1.1. Kabul, Kabul, AfghanistanAfghanistan

2.2. Islamabad, Islamabad, PakistanPakistan

3.3. New Delhi, New Delhi, IndiaIndia

4.4. Kathmandu, Kathmandu, NepalNepal

5.5. Beijing, ChinaBeijing, China

6.6. Thimpu, Thimpu, BhutanBhutan

7.7. Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshBangladesh

8.8. Colombo, Sri Colombo, Sri LankaLanka

9.9. Male, Male, MaldivesMaldives

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Kabul,Kabul, AfghanistanAfghanistan

Islamabad,Islamabad, PakistanPakistan

New Delhi,New Delhi, IndiaIndia

Kathmandu, Kathmandu, NepalNepal

Beijing, Beijing, ChinaChina

Thimpu, Thimpu, BhutanBhutan

Dhaka, Dhaka, BangladeshBangladesh

Male, Male, MaldivesMaldives

Colombo, Sri Colombo, Sri LankaLanka

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Ch. 23: The Physical Ch. 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaGeography of South Asia

23-1 Notes: The Land23-1 Notes: The Land

A Separate LandA Separate Land S. Asia=1/2 the size of the cont. U.S.S. Asia=1/2 the size of the cont. U.S.

India = 1/3 the size of the U.S. (but more than 3x India = 1/3 the size of the U.S. (but more than 3x the population!)the population!)

S. Asia is a peninsula surrounded by the Arabian S. Asia is a peninsula surrounded by the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean.Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean.

India is a subcontinentIndia is a subcontinent

Sri Lanka & other islands are part of South AsiaSri Lanka & other islands are part of South Asia

The Himalayas The Himalayas

The HimalayasThe Himalayas

Indian subcontinent was Indian subcontinent was part of Africa and part of Africa and drifted and smashed drifted and smashed into Asia.into Asia.

Collision created the Collision created the HimalayasHimalayas

Mt. EverestMt. Everest29,035 ft. 29,035 ft. (world’s tallest) is part (world’s tallest) is part of the Himalayasof the Himalayas

More on Everest……More on Everest……Number of people to attempt to Number of people to attempt to

climb Mt. Everest: climb Mt. Everest: approximately 4,000. approximately 4,000.

Number of people to Number of people to successfully climb Mt. successfully climb Mt. Everest: 660. Everest: 660.

Number of people who have Number of people who have died trying to climb Mt. died trying to climb Mt. Everest: 142. Everest: 142.

Height: 29,035 feet, or 5 and Height: 29,035 feet, or 5 and a half miles above sea level. a half miles above sea level. This is equivalent to the size This is equivalent to the size of almost 20 Empire State of almost 20 Empire State Buildings.Buildings.

19241924 — British explorers — British explorers George Mallory and Andrew George Mallory and Andrew Irvine disappear near the Irvine disappear near the summit, along the Northeast summit, along the Northeast Ridge. It is possible that they Ridge. It is possible that they may have actually been the may have actually been the first to reach the summit, but first to reach the summit, but they never returned.they never returned.

19491949 — Nepal opens its — Nepal opens its borders, making access to the borders, making access to the mountain's southern peak mountain's southern peak possiblepossible

19531953 — Hillary and Norgay — Hillary and Norgay reach summitreach summit

19631963 — First Americans reach — First Americans reach the summitthe summit

19891989 — First two women, both — First two women, both American, reach the summit.American, reach the summit.

19961996 — Eleven people die — Eleven people die during spring expeditions.during spring expeditions.

