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ELSEVIER ISA Transactions 34 (1995) 193-198 I S TR NS CTIONS ° Using arkov models for safety analysis of programmable electronic systems Julia V. Bukowski a illiam M. Goble b . a Villanova Univer sity Villanova PA 19085 USA b Moore Products Company Sunnytown Pike Spring House PA 19477 USA Abstract Markov Models (diagrams showing failure states) can easily represent the operation of a fault tolerant programmable electronic system (PES) as various system components fail and/or are repaired. These models can account for multiple failure rates as a function of failure state, common cause failures, on-line diagnostic capability of a PES, multiple failure modes, and different repair rates as a function of failure state. Further, the same physical system may behave differently in different operating modes and this can be accounted for by different Markov models. Such models can be constructed simply and accurately when a systematic method is used. This paper describes the systematic method and shows examples of the reliability and safety analysis developed for a new fault tolerant control system under two different operating modes. The importance of including the operating mode in the modeling and analysis is clearly demonstrated. One operating mode is substantially safer than the other. Keywords Reliability analysis; Safety analysis; Programmable electronic controls; Quad architecture 1 Introduction One reliability and safety modeling tool has shown the flexibility to realistically model a pro- grammable electronic control system. This tool is called a Markov model (or Failure State Dia- gram). The method can account for on-line diag- nostic coverage, common cause failures, multiple failure states, different repair times as a function of what has failed, and variable failure rates. A Markov model can be developed in a systematic manner in the context of a single drawing. This * Corresponding author. allows that drawing to qualitatively document the operation of the PES under various component failure conditions. A Markov model is a state diagram. Circles are used to represent combinations of failed or work- ing components. Arrows (directed arcs) are used to show the possible ways the controller may change states (due to the failure or repair of the controller components). The values on the arcs represent the rates at which the controller moves between states. Generally, A s represent failure rates and/x s represent repair rates. Fig. 1 shows a Markov model for a single repairable compo- nent with one failure mode. The component is either successful (state 1) or failed (state 2). The model can move from state 1 to state 2 at a rate 0019-11578/95/ 09.50 © 1995 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved SSDI 00 1 9-0578(95)00008-9
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E L S E V I E R I S A T r a n s a c t i o n s 3 4 (1 9 9 5) 1 9 3 - 1 9 8

IS

TR NS CTIONS °

U sing arkov m od els for safety analys is of progra m m able

electronic systems

J u l i a V . B u k o w s k i a W i l l i a m M . G o b l e b .

a Villanova University Villanova PA 19085 USA

b Moore Products Company Sunnytown Pike Spring House PA 19477 USA

A b s t r a c t

M a r k o v M o d e l s ( d i a g r a m s s h o w i n g f ai l u re s t a t e s ) c a n e a s il y r e p r e s e n t t h e o p e r a t i o n o f a f au l t t o l e r a n t

p r o g r a m m a b l e e l e c t ro n i c s y s te m ( P E S ) a s v a r io u s s y s te m c o m p o n e n t s f a il a n d / o r a r e r e p a ir e d . T h e s e m o d e l s c a n

a c c o u n t f o r m u l t i p l e f a i l u r e r a t e s a s a f u n c t i o n o f f a i lu r e s t a t e , c o m m o n c a u s e f a il u r es , o n - l i n e d i a g n o s t i c c a p a b i l it y

o f a P E S , m u l t i p l e f a i lu r e m o d e s , a n d d i f f e r e n t r e p a i r r a t e s a s a fu n c t i o n o f f ai l u re s t a t e . F u r t h e r , t h e s a m e p h y s i c a l

s y s t e m m a y b e h a v e d i f f e r e n t l y i n d i f f e r e n t o p e r a t i n g m o d e s a n d t h i s c a n b e a c c o u n t e d f o r b y d i f f e r e n t M a r k o v

m o d e l s . S u c h m o d e l s c a n b e c o n s t r u c t e d s i m p l y a n d a c c u r a t e l y w h e n a s y s t e m a t i c m e t h o d i s u s e d . T h i s p a p e r

d e s c r i b e s t h e s y s t e m a t i c m e t h o d a n d s h o w s e x a m p l e s o f t h e r e li a b il it y a n d s a f e ty a n a ly s i s d e v e l o p e d f o r a n e w f a u l t

t o l e r a n t c o n t r o l s y s t e m u n d e r t w o d i f f e re n t o p e r a t i n g m o d e s . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f i n c l u d i n g t h e o p e r a t i n g m o d e i n t h e

m o d e l i n g a n d a n a l y s i s i s c l e a r l y d e m o n s t r a t e d . O n e o p e r a t i n g m o d e i s s u b s t a n t i a l l y s a f e r t h a n t h e o t h e r .

