the bulk power system is made through Renewable Generators
Collection System Sub-Grid (ICG)
• The use of ICG and IEG represent a reduction in the grid connection costs, but also
represents an engineering challenge...
Source: L. A. Barroso, F. Porrua, R. Chabar, M. V. Pereira and B. Bezerra, Incorporating Large-Scale Renewables to the Transmission Grid: Technical and Regulatory Issues - IEEE PES General Meeting 2009, Calgary, Canada
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Wind Farms ICG Connection - Igapora II ICG• There are 13 wind farms connected to the Igapora II ICG
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Energetic Complementarity of Hidro, Wind and Biomass
Reservoirs of hydro power plants and the transmission grid may be used to modulate the production of wind and sugarcane biomass plants (no back up natural gas generation is necessary as in other countries)
During the dry season, wind and biomass power plants may “return the favor” to hydro plants(functioning as a virtual reservoir)
19
Wind Characteristics in Brazil Northeast and Southern
20
Major Challenges for the Increase of Wind Generation Penetration Degree in the Brazilian
Interconnected Power System
21
Major Challenges with High Wind Penetration Degree
• The sites in Brazil with highest winds are located in the Northeast and Southern of
Brazil. These regions are characterized by low short circuit ratio (SCR) and low
inertia, often requiring network reinforcements for the correct performance of wind
generators.
• This also provokes different power flow patterns in the presence of high wind
generation penetration degree - transmission systems must be adapted to this new
paradigm.
• Wind generators must be capable to participate in voltage control in weak networks
efficiently, even when producing little or no active power at all.
• The network must be prepared to handle a higher amount of generation loss, for
example, when the wind in a given area reduces very fast.
• Normally wind generation does not contribute to the inertia of the system.
22
Ongoing Improvements Necessary to Connect Wind Farms to Grids with High Wind
Generation Penetration Degree
23
Ongoing Improvements for High Wind Penetration Degree
• Set Strategies for Power Reserves
With the increase of wind generation penetration degree, a strategy must be set,
to create a power reserve in the case, for example, if the wind reduces in a fast
way.
Scheduling and real time actions to maintain and restore system reserves.
• Improved Wind Forecast
The improved wind forecast will allow a more precise Power Reserve calculation,
reducing operation costs.
24
Ongoing Improvements for High Wind Penetration Degree
• Improved Supervision of Wind Farms
Set supervision requirements to monitor wind geration production.
Need to set dispatch centers to concentrate operation communication among
Power System Operator and wind plants groups.
• Harmonic Distortion and Voltage Fluctuation
Implement electric energy quality indicators, mainly the ones for harmonic
distortions and voltage fluctuation.
25
Ongoing Improvements for High Wind Penetration Degree
• Install Wind Generators Improved Dynamic Performance
The technology utilized in wind generation is in fast evolution. This favors the
secure increase of wind generation penetration degree in power systems.
The grid codes must also evolve to take advantage of this fast technology
development, in order to ensure the dynamic performance needed to the
increasing penetration of wind generation.
The technologies currently used in modern wind turbines are the Doubly Fed
Induction Generator (DFIG) and Full-Converter.
26
Grid Codes Technical Requirements Improvements
• Off-nominal Frequency Operation
The wind generators must be capable to stay connected to the grid during system
under/overfrequency disturbances. This requirement is specially important in
underfrequency contingencies, when the outages of wind generators can
compromise the correct operation of the load shedding scheme.
27
Grid Codes Technical Requirements Improvements
• Reactive Power Control of Wind Farms
Regarding this technical requirement the DFIG and Full-Converters wind
generator technology provides a much higher reactive power generation /
absorption capacity than the specified by the Brazilian Grid Code.
The extended range that these two technologies allow, can improve voltage
control of the system as a whole, enabling a higher penetration degree of wind
generation.
28
Grid Codes Technical Requirements Improvements
• Synthetic Inertia
Asynchronous machines, such as variable speed wind generators, do not
contribute to the inertia of the system (the rotating masses are not electrically
connected to the system).
This feature is currently under development by many wind generators
manufacturers.
Particularly in the Northeast sub-system, where it is expected a high penetration
degree of wind power in a region with low inertia, this feature may contribute to the
security of the system, possibly improving the operation of load shedding scheme.
29
Conclusions
30
Conclusions
• The connection of the large amount of wind generation in the BIPS predicted for this
decade in a secure way is possible, since actions are taken from now on by all
involved in the process.
• A detailed review of the Brazilian Grid Code is being carried on in Brazilian System
Operator - ONS, to include new technical requirements that the new wind generation
technologies allow. The work is being carried by GT Eolica Task Force.
• The control technologies available in DFIG and Full-Converter wind generators must
be explored to its maximum to allow the safe operation of the system with high wind
generation penetration degree.
• The Brazilian Grid Code, as well as the technical requirements for next auctions,
must reflect, and take into account, the performance improvement for the network
that can be achieved with the use of the new wind generator technologies.
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Conclusions
• A careful network expansion planning must be done in a way to allow the safe
connection of wind farms in areas of the system with low SCR and inertia. The most
appropriate equipment to improve the performance of a system with these
characteristics is the synchronous condenser.
• The improvement in the wind forecast models is mandatory to become wind
generation more predictable, and thus become the Power Reserve calculation more
precise. This will impact directly in the reduction of operation costs.
• Improvement in the centralized control wind generators in the wind farms to become
the operation of the wind farms from the Control Center more friendly.