Sir Edmund HillarySir Edmund Hillary

11stst to climb Everest to climb Everest Assisted by Sherpa Assisted by Sherpa

Tenzing NorgayTenzing Norgay 19531953

Other Northern LandformsOther Northern Landforms Himalayas, Karakoram, & Hindu Kush Himalayas, Karakoram, & Hindu Kush

form barrier between the form barrier between the subcontinent and the rest of Asiasubcontinent and the rest of Asia

Khyber PassKhyber Pass Ganges Plain—at the foot of the Ganges Plain—at the foot of the

HimalayasHimalayas1/10 of the world’s 1/10 of the world’s populationpopulation

3 rivers water the plain: Indus, 3 rivers water the plain: Indus, Ganges, & BrahmaputraGanges, & Brahmaputra

Central & Southern LandformsCentral & Southern Landforms

Vindhya Range divides India into Vindhya Range divides India into Northern & Southern regionsNorthern & Southern regions

Southern IndiaSouthern Indiaeroded mtns. eroded mtns. Eastern & Western GhatsEastern & Western Ghats

Forms a triangle with the Deccan Forms a triangle with the Deccan PlateauPlateau

Rich soil, but arid (leeward effect)Rich soil, but arid (leeward effect)

MaldivesMaldivescoral coral atoll islands (coral atoll islands (coral developed on top developed on top of submerged of submerged volcano)volcano)

Sri LankaSri Lankawas was once part of India, once part of India, broke away from broke away from subcontinentsubcontinent

The development of a coral atoll The development of a coral atoll island:island:

Indus & Brahmaputra RiversIndus & Brahmaputra Rivers

Indus RiverIndus River Flows through Flows through

PakistanPakistan ““cradle” of ancient cradle” of ancient

IndiaIndia Supplied world’s Supplied world’s

earliest civilizationsearliest civilizations

Brahmaputra RiverBrahmaputra River Flows east through Flows east through

the Himalayas & the Himalayas & then west into then west into BangladeshBangladesh

Merges with Merges with Ganges R.Ganges R.

Major waterwayMajor waterway

Ganges RiverGanges River S. Asia’s most important S. Asia’s most important riverriver

Source in the Himalayas Source in the Himalayas (does not dry up during (does not dry up during dry season)dry season)

Floods during rainy Floods during rainy seasonseason

Hindus consider it Hindus consider it sacredsacred

““Mythically pure”Mythically pure” Extremely pollutedExtremely polluted World’s largest alluvial World’s largest alluvial

plainplain India’s most densely India’s most densely

populated areapopulated area

Natural ResourcesNatural Resources

Water: Hydroelectric power; Water: Hydroelectric power; transportationtransportation

S. Asia has some oil/nat. gasS. Asia has some oil/nat. gas Uses imported oilUses imported oil Becoming more dependent on Becoming more dependent on

nuclear sourcesnuclear sources

Ch. 23: The Physical Ch. 23: The Physical Geography of South AsiaGeography of South Asia

23-2 Notes: Climate & 23-2 Notes: Climate & VegetationVegetation

South Asia’s ClimatesSouth Asia’s Climates

Much of India is south of the Tropic of Much of India is south of the Tropic of CancerCancer & has a & has a tropicaltropical climate climate

Northern & Western climates vary Northern & Western climates vary from from highlandshighlands to to desertdesert

Tropical & Subtropical ClimatesTropical & Subtropical Climates West coast of India, West coast of India, GangesGanges Delta, & Delta, &

southern Sri Lanka=tropical rainforest southern Sri Lanka=tropical rainforest climatesclimates– Seasonal rains from the southwest bring much Seasonal rains from the southwest bring much

rain to this arearain to this area

The central Indian steppe & eastern Sri The central Indian steppe & eastern Sri Lanka have a tropical Lanka have a tropical savannasavanna climate climate (wet & dry seasons, grasslands, & (wet & dry seasons, grasslands, & deciduous forests)deciduous forests)

Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, NE India have Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, NE India have a humid subtropical climatea humid subtropical climate

Highlands ClimateHighlands Climate

The coldest areas of The coldest areas of South Asia are on the South Asia are on the northernnorthern edges edges

Snow never melts in the Snow never melts in the HimalayanHimalayan highlands highlands

Forests on the lower Forests on the lower slopesslopes

Grasslands & Grasslands & bamboobamboo are are found in the foothillsfound in the foothills

Dry ClimatesDry Climates

Dry climates are found Dry climates are found along the lower along the lower IndusIndus RiverRiver

