Fabric Science I Subject Code B FP (T) 1 09 T National Institute of Fashion Technology, India

Fabric Science ISubject Code B FP (T) 1 09 T National Institute of Fashion Technology, India

1. Introduction to TextileContent1.1 Terms & Definition - Textile Fibre 1.2 Staple Fibre 1.3 Filament Fibre 1.4 Sliver1.5 Lap 1.6 Rove1.7 Blend 1.8 yarn 1.9 Fabrics 1.10 Winding1.11 Sizing 1.12 Beaming 1.13 Preparatory Process - Dyeing 1.14 Dyeing 1.15 Printing 1.16 Finishing IntroductionClothing is one of the human basic needs besides food, shelter and medicine. The role of textile fibres for clothing, bedding and furnishing is so central to our lives that the history of fibres is almost as old as the history of our civilization.The design of fabrics and clothes has long been regarded as an art form.Some natural fibres such as wool, silk, cotton and linen have been known and used for thousands of years.Man-made fibres on the other hand have a history only as long as the 20th century and most the fibres that we are familiar with today have been produced in the last 40 years.

HistoryNo one knows exactly when the spinning and weaving of textiles began.Archeological discoveries of the imprint of woven material on clay pots dating from some 27,000 years ago indicate people knew how to weave even before they domesticated plants & animals.

The basic raw material of any textile product is a fibre. Fibre can be divided into natural fibres and Man made fibres or chemical fibres.

Textile Industry in IndiaIndia Contributes appx. 4% to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)The share of textiles in total exports was 11.04% during AprilJuly 2010

Is the largest employment provider after Agriculture. It offers direct employment to over 35 million in the country

During 2009-2010, Indian textiles industry was pegged atUS$55 billion

Current Status of Indian Textile IndustryIndian position in global market

Largest producer of jute2nd largest producer of silk3rd largest producer of cotton (16% of global production)3rd largest producer of cellulosic fibre/yarn5th largest producer of synthetic fibres/yarns11th largest producer of wool

Process Flow chart from Fiber to Consumer

Fibers - Natural, Man-made, Blends SpinningYarns - Staple fiber, Continuous Filament weaving, Knitting, BondingFabric - Woven, Knits, NonwovensDyeing / printingTextile Finishing - Mechanical Finishing, Chemical FinishingClothing Manufacture - Cutting, Sewing, Pressing, Packing, ShippingRetailing - Chain Stores, IndependentsConsumer - Use, After use Disposal / Recycling: - Recovery, incineration

The textile industry is segmented into three large groupings, 1. Apparel the textiles used in clothing 2. Home Furnishing used in furniture, bath, kitchen and bed3. Technical Textiles Very wide applicationApplication of Textiles?

Personal HygieneTooth & Hair BrushesMedicated PadsMake-up brushesNail buffersIncontinence padsFeminine hygiene productsCotton balls

FoodBags & SacksBakery FiltersCoffee filtersPacking materialsTea BagsSports & RecreationHelmet linersProtective padsBallsString for racketsTentsBackpacks

Life jacketsRafts & Boat hullsSailsFishing line & netsArtificial playing surfacesTransportationTire cordsRoad bed under laysBicycle HelmetsInteriors for planes, busses, cars & trucksSeat belts & air bagsBrake liningsGaskets & sealsConvertible tops

Animal CareLeashesBlanketsSaddlesStall linersRestraintsPet bad linersManufactured GoodsHosesBeltsLoading dock coversTarpaulinsPaint rollersWipesCarpet backingMailing envelopsDuct tape backingConveyer beltsSilk screening mesh

EnvironmentErosion barriersPond LinersSnow & Silt fencesDrainage Oil spill control barriersAir & water filtersAgricultureBags & SacksRopesHoses & BeltsBale coveringTractor interiorsPlant covers & tree wrapsMedicalSupport WrapsCasts Surgical masksSuturesArteriesExamination gownsBandagesDialysis filtersGloves

Textiles in extracorporeal devices Artificial kidneyArtificial liver,Artificial lung,

Protective GearBullet resistant vestsHeat / Fire resistant suitsImpact resistant helmetsChemical resistant glovesAbrasion resistant glovesHazmat suitsBuilding MaterialsInsulationCovers for wiringDrop ClothesWall CoveringVenetian blindsWindow screensAwningsMoisture barriersMiscellaneous ProductsArtificial flowers / plantsBanners & FlagsBook bindingsCandle wicksCasket linings

Communication lines Felt tip pensLampshadesMops & Dusting clothSandbagsPersonal Computer boards

1.1 Textile Fibre

Fibre is a unit of matter characterized by flexibility, fineness which is capable of being spun into a yarn or made into a fabric by bonding or by interlacing in a variety of methods including weaving, knitting, braiding, twisting and which is the basic structural element of any textile products.

It is a hair like substance.

They have length at least thousand times of their diameter or width. According to the length the fibres are generally classified into two categories.The one is staple fibre and the other is filament fibre.

1.2 Staple Fibre A fibre of definite length (usually 10 500 mm)

1.3 Filament Fibre A fibre of indefinite length.It is a very long fiber; the length of filaments may range from a few hundred meters, in case of silk. In case of man-made fibers they are several kilometers long.

1.4 Lap - The fibres are arranged in sheet form, which is a loosely entangled mass about 1 thick and about 40 wide. 1.5 Sliver - The fibres are arranged in thick rope form, about the thickness of broomstick.

1.6 Rove The fibres are arranged in thin rope form.

1.7 Blend The mixing of two or more different fibres. It can be done in several stages.( Fibre, Yarn, fabric)

1.8 Yarn - A textile yarn is a grouping of fibres twisted together to form a continuous strand of linear structure. It is an assembly of substantial length and relatively small cross section of fibres and / or filaments with or with without twist.

1.9 Fabrics - A planar substance constructed from solutions, fibers, yarns, fabrics, or any combination of these.It is categorized into three,Woven fabricsKnitted Fabrics &Non Woven's

1.10 Winding Converting small yarn package into large package for weaving.

1.11 Sizing Applying starch to the warp yarn before weaving to withstand complex stresses.

1.12 Beaming Its a warping process, winding the warp yarns over the warpers beam. These three process are called warp preparatory process.

1.13 Preparatory Process in Dyeing Desizing, Scouring, Bleaching and Mercerizing.

1.14 Dyeing Applying colour to the textiles in wet condition otherwise called as wet processing.1.15 Printing The application of colorant in definite, repeated patterns to the textiles1.16 Finishing It is final processing of the cloth. Its purpose is to make the fabric more suitable for its intended end use. They are categorised as mechanical finish and chemical finish.

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