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PrototypingPrototyping

Created by: Amanda QuintanarCreated by: Amanda QuintanarOctober 9, 2001October 9, 2001

OP 380OP 380

Dr. Tom FosterDr. Tom Foster

Boise State UniversityBoise State University

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What will be covered:What will be covered:

• What is Prototyping?What is Prototyping?• How can Prototyping be used in How can Prototyping be used in

business?business?• The nuts and bolts of PrototypingThe nuts and bolts of Prototyping• How Prototyping worksHow Prototyping works• An example of how Prototyping is An example of how Prototyping is

utilized in businessutilized in business• SummarySummary

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An ExerciseAn ExerciseSlide 1 of 3Slide 1 of 3

• Close your eyes.Close your eyes.• Imagine a vehicle with four doorsImagine a vehicle with four doors• Imagine the road you are driving Imagine the road you are driving

onon• Imagine the music playing on the Imagine the music playing on the

radioradio

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An ExerciseAn ExerciseSlide 2 of 3Slide 2 of 3

• Of course everyone one of us Of course everyone one of us imagined a different vehicleimagined a different vehicle

• Everyone of us imagined different Everyone of us imagined different sceneryscenery

• Everyone imagined different music Everyone imagined different music playingplaying

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An ExerciseAn ExerciseSlide 3 of 3Slide 3 of 3

• Prototyping can help everyone Prototyping can help everyone visualize the same end result. visualize the same end result.

• There is no ambiguityThere is no ambiguity• Everyone is on the same pageEveryone is on the same page

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What is Prototyping?What is Prototyping?Slide 1 of 3Slide 1 of 3

• A prototype, according to Webster’s A prototype, according to Webster’s dictionary, is “an original model after dictionary, is “an original model after which other similar things are which other similar things are patterned.”patterned.”

• This definition is “an iterative approach This definition is “an iterative approach to design in which a series of product to design in which a series of product mock-ups are developed until the mock-ups are developed until the customer and designer agree on the customer and designer agree on the final design.”final design.”

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What is Prototyping?What is Prototyping?Slide 2 of 3Slide 2 of 3

• There are several types of There are several types of Prototyping Prototyping

• (i.e. Rapid Prototyping, Basic (i.e. Rapid Prototyping, Basic Prototyping, CAD,Paper Prototype)Prototyping, CAD,Paper Prototype)

• Different industries use different Different industries use different techniquestechniques

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What is Prototyping?What is Prototyping?Slide 3 of 3Slide 3 of 3

• Utilized by virtually every business Utilized by virtually every business • Tool to help businesses stay on top of Tool to help businesses stay on top of

the competition in terms of new the competition in terms of new productsproducts

• Aids companies in developing quality Aids companies in developing quality products by allowing the prototype to be products by allowing the prototype to be but through rigorous testing before but through rigorous testing before production on the product take s place production on the product take s place to ensure that it is durable and reliableto ensure that it is durable and reliable

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How can Prototyping be How can Prototyping be used in business?used in business?Slide 1 of 3Slide 1 of 3

• Virtually every business uses Virtually every business uses PrototypingPrototyping

• A wide range of business use prototypes A wide range of business use prototypes from airplane manufacturers to toy from airplane manufacturers to toy producers to computer system producers to computer system developersdevelopers

• Prototypes are one of the most useful Prototypes are one of the most useful and cost-effective quality tools and cost-effective quality tools businesses havebusinesses have

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How can Prototyping be How can Prototyping be used in business?used in business?Slide 2 of 3Slide 2 of 3

• Prototypes can be a source of Prototypes can be a source of creativitycreativity

• Prototypes allow the user to Prototypes allow the user to interact with the product so the interact with the product so the developer can receive feedback.developer can receive feedback.

• Prototyping is not limited to Prototyping is not limited to product development.product development.

• Can also be used as process Can also be used as process development.development.

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How can Prototyping be How can Prototyping be used in business?used in business?Slide 3 of 3Slide 3 of 3

• Every department can use Every department can use prototypes to help them excel prototypes to help them excel

• For example, marketing For example, marketing departments use prototyping to departments use prototyping to determine why consumers buy determine why consumers buy products.products.