Keywords R e l i a b il i ty a n a ly s i s; S a f e t y a n al y s is ; P r o g r a m m a b l e e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r o l s ; Q u a d a r c h i t e c t u r e

1 I n t r o d u c t i o n

O n e r e l ia b i l it y a n d s a f e t y m o d e l i n g t o o l h a s

s h o w n t h e f l e x i b i l i t y t o r e a l i s t i c a l l y m o d e l a p r o -

g r a m m a b l e e l e c t r o n i c c o n t r o l s y s t e m . T h i s t o o l i s

c a l le d a M a r k o v m o d e l ( o r F a i l u r e S t a t e D i a -

g r a m ) . T h e m e t h o d c a n a c c o u n t fo r o n - l i n e d ia g -

n o s t ic c o v e r a g e , c o m m o n c a u s e f a i lu r e s , m u l t i p le

f a i l u r e s t at e s , d i f f e r e n t r e p a i r t i m e s a s a f u n c t i o no f w h a t h a s f a i l e d , a n d v a r i a b l e f a i l u r e r a t e s . A

M a r k o v m o d e l c a n b e d e v e l o p e d i n a s y s t e m a t i c

m a n n e r i n t h e c o n t e x t o f a s in g l e d ra w i n g . T h i s

* C o r r e s p o n d i n g a u t h o r .

a ll o w s t h a t d r a w i n g t o q u a l i t a ti v e ly d o c u m e n t t h e

o p e r a t i o n o f t h e P E S u n d e r v a r io u s c o m p o n e n t

f a i l u r e c o n d i t i o n s .

A M a r k o v m o d e l i s a s t a t e d i a g r a m . C i r c l e s a r e

u s e d t o r e p r e s e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s o f f a i le d o r w o r k -

i n g c o m p o n e n t s . A r r o w s ( d i r e c te d a r c s) ar e u s e d

t o s h o w t h e p o s s i b le w a y s t h e c o n t r o l l e r m a y

c h a n g e s t a t e s ( d u e t o t h e f a i lu r e o r r e p a i r o f t h e

c o n t r o l l e r c o m p o n e n t s ) . T h e v a l u e s o n t h e a r c sr e p r e s e n t t h e r a te s a t w h i c h t h e c o n t r o l l e r m o v e s

b e t w e e n s t at e s. G e n e r a l l y , A s r e p r e s e n t f a il u r e

r a t e s a n d / x s r e p r e s e n t r e p a i r r a t es . F i g . 1 s h o w s

a M a r k o v m o d e l f o r a s i ng l e r e p a i r a b l e c o m p o -

n e n t w i t h o n e f a il u r e m o d e . T h e c o m p o n e n t is

e i t h e r s u c c e s s f u l ( s t a t e 1 ) o r f a i l e d ( s t a te 2 ). T h e

m o d e l c a n m o v e f r o m s t a t e 1 t o s t a te 2 a t a r a t e

0 0 1 9 - 1 1 5 7 8 / 9 5 / 0 9 . 5 0 © 1 9 9 5 E l s e v i e r S c i e n c e B . V . A l l r ig h t s r e s e r v e d

SSDI 0 0 1 9 - 0 5 7 8 ( 9 5 ) 0 0 0 0 8 - 9

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194 J .V. B u k o w s k i , W .M . G o b l e / l S A T r a n s ac t io n s 3 4 1 9 95 ) 1 9 3 - 1 9 8

X12

F i g . 1 . M a r k o v m o d e l - r e p a i r a b l e c o m p o n e n t o n e f a il u r e

m o d e l .

o f a 1 2 t h e f a il u re r a t e . T h e m o d e l c a n m o v e f r o mf a i l u r e , s t a t e 2 , to s u c c e s s , s t a t e 1 a t t h e r e p a i r

r a t e j ig 2 1 .

