1 Purpose Introduce IS-2000 in terms of Introduce IS-2000 in terms of basic features or capability basic features or capability supported supported Standard is not organized by features, but rather they are largely hidden in specification wording Assuming knowledge of IS-95 Focus on differences and Focus on differences and enhancements from IS-95 enhancements from IS-95 A high-level description A high-level description intended for internal and intended for internal and external audiences external audiences
Transcript
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Purpose
Introduce IS-2000 in terms of basic features Introduce IS-2000 in terms of basic features or capability supportedor capability supported Standard is not organized by features, but rather they
are largely hidden in specification wording Assuming knowledge of IS-95
Focus on differences and enhancements Focus on differences and enhancements from IS-95from IS-95
A high-level description intended for internal A high-level description intended for internal and external audiences and external audiences
• Forward and Reverse Channels use DSSS carrier at 1.2288Mcps
Spreading Rate 3 (3x)• Forward Channel uses three DSS carriers at 1.2288Mcps each• Reverse Channel uses one DSSS carrier at 3.6864Mcps
RTT: Radio Transmission TechnologyRTT: Radio Transmission Technology Collection of air interface technologies for telecommunication
systems
1xRTT EV-DV:1xRTT EV-DV: RTT: Radio Transmission Technology EV: 1xEVolution is the migration path of 1x systems to higher
packet data rates DV: Data and Voice
3GPP2: 3G Partnership Project 23GPP2: 3G Partnership Project 2 Collaboration of many Standards Development Organizations Global specifications for IS-41 based networks
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Goals for 3G CDMA
Backward compatible to IS-95Backward compatible to IS-95
Enhanced Wireless ServicesEnhanced Wireless Services Voice Circuit Switched Data Packet Switched Data
Double the voice capacityDouble the voice capacity
Data rates up to 2MbpsData rates up to 2Mbps
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CDMA 2000 Family of Standards
Release 0 – Completed 7/1999Release 0 – Completed 7/1999 First 3G CDMA specification Completed under a tight schedule Not all physical layer features are supported by the
signaling specification of Release 0 Today’s CDMA 1x typically offer up to 153kbps data
rate, upload and download
Release A – Completed 3/2000Release A – Completed 3/2000 Contain signaling support for the entire Release 0
physical layer Technically, Release A is the first complete 3G CDMA
air interface specification• Most people consider Release 0 as the baseline 3G
standard today
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CDMA 2000 Family of Standards
Release B Release B A small release that served the purpose to timely
introduce some urgent carrier requirements
Release C – Completed 5/2002Release C – Completed 5/2002 1x EV DV (1xRTT Evolution, Data and Voice) was first
introduced Allows up to 3.1Mbps on the forward link
Release DRelease D DV reverse link improvement Close to completion
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1x EV DO (1xRTT Evolution, Data-Only)
A separate series of specification that A separate series of specification that belongs to the CDMA2000 family of belongs to the CDMA2000 family of standards – (IS-856)standards – (IS-856)
A completely different air interface standard A completely different air interface standard but operate on the same 1xRTT spectrumbut operate on the same 1xRTT spectrum Both 1x and 3x are included in IS-2000, although 3x is becoming
obsolete and no longer of interest to any carriers Different than 1x EV DV, it requires a complete 1.25MHz CDMA
carrier
Baseline 1x EV DO spec was published in 2001Baseline 1x EV DO spec was published in 2001 A new release, namely A new release, namely 1xEV DO Release A 1xEV DO Release A
is currently under going standardization, is currently under going standardization, targeting major reverse link improvementstargeting major reverse link improvements
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CDMA2000 versus WCDMA
Even though both are based on CDMA technology Even though both are based on CDMA technology they are significantly different:they are significantly different:
Spreading rate is 3.84Mcps (versus 1.2288Mcps)Spreading rate is 3.84Mcps (versus 1.2288Mcps) BS not Synchronized to GPS timeBS not Synchronized to GPS time Core network is GSM MAP based (versus ANSI-41)Core network is GSM MAP based (versus ANSI-41) Vocoders are differentVocoders are different
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AgendaAgenda
CDMA2000 Protocol LayersCDMA2000 Protocol Layers Air Interface Physical LayerAir Interface Physical Layer Data MultiplexingData Multiplexing Power Control EnhancementsPower Control Enhancements Rel. C FeaturesRel. C Features
Air Interface Physical LayerAir Interface Physical Layer Logical and Physical Channel Naming New Physical Channels Radio Configurations Variable Walsh Spreading Quasi-Orthogonol Codes Turbo Coding 5 ms Frame Support Modulation Differences
Data MultiplexingData Multiplexing Power Control EnhancementsPower Control Enhancements Rel. C FeaturesRel. C Features
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Logical vs. Physical Channels
Forward Link and Reverse LinkForward Link and Reverse Link Forward Link: BS to MS, written in f-<chan> or F-<CHAN> Reverse Link: MS to BS, written in r-<chan> or R-<CHAN>
Logical ChannelsLogical Channels Always written in lower case csch: common signaling channel, include f-csch and r-csch
• Signaling channel shared by more than one MS dsch: dedicated signaling channel, include r-dsch and f-dsch
• Signaling channel assigned to one MS dtch: dedicated traffic channel, include f-dtch and r-dtch
• All traffic channels, prior to Rel D, are usually dedicated to one user/MS
Physical ChannelsPhysical Channels Expressed in capital letters
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Physical Channels Naming – Common ChannelsPhysical Channels Naming – Common Channels
Forward Common Channels F-PICH Pilot channel, same as IS-95 F-SYNC Sync Channel, same as IS-95 F-PCH Paging Channel, same as IS-95 F-CCCHCommon Control Channel F-BCCHBroadcast Control Channel F-CACHChannel Assignment channel F-CPCCH Common Power Control channel F-QPCH Quick Paging channel F-TDPICH Tx Diversity Pilot channel F-APICH Dedicated Auxilary Pilot channel R-ATDPICH Aux Tx Diversity Pilot channelReverse Common Channels R-ACH Access Channel, same as IS-95 R-PICH Reverse Pilot channel R-CCCH Reverse Common Control channel R-EACH Reverse Enhanced Access channel
Forward and ReverseForward and Reverse F/R-FCH Fundamental channel F/R- DCCH Dedicated Control channel F/R- SCH Supplemental channel F/R- SCCH Supplemental Code channel (same as IS-
95B)
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Logical to Physical Channel Mapping
MAC function maps logical channels with one or more MAC function maps logical channels with one or more physical channelsphysical channels
Dedicated channels are setup for each callDedicated channels are setup for each call
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New Physical Channels: Reverse Link New Physical Channels: Reverse Link Pilot ChannelPilot Channel
R-PICH is used by the BS receiver to estimate the carrier R-PICH is used by the BS receiver to estimate the carrier phase and perform pilot added coherent demodulationphase and perform pilot added coherent demodulation Increase in Reverse Link Capacity The IS-95 reverse link transmission is based on non-coherent
detection R-PICH can be used to estimate the energy of the R-PICH can be used to estimate the energy of the
received traffic channel and to perform reverse link inner received traffic channel and to perform reverse link inner loop power controlloop power control
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New Physical Channels: Forward Link New Physical Channels: Forward Link Transmit DiversityTransmit Diversity
Transmit Diversity increases the Forward Link Capacity Transmit Diversity increases the Forward Link Capacity since a lower Esince a lower Ebb/N/N00 is required is required
Transmit Diversity reduces the effects of deep fades since Transmit Diversity reduces the effects of deep fades since each path is separated in space or time; requires two each path is separated in space or time; requires two antennasantennas
Two methods are optionally provided for:Two methods are optionally provided for: Space Time Spreading (STS) Transmit Diversity
• Uses an orthogonal subsequence so that all symbols are transmitted on both antennas
Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)• Splits the symbols into two streams. Each stream is spread
with a different Walsh sequence and transmitted via a different antenna.
• OTD auxiliary pilot is required to support the second antenna – not expected to be used
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New Physical Channels: Quick Paging New Physical Channels: Quick Paging ChannelChannel
QPCH is introduced to decrease the wake time of a MS in QPCH is introduced to decrease the wake time of a MS in slotted mode, that is the time the MS has to periodically slotted mode, that is the time the MS has to periodically demodulate the PCH or F-CCCH. demodulate the PCH or F-CCCH. Increase MS battery life
MS monitors Paging Indicators on an assigned QPCH slot MS monitors Paging Indicators on an assigned QPCH slot based on its IMSI. The QPCH slot proceeds its assigned based on its IMSI. The QPCH slot proceeds its assigned PCH slot by 100 ms.PCH slot by 100 ms. BS sets the PI bit to the ‘ON’ state to inform the MS that it should
receive the F-CCCH or PCH in the next slot Compared with demodulating 1 or 2 80ms PCH/F-CCCH frame
Tradeoff: Requires additional Forward Link Channel and Tradeoff: Requires additional Forward Link Channel and may introduce signaling latencymay introduce signaling latency
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New Physical Channels: Access Channel New Physical Channels: Access Channel EnhancementsEnhancements
Four new physical channels: R-EACH, R-CCCH, F-CACH and F-Four new physical channels: R-EACH, R-CCCH, F-CACH and F-CPCCH were introduced to support four different types of new CPCCH were introduced to support four different types of new access modes on top of the basic IS-95 access methods. access modes on top of the basic IS-95 access methods.