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Benefits of prototypingBenefits of prototypingSlide 1 of 1Slide 1 of 1

• Allows all departments to be on the Allows all departments to be on the same pagesame page

• A model allows them to see, touch, and A model allows them to see, touch, and handle the producthandle the product

• Clarifies communicationClarifies communication• Effective project management toolEffective project management tool• Handy at design reviewsHandy at design reviews

G Thomas G Thomas Clay. “Rapid prototyping accelerates the design process.” Clay. “Rapid prototyping accelerates the design process.” Machine DesignMachine Design, Cleveland; Mar 9, 2000; Vol. 72, Iss. 5; pg. 166, 4 , Cleveland; Mar 9, 2000; Vol. 72, Iss. 5; pg. 166, 4 pgs pgs

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The nuts and bolts of The nuts and bolts of PrototypingPrototypingSlide 1 of 4Slide 1 of 4

1.1. Planning and goal settingPlanning and goal setting

2.2. The design processThe design process

3.3. Prototype constructionPrototype construction

4.4. Analyzing the conceptAnalyzing the concept

5. Prototype rollout5. Prototype rollout

6. Evolution of the design6. Evolution of the design

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The nuts and bolts of The nuts and bolts of PrototypingPrototypingSlide 2 of 4Slide 2 of 4

There are 6 basic steps to developing a There are 6 basic steps to developing a prototypeprototype

1.1. Planning and goal settingPlanning and goal setting• Sets the tone for the rest of the processSets the tone for the rest of the process

2.2. The design processThe design process• Important to pick one distinct prototype Important to pick one distinct prototype

technique and stick with it.technique and stick with it.

3.3. Prototype constructionPrototype construction• Cost and timelines are very important in Cost and timelines are very important in

this stagethis stage

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The nuts and bolts of The nuts and bolts of PrototypingPrototypingSlide 3 of 4Slide 3 of 4

4. Analyzing the concept4. Analyzing the concept• This is primarily measured by focus groups This is primarily measured by focus groups

and technology and technology • BenchmarkingBenchmarking

5. Prototype rollout5. Prototype rollout• Always have a backup planAlways have a backup plan• Changes can be made to design as it Changes can be made to design as it

becomes apparent which aspects work and becomes apparent which aspects work and which do notwhich do not

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The nuts and bolts of The nuts and bolts of PrototypingPrototypingSlide 4 of 4Slide 4 of 4

6. Evolution of the design6. Evolution of the design• Communication is essential in this final stage. Communication is essential in this final stage.

• Feedback should be given on the prototype Feedback should be given on the prototype

and suggestions on how to improveand suggestions on how to improve

Anonymous.Anonymous. “Prototypes: From concept to rollout.” “Prototypes: From concept to rollout.” Chain Store Chain Store AgeAge, New York; May 1999; Vol. 75, Iss. 5; pg. 199, 1 pgs., New York; May 1999; Vol. 75, Iss. 5; pg. 199, 1 pgs.

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How Prototyping worksHow Prototyping works

• Several types of PrototypesSeveral types of Prototypes• Depending on the industry/product Depending on the industry/product

different techniques are useddifferent techniques are used

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How Prototyping worksHow Prototyping worksBasic PrototypeBasic Prototype

• ““Nonworking mockup of the product that can Nonworking mockup of the product that can be reviewed by customers prior to acceptance.”be reviewed by customers prior to acceptance.”

• Sometimes these basic prototypes are used at Sometimes these basic prototypes are used at trade showstrade shows

• For example, the auto industry refers to them For example, the auto industry refers to them as concept cars.as concept cars.

Foster, Dr. Thomas. Foster, Dr. Thomas. Managing Quality: An integrative ApproachManaging Quality: An integrative Approach. New Jersey: Prentice . New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.Hall, 2001.

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How Prototyping worksHow Prototyping worksPaper PrototypesPaper Prototypes

• Series of drawings that are created by Series of drawings that are created by the developers that are used to obtain the developers that are used to obtain the acceptance by decision makers. the acceptance by decision makers.