F i g . 2 s h o w s a s i m p l i f i e d M a r k o v m o d e l f o r a

P E S s h o w i n g t w o s y s te m s u c c e ss s t a t e s a n d t w o

f a i l u re m o d e s . I n t h is M a r k o v m o d e l , s t a t e 1

r e p r e s e n t s t h e s i t u a ti o n w h e r e a ll c o n t r o l l e r c o m -

p o n e n t s a r e o p e r a t i n g a n d , c o n s e q u e n t l y , t h e s y s -

t e m is fu l ly o p e r a t i o n a l . S t a t e 2 r e p r e s e n t s t h e

s t a t e w h e r e t h e s y s t e m is o p e r a t i n g b u t s o m e o f

i t s c o m p o n e n t s h a v e f a i l e d , i . e . , s t a t e 2 r e p r e s e n t s

a d e g r a d e d m o d e o f o p e r a t i o n . S t a t e s 3 ( F s ) a n d4 ( F D ) r e p r e s e n t t w o d i f f e r e n t f a i lu r e m o d e s .

A s s u m i n g a l l r a t e s a r e o n a p e r h o u r b a s i s , a l l

i n f o r m a t i o n n e e d e d t o a n al y z e t h e m o d e l c a n b e

p l a c e d i n a s i n g l e m a t r i x , P . T h i s m a t r i x c o n t a i n s

a ll t h e f r o m - t o i n f o r m a t i o n in a M a r k o v m o d e l .

F o r i n o t e q u a l t o j, t h e e n t r y in P f o r th e i t h

r o w a n d j t h c o l u m n i s t h e t r a n s i ti o n p r o b a b i l i t y

f r o m s t a t e i t o s t a t e j . T h e e n t r i e s a l o n g t h e

d i a g o n a l a r e s i m p l y 1 - ( s u m o f a l l t h e o t h e r

e n t r i e s i n t h a t r o w ) . A s a n e x a m p l e n o t e t h a t A I 2

g o e s f r o m s t a t e 1 t o s t a te 2 . T h i s v a l u e a p p e a r s i nt h e f i r st r o w , s e c o n d c o l u m n . C o n t i n u i n g , f o r t h e

mo d e l i n F i g . 2 ,

1 A I 2 A 1 2 0 0

p = /_/.21 1 - /x 2 1 - As - A o As A o

0 0 1 0

0 0 0 1

V a r i o u s r e l ia b i li ty m e t r i c s i n c l u d in g M e a n

T i m e T o a n y F a i l ( M T T F ) , M e a n T i m e T o F a il ,

D s t a t e ( M T T F D ) , R e l i a b i l i t y , A v a i l a b i l i t y , P r o b -

a b il it y o f F a i lu r e o n D e m a n d ( P F D ) , e tc . c a n b e

c a l c u l a t e d v i a r e l a t i v e l y s t r a i g h t f o r w a r d t e c h -

n i q u e s . N u m e r i c r e s u l t s c a n b e q u i c k l y o b t a i n e d

u s i n g a p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r s p r e a d s h e e t . G e n e r a l

t e c h n i q u e s a r e d e t a i l e d i n [1 ] a n d c a l c u l a t i o n o f

M T T F D i s p r e s e n t e d in [2 ,3 ]. B a c k g r o u n d m a t e -

r i a l o n M a r k o v m o d e l s o l u t i o n s c a n b e o b t a i n e d

i n m a n y c o l l e g e t e x t b o o k s i n c l u d i n g [ 4 ] .

2 S y s t em a t i c m e t h o d

M a r k o v m o d e l i n g c a n b e d o n e m o r e q u i c k l y

a n d m o r e a c c u r a t e l y w h e n a s y s t e m a t i c m e t h o d is

u s e d t o b u i l d t h e m o d e l . T h e f o l l o w i n g p r o c e d u r e

i s used :

1. I d e n t i f y f a i l u r e m o d e s a n d f a i l u r e r a t e s o f al l

s y s te m c o m p o n e n t s .

2 . S t a r t t h e M a r k o v m o d e l w i t h a s t a t e w h e r e a ll

c o m p o n e n t s a r e o p e r a t i n g s u c c e s s f u l l y .

