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11
Northwest Ports Northwest Ports and the Gateway Initiativesand the Gateway Initiatives
Anne V. GoodchildAnne V. GoodchildAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Department of Civil and Environmental Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringEngineering
University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington
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33 3
ResearchResearch
• Port elasticity study with Dr. LeachmanPort elasticity study with Dr. Leachman• Impact of Port of Prince Rupert on Impact of Port of Prince Rupert on
regional traderegional trade• Transportation resilience Transportation resilience
– Analysis of past disruptions at PRAnalysis of past disruptions at PR
• Transloading and warehousingTransloading and warehousing• Cross border researchCross border research• Clean Trucks ProgramClean Trucks Program
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Diversity in West Coast Diversity in West Coast PortsPorts
• Growth patternGrowth pattern
• Discretionary cargoDiscretionary cargo
• Approach to drayage truck emissionsApproach to drayage truck emissions
• CongestionCongestion
• Landside infrastructureLandside infrastructure– Port accessPort access– Urban regionUrban region
55 5
West Coast Container West Coast Container VolumesVolumes
-
1,000,000
2,000,000
3,000,000
4,000,000
5,000,000
6,000,000
7,000,000
8,000,000
9,000,000
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90
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91
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92
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94
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95
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04
20
05
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06
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07
TE
U
Fraser
Prince Rupert
Vancouver (BC)
Anchorage
Long Beach
Los Angeles
Oakland
Portland(OR)
Seattle
Tacoma
66 6
Discretionary CargoDiscretionary Cargo
• The cargo that doesn’t have to go through a particular port
• The cargo that is transloaded • Importing via the East Coast is getting more
competitive • Some companies have recently moved to a 4-5 port
strategy– In this case consolidation-deconsolidation is less effective
• With a one port strategy consolidation-deconsolidation is getting more competitive
• $30 would remove transload volume in the Pacific Northwest
• $30 would have very little impact on Southern California
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• The line to Prince The line to Prince Rupert is a spur lineRupert is a spur line
• No alternative No alternative routesroutes
• Required switching Required switching activities in Prince activities in Prince GeorgeGeorge
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Reliability ThreatsReliability Threats
Highway 16 west at Shames Flats and 3 to 4 km west of Shames Flats has opened to single lane alternating traffic as of noon June 10, 2007CN workers begin the long task of rebuilding the rail line between Terrace and Prince Rupert now that the Skeena has started to recede.
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Service Interruption Duration and Delay by Year
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Year
Dura
tion
(day
s)
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1000.00
2000.00
3000.00
4000.00
5000.00
6000.00
Dela
y (tra
in*d
ay)
Duration
Delay (4 trains/day)
1010 10
Distribution CentersDistribution Centers
• About 33% of Port of Seattle traffic use a About 33% of Port of Seattle traffic use a warehouse in the Green River Valley (2005)warehouse in the Green River Valley (2005)
• 18% of 2007 Port of Seattle traffic is 18% of 2007 Port of Seattle traffic is transloadedtransloaded
• Provide capability to use consolidation-Provide capability to use consolidation-deconsolidation strategydeconsolidation strategy
• Provide economic benefit to importers from Provide economic benefit to importers from inventory management and transportation inventory management and transportation costcost
• Provide regional economic benefitProvide regional economic benefit
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Unique elements of NW Unique elements of NW PortsPorts
• More price sensitiveMore price sensitive
• More discretionary cargoMore discretionary cargo
• Less transloadingLess transloading
• Relatively weak local demandRelatively weak local demand
• Regional/International competitionRegional/International competition
• Regional/International cooperationRegional/International cooperation
• Servicing Alaska tradeServicing Alaska trade
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1313 13
Canada’s gateway and trade Canada’s gateway and trade corridor initiativecorridor initiative
• Canada’s strategy has resulted in heavy Canada’s strategy has resulted in heavy investment in a “new” portinvestment in a “new” port– Not all cargo needs to move through a Not all cargo needs to move through a
congested regioncongested region– Has capacityHas capacity
• Consolidation activities in VancouverConsolidation activities in Vancouver• Separation of rehandled/local cargo from Separation of rehandled/local cargo from
discretionary cargodiscretionary cargo• Primarily serving midwest marketsPrimarily serving midwest markets
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• Currently PR Currently PR serving US midwestserving US midwest– ImportsImports– ExportsExports
• SE Alaska continues SE Alaska continues to be served by to be served by Washington portsWashington ports
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US PolicyUS Policy
• Growing consensus for a national freight programGrowing consensus for a national freight program• National Surface Transportation Policy and
Revenue Study Commission, AASHTO, ARTBA, NRC, ATA, AAPA, US Chamber, GAO
• GAO recommends “a national strategy to transform the federal government’s involvement in freight transportation projects. This strategy should include defining federal and nonfederal stakeholder roles and using new and existing federal funding sources and mechanisms to support a targeted, efficient, and sustainable federal role.”