1.1. Basic Access (BA) mode is mandatoryBasic Access (BA) mode is mandatory R-EACH is required for this mode
2.2. Reservation Access (RA) mode is mandatoryReservation Access (RA) mode is mandatory R-EACH, R-CCCH, F-CACH and F-CPCCH are required for this mode
3.3. Power Controlled Access (PCA) mode (Rel. B)Power Controlled Access (PCA) mode (Rel. B) R-EACH, F-CACH and F-CPCCH are required for this mode
4.4. Designated Access (DA) mode (Rel. B)Designated Access (DA) mode (Rel. B) R-CCCH, F-CCCH and F-CPCCH are required for this mode
Access Channel Enhancements reduces probability of Access Channel Enhancements reduces probability of packet collision.packet collision.
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New Physical Channels: New Traffic New Physical Channels: New Traffic ChannelsChannels
Three new dedicated traffic channels: FCH, DCCH and Three new dedicated traffic channels: FCH, DCCH and SCH. SCH. All traffic channels are code multiplexed. The independent gain settings and QoS requirements
such as FER or BER on the traffic channels can be set independently for optimal allocation of link resources.
Benefits:Benefits: Compared to IS-95, IS-2000 Dedicated Traffic Channels
allow flexible support of different services in a more efficient manner.
SCH allows the transport of scheduled high speed data. DCCH allows better voice quality for premium voice
services and can reduce packet scheduling delay.
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New Physical Channels: New Traffic New Physical Channels: New Traffic ChannelsChannels
The FCH supports variable-rate transmission with blind rate detectionThe FCH supports variable-rate transmission with blind rate detection Maximum data rate is 9.6 or 14.4 kbps for Rate Set 1 or 2
The SCH is used to carry data traffic in circuit or packet modeThe SCH is used to carry data traffic in circuit or packet mode SCH data rate is a multiple (1x, 2x, 4x, 8x, or 16x) of the
fundamental data rate used by the corresponding FCH or DCCH, that is, either 9.6 or 14.4 kbps for Rate Set 1 or 2, respectively.
The data rate of the SCH must be scheduled using signaling, unlike the FCH that employs variable-rate transmission with blind rate detection.
DCCH is a dedicated channel for signaling and mini-signaling DCCH is a dedicated channel for signaling and mini-signaling messages directed to a particular usermessages directed to a particular user Can be in Discontinuous Transmission Mode (DTX) when no
signaling data is to be sent Possible to share the same F-DCCH for multiple mobiles on time-
shared basis to conserve the Walsh Code resource Although DCCH may also carry regular voice or data traffic, it
should typically be reserved for signaling
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New Radio Configurations
Radio Configurations (RC)Radio Configurations (RC) are introduced to are introduced to specify a given code rate, modulation, and specify a given code rate, modulation, and spreading rate. spreading rate.
The IS-95 Rate Set 1 and Rate Set 2 replaced by The IS-95 Rate Set 1 and Rate Set 2 replaced by Radio Configurations for Forward and Reverse Radio Configurations for Forward and Reverse Links.Links. Forward Link: RC 1-5 for 1x and RC 6-9 for 3x Reverse Link: RC 1-4 for 1x and RC 5-6 for 3x
Forward Link Radio ConfigurationsForward Link Radio Configurations* per Supplemental Channel* per Supplemental ChannelC= Convolutional, T = TurboC= Convolutional, T = Turbo
RCRC RSRS Max Data Max Data Rate* Rate* ~kbps~kbps
FEC RateFEC Rate FEC FEC EncodeEncode
ModulationModulation
11 11 9.69.6 1/21/2 CC BPSKBPSK
22 22 14.414.4 3/43/4 CC BPSKBPSK
33 11 153.6153.6 1/41/4 C or TC or T QPSKQPSK
44 11 307.2307.2 1/21/2 C or TC or T QPSKQPSK
55 22 230.4230.4 3/83/8 C or TC or T QPSKQPSK
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New Radio Configurations
Reverse Link Radio ConfigurationsReverse Link Radio Configurations* per Supplemental Channel* per Supplemental ChannelC= Convolutional, T = TurboC= Convolutional, T = Turbo
The requirements to support IS-2000 RC are as The requirements to support IS-2000 RC are as follows:follows: IS-95 compatible mode: F/R (1,1) and (2,2) 1x cdma2000 mode: F/R (3,3), (4,3), and (5,4)
RCRC RSRS Max Data Max Data Rate* Rate* ~kbps~kbps
FEC RateFEC Rate FEC FEC EncodeEncode
ModulationModulation
11 11 9.69.6 1/31/3 CC 64-64-ary orthoary ortho
22 22 14.414.4 1/21/2 CC 64-64-ary orthoary ortho
33 11 153.6153.6 1/41/4 C or TC or T QPSKQPSK
33 11 307.2307.2 1/21/2 C or TC or T QPSKQPSK
44 22 230.4230.4 3/83/8 C or TC or T QPSKQPSK
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Walsh Code Notation and GenerationWalsh Code Notation and Generation
Walsh codes generated using tree structure:Walsh codes generated using tree structure:
Walsh code WWalsh code W iimm represents a Walsh code of length represents a Walsh code of length
m using index Im using index I IS-95 uses length 64 Walsh CodesIS-95 uses length 64 Walsh Codes cdma2000 uses variable length Walsh Codes with cdma2000 uses variable length Walsh Codes with
Variable length Walsh spreading achieves higher data Variable length Walsh spreading achieves higher data rates on the forward linkrates on the forward link
Assigning a Assigning a shortershorter Walsh function to a user while Walsh function to a user while increasingincreasing the data rate results in a constant chip rate the data rate results in a constant chip rate
Shorter codes are higher up in the tree structure, longer Shorter codes are higher up in the tree structure, longer codes generated from this code can not be used at the codes generated from this code can not be used at the same time (maintain orthogonality between channels)same time (maintain orthogonality between channels)
Improved Walsh resource utilization: Certain code Improved Walsh resource utilization: Certain code channels such as the Auxiliary pilot may be spread using a channels such as the Auxiliary pilot may be spread using a long Walsh function, which can enlarge the set of Walsh long Walsh function, which can enlarge the set of Walsh resourcesresources
Some cdma2000 Forward Link Channel Walsh CodesSome cdma2000 Forward Link Channel Walsh Codes Forward Pilot W0
64
Quick Paging Channel W80128
Transmit Diversity Pilot W16128
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Quasi-Orthogonal Function (QOF)Quasi-Orthogonal Function (QOF)
Forward Link may run out of Walsh code spaceForward Link may run out of Walsh code space Increased capacity improvements Additional overhead channels Variable Walsh code spreading
Quasi-Orthognoal Function can be used to enlarge the Quasi-Orthognoal Function can be used to enlarge the number of code channelsnumber of code channels
Generated by multiplying Walsh Codes by masking Generated by multiplying Walsh Codes by masking functions with QPSK symbols. QOF’s are not orthogonal functions with QPSK symbols. QOF’s are not orthogonal to the Walsh space but are close to orthogonal (“Quasi”).to the Walsh space but are close to orthogonal (“Quasi”).
QOF is mandatory for IS-2000 mobiles. A 2-bit QOF field is QOF is mandatory for IS-2000 mobiles. A 2-bit QOF field is added in Extended Channel Assignment (ECAM) and added in Extended Channel Assignment (ECAM) and Universal Handoff Direction Message (UHDM) to support Universal Handoff Direction Message (UHDM) to support QOF assignmentQOF assignment
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Turbo CodesTurbo Codes
Turbo codes require lower Eb/No than traditional Turbo codes require lower Eb/No than traditional convolutional codes at a high rate – convolutional codes at a high rate – Increased capacity!Increased capacity!
In IS-2000 turbo codes can be used on SCHs, typically In IS-2000 turbo codes can be used on SCHs, typically when the data rate when the data rate 19.2 kpbs 19.2 kpbs
Turbo codes generated using two parallel convolutional Turbo codes generated using two parallel convolutional encoders with an interleaver before the second encoderencoders with an interleaver before the second encoder
Turbo decoding usually requires long processing delay and Turbo decoding usually requires long processing delay and is used for delay-tolerant packet data servicesis used for delay-tolerant packet data services
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Support of 5 ms framesSupport of 5 ms frames
Shorter frame sizes allows faster signaling Shorter frame sizes allows faster signaling between MS and BSbetween MS and BS
5ms mini frames can be operated on FCH, DCCH, 5ms mini frames can be operated on FCH, DCCH, or some of the common channels such as F-CCCH or some of the common channels such as F-CCCH and R-CCCHand R-CCCH
5ms frames are intended to carry small signaling 5ms frames are intended to carry small signaling messages that require a fast turn around timemessages that require a fast turn around time For example, the mini-PPSMM message, Supplemental
Channel Request Mini Message (SCRM), Forward/Reverse Supplemental Channel Assignment Mini Message (SCAM), etc.
