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1. Natural gas: C1
2. Propane: C3
3. Gasoline: C7 - C9
4. Naphta C6-C11
5. Kerosene (Paraffin): C11-C18
5. Diesel oil C13-C15
6. Lubricating Oil C18-C25
7. Fuel oil C20-C27
1. Gases2. Petrol3. Naphta4. Kerosene5. Diesel oil6. Fuel oil7. Bitumen
Refineries: From Crude Oil to Distillates
Classified by b.p.
Classified by Use
Good source of information: http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pnp_top.asp
NameNumber of
Carbon AtomsBoiling Point
(C)Uses
Refinery Gas 3 or 4 below 30Bottled Gas(propane or
butane).
Petrol 7 to 9 100 to 150Fuel for car
engines.
Naphtha 6 to 11 70 to 200Solvents
and used inpetrol.
Kerosene(paraffin)
11 to 18 200 to 300Fuel for aircraft
and stoves.
Diesel Oil 11 to 18 200 to 300Fuel for road
vehiclesand trains.
Lubricating Oil 18 to 25 300 to 400Lubricant for
enginesand machines.
Fuel Oil 20 to 27 350 to 450Fuel for shipsand heating.
Greases andWax
25 to 30 400 to 500Lubricants
and candles.
Bitumen above 35 above 500Road surfaceand roofing.
Distillates - A second look
Higher boiling fractions distilled under vacuum
• A high tendency to autoignite is undesirable in a gasoline engine but desirable in a diesel engine.
• We need two rating systems
Gas vs. Diesel
Octane Number (Gasoline)
Developed by the chemist Russell Marker:
2,2,4-trimethylpentane = 100
n-heptane =0.
87-octane gasoline is equivalent to a mixture of 87 vol-% isooctane and 13 vol-% n-heptane.
Selection of n-heptane as due to the availability of very high purity n-heptane distilled from the resin of the Jeffrey Pine. Heptane from crude oil is a mixture of isomers and would not give a precise zero point.
Different Octane numbers, depending on test protocol:
RON = Research Octane Number (used in Europe)
MON = Motor Octane Number
PON = Pump Octane Number = (RON + MON)/2 (US, CAN)
Iso-octane is not the most knock-resistant substance available. Racing fuels, straight ethanol (RON is 129 ) and liquified petroleum gas (LPG) have octane ratings > 110.
Typical "octane booster" additives etra-ethyl lead and toluene. Tetra-ethyl lead is easily decomposed to its component radicals, which react with the radicals from the fuel and oxygen that would start the combustion, thereby delaying ignition.
Octane Number
Plus: 500+ years of proven reserves at current consumption levels
Can substitute Oil & Gas directly (generation of el.) or indirectly
(Coal gasification).
Large reserves in countries that do not have oil, gas (SA, China, India, US).
Minus: Can’t be pumped - no pipeline must be mined (expensive undeground, cheap from strip mines
High in sulfur
Current: Main use for electricity generation, small amount for steel
(etallurgical coal).
Coal: (Coal - Oil - Coal ?)
Coal Players: Peabody, BHP, Teck-Cominco
Origin of Coal
Types of Coal
Use of Coal
Electricity From Coal
Coal and CO2
Coal production
China: The Coal Production Superpower
Australia: The Coal Reserve Superpower
Take home message:•Production/ Use are about the past•Reserves are about the future
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