1616 16
Policy SuggestionsPolicy Suggestions
• National strategy for planning & investment
• Merit-based criteria for prioritizing projects
• Predictable, dedicated, sustained funding for freight infrastructure
• Partnership with the private sector to anticipate and meet the needs of system users
• New user fees
1717 17
Growing CoalitionGrowing Coalition
• Coalition for America’s Gateways and Trade Coalition for America’s Gateways and Trade Corridors National Freight Mobility Infrastructure Corridors National Freight Mobility Infrastructure ActAct– Creates National Freight Mobility Infrastructure Creates National Freight Mobility Infrastructure
FundFund• Merit-based distribution criteriaMerit-based distribution criteria
• Multi-modal eligibilityMulti-modal eligibility
• National in focusNational in focus
– Creates New Funding MechanismCreates New Funding Mechanism• 1% tax of the cost of transportation of ALL goods 1% tax of the cost of transportation of ALL goods
(domestic and international; all modes)(domestic and international; all modes)
1818 18
CAGTC ParticipantsCAGTC ParticipantsCoalition for America's Gateways and Trade Corridors
Washington State DOT/ Port of Tacoma
California Air Resources Board
Association of American State and Highway Transportation Officials
ITS America
National Railroad Construction and Maintenance Association
National Industrial Transportation League
Association of American Port Authorities
Agriculture Transportation Coalition
West Coast Corridor Coalition
Mississippi Valley Freight Coalition
National Association of Manufacturers
American Association of Port Authorities
Waterfront Coalition
American Road & Transportation Builders Association
American Public Transportation Association
Owner-Operator Independent Drivers Association
Association of American Railroads
AAA
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DiscussionDiscussion
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Average Annual Delay (container hours per through container)
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2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
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16.00
18.00
1,000,000 2,000,000 4,000,000
TEU throughput
Cont
aine
r hou
rs d
elay
per
cont
aine
r thr
ough 7 days a week operation
5 days a week operation
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Open QuestionsOpen Questions
• Being closer to Asia is a significant Being closer to Asia is a significant assetasset
• Significant economic activity will Significant economic activity will occur in Prince Rupertoccur in Prince Rupert
• Transit of containers between Transit of containers between Canada and the US is not a deterrentCanada and the US is not a deterrent
• Container managementContainer management
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Prince Rupert Container Prince Rupert Container TerminalTerminalPerformance to 11-March-08Performance to 11-March-08
• 19 Vessel Calls
• All vessels arrived & departed on schedule
• Off loading/loading 22 containers/hour
• 35,600 TEUs handled
• 36.5% Backhaul - fully laden containers (less than Seattle, Tacoma, and Vancouver)
• Maximum Dwell Time: 2 Days
• 100% of containers scanned for radiation
2323 23
Container ManagementContainer Management
• Containers imported into Canada must leave the Containers imported into Canada must leave the country within 30 dayscountry within 30 days
• They can only be used for one repositioning moveThey can only be used for one repositioning move– This may favor the delivery of containers to the US, This may favor the delivery of containers to the US,
where laws are less restrictivewhere laws are less restrictive
• Most shipping lines are under contract to balance Most shipping lines are under contract to balance east and westbound moves and are subject to east and westbound moves and are subject to penalties if they are notpenalties if they are not– Unless export potential is exploited, it will be expensive Unless export potential is exploited, it will be expensive
for shippers to return the containers to Prince Rupert, for shippers to return the containers to Prince Rupert, impacting the total costimpacting the total cost
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TransloadingTransloading
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Prince Rupert TerminalsPrince Rupert Terminals
Grain Terminal
Coal/Sulphur/Wood Pellet Terminal
CONTAINER TERMINALPhase 1 & 2
CONTAINER TERMINAL 2
WATER DEPTHInner Harbour: 35 - 44 metres
Wharf: 18.7 metres
Ridley
Island
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11stst CN Container Train Departure Nov. 1 CN Container Train Departure Nov. 1 20072007
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DemandDemand