Data MultiplexingData Multiplexing Power Control EnhancementsPower Control Enhancements Rel. C FeaturesRel. C Features
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Radio Access Bearer Profile SupportRadio Access Bearer Profile Support
RAB: A service connection with a BSRAB: A service connection with a BS MAC controls profile of RAB assigned to MAC controls profile of RAB assigned to
a single usera single user MAC also control logical to physical MAC also control logical to physical
mappingmapping Even though multiple service options may be connected
between the Core Network and the MS, each of them corresponding to a RAB, MAC may still map two or more bearers onto a single physical channel
LPM (Logical to Physical Channel LPM (Logical to Physical Channel Mapping)Mapping) Key for supporting complex services such as Concurrent
Services for multimedia applications (e.g. parallel voice and video streams).
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RABs supported by CDMA2000RABs supported by CDMA2000
V1 (Voice Option 1): Signaling and Voice on FCHV1 (Voice Option 1): Signaling and Voice on FCH V2 (Voice Option 2): Voice on FCH; Signaling on DCCHV2 (Voice Option 2): Voice on FCH; Signaling on DCCH P1 (Packet Option 1): Signaling and Data on FCH; Data Bursts on P1 (Packet Option 1): Signaling and Data on FCH; Data Bursts on
SCHSCH P2 (Packet Option 2): Signaling and Data on DCCH; Data Bursts on P2 (Packet Option 2): Signaling and Data on DCCH; Data Bursts on
SCHSCH P3 (Packet Option 3): Data on FCH; Signaling on DCCH; Data Bursts P3 (Packet Option 3): Data on FCH; Signaling on DCCH; Data Bursts
on SCHon SCH VP1 (Voice and Data Option 1): Signaling, Voice, and Data on FCH; VP1 (Voice and Data Option 1): Signaling, Voice, and Data on FCH;
Data Burst on SCHData Burst on SCH VP2 (Voice and Data Option 2): Signaling and Voice on FCH; Data VP2 (Voice and Data Option 2): Signaling and Voice on FCH; Data
on DCCH; Data Burst on SCHon DCCH; Data Burst on SCH CH (Control Hold Mode): Only Reverse Pilot Tx (reduced power)CH (Control Hold Mode): Only Reverse Pilot Tx (reduced power)
Power Control is on FCH if present, DCCH otherwisePower Control is on FCH if present, DCCH otherwise
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Bearer Profile Support RequirementsBearer Profile Support Requirements
Requirements:Requirements: V1: Mandatory for MS and BS V2: Optional, but Mandatory if DCCH is supported P1: Optional, but Mandatory if SCH is supported P2: Optional, but Mandatory if both DCCH and SCH are supported VP1: Optional, but Mandatory if SCH is supported and Concurrent
Services is supported P3, VP2: Optional for MS and BS
VoiceVoice DataData DVDV Signaling OnlySignaling Only
FCH onlyFCH only V1V1 P1P1 VP1VP1 XX
DCCH DCCH onlyonly
XX P2P2 XX CHCH
FCH + FCH + DCCHDCCH
V2V2 P3P3 VP2VP2 XX
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IS-2000 Data MultiplexingIS-2000 Data Multiplexing
Traffic TypesTraffic Types Primary Traffic: User Voice Secondary Traffic: User Data other than Voice Signaling: Call Control Messaging
Mode A: IS-95 compatibleMode A: IS-95 compatible FCH for signaling and primary and/or secondary traffic Up to 7 SCCH channels for Medium Data Rate (MDR)
Mode B: cdma2000 enhancementMode B: cdma2000 enhancement FCH and/or DCCH for signaling and primary and/or secondary
traffic Up to 2 SCH channels for High Speed Data (HSD)
FCH Dim-and-Burst and Blank-and-BurstFCH Dim-and-Burst and Blank-and-Burst Primary Traffic Only Dim-and-Burst Rate: 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 division of Primary traffic
and Signaling or Secondary traffic Blank-and-Burst: Signaling Only
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IS-2000 Data MultiplexingIS-2000 Data Multiplexing
Multiplexing: Tx and Rx function routing under QoS prioritiesMultiplexing: Tx and Rx function routing under QoS priorities RLP: Radio Link Protocol for segmentation and reassembly of RLP: Radio Link Protocol for segmentation and reassembly of
packets (IS-707A)packets (IS-707A)
DATA VOICE SIGNALING
LAC
MUX PDU Type 1 & 2
MUX PDU Type 3
SCH FCH/DCCH
RLP
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RLP TypesRLP Types
Type 1: Rate Set 1 (9600 bps)Type 1: Rate Set 1 (9600 bps) FCH supports full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 rate DCCH, SCH, SCCH supports full rate
Type 2: Rate Set 2 (14400 bps)Type 2: Rate Set 2 (14400 bps) FCH supports full, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8 rate DCCH, SCH, SCCH supports full rate
Type 3: Used on SCH to select RS, block size, and rate Type 3: Used on SCH to select RS, block size, and rate multiplier (19.2 kbps to 230.4 kbps)multiplier (19.2 kbps to 230.4 kbps)
Type 4: Used on FCH and DCCH supporting 5ms for Type 4: Used on FCH and DCCH supporting 5ms for signalingsignaling
Type 5: Used on SCH, single service data only, variable Type 5: Used on SCH, single service data only, variable lengthlength
Type 6: Used on FCH and DCCH, multiple servicesType 6: Used on FCH and DCCH, multiple services
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Logical Transmit Unit (LTU) Processing
LTU: Logical Transmission UnitLTU: Logical Transmission Unit Split higher rate frames into sub-frames (LTU) with their Split higher rate frames into sub-frames (LTU) with their
own CRCs inserted at the MAC layer. own CRCs inserted at the MAC layer. Physical layer frame is the same regardless of number of Physical layer frame is the same regardless of number of
LTUsLTUs When LTUs processing is used and the physical frame is When LTUs processing is used and the physical frame is
received in error, the multiplexing sublayer will perform received in error, the multiplexing sublayer will perform CRC checking on a per LTU basis and may be able to CRC checking on a per LTU basis and may be able to recover one or more LTUsrecover one or more LTUs More efficient than discarding the entire frame in error
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MuxType for RLP Type 3 Data
Service Negotiation between MS and BS results in time limited Service Negotiation between MS and BS results in time limited bandwidth reservationbandwidth reservation
Above tables applies per SCH (0/1)Above tables applies per SCH (0/1)
SCH RateSCH Rate Rate Set 1Rate Set 1 Rate Set 2Rate Set 2
1616xx 00x921x921 00x922x922SCH RateSCH Rate Rate Set 1Rate Set 1 Rate Set 2Rate Set 2
11xx 9600 9600 bpsbps 14400 14400 bpsbps
22xx 19200 19200 bpsbps 28800 28800 bpsbps
44xx 38400 38400 bpsbps 57600 57600 bpsbps
88xx 76800 76800 bpsbps 115200 115200 bpsbps
1616xx 153600 153600 bpsbps 230400 230400 bpsbps
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AgendaAgenda
CDMA2000 Protocol LayersCDMA2000 Protocol Layers Air Interface Physical LayerAir Interface Physical Layer Data MultiplexingData Multiplexing
Power Control EnhancementsPower Control Enhancements Rel. C FeaturesRel. C Features
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Fast Forward Link Power ControlFast Forward Link Power Control
Major contributor to increased capacity (2x Major contributor to increased capacity (2x voice capacity) by decreasing the overall voice capacity) by decreasing the overall interference on the Forward Linkinterference on the Forward Link
In IS-2000 the forward link dedicated traffic In IS-2000 the forward link dedicated traffic channels (FCH, DCCH, SCH) can be jointly channels (FCH, DCCH, SCH) can be jointly power controlled at a rate of up to 800 Hzpower controlled at a rate of up to 800 Hz
‘‘Up’/’Down’ power control bits in 1dB, Up’/’Down’ power control bits in 1dB, 0.5dB, or 0.25dB0.5dB, or 0.25dB
The power control information bits are The power control information bits are carried over the reverse power control carried over the reverse power control subchannel, which is time multiplexed with subchannel, which is time multiplexed with the Reverse Link Pilot Channelthe Reverse Link Pilot Channel
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Fast Forward Link Power Control ModesFast Forward Link Power Control Modes
Five forward link power control modes in Release 0, plus two more Five forward link power control modes in Release 0, plus two more modes added in Release Amodes added in Release A
Mode 0x00:Mode 0x00: The reverse power control subchannel is entirely dedicated to
either the forward FCH or DCCH The power control subchannel rate is in this case equal to 800 Hz Each traffic channel frame carries 16 power control groups
Mode 0x01 or 0x10:Mode 0x01 or 0x10: Two reverse power control subchannels are time multiplexed The primary subchannel controls either the forward FCH or
DCCH, while the secondary subchannel controls the SCH. Primary and secondary can be both operated at 400 Hz, or can
be operated at 200 and 600 Hz, respectively. Mode 0x11 or 0x100:Mode 0x11 or 0x100:
The power control subchannel bits are all set equal to the Erasure Indicator Bit (EIB) or the Quality Indicator Bit (QIB), therefore slowing down the effective rate of the power control subchannel to 50 Hz.