3 . F o r e a c h s y s t e m s u c c e s s s ta t e , b u i l d a c h e c k l i s t

o f a ll f a i lu r e r a t e s a n d f a i l u r e m o d e s o f a ll

o p e r a t i n g c o m p o n e n t s . S h o w e a c h f a i l u r e r a t e

a s a n e x i t a r c .

4 . R e p e a t s t e p 3 u n t i l n o s u c c e s s f u l c o m p o n e n t s

r e m a i n .

5 . F o r e a c h s t a t e w i t h a f a i l e d c o m p o n e n t , a d d

a p p r o p r i a t e r e p a i r r a t e s .

6 . S i m p l i f y m o d e l b y m e r g i n g s t a t e s . A n y s t a t e s

t h a t h a v e i d e n t i c a l e x i t r a t e s t o t h e s a m e s t a t e sc a n b e m e r g e d .

T h e u s e o f t h e s e t e c h n i q u e s a l m o s t f o r c e s t h e

c o n s tr u c ti o n o f a n a c c u r a t e M a r k o v m o d e l . T h e

a c t ua l o p e r a t i o n o f t h e s y s te m u n d e r c o m p o n e n t

f a i l u r e c o n d i t i o n s b e c o m e s o b v i o u s . S o m e t i m e s

t h e r e s u l t c a n b e q u i t e s u r p r i s i n g . U n p r e d i c t e d

f a i l u r e s t a t e s a p p e a r . G i v e n t h e f u l l p i c t u r e o f

h o w a s y s t e m o p e r a t e s u n d e r f a i l u re c o n d i t io n s ,

d e s i g n s c a n b e o p t i m i z e d . N e w a r c h i t e c t u r e s c a n

b e c r e a t e d .

F i g . 2 . S i m p l i f i ed M a r k o v m o d e l .

3 Q u a d l o g ic a r c h i t ec t u r e e x a m p l e

F i g . 3 s h o w s a P E S a r c h i t e c t u r e d e s i g n e d t o

p r o v i d e b o t h h i g h a v a i l a b i li t y a n d h i g h s a f e t y v i a

f o u r c h a n n e l s o f e l e c t r o n i c s , t w o l o g i c s o l v in g

c h a n n e l s a n d t w o d i a g n o s t i c c h a n n e l s . T h e l o g i c

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2 K Bukowski, W.M. Goble / ISA Transactions 34 1995) 193-198 195

~n ~u t- - I - ~ ~ _ _ - - ~

71 hanne l I ' 1 6 g a . - a o F T) .

I ~ n p - - I I L o g ic I . ~ - - L - - ~q C h a n n e r l S o , v e , I I c h ~ o ~ , I t

F ig 3 Q U A D L O G I C a r c h it e c tu r e

s o l v e r c h a n n e l s r e a d p r o c e s s s i gn a ls , p e r f o r m p r o -

c e s s c a l c u la t io n s , a n d g e n e r a t e o u t p u t s . T h e d i a g-

n o s t ic c h a n n e l s m o n i t o r o p e r a t i o n o f t h e i n p u t ,

l o gi c s o lv e r , a n d o u t p u t c i rc u it s . M e a s u r e m e n t s o f

v o l t a g e s , c u r r e n t s , w a v e f o r m s , m e m o r y p a t t e r n s ,

a n d t i m i n g a r e c o m p a r e d t o r e f e r e n c e l e v e ls w h i c h

i n d i c a te p r o p e r o p e r a t i o n . O n e l o gi c s o l v e r c h a n -

n e l a n d o n e d i a g n o s t i c c h a n n e l a r e p a c k a g e d i n t o

a s e t o f m o d u l e s . T h u s , t w o p h y s i c a l s e ts o f

m o d u l e s f o r m t h e s y s t e m .