• For example, sticky notes are used when For example, sticky notes are used when designing Graphical User Interfaces so designing Graphical User Interfaces so users can see the proposalusers can see the proposal

Foster, Dr. Thomas. Foster, Dr. Thomas. Managing Quality: An integrative ApproachManaging Quality: An integrative Approach. New . New

Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.

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How Prototyping worksHow Prototyping worksRapid PrototypingRapid Prototyping

• Rapid Prototyping is used to Rapid Prototyping is used to accelerate the design processaccelerate the design process

• Leads to high quality, defect free Leads to high quality, defect free products and reduces riskproducts and reduces risk

• This technique has proven This technique has proven essential to market leaders such as essential to market leaders such as Microsoft, Intel and CiscoMicrosoft, Intel and Cisco

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How Prototyping worksHow Prototyping worksCAD System and Multi-user CADCAD System and Multi-user CAD

• CAD-computer aided designCAD-computer aided design• Can be used to design anythingCan be used to design anything• Improve ability of designersImprove ability of designers• Simplify process of prototypingSimplify process of prototyping• Reengineered the innovation of Reengineered the innovation of

global manufacturersglobal manufacturers

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An Example of how Prototyping is utilized An Example of how Prototyping is utilized in business : in business : Microsoft and Internet Explorer 3.0Microsoft and Internet Explorer 3.0Slide 1 of 3Slide 1 of 3

• Behind in the development of an Behind in the development of an internet browserinternet browser

• Started development November 1, 1995Started development November 1, 1995• Made the project a “company –wide Made the project a “company –wide

emergency”emergency”• Needed architecture that allowed Needed architecture that allowed

parallel development in order to reach parallel development in order to reach target datetarget date

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An Example of how Prototyping is utilized An Example of how Prototyping is utilized in business : in business : Microsoft and Internet Explorer 3.0Microsoft and Internet Explorer 3.0Slide 2 of 3Slide 2 of 3

• March 1996-Feedback was received with March 1996-Feedback was received with only 30% of system was completeonly 30% of system was complete

• April 1996-Beta version was dispersed to April 1996-Beta version was dispersed to general publicgeneral public

• Customers could give input on the Customers could give input on the productproduct

• Integration of new features continued Integration of new features continued through final weeksthrough final weeks

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An Example of how Prototyping is utilized An Example of how Prototyping is utilized in business : in business : Microsoft and Internet Explorer 3.0Microsoft and Internet Explorer 3.0Slide 3 of 3Slide 3 of 3

• Successful because of the techniques Successful because of the techniques used developing the software and used developing the software and “componentizing the product”“componentizing the product”

• Obviously, Microsoft was very successful Obviously, Microsoft was very successful with this productwith this product

• Able to maintain quality standardsAble to maintain quality standards

Alan MacCormack. “Alan MacCormack. “Product-development practices that work: How Product-development practices that work: How Internet companies build software.” Internet companies build software.” MIT Sloan Management MIT Sloan Management ReviewReview, Cambridge; Winter 2001; Vol. 42, Iss. 2; pg. 75, 10 pgs , Cambridge; Winter 2001; Vol. 42, Iss. 2; pg. 75, 10 pgs

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SummarySummarySlide 1 of 1Slide 1 of 1

• Prototyping allows all departments Prototyping allows all departments and key personnel to see the same and key personnel to see the same visionvision

• There are many different There are many different techniques to usetechniques to use

• Six basic steps for whatever the Six basic steps for whatever the technique may betechnique may be

• Great quality tool to utilizeGreat quality tool to utilize

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BibliographyBibliographySlide 1 of 2Slide 1 of 2

Brian Wansink. “Brian Wansink. “New techniques to generate key marketing insights.” New techniques to generate key marketing insights.” Marketing ResearchMarketing Research, Chicago; Summer 2000; Vol. 12, Iss. 2; pg. 28, , Chicago; Summer 2000; Vol. 12, Iss. 2; pg. 28, 9 pgs 9 pgs

Charmaine Jones. Charmaine Jones. “Perfecting the prototype.” “Perfecting the prototype.” Appliance ManufacturerAppliance Manufacturer, , Troy; Aug 2001; Vol. 49, Iss. 8; pg. 49, 2 pgs Troy; Aug 2001; Vol. 49, Iss. 8; pg. 49, 2 pgs