Mode 0x11: Equivalent to the power control method used in IS-95B Rate Set 2 transmission
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Fast Forward Link Power Control ModesFast Forward Link Power Control Modes
Mode ‘101’ (Rel A):Mode ‘101’ (Rel A): MS uses the QIB definition with 800 bps feedback on the
Reverse Power Control Subchannel are grouped into 50, 25, or 12.5 bps depending on the frame length of that F-SCH.
Mode Mode ‘110’ (Rel A): ‘110’ (Rel A): MS maintains a 400 bps feedback on the F-FCH or the F-DCCH
(similar to FPC_MODE = ‘001’) Remaining 400 bps are grouped into 50, 25, or 12.5 bps
feedback to send the EIB (similar to FPC_MODE = ‘011’) on the master F-SCH
The BS gains much faster feedback on the true quality of the F-SCH without incurring much signaling load
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Enhanced Reverse Link Open Loop Enhanced Reverse Link Open Loop Power ControlPower Control
IS-95B uses fixed power estimate parameters for R-FCHIS-95B uses fixed power estimate parameters for R-FCH IS-2000: the IS-2000: the R-PICH open loop power control is specified, R-PICH open loop power control is specified,
and each code channel output power for the reverse traffic and each code channel output power for the reverse traffic channels are set relative to the pilot channelchannels are set relative to the pilot channel
BS controls power levels on per call basisBS controls power levels on per call basis Allows the most reliable call setup balanced with reverse Allows the most reliable call setup balanced with reverse
link network capacitylink network capacity
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AgendaAgenda
CDMA2000 Protocol LayersCDMA2000 Protocol Layers Air Interface Physical LayerAir Interface Physical Layer RLP Type 3 and Multiplex OptionsRLP Type 3 and Multiplex Options Power Control EnhancementsPower Control Enhancements
Rel. C FeaturesRel. C Features
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Fundamentals of EV-DVFundamentals of EV-DV
11x Evolution to Data and Voice (1xEV-DV)x Evolution to Data and Voice (1xEV-DV) Single 1.25 MHz bandwidth shared between voice and data Single 1.25 MHz bandwidth shared between voice and data
usersusers 3.1 Mbps peak data rate on Forward Packet Data Channel (F-3.1 Mbps peak data rate on Forward Packet Data Channel (F-
PDCH)PDCH) Voice users are usually scheduled firstVoice users are usually scheduled first Dynamic allocation of the unused BS power to data users every Dynamic allocation of the unused BS power to data users every
slot cycle (1.25 ms)slot cycle (1.25 ms)BS
PWR
Time
Voice Users
Data Users
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Some DetailsSome Details
EV-DV scheduler controls the allocation of Walsh space EV-DV scheduler controls the allocation of Walsh space and BS power based on user traffic type (voice, ftp, http, and BS power based on user traffic type (voice, ftp, http, etc.), buffer size and channel conditionsetc.), buffer size and channel conditions
MS monitors and reports its channel condition (C/I) every MS monitors and reports its channel condition (C/I) every 1.25 ms1.25 ms
C/I
Time
User SNR (dB)
C/I reporting
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Major Feature EnhancementsMajor Feature Enhancements
3.1 Mbps data rate on Forward Packet Data Channel (F-PDCH)
Two Forward Packet Data Control Channels (F-PDCC0/1) to support F-PDCH operations
Two Reverse Control Channels (R-CQICH and R-ACKCH) to provide scheduler feedback
Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC) BS rate control based on MS channel conditions Hybrid ARQ using Autonomous Adaptive
BS receives C/I values from each MSBS receives C/I values from each MS Uses C/I and current BS load to decide transmit parameters
If mobile is able to successfully decode the PDCH it If mobile is able to successfully decode the PDCH it sends an ACK on the ACK channelsends an ACK on the ACK channel
If NAK sent, packet will be re-transmitted using HARQ* (AAIR - Autonomous Adaptive Incremental Redundancy)
Up to 4 HARQ channels in parallel to reduce latency HARQ combines information from previous transmission (not a
simple re-transmission)
* Hybrid Automatic Retransmission and Queing
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EV-DV Link AdaptationEV-DV Link Adaptation
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CDMA2000 SummaryCDMA2000 Summary
Fully backward compatible with IS-95 for easy Fully backward compatible with IS-95 for easy migrationmigration
High Speed Packet Data CapabilitiesHigh Speed Packet Data Capabilities More efficient modulation Variable Walsh codes
EV-DV provides smooth coexistence between Voice EV-DV provides smooth coexistence between Voice and Data servicesand Data services
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Questions?
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Terms and Conventions, Acronyms
AcronymsAcronyms• ARQ Automatic repeat request• BS Base Station• CN Core Network• EAP Enhanced access probe• ECAM Extended Channel Assignement Message• FER Frame Error Rate• FFPC Fast Forward Link Power Control• L3 Layer 3• LAC Link access control• LTU Logical transmit unit• MAC Media access control• MABO Mobile Assisted Burst Operation• MAHO Mobile Assisted Hard Handoff• MS Mobile Station• MUX Multiplexing• OTD Orthogonal transmit diversity• PDU Protocol data unit• PC Power Control• QOF Quasi orthogonal function
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Terms and Conventions, Acronyms
AcronymsAcronyms• QoS Quality of Service• RTT Radio transmission technology• RsMA Reservation Mode Access• SAR Segmentation and reassembly• SDU Service data unit• SR1 Spreading rate 1 (i.e. 1x)• SR3 Spreading rate 3 (i.e. 3x)
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Features discussed
Radio Access Bearer ProfilesRadio Access Bearer Profiles Advanced Packet Data States ControlAdvanced Packet Data States Control IS-2000 MultiplexingIS-2000 Multiplexing IS-2000 Quality of Service (QoS)IS-2000 Quality of Service (QoS) Radio Link Protocol (RLP) Type 3Radio Link Protocol (RLP) Type 3 Fast Forward Link Power ControlFast Forward Link Power Control Secondary Power Control SubchannelSecondary Power Control Subchannel Enhanced Reverse Link Open Loop Power ControlEnhanced Reverse Link Open Loop Power Control New Radio ConfigurationsNew Radio Configurations Variable Length Walsh CodesVariable Length Walsh Codes Logical Transmit Unit (LTU) ProcessingLogical Transmit Unit (LTU) Processing Reverse Link Pilot ChannelReverse Link Pilot Channel Auxiliary PilotsAuxiliary Pilots Quick Paging Channel (QPCH)Quick Paging Channel (QPCH) IS-2000 New Traffic Channels (FCH, DCCH and SCH)IS-2000 New Traffic Channels (FCH, DCCH and SCH) Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD)Orthogonal Transmit Diversity (OTD) Space Time Spreading (STS) Transmit Diversity (A)Space Time Spreading (STS) Transmit Diversity (A)
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Features discussed
Multiple Frame InterleavingMultiple Frame Interleaving Turbo CodesTurbo Codes Quasi-Orthogonal Function (QOF)Quasi-Orthogonal Function (QOF) Support of 5 ms framesSupport of 5 ms frames Short Data Burst TeleserviceShort Data Burst Teleservice Mobile Assisted Burst OperationMobile Assisted Burst Operation Mobile Assisted Hard Handoff EnhancementsMobile Assisted Hard Handoff Enhancements User Feature EnhancementsUser Feature Enhancements Access Channel Enhancement (A)Access Channel Enhancement (A) Paging Channel Enhancements (A)Paging Channel Enhancements (A) Enhanced Encryption (A)Enhanced Encryption (A) Flexible Rate (A)Flexible Rate (A) Variable Rate Supplemental Channel (A)Variable Rate Supplemental Channel (A) Settable Reverse Link Power Control Loop Delay (A)Settable Reverse Link Power Control Loop Delay (A) Power Boosting for Inter-Frequency HHO Search(A)Power Boosting for Inter-Frequency HHO Search(A)
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Features discussed
FCH 1/8th Rate Gating (A)FCH 1/8th Rate Gating (A) CDMA Tiered Services (A)CDMA Tiered Services (A) Concurrent Services (A)Concurrent Services (A) Diversity Code Combining in Soft Handoff (B)Diversity Code Combining in Soft Handoff (B) New Repetition Scheme for Flexible and Variable Rate (B)New Repetition Scheme for Flexible and Variable Rate (B) Call Type Based Access Control (B)Call Type Based Access Control (B)
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Auxiliary Pilots
May be used for spot beam and adaptive May be used for spot beam and adaptive antenna applicationsantenna applications
Obtain channel estimation for coherent detection Obtain channel estimation for coherent detection on the forward link when mobiles are in the spot on the forward link when mobiles are in the spot beam coverage or being tracked by smart beam coverage or being tracked by smart antennas. antennas.
Support of this feature requires one or more Support of this feature requires one or more code-multiplexed auxiliary pilots with each code-multiplexed auxiliary pilots with each antenna beamantenna beam
At the upper layer, an auxiliary pilot is treated At the upper layer, an auxiliary pilot is treated the same as a regular pilot.the same as a regular pilot.