• Shipping lines will decide whether or not to use Prince Shipping lines will decide whether or not to use Prince RupertRupert
• They will choose to use it if meets their needs to They will choose to use it if meets their needs to control cost while maintaining service quality and control cost while maintaining service quality and reliabilityreliability
• There is a complex web of relationships and There is a complex web of relationships and economics that drive these decisionseconomics that drive these decisions
• Demand for shipping line services is driven by shipper Demand for shipping line services is driven by shipper demands, and is a function of costdemands, and is a function of cost
• Shippers will find it more attractive to use Prince Shippers will find it more attractive to use Prince Rupert if they can finance the cost of the return trip Rupert if they can finance the cost of the return trip with exportswith exports
• They will choose to service Prince Rupert first if They will choose to service Prince Rupert first if import demand is of high volume and high priorityimport demand is of high volume and high priority
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ReliabilityReliability
• Lean supply chains are a source of Lean supply chains are a source of competitive advantagecompetitive advantage
• Increased length, frequency of disruptionIncreased length, frequency of disruption• Shippers are looking for reliability Shippers are looking for reliability
(uncertainty is the enemy of logistics)(uncertainty is the enemy of logistics)• e.g.e.g.
– Port of Seattle 2005 volume increasePort of Seattle 2005 volume increase– Walmart moves to a 5 port US import Walmart moves to a 5 port US import
strategystrategy
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Prince Rupert Prince Rupert Advantage – Hong KongAdvantage – Hong Kong
VancouverSeattle
Los Angeles
Distance from Hong Kong (Nautical Miles) 5,286
5,777
5,768
6,380
Prince RupertPrince Rupert
3030 30
Prince Rupert Prince Rupert Advantage – KobeAdvantage – Kobe
VancouverSeattle
Los Angeles
Distance from Kobe, JA (Nautical Miles) 4,101
4,554
4,536
5,137
Prince RupertPrince Rupert
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Prince Rupert Container Prince Rupert Container TerminalTerminal
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100% Radiation Scanning100% Radiation Scanning
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Edmonton – 39 hrs
Winnipeg – 61 hrs
Halifax
Chicago – 99 hrs
Montreal – 115 hrs
Prince Rupert
Prince George
Toronto – 108 hrs
Vancouver – 61 hrs
New Orleans
Halifax
Memphis – 117 hrs
Saskatoon – 47 hrs
Calgary
Memphis Competition
UP/Los Angeles – 112 hrs
UP/Seattle – 120 hrs
BNSF/Los Angeles – 130 hrs
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Export/Backhaul Export/Backhaul OpportunitiesOpportunities
Alaska and BC seafood
forest products
pork
soybean
recycled paper
cotton
special agricultural products
- pulses, grains, oilseedsmalt, cubes, pellets, hay
beef
poultrymilk
bottled water Leather/ hides
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Port of Prince Rupert – Port of Prince Rupert – Export Backhaul Export Backhaul OpportunitiesOpportunities
• Alaska and local Seafood (est. 75,000 – 100,000 TEUs per annum)Alaska and local Seafood (est. 75,000 – 100,000 TEUs per annum)
• Pork (est. 100,000 – 160,000 TEUs per annum) Pork (est. 100,000 – 160,000 TEUs per annum)
• Beef (est. 40,000 – 80,000 TEUs per annum)Beef (est. 40,000 – 80,000 TEUs per annum)
• Forest Products (est. 120,000+ TEUs per annum)Forest Products (est. 120,000+ TEUs per annum)
• Special Agricultural Products (est. 60,000 – 100,000 TEUs per Special Agricultural Products (est. 60,000 – 100,000 TEUs per annum)annum)– PulsesPulses - Grains and Oilseeds- Grains and Oilseeds– MaltMalt - Cubes, Pellets, Hay- Cubes, Pellets, Hay
• Other (originating in Chicago-Memphis area)Other (originating in Chicago-Memphis area)– Cotton (est. 160,000 - 180,000 TEUs per annum)Cotton (est. 160,000 - 180,000 TEUs per annum)– Recycled paper (est. 40,000 - 100,000 TEUs per annum)Recycled paper (est. 40,000 - 100,000 TEUs per annum)– Soybeans (est. 130,000 to 170,000 TEUs per annum)Soybeans (est. 130,000 to 170,000 TEUs per annum)
• Petrochemicals/plastics (to be determined)Petrochemicals/plastics (to be determined)
• Developmental (to be determined)Developmental (to be determined)– Log and modular home manufactureLog and modular home manufacture– Bottled waterBottled water
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• Prince George Inland PortPrince George Inland Port– 120,000 TEU’s of forest products annually120,000 TEU’s of forest products annually
• Grand Prairie Intermodal Container FacilityGrand Prairie Intermodal Container Facility– $2.5 million of land donated by Alberta Gov’t.$2.5 million of land donated by Alberta Gov’t.