Donna Mitchell. Donna Mitchell. “Virtual prototyping.” “Virtual prototyping.” Printed Circuit DesignPrinted Circuit Design, San , San Francisco; Dec 2000; Vol. 17, Iss. 12; pg. 26, 3 pgs Francisco; Dec 2000; Vol. 17, Iss. 12; pg. 26, 3 pgs

Jim Holt. “Jim Holt. “Prototype power.” Prototype power.” Management ReviewManagement Review, New York; Jan 2000; , New York; Jan 2000; Vol. 89, Iss. 1; pg. 14, 1 pgs Vol. 89, Iss. 1; pg. 14, 1 pgs

Tom Mueller. “Tom Mueller. “ Rapid prototyping = risk reduction.” Rapid prototyping = risk reduction.” Molding SystemsMolding Systems, , Dearborn; Apr 1999; Vol. 57, Iss. 4; pg. 40, 7 pgs Dearborn; Apr 1999; Vol. 57, Iss. 4; pg. 40, 7 pgs

Bill SchweberBill Schweber “Prototyping tools transform design dreams into reality.” “Prototyping tools transform design dreams into reality.” EDNEDN, Boston; May 13, 1999; Vol. 44, Iss. 10; pg. 75, 6 pgs , Boston; May 13, 1999; Vol. 44, Iss. 10; pg. 75, 6 pgs

Alan MacCormack. “Alan MacCormack. “Product-development practices that work: How Product-development practices that work: How Internet companies build software.” Internet companies build software.” MIT Sloan Management MIT Sloan Management ReviewReview, Cambridge; Winter 2001; Vol. 42, Iss. 2; pg. 75, 10 pgs , Cambridge; Winter 2001; Vol. 42, Iss. 2; pg. 75, 10 pgs

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BibliographyBibliographySlide 2 of 2Slide 2 of 2

Wilhelm HasselbringWilhelm Hasselbring “ “Programming languages and systems for prototyping Programming languages and systems for prototyping concurrent applications.” concurrent applications.” ACM Computing SurveysACM Computing Surveys, Baltimore; Mar , Baltimore; Mar 2000; Vol. 32, Iss. 1; pg. 43, 37 pgs 2000; Vol. 32, Iss. 1; pg. 43, 37 pgs

Tom Tom Kelley “Prototyping is the shorthand of innovation.”Kelley “Prototyping is the shorthand of innovation.”Design Design Management JournalManagement Journal, Boston; Summer 2001; Vol. 12, Iss. 3; pg. 35, 8 , Boston; Summer 2001; Vol. 12, Iss. 3; pg. 35, 8 pgs pgs

Michael Michael Schrage. “HowSchrage. “How prototypes can change your business.” prototypes can change your business.” Across Across the Boardthe Board, New York; Jan 2000; Vol. 37, Iss. 1; pg. 43, 5 pgs , New York; Jan 2000; Vol. 37, Iss. 1; pg. 43, 5 pgs

Anonymous.Anonymous. “Prototypical solutions.”; “Prototypical solutions.”; Chain Store AgeChain Store Age, New York; Jul , New York; Jul 2001; Vol. 77, Iss. 7; pg. 96, 2 pgs 2001; Vol. 77, Iss. 7; pg. 96, 2 pgs

G Thomas G Thomas Clay. “Rapid prototyping accelerates the design process.” Clay. “Rapid prototyping accelerates the design process.” Machine DesignMachine Design, Cleveland; Mar 9, 2000; Vol. 72, Iss. 5; pg. 166, 4 , Cleveland; Mar 9, 2000; Vol. 72, Iss. 5; pg. 166, 4 pgs pgs

Anonymous.Anonymous. “Prototypes: From concept to rollout.” “Prototypes: From concept to rollout.” Chain Store AgeChain Store Age, , New York; May 1999; Vol. 75, Iss. 5; pg. 199, 1 pgs.New York; May 1999; Vol. 75, Iss. 5; pg. 199, 1 pgs.

Foster, Dr. Thomas.Foster, Dr. Thomas.Managing Quality: An integrative ApproachManaging Quality: An integrative Approach. New . New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2001.