Benefits:Benefits: Beam forming and adaptive antenna can increase capacity and
performance Antenna beam-forming can extend the range of voice terminals in
difficult conditions and/or increase the supported data rate for high speed mobiles
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Paging Channel Enhancements
IS-2000 supports BCCH and F-CCCH as part of IS-2000 supports BCCH and F-CCCH as part of enhanced forward common control channel. enhanced forward common control channel. The physical layer specification of BCCH and F-CCCH were introduced in
Release 0 but the signaling support was not completed until Release A. In IS-95, only one common control channel, Paging Channel, is used for
both broadcast and mobile directed page messages.
Two common control channels allows optimizing Two common control channels allows optimizing the physical layer structure (frame length and bit the physical layer structure (frame length and bit rate), the BS transmission power (based on the rate), the BS transmission power (based on the type of message to be carried and its type of message to be carried and its requirements, e.g., short latency, high reliability), requirements, e.g., short latency, high reliability), and the scheduling of paging message and the scheduling of paging message transmission. transmission.
If the BS supports the IS-200-A common channels, If the BS supports the IS-200-A common channels, that the minimum configuration shall include the that the minimum configuration shall include the BCCH, F-CCCH, and the R-EACH. BCCH, F-CCCH, and the R-EACH.
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Paging Channel Enhancements
BCCH Operation:BCCH Operation: Rate: 4.8, 9.6, or 19.2 kbps. At lease one primary BCCH when supported. The primary
BCCH is used to carry the overhead information. There can also be more BCCHs, for example, to carry
broadcast SMS. Number of additional BCCH and their transmission rate are
defined in the Extended System Parameters Message. The MS determines from the General Neighbor List Message whether or not the target BS supports the BCCH operations.
F-CCCH OperationF-CCCH Operation can be operated at 9.6, 19.2, or 38.4 kbps and carry 5, 10,
and 20ms frames. Different from the IS-95 PCH, there can be one or more F-
CCCH designated as the primary F-CCCH and/or the secondary F-CCCH.
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MS periodically monitors the primary F-CCCH, using similar slotted or non-slotted mode. The primary F-CCCH is used to transmit those messages for which the MS location is not yet known, such as the General Page Message, therefore using either flood or zone-based paging.
The primary F-CCCH is operated at a constant rate, which can be 9.6, 19.2, or 38.4 kbps, as advertised by some overhead message on the primary BCCH.
All others messages for which the MS location is known (e.g., those that are transmitted after the BS receives the Page Response or Origination Message) are transmitted on the secondary F-CCCH.
Another fundamental difference of the F-CCCH with respect to the PCH is that the secondary F-CCCH can be operated in soft handoff. Soft handoff may greatly improve demodulation performance for those messages, such as the Extended Channel Assignment Message, that require high reliability and low latency (ARQ cannot be used) requirements
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MS directed messages sent on the secondary F-CCCH can be transmitted at a power level that depends on the estimated MS to BS path loss, therefore reducing forward link capacity consumption. The capacity advantage may be considerable since the vast majority of the messages are sent on the secondary F-CCCH
BenefitsBenefits The F-CCCH can be used to transmit short (5 or 10ms)
messages in support of low-latency signaling for packet data or multimedia services, or can be used to transmit long data bursts at high rate in support of a wide variety of data services.
The BCCH allows an idle mode MS to decrease the time spent awake while updating the overhead information.
The total power allocated to both the BCCH and F-CCCH may be smaller than the one allocated to the PCH. The use of the secondary F-CCCH with power/rate control capability contributes to the forward link capacity improvement. Operation of the F-CCCH in soft handoff also improves forward link capacity.
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Multiple Frame Interleaving
IS-2000A allows the over-the-air frames of duration IS-2000A allows the over-the-air frames of duration equal to 20, 40, or 80 ms. equal to 20, 40, or 80 ms.
Motivation: by increasing the time span of the Motivation: by increasing the time span of the physical layer frame interleaver, better physical layer frame interleaver, better demodulation performance may be achieved. demodulation performance may be achieved. Performance gain depends on the encoder type, rate, and channel
conditions. Note: benefits in capacity/throughput, but can also introduce larger
delay, and therefore is limited for the SCH only.
RCs supporting multi-frame interleaving are RC3 RCs supporting multi-frame interleaving are RC3 and RC4 for spreading rate 1, and RC6 and RC7 for and RC4 for spreading rate 1, and RC6 and RC7 for spreading rate 3. spreading rate 3.
BS uses the Service Configuration Record in the BS uses the Service Configuration Record in the Service Connect Message or Universal/General Service Connect Message or Universal/General Handoff Direction Message to convey the frame Handoff Direction Message to convey the frame duration information.duration information.
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Multiple Frame Interleaving, #2
Frame Offset Adjustment due to Frame Offset Adjustment due to multi-frame interleaving: increased multi-frame interleaving: increased from 4 bits to 6 bits, 4 bits for pcg-from 4 bits to 6 bits, 4 bits for pcg-level offset and 2 bits for frame level level offset and 2 bits for frame level offset. offset. First 4 bits correspond to FRAME_OFFSET, in units of
1.25 ms, same as that for DCCH or FCH. The second 2bits are set to FOR_SCH_FRAME_OFFSET, in units of 20 ms, which is used to stagger the longer SCH frames.
20 ms staggering is necessary because the 1.25 ms increment, depending on the internal BS transport network bandwidth, may not be sufficient when the SCH is transmitted at very high rate or when the load of the BS internal transport network has already peaked.
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Short Data Burst Teleservice
Short Data Burst Teleservices (SDB) allows a MS to Short Data Burst Teleservices (SDB) allows a MS to send or receive a data burst while in dormant or send or receive a data burst while in dormant or control hold state, without the overhead of setting up control hold state, without the overhead of setting up any traffic channel. any traffic channel.
On the network side, SDB-enabled packet data On the network side, SDB-enabled packet data infrastructure may avoid the overhead of setting up infrastructure may avoid the overhead of setting up the traffic bearer by sending small block of packets the traffic bearer by sending small block of packets over the already established control channel.over the already established control channel.
SDB is optional for MS and optional for BS. However SDB is optional for MS and optional for BS. However certain carriers may require this feature to support certain carriers may require this feature to support special applications. Note that a SDB_DESIRED_ONLY special applications. Note that a SDB_DESIRED_ONLY field has been added to Release B to allow more field has been added to Release B to allow more flexible use of SDB for small data bursts on the flexible use of SDB for small data bursts on the common control channel.common control channel.
BenefitsBenefits SDB can be an efficient way to support certain data SDB can be an efficient way to support certain data
applications.applications.
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Mobile Assisted Burst Operation
Mobile Assisted Burst Operation (MABO) allows an Mobile Assisted Burst Operation (MABO) allows an MS to report the pilot strengths of the Active Set MS to report the pilot strengths of the Active Set relatively quickly and frequently during high rate relatively quickly and frequently during high rate Supplemental Channel data bursts or burst on the Supplemental Channel data bursts or burst on the enhanced access channels. enhanced access channels. A mini PSMM (Pilot Strength Measurement Mini Message) messages have
been added to the Reverse Traffic Channel. The BS controls the rules (configurable by the BS via signaling) that trigger
the mini PSMM reports (periodic reporting of a certain number of strongest pilots, pilot strengths exceeding certain thresholds, pilot strengths order change).
Based on the mini-PSMM report, the BS may modify the Active Set for the Supplemental Channel according to the MS's report.
The support of MABO is optional for both the MS The support of MABO is optional for both the MS and the BS. A MABO Supported indicator is and the BS. A MABO Supported indicator is included in the MS Capability Information Record. included in the MS Capability Information Record.
BenefitsBenefits MABO allows efficient support of high data rate transmission at a high
moving speed through soft handoff (diversity gain with low soft handoff overhead).
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Mobile Assisted Hard Handoff Enhancements
Aligned Candidate Frequency Search was added in IS-Aligned Candidate Frequency Search was added in IS-2000, where MS can visit the candidate frequency 2000, where MS can visit the candidate frequency only at predetermined time instances as directed by only at predetermined time instances as directed by the BS. the BS.
In IS-2000-A, “Power Boosting during inter-frequency In IS-2000-A, “Power Boosting during inter-frequency hard handoff” was introduced to allow increased hard handoff” was introduced to allow increased power on the serving frequency for the transmission power on the serving frequency for the transmission of the reminder of a 20ms frame after tuning back of the reminder of a 20ms frame after tuning back from the candidate frequency.from the candidate frequency.
Both Aligned Search and Power Boosting for CF Search Both Aligned Search and Power Boosting for CF Search are optional for the MS and BS.are optional for the MS and BS.
BenefitsBenefits Increased inter-frequency hard handoff reliability, and Increased inter-frequency hard handoff reliability, and
therefore lower call drop rate. This feature may also therefore lower call drop rate. This feature may also increase the accuracy of the forward and revere link increase the accuracy of the forward and revere link power control during inter-frequency hard handoff.power control during inter-frequency hard handoff.
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IS-2000 Quality of Service (QoS)
End-to-end QoS has not fully been standardized End-to-end QoS has not fully been standardized within 3GPP2. within 3GPP2.