T h e o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s M a r k o v a n a l y s i s i s t o

c o m p a r e t w o d i ff e r e n t m o d e s o f o p e r a t i o n in t he

q u a d l o gi c a r c h i t e c t u r e . I n t h e f i r st m o d e c a l le d

c a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e , b o t h l o g ic s o l ve r s a r e o p e r a t -

i n g s y n c h r o n o u s l y . E a c h l o g i c s o l v e r c a l c u l a t e s

p r o c e s s o u t p u t s i n p a r a l l e l . B o t h o u t p u t s e t s a r e

e n e r g i z e d . I n m o d e t w o c a ll e d c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y ,

o n e l o g i c s o l v e r c a l c u l a t e s p r o c e s s o u t p u t s w i t h

i ts d i a g n o s t ic o u t p u t e n e r g i z e d a n d t h e o t h e r

r e p e a t s t h e c a l c u l a t io n t o v e ri f y c o r r e c t o p e r a t i o nb u t w i t h i t s d i a g n o s t i c o u t p u t d e - e n e r g i z e d . T h e

r o l e o f c a l c u l a t o r i s c o n s t a n t l y s w i t c h e d b e t w e e n

u n it s. T h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e o f f e r s d i a g n o s-

t i c a d v a n t a g e s s i n c e a l l c o m p o n e n t s c a n b e f u l l y

e x e r c i s e d d u r i n g t h e p e r i o d i c s w i t c h i n g . I n a d d i -

t io n , th e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e a v o id s c o m m o n

c a u s e s o f t w a r e f a i l u r e s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f s y n -

c h r o n o u s , i d e n t i c a l s o f t w a r e s y s t e m s . I n s p i t e o f

k n o w n a d v a n t a g e s f or t h e C a l c u l a t e / V e r i f y m o d e ,

a q u e s t i o n r e m a i n s a s t o h o w t h e s y s t e m i s a f -

f e c t e d b y t h e d i f f e re n t o p e r a t i n g m o d e s u n d e rf a i l u re c o n d i ti o n s . T w o M a r k o v m o d e l s m u s t b e

d e v e l o p e d a n d c o m p a r e d .

3 1 C a l c u la t e / c a lc u l at e m o d e M a r k o v m o d e l

T o b u i l d a M a r k o v m o d e l o f th e q u a d l o g ic

a r c h i t e c tu r e o p e r a t i n g i n th e c a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e

m o d e , t h e s y s t e m a t i c m e t h o d is u s e d . T h e f ir st

s t e p i s t o i d e n t i f y a l l f a i l u r e m o d e s a n d f a i l u r e

r a t e s .

T w o f a i l u r e m o d e s a r e d i s t in g u i s h e d - t h o s e

t h a t c a u s e o u t p u t s t o f a il d e - e n e r g i z e d f a i l - sa f e

i n a d e - e n e r g i z e t o t r i p s y s t e m ) a n d t h o s e t h a t

c a u s e o u t p u t s t o e n e r g i z e o r f r e e z e . T h e s e f a i l u r e

m o d e s a r e g e n e r a l l y r e f e r r e d t o a s s a f e a n d d a n -

g e r o u s . F a i lu r e s o f e i t h e r m o d e t h a t a r e d e t e c t e d

b y o n -l i n e d i a g n o s ti c s m u s t b e d i s t i n g u is h e d f r o m

t h o s e n o t d e t e c t e d b y d i a g n os t ic s . T h e s e c a t e -

g o r i e s a r e c a l le d d e t e c t e d a n d u n d e t e c t e d . T h u s

f a r f o u r f a i l u r e r a t e s h a v e b e e n e s t a b l i s h e d :

- A sP : s a f e , d e t e c t e d f a i l u r e s ;

- h s v : s a f e , u n d e t e c t e d f a i l u r e s ;

- A D D: d a n g e r o u s , d e t e c t e d f a i l u r e s ;

A D u : d a n g e r o u s , u n d e t e c t e d f a i lu r e s .

T o p r o p e r l y a c c o u n t f o r c o m m o n c a u s e f a i l u r e s ,

e a c h f a i l u r e r a t e s h o u l d b e p a r t i t i o n e d i n t o n o r -

m a l a n d c o m m o n c a u s e . T h i s r e s u l t s i n e i g h t

f a i l u r e r a t e s f o r e a c h p h y s i c a l se t o f c h a n n e l s i n

o u r P E S :

- A sD Y : s a f e , d e t e c t e d n o r m a l s t r e s s f a i l u r e s ;

- h su N: s a f e , u n d e t e c t e d n o r m a l s t re s s f a i l u re s ;

- h s D c: s a f e , d e t e c t e d c o m m o n c a u s e f a il u r e s ;

- h s v c : s a f e, u n d e t e c t e d c o m m o n c a u s e fa i lu r e s ;

- A r m Y : d a n g e r o u s , d e t e c t e d n o r m a l s t r e s s f ai l-

u r e s ;

- A D u N : d a n g e r o u s , u n d e t e c t e d n o r m a l s tr e ss

f a i l u r e s ;- A D D : d a n g e r o u s , d e t e c t e d c o m m o n c a u s e fa il -

u r e s ;

- A b u t: d a n g e r o u s , u n d e t e c t e d c o m m o n c a u s e

f a i l u r e s .