• Access improvements to CN Intermodal in SaskatoonAccess improvements to CN Intermodal in Saskatoon– $20 million from the APCGI.$20 million from the APCGI.
• Access improvements to CPR Intermodal in EdmontonAccess improvements to CPR Intermodal in Edmonton– $75 million from the APCGI.$75 million from the APCGI.
• CN Edmonton Grain Distribution CentreCN Edmonton Grain Distribution Centre– $4 million facility opened Nov. 16, 2006$4 million facility opened Nov. 16, 2006– Handling high-value specialty cropsHandling high-value specialty crops
• Gap Analysis-identified OpportunitiesGap Analysis-identified Opportunities– Container Services: refrigeration, stuffing, storage & repairContainer Services: refrigeration, stuffing, storage & repair– Bonded warehousingBonded warehousing– Ridley Island Logistics ParkRidley Island Logistics Park
Port of Prince Rupert – Port of Prince Rupert – Sample Initiatives to Stimulate Sample Initiatives to Stimulate Export TrafficExport Traffic
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PR—Prince George,PR—Prince George,British ColumbiaBritish Columbia
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International Intermodal International Intermodal FreightFreight
• West Coast handles the vast majority West Coast handles the vast majority of Asian importsof Asian imports
• Moved via landbridge to midwest and Moved via landbridge to midwest and East Coast (double stack trains)East Coast (double stack trains)
• Rapid growth in container volumes Rapid growth in container volumes as Asian imports have grownas Asian imports have grown
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Port of SeattlePort of Seattle
• 4 container terminals, 25 cranes4 container terminals, 25 cranes
• Natural deep water harborNatural deep water harbor
• 4 RR routes to inland markets (2 major RR 4 RR routes to inland markets (2 major RR hubs within 1 mile)hubs within 1 mile)
• 10 container berths up to 50 ft (15 m)10 container berths up to 50 ft (15 m)
• Vessel calls: 1,221 (2007)Vessel calls: 1,221 (2007)
• TEUs (2007): 1,973,504TEUs (2007): 1,973,504
• Containerized metric tons (2007): Containerized metric tons (2007): 14,584,81614,584,816
4141 41
Port of TacomaPort of Tacoma
• 5 container terminals5 container terminals
• 4 dockside intermodal rail yards4 dockside intermodal rail yards
• Upland infrastructure with road Upland infrastructure with road network & easy access to interstate network & easy access to interstate systemsystem
• Natural deep water portNatural deep water port
• Available land for expansionAvailable land for expansion
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Port of VancouverPort of Vancouver
• TEUs (2007): 2,307,289 (increase to TEUs (2007): 2,307,289 (increase to 4 million by 2012)4 million by 2012)
• Million tons/cargo (2007): 82.7Million tons/cargo (2007): 82.7
• 17 bulk terminals, 25 marine cargo 17 bulk terminals, 25 marine cargo terminalsterminals
• Linked to 3 RR with double stack Linked to 3 RR with double stack capacitycapacity
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Prince Rupert PortPrince Rupert Port
• > 98% marine to rail intermodal > 98% marine to rail intermodal
• Annual capacity: 500,000 TEUsAnnual capacity: 500,000 TEUs
• 360 metre container quay360 metre container quay
• 18.7 metre berth depth18.7 metre berth depth
• 3 Ultra Post Panamax Cranes3 Ultra Post Panamax Cranes
• 7 working tracks (5,500m), 6 storage 7 working tracks (5,500m), 6 storage tracks (6,100m)tracks (6,100m)
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LeachmanLeachman
•For direct inland movement of marine boxes, the break point in declared value at which it is cheaper to import via the West Coast instead of all-water movement to Eastern markets fell from $46 to $40 per cubic foot.
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Average Interruption Duration