Within the air-interface itself, the default service Within the air-interface itself, the default service priorities used by the multiplexing sublayer are, priorities used by the multiplexing sublayer are, in descending order, signaling, primary traffic, in descending order, signaling, primary traffic, secondary traffic.secondary traffic.
In principle, the MAC multiplexing function should In principle, the MAC multiplexing function should be able to negotiate QoS levels by mediating be able to negotiate QoS levels by mediating conflicting requests from competing services and conflicting requests from competing services and appropriately prioritizing access requests.appropriately prioritizing access requests. This behavior still not standardized
The QoS parameters within the Access Network The QoS parameters within the Access Network (BSs and MS) may include the following: priority, (BSs and MS) may include the following: priority, minimum data rate, latency, and data loss minimum data rate, latency, and data loss data loss for packet data services is defined above RLP, while for
circuit data or voice it is simply measured in terms of FER
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Quality of Service, #2
The following QoS requirements has The following QoS requirements has been included in the air-interface for been included in the air-interface for packet data services:packet data services: ‘Non-assured’ data services, which are not particularly
sensitive to minimum data rate and/or delay and/or data loss.
‘Assured’ data services, which are sensitive to some combination of data rate, delay, and data loss.
On the network side, an HLR (Home On the network side, an HLR (Home Location Register) entry has been Location Register) entry has been included for the user specific priority included for the user specific priority parameter (4-bit value, i.e., 16 priority parameter (4-bit value, i.e., 16 priority levels). levels).
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Power Up Function (PUF)
Power Up Function (PUF) allows triangulation Power Up Function (PUF) allows triangulation techniques be used to locate a MS if several BTS techniques be used to locate a MS if several BTS sites can receive the mobile’ signal. sites can receive the mobile’ signal.
Usually in a CDMA system, the mobile transmitter is Usually in a CDMA system, the mobile transmitter is carefully power controlled to avoid detections by carefully power controlled to avoid detections by unintended BSsunintended BSs
During PUF a MS can quickly increase its transmit During PUF a MS can quickly increase its transmit power to allow the detection of more than one BSs power to allow the detection of more than one BSs that may not normally detect this mobilethat may not normally detect this mobile
This feature was (and maybe is) mandatory, but it This feature was (and maybe is) mandatory, but it has become obsolete after the publication of IS-801, has become obsolete after the publication of IS-801, which define the new and better way of support which define the new and better way of support location informationlocation information
BenefitsBenefits Allow the BS to calculate the MS location, but could Allow the BS to calculate the MS location, but could
problems due to the large transmit power.problems due to the large transmit power.
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CDMA Tiered Services
Tiered Service is to provide user custom Tiered Service is to provide user custom services and special features based on MS services and special features based on MS location. It can also provide private network location. It can also provide private network support. support.
To support this feature, IS-2000-A defines the To support this feature, IS-2000-A defines the concept of User Zone. concept of User Zone. A User Zone is a geographic area in which tiered service is
available. There are two types of User Zones, broadcast user zones and mobile specific user zones.
Broadcast User Zones are notified to the MS using the User Zone Identification Message transmitted on the Paging Channel to allow for subscription.
Mobile Specific User Zones are not explicitly identified to the MS using overhead signaling. The MS uses other BS parameters, such as BASE_ID, BASE_LAT, or BASE_LONG, and compares such parameters with an internally stored list of User Zone parameters to identify the user zone.
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CDMA Tiered Services
RequirementsRequirements The feature is optional for both MS and BS. It will be up to the
network operator whether or not to request this feature. One CDMA Tiered service desirable by various operators is
the Zone-Based Billing. With zone based billing, the MS in idle state that enters a new “active” zone, as identified by the UZID of the User Zone Identification Message, performs user zone registration. The base responds with a Feature Notification Message that carries the User Zone Update Information record. At this point the MS display informs the user of the billing rates in that zone. Similar procedure can be performed if the MS is already active on the traffic channel.
To support such a feature multiple common channel messages must be supported at L3 (messages to support user zone, such as User Zone Identification Message, User Zone Request Message, User Zone Update, and User Zone Reject through Flash With Information Message and/or Feature Notification Message), together with active registration.
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Enhanced Encryption
In Release A, enhanced encryption In Release A, enhanced encryption using the Rijndael algorithm has using the Rijndael algorithm has been introducedbeen introduced
This feature is optional for the MS This feature is optional for the MS and optional for BS.and optional for BS.
Introduced in IS-2000 but has no relationship to new Introduced in IS-2000 but has no relationship to new physical layer of cdma2000. physical layer of cdma2000.
These features are directly visible to the end-user and These features are directly visible to the end-user and provide wireline-like services to users.provide wireline-like services to users.
Simply call processing enhancements and therefore is Simply call processing enhancements and therefore is possible to retro-fit into early releases with added software. possible to retro-fit into early releases with added software.
Advice of Charge: this feature allows Network to deliver Advice of Charge: this feature allows Network to deliver usage-based charging information to MS, including start-of-usage-based charging information to MS, including start-of-call notification (e.g. rate info), in-call notification (e.g. rate call notification (e.g. rate info), in-call notification (e.g. rate change), and end-of-call notification (e.g. total charge). AOC change), and end-of-call notification (e.g. total charge). AOC information record was added.information record was added.
Answer Holding: this feature allows the user to place an Answer Holding: this feature allows the user to place an incoming call on hold, right when the phone is dialing. The incoming call on hold, right when the phone is dialing. The user can then respond to this call at a later convenient user can then respond to this call at a later convenient time. To support this feature, the MS sends Flash with time. To support this feature, the MS sends Flash with Information Message with a Feature Indicator Information Information Message with a Feature Indicator Information record during the Waiting for MS Answer substate. The MS record during the Waiting for MS Answer substate. The MS may then enter the Conversation Substate after sending may then enter the Conversation Substate after sending the Connect Order.the Connect Order.
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Miscellaneous User Feature Enhancements
Enhanced Call Forwarding: This Enhanced Call Forwarding: This feature allows the user to selectively feature allows the user to selectively forward an incoming call to the forward an incoming call to the Voice mail or a number stored in the Voice mail or a number stored in the MS. To effect this, the MS can send MS. To effect this, the MS can send Flash with Information Message with Flash with Information Message with a Feature Indicator Information a Feature Indicator Information record and possibly, a Called Party record and possibly, a Called Party Number Information record during Number Information record during Waiting for MS Answer Substate. Waiting for MS Answer Substate.
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Rescue Channel
To reduce the call drop rate, IS-2000-B introduces To reduce the call drop rate, IS-2000-B introduces the concept of a Rescue Channel, which uses a the concept of a Rescue Channel, which uses a pre-allocated Walsh code on the neighbor cells to pre-allocated Walsh code on the neighbor cells to “rescue” a call before it get dropped. “rescue” a call before it get dropped. The traffic channel maintenance procedure at the MS maintains a fade
timer that is reset every time when receiving two good frames. When the fade timer expires (currently set to 5 seconds), the air link is declared as bad and the call is dropped.
The procedure relays on the “dropping” mobile to The procedure relays on the “dropping” mobile to autonomously promote into its active set the autonomously promote into its active set the neighboring BSs that support a rescue channel. neighboring BSs that support a rescue channel. An Extended Pilot Strength Measurement Message (EPSMM) is then sent to
let the BS know which pilots in the Active Set were autonomously promoted by the MS itself. If a rescue cell acquires the MS, it will transmit using the pre-allocated Walsh code (RESQ_CODE_CHAN). As soon as the MS receives 2 good frames, the rescue attempt timer is cancelled and the fade timer is reset. At this point, call recovery is completed and the call continues normally. A handoff from the Rescue Channel to a new Traffic Channel can be initiated immediately, to free up call rescue resources.
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Global Emergency Indicator
A new parameter has been added in the Origination A new parameter has been added in the Origination Message to support the Global Emergency Indicator Message to support the Global Emergency Indicator in Release A. in Release A.
This feature allows the easy reorganization of any This feature allows the easy reorganization of any (911 or non-911) type of emergency calls by the (911 or non-911) type of emergency calls by the network, and better implementation of high priority network, and better implementation of high priority for these calls with this feature. for these calls with this feature.
A special emergency call button may be programmed A special emergency call button may be programmed for special phones or a special designated number for special phones or a special designated number may be used to trigger the setting of the parameter may be used to trigger the setting of the parameter for emergency call origination.for emergency call origination.
This feature is optional for the Release A MS and This feature is optional for the Release A MS and optional for the BS. The development impact of this optional for the BS. The development impact of this feature is smallfeature is small
BenefitsBenefits Better support of emergency calls globallyBetter support of emergency calls globally
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Global Emergency Indicator
This feature is mandatory for a This feature is mandatory for a Release B MS and mandatory for the Release B MS and mandatory for the Release B BSRelease B BS
BenefitsBenefits Reduced call drop rate.Reduced call drop rate.