The Great Indian The Great Indian Desert & steppe areas Desert & steppe areas are found here; most are found here; most of this area is of this area is wastelandwasteland

MonsoonsMonsoons

South Asia has 3 main South Asia has 3 main seasons—hot, seasons—hot, cool, &cool, & wetwet—that depend on the —that depend on the seasonal monsoons (winds)seasonal monsoons (winds)– Hot (late Feb.-June) warm temperaturesHot (late Feb.-June) warm temperatures

—brings —brings drydry air air– Wet (June-Sept.) Moist ocean air comes Wet (June-Sept.) Moist ocean air comes

from the south & SW with from the south & SW with monsoonmonsoon rainsrains

– Cool (Oct-Late Feb) dry monsoons winds Cool (Oct-Late Feb) dry monsoons winds blow from the north & NWblow from the north & NW

Monsoon RainsMonsoon Rains

Heaviest in Heaviest in easterneastern South AsiaSouth Asia

When rain blows When rain blows over the Ganges over the Ganges delta, the delta, the HimalayasHimalayas block block them from moving them from moving north. north.

Rain then falls on Rain then falls on the Ganges Plainthe Ganges Plain

Natural DisastersNatural Disasters The The highhigh temperatures of the temperatures of the

hot season are good & badhot season are good & bad Extremely high temps & lack of Extremely high temps & lack of

rain can dry out the soil, rain can dry out the soil, causing causing droughtsdroughts

Too much rain caused by Too much rain caused by monsoons brings monsoons brings floodsfloods & can & can cause great damage & cause great damage & mudslidesmudslides

Cyclones—(like a hurricane) Cyclones—(like a hurricane) high winds, heavy rains, & high winds, heavy rains, & tidaltidal waves waves

Tsunamis—huge wage caused Tsunamis—huge wage caused by an underwater by an underwater earthquakeearthquake (can happen anytime of year)(can happen anytime of year)

Ch. 24: The Cultural Ch. 24: The Cultural Geography of South AsiaGeography of South Asia

24-1 Notes: Population 24-1 Notes: Population PatternsPatterns

Human CharacteristicsHuman Characteristics

Over 1.3 billion Over 1.3 billion people live in people live in S.AsiaS.Asia

>>1/51/5 of the world’s of the world’s populationpopulation

Speak hundreds of Speak hundreds of languageslanguages

Practice several Practice several major religionsmajor religions

IndiaIndia Many Indians Many Indians

identify identify themselves by themselves by their their religionsreligions as Hindus, as Hindus, Muslims, Muslims, BuddhistsBuddhists, , Sikhs, Jains, or Sikhs, Jains, or ChristiansChristians

Others identify Others identify with their with their jatijati——a group that a group that defines their defines their occupation & occupation & social positionsocial position

Pakistan & BangladeshPakistan & Bangladesh They were once They were once

part of British part of British IndiaIndia Most practice IslamMost practice Islam Later became Later became

separate countriesseparate countries Most people in Most people in

Bangladesh are Bangladesh are BengaliBengali

Sri Lanka’s Sinhalese & TamilsSri Lanka’s Sinhalese & Tamils The The BuddhistBuddhist Sinhalese are Sinhalese are

the majority & control the the majority & control the gov’tgov’t

HinduHindu Tamils have been Tamils have been fighting for an independent fighting for an independent state in northern Sri Lanka state in northern Sri Lanka since the 1980’ssince the 1980’s

Thousands of deaths, Thousands of deaths, disrupted economy, many disrupted economy, many refugeesrefugees

Bhutan & NepalBhutan & Nepal The Bhote & The Bhote & TibetanTibetan

people of Bhutan & people of Bhutan & the various ethnic the various ethnic groups of Nepal are groups of Nepal are descended from the descended from the MongoliansMongolians

Most familiar group Most familiar group to outsiders—to outsiders—SherpasSherpas—are known for their —are known for their mountaineering skillsmountaineering skills

A sherpa (Tenzing A sherpa (Tenzing Norgay) made the Norgay) made the first successful first successful ascent of Everest ascent of Everest with Sir with Sir Edmund Edmund HillaryHillary in 1953. in 1953.