W i t h a l l f a i l u r e r a t e s i d e n t i f i e d , M a r k o v m o d e l

c o n s t r u c t i o n b e g i n s w i t h a s t a t e i n w h i c h a l l c o m -

p o n e n t s o p e r a t e s u c c e s s f u l l y - s t a t e 1. A c h e c k -

l is t c h a r t F i g . 4 ) s h o w s a l l f a i l u r e r a t e s t h a t m u s t

e x i t . T h e f i r s t s t e p M a r k o v m o d e l i s s h o w n i n F i g .

5 . A l l f a i l u r e r a t e s i n t h e c h a r t h a v e b e e n p l a c e d

i n t o t h e m o d e l .S o f a r , t h e M a r k o v m o d e l h a s a f a i l - s a f e s t a t e

5 ) , a f a i l - d a n g e r s t a t e 6 ) , a s t a t e w h e r e a l l c o m -

p o n e n t s a r e s u c c e ss f u l I ) a n d th r e e d e g r a d e d

C ~ S D C S U C D D C D U C SDNsDNuNSUNDNDDN/C 0NIDUN

F i g 4 S t a t e 0 f a i l u r e r a t e c h e c k l i s t

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196 J . V . Bukow skL W.M. Goble / ISA Transac t ions 34 1995) 19 3-19 8

F i g . 5 . S t e p 1 M a r k o v m o d e l - C a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e m o d e . F i g . 7 .

2 x s o ~ x ~ q × ~ u x DO

C a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e M a r k o v m o d e l .

s y s t e m su c c e s s s t a t e s 2 ,3 ,4 ). T h e M a r k o v m o d e l

c o n s t r u c t i o n c o n t i n u e s f r o m s t a t e 2 . A g a i n a

c h e c k l i s t is c r e a t e d o f f a i l u r e r a t e s . S i n c e o n l y

o n e p h y s ic a l s e t o f m o d u l e s is in o p e r a t i o n , n o

c o m m o n c a u s e p a r t i t i o n i n g n e e d b e d o n e . T h e

c h e c k l i s t a t t h i s p o i n t i s s i mp l y , t S D , h S U , A D D a n d

t D U . T h e s a m e f a i l u r e r a t e s a r e p r e s e n t f o r t h e

r e m a i n i n g s y s t e m s uc c e s s s t a t e s 3 a n d 4 ). T h e

f i n a l M a r k o v M o d e l i s s h o w n i n F i g . 6 .

I n s t a t e 1 , a ll sy s t e m c o m p o n e n t s o p e r a t e s u c -

c e s s fu l ly . I n s t a t e 2 , o n e s e t o f m o d u l e s h a s f a i l e d

w i t h a s a f e , d e t e c t e d f a i l u r e . T h e s y s t e m i s s t i l l

s u c c e ss f u l b e c a u s e t h e o t h e r s e t o f m o d u l e s h a s

c o n t r o l . A s i m i l a r s i t u a t i o n h a s o c c u r r e d i n s t a t e

3 - a d a n g e r o u s , d e t e c t e d f a i lu r e h a s o c c u r r e d .

T h e s y s t e m i s s ti ll su c c e s s f u l b e c a u s e t h e d i a g n o s -

t ic c h a n n e l h a s d e - e n e r g i z e d t h e f a i l e d o u t p u t s

a n d t h e o t h e r s e t o f m o d u l e s h a s c o n t ro l . I n s t a t e

3 t h e s y s t e m i s a l s o d e g r a d e d b u t s u c c e s s f u l . O n e

m o d u l e s e t h a s e x p e r i e n c e d a s a f e , u n d e t e c t e d

f a i lu r e . I ts o u t