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Flexible Rate
Flexile rate refers to the operation of a Traffic Flexile rate refers to the operation of a Traffic Channel with Radio Configuration 3 or above, Channel with Radio Configuration 3 or above, where the frame format, including the where the frame format, including the number of information bits, the number of number of information bits, the number of reserved bits, and the number of frame reserved bits, and the number of frame quality indicator bits, is configurable. quality indicator bits, is configurable.
BenefitsBenefits Flexible rate can be useful to support Flexible rate can be useful to support
different types of vocoders on a CDMA different types of vocoders on a CDMA system, such as GSM vocoders. However, system, such as GSM vocoders. However, supporting any rate can be less efficient on supporting any rate can be less efficient on physical channels that are optimized with physical channels that are optimized with fixed set of rates.fixed set of rates.
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Variable Rate Supplemental Channel
Variable Rate on Supplemental Channel refers Variable Rate on Supplemental Channel refers to the operational mode of a Forward to the operational mode of a Forward Supplemental Channel or Reverse Supplemental Channel or Reverse Supplemental Channel where the transmitter Supplemental Channel where the transmitter can change the frame rate among a set of can change the frame rate among a set of possible choices on a frame-by-frame basis. possible choices on a frame-by-frame basis. The “normal” mode of transmission on the supplemental channel is
to schedule the rate and duration of a data burst and transmit the entire burst at a fixed rate.
This feature is optional for the MS and BS This feature is optional for the MS and BS (variable rate can be achieved through FCH).(variable rate can be achieved through FCH).
Variable SCH allows more flexible use of SCH.Variable SCH allows more flexible use of SCH.
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New Repetition Scheme for Flexible and Variable Rate
In release A, the flexible and variable data rate In release A, the flexible and variable data rate transmission chain uses pure code symbol repetition to transmission chain uses pure code symbol repetition to fill in the enlarged code symbol space, which is defined fill in the enlarged code symbol space, which is defined by the interleaver size for maximum assigned data rate.by the interleaver size for maximum assigned data rate.
A low rate turbo coding scheme has been added in A low rate turbo coding scheme has been added in Release B for flexible and variable data rate Release B for flexible and variable data rate Supplemental Channels. When flexible and variable Supplemental Channels. When flexible and variable data rate are supported for Supplemental Channel with data rate are supported for Supplemental Channel with turbo codes, low rate turbo codes are used instead of turbo codes, low rate turbo codes are used instead of pure code symbol repetition to match the length of pure code symbol repetition to match the length of encoder output with the interleaver size of maximum encoder output with the interleaver size of maximum assigned data rate. It was claimed that, by doing so, assigned data rate. It was claimed that, by doing so, about 1.5dB performance gain can be achievable due to about 1.5dB performance gain can be achievable due to the inherent low rate coding gain. This new scheme is the inherent low rate coding gain. This new scheme is to be used for turbo codes in FL RC 4 and FL RC 5, and to be used for turbo codes in FL RC 4 and FL RC 5, and RL RC4.RL RC4.
This feature is optional for the MS and optional for the This feature is optional for the MS and optional for the BS. BS.
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Fast Forward Link Power Control
Forward Link Inner loop and outer loop: Forward Link Inner loop and outer loop: The IS-2000 FFPC utilizes an inner loop The IS-2000 FFPC utilizes an inner loop and an outer loop, similar to those used and an outer loop, similar to those used for reverse link in IS-95. for reverse link in IS-95. Inner Loop: compare the received signal to noise ratio to a
setpoint. The MS can estimate the FCH/DCCH signal to noise ratio by first measuring the received signal to noise ratio of the power control bits carried on the forward link power control subchannel. Then, knowing the forward link power control subchannel gain relative to the FCH or DCCH, the MS computes the forward FCH/DCCH received signal to noise ratio.
Outer Loop: As part of the FFPC the MS also performs an outer loop power control function, which consists in adjusting the signal to noise ratio setpoint in order to achieve the desired FER. The BS controls the target FER and the range of operation of the outer loop via upper layer signaling.
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FFPC, #2
Not all traffic channels can be fast Not all traffic channels can be fast power controlled. power controlled.
• Example: if both FCH and DCCH are active, and the FCH carries the forward link power control subchannel, than the FCH only is power controlled by the reverse link power control subchannel.
• In such scenario the MS may send the Outer Loop Report Message informing the BS about the difference in setpoint between the FCH and DCCH, so that the BS can adjust the DCCH transmit power properly.
• This mechanism is necessary considering for example that the DCCH may be operated with a reduced active set or having different FER target from the FCH FER. The Outer Loop Report Message transmission can be triggered either autonomously by the MS, based on BS configured thresholds, or it could be requested by the BS using the Outer Loop Request Message.
Summary of BenefitsSummary of Benefits One of the most important features in forward link capacity
enhancement for voice users. The required traffic channel received signal to noise ratio for
low to medium speed MS is about 2 dB lower than IS-95B. Most of the gain is achieved from pedestrian users.
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Reduced Active Set & Secondary Power Control Subchannel
Reduced Active Set: Reduced Active Set: for high speed data on F-SCH, the soft handoff gain may not
compensate for the capacity consumed by the additional link(s) of the SCH active set.
Operation of the SCH with a “reduced active set” is often used by the BS., i.e. the F-SCH will use a subset of the FCH or DCCH active set.
In such a scenario, the high rate SCH transmit power adjustment based on upper layer signaling alone may not be adequte
• For example, the sending of the Outer Loop Report Messag, may not be adequate.
IS-2000 allows the BS to allocate a secondary power control subchannel on the SCH to control SCH explicitly.
In IS-2000 the secondary power control In IS-2000 the secondary power control subchannel may be operated at 400 or 600 subchannel may be operated at 400 or 600 Hz.Hz.
Benefits:Benefits: The secondary power control subchannel allows operating the SCH
with a reduced active set, which will reduce capacity consumption especially when the SCH is used for high rate data transmission.
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Concurrent Services
Support more than one services on the same Support more than one services on the same MS device simultaneouslyMS device simultaneously Example: simultaneous voice and data.
Requires advanced Quality of Service control Requires advanced Quality of Service control within both the MS and the BS, alone with within both the MS and the BS, alone with more complex call processing.more complex call processing.
IS-2000 Release A and B allows one IS-2000 Release A and B allows one simultaneous voice and one data services. simultaneous voice and one data services. One FCH, one DCCH and two SCHs are the One FCH, one DCCH and two SCHs are the maximum configuration allowed.maximum configuration allowed.
BenefitsBenefits Better support of multi-media type of Better support of multi-media type of
services.services.
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Diversity Code Combining in Soft Handoff
Diversity Code Combining Soft Handoff (CCSH) refers Diversity Code Combining Soft Handoff (CCSH) refers to a new soft handoff scheme using “Iterative Turbo to a new soft handoff scheme using “Iterative Turbo Decoding”, which can achieve some coding diversity Decoding”, which can achieve some coding diversity gain in addition to the conventional diversity gain gain in addition to the conventional diversity gain during the soft-handoff process. during the soft-handoff process.
CCSH is a Soft Handoff method where certain BSs CCSH is a Soft Handoff method where certain BSs encode and transmit the data with the default turbo encode and transmit the data with the default turbo encoder, whereas others use the complementary encoder, whereas others use the complementary turbo encoder. Then the MS combines the code turbo encoder. Then the MS combines the code symbols transmitted by each BS for turbo decoding. symbols transmitted by each BS for turbo decoding.
For a soft handoff involving two BTSs, BTS A to B, for For a soft handoff involving two BTSs, BTS A to B, for example, first a MS in the area of BTS A is assigned a example, first a MS in the area of BTS A is assigned a FL RC 4 supplemental channel using a default turbo FL RC 4 supplemental channel using a default turbo encoder with code rate 1/2. As the MS moves into the encoder with code rate 1/2. As the MS moves into the handoff region of BTS A and BTS B, it starts to handoff region of BTS A and BTS B, it starts to combine and decode the signals from BTS A and BTS combine and decode the signals from BTS A and BTS B. B.
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For a conventional soft-handoff method, BTS B For a conventional soft-handoff method, BTS B shall also use the default turbo encoder so that shall also use the default turbo encoder so that the resulting code rate at the MS would be 1/2. the resulting code rate at the MS would be 1/2. But, for a CCSH method, BTS B shall use a But, for a CCSH method, BTS B shall use a complementary turbo encoder so that the complementary turbo encoder so that the resulting code rate at the MS would decrease to resulting code rate at the MS would decrease to 1/3. As the MS moves away from the handoff 1/3. As the MS moves away from the handoff region toward BTS B, BTS B shall continue to region toward BTS B, BTS B shall continue to use the complementary turbo encoder.use the complementary turbo encoder.
This feature is optional for the MS and optional This feature is optional for the MS and optional for the BSfor the BS
BenefitsBenefits Better diversity gain in soft handoff.Better diversity gain in soft handoff.
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Call Type Based Access Control
Overload Control on the air interface is critical Overload Control on the air interface is critical to protect the network as well as to protect to protect the network as well as to protect the high priority calls such as emergency calls. the high priority calls such as emergency calls. The overload control mechanism defined before Release B is through
the use of Access Overload Class and it cannot distinguish different call types or groups of calls.