Population Density & DistributionPopulation Density & Distribution

780 people/sq. mile= 780 people/sq. mile= 77 times the world avg.times the world avg.

At present rates, South At present rates, South Asia will nearly double Asia will nearly double its current population by its current population by 2050.2050.

Educational & economic Educational & economic improvements are improvements are helping to slow the ratehelping to slow the rate

Regional VariationsRegional Variations Most people in the Most people in the

region live in agricultural region live in agricultural areas, like the areas, like the GangesGanges Plain or on the coasts Plain or on the coasts (>2,000 ppl/sq mi)(>2,000 ppl/sq mi)

The tiny Maldives have The tiny Maldives have 2,495 ppl/sq mi—making 2,495 ppl/sq mi—making it the world’s most it the world’s most crowdedcrowded country country

Desert & mtn areas in Desert & mtn areas in western western PakistanPakistan are are thinly populatedthinly populated

Bangladesh Slows Its GrowthBangladesh Slows Its Growth 22ndnd most populous most populous

country in S. Asiacountry in S. Asia Trouble Trouble feedingfeeding its its

populationpopulation Programs have Programs have

encouraged women to encouraged women to have fewer children & have fewer children & get involved in get involved in businessbusiness

Number of children per Number of children per woman decreased from woman decreased from 4 to 2.8 in the 1990’s4 to 2.8 in the 1990’s

Urban & Rural LifeUrban & Rural Life

Most of S. Asia’s population is Most of S. Asia’s population is ruralrural Pakistan, most urbanized, but 2/3 Pakistan, most urbanized, but 2/3

ruralrural

Rural LifeRural Life Rural life has Rural life has

changed littlechanged little Farming, Farming,

villagesvillages, , struggles to struggles to grow enough grow enough cropscrops

Nomadic Nomadic groups that groups that heard camels heard camels & goats& goats

Growing UrbanizationGrowing Urbanization

Many S. Asians Many S. Asians have moved to have moved to citiescities (better (better jobs)jobs)

Overpopulation—Overpopulation—shortages in shortages in housing, health housing, health care, education, care, education, & serious & serious pollutionpollution

South Asia’s CitiesSouth Asia’s Cities S. Asian cities are among S. Asian cities are among

the world’s most densely the world’s most densely populated urban areaspopulated urban areas

Mumbai (Mumbai (BombayBombay), a ), a major port city on the major port city on the Arabian Sea, is India’s Arabian Sea, is India’s largest with >18 million largest with >18 million pplppl

Kolkata Kolkata (Calcutta) is a (Calcutta) is a major port city on the major port city on the GangesGanges

5 of the world’s 13 5 of the world’s 13 largest cities are in largest cities are in South AsiaSouth Asia

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9 South South Asia Asia Map Map QuizQuiz

Write the Write the capital capital and and country country name for name for each each number. number.

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9South Asia South Asia

Map QuizMap Quiz

Write the capital Write the capital and country and country name for each name for each number. number.

+2 each for +2 each for naming naming capitals of capitals of countries with countries with squares. squares.

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South Asia South Asia Map QuizMap Quiz

Write the capital Write the capital and country and country name for each name for each number. number.

+2 each for +2 each for naming naming capitals of capitals of countries with countries with squares. squares.

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Today’s assignment:Today’s assignment:

Answer all the “Map Study”, “Graph Answer all the “Map Study”, “Graph Study” and picture caption questions Study” and picture caption questions from pg561-578from pg561-578

561 (2), 563 (2), 571 (2), 572 (1), 573 (1), 574 (1), 576 (2), 561 (2), 563 (2), 571 (2), 572 (1), 573 (1), 574 (1), 576 (2), 577 (2), 578 (2)577 (2), 578 (2)

15 questions15 questions

You do not have to write the You do not have to write the questions.questions.