In Rel B, when overload happens, a network carrier can control the access of a particular type of call, for example, packet data calls or a group of mobiles.
Important for wireless networks where both the voice and data services are operated on the same frequency band; when, for example, the packet data network has encountered problems or being upgraded, voice calls can still be allowed to originate while packet calls be blocked.
This feature is mandatory for the mandatory This feature is mandatory for the mandatory for the MS and mandatory for the BS. This for the MS and mandatory for the BS. This feature has some impact on the L2 (and small feature has some impact on the L2 (and small L3) software but the overall complicity should L3) software but the overall complicity should not be big. not be big.
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Reverse Link Power Control Loop DelayReverse Link Power Control Loop Delay
IS-2000 allows for an adjustable reverse link IS-2000 allows for an adjustable reverse link power control delay by the BS. power control delay by the BS. In IS-95B a fixed 2-pcg delay is considered valid to puncate/depuncate
power control bits. In IS2000 the power control bits can be gated in Control Hold states , and a
power control bit is considered valid if it is received in the 1.25ms time slot that starts (REV_PWR_CNTL_DELAYs+1)*1.25ms following the end of a time slot in which the MS transmitter was turned off.
The REV_PWR_CNTL_DELAY is setable by BS through ESPM, MC-RR, ECAM, GHDM, UHDM
This feature is mandatory for MS and optional for This feature is mandatory for MS and optional for BS. BS.
Apply only for RC3 to 6 when the reverse link is Apply only for RC3 to 6 when the reverse link is gatedgated If MS does not implement reverse pilot gating then no need to support this
feature
BenefitsBenefits Better power control during control hold mode.
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Advanced Packet Data States Control, Active and Dormant State
Two most important states characterizing a Two most important states characterizing a packet data service packet data service
Active state: MS allocated dedicated traffic Active state: MS allocated dedicated traffic channels for data transmission.channels for data transmission.
Dormant state: both the service configuration Dormant state: both the service configuration information and the RLP state are cleared. information and the RLP state are cleared.
Active -> Dormant Transition Active -> Dormant Transition When no data is available for transmission an inactivity timer is
started. The inactivity timer is reset whenever new data becomes available for
transmission. Once the inactivity timer expires, the dedicated traffic channels are
released and the MS transitions to the dormant state.
Dormant -> Active TransitionDormant -> Active Transition BS pages MS when has data to set, or MS initiates dormant reactivation
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Advanced Packet Data States Control, Control Hold & Reverse Pilot Gating
To transition back from the dormant to the active To transition back from the dormant to the active state, BS has to perform the lengthy procedure of state, BS has to perform the lengthy procedure of reassigning resources, negotiate the service reassigning resources, negotiate the service configuration, and resynchronize RLP configuration, and resynchronize RLP the inactivity timer is usually set to a large value to avoid frequent transition A large inactivity timer negatively impact on MS battery life and network
capacity since the traffic channel must still carry null frames IS-2000 tries to solve the problem by defining Control Hold state, and by Fast
Call Setup procedures (Rel C and above)
Control Hold: A MS states where the dedicated traffic Control Hold: A MS states where the dedicated traffic channels, FCH or SCH, are released but the BS keeps channels, FCH or SCH, are released but the BS keeps the DCCH active, and maintains the service the DCCH active, and maintains the service configuration information and the RLP stateconfiguration information and the RLP state
If subsequently service option data becomes available If subsequently service option data becomes available for transmission, the DCCH is used to convey fast for transmission, the DCCH is used to convey fast signaling (5 ms frames, when supported) with a short signaling (5 ms frames, when supported) with a short turnaround and to re-establish the dedicated traffic turnaround and to re-establish the dedicated traffic channelschannels
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Advanced Packet Data States Control, Control Hold & Reverse Pilot Gating, #2
Fast Channel re-establishment is Fast Channel re-establishment is possible since MS keeps active the possible since MS keeps active the reverse link pilot and power control reverse link pilot and power control channels. channels.
Optionally, the reverse link pilot Optionally, the reverse link pilot channel may be periodically gated off channel may be periodically gated off to minimize reverse link capacity to minimize reverse link capacity consumption in this state, which is consumption in this state, which is usually referred to as the Reverse usually referred to as the Reverse Pilot Gating. Pilot Gating.
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Advanced Packet Data States Control, 1/8 Rate FCH Gating
Another feature relevant to Another feature relevant to advanced MAC state controladvanced MAC state control
FCH eighth rate gatingFCH eighth rate gating feature introduced in IS-2000-A. allows for a FCH to gate off transmission while staying
in Active State. This feature is useful when DCCH and Control Hold are
not implemented, and FCH is the only physical channel carrying dedicated signaling logical channel.
Fast Call Setup: Rel C and D feature Fast Call Setup: Rel C and D feature to speed up dormant to active to speed up dormant to active transition transition
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Advanced Packet Data States Control, Summary of Benefits
Control Hold can theoretically help to Control Hold can theoretically help to achieve high network throughput and achieve high network throughput and save MS battery lifesave MS battery life Allows for very fast traffic channel re-establishment Also allows to set a MAC-level (control hold) inactivity timer
to a much smaller value, usually in the order of 100 ms, and therefore to improve air link capacity
Not implemented by BS for typical 1x services, may need it for DV
FCH eighth rate gating is useful when FCH eighth rate gating is useful when FCH is the only traffic channel in FCH is the only traffic channel in existence and there is no service option existence and there is no service option data to send. It can achieve similar data to send. It can achieve similar nature of benefits as DCCH plus Control nature of benefits as DCCH plus Control Hold. Hold.
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IS-2000 Data Multiplexing
IS-95 IS-95 Multiplex options: 0x01 to 0x10 Frame format: MUX PDU Type 1 & 2 MuxPDU Type 1 for odd-numbered MUX options, and MUX
PDU Type 2 for even-numbered MUX options.
IS-2000, FCH and DCCHIS-2000, FCH and DCCH FCH and DCCH can be operated with either MUX option 0x01,
using MUX PDU Type 1 or 4, or with MUX option 0x02, using MUX PDU Type 2 or 4.
MUX PDU Type 4 are used for the 5 ms frames that carry signaling.
The FCH can be operated at variable rate, either Rate Set 1 or Rate Set 2 with MUX options 0x01 and 0x02, respectively.
DCCH can be operated at full rate only, either 9.6 or 14.4 kbps, besides DTX
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IS-2000 Multiplexing
IS-2000, SCHIS-2000, SCH SCH at 9.6 or 14.4 kbps reuses the multiplexing function used
for the FCH or DCCH: For 9.6 or 14.4 kbps, depending on the fundamental rate used by the corresponding FCH or DCCH, the SCH uses MUX option 0x03 or 0x04, respectively. MUX PDU Type 1 and 2 are used with MUX options 0x03 and 0x04, respectively.
IS-2000 MAC multiplexing sublayer also specifies 14 additional MUX options for SCH operated at rates that are multiples of the fundamental rates, i.e., 9.6 kbs for Rate Set 1 and 14.4 kbs for Rate Set 2.
• Such MUX options are assigned numbers greater than 0x800 and use a frame format defined by MUX PDU Type 3.
• When using an odd-numbered MUX option corresponding to a data rate greater or equal to 38.4, or when using an even-numbered MUX option corresponding to a data rate greater or equal to 57.6 kbs, the multiplexing sublayer shall assemble the MUX PDU Type 3 in one or more logical transmit units (LTU) to fill the physical layer SDU. The LTU consists of MUX PDU Type 3 followed by a 16-bit CRC.
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IS-2000 Multiplexing, #2
Up until Release A, the same muxOption is required for FCH and DCCH in the Service Configuration Record. IS-2000 Release B has been enhanced to allow separate multiplex options for FCH and DCCH.
• allows different rate set and/or Radio Configuration for FCH and DCCH. For examples, RC4 on FCH and RC3 on DCCH. Since multiplex options can be negotiated, the same multiple options can always be used if so desired by either the MS or BS.
Benefits SummaryBenefits Summary Offers flexible options of multiplexing under different
conditions.
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Radio Link Protocol (RLP) Type 3Radio Link Protocol (RLP) Type 3
IS-95 RLP type 1 and 2 cannot efficiently deal IS-95 RLP type 1 and 2 cannot efficiently deal with high data rate channels. with high data rate channels. In particular, the need for segmentation increases the protocol overhead.
The retransmission scheme based on RLP frame error rather than RLP segments errors can decrease the system throughput for large RLP frames.
RLP type 3 is designed to solve this problem
RLP type 3 can support data rate up to 153.6kpbs RLP type 3 can support data rate up to 153.6kpbs on a SCH. on a SCH. Uses byte addressing, which means that no segmentation is needed since
there are no RLP frame boundaries; RLP3 frames can fit any physical layer frame regardless of its size
SEQ field has variable size (21, 13 bits) and an RLP control frame determines its setting. Smaller SEQ field size can be used for lower rates.
No reinitializtion is needed when rate is changed.
Benefits:Benefits: More efficient to support high speed data. Because it supports flexible
payload frame formats throughput is no longer a multiple of 9.6 kbps No RLP initialization during rate change means less loss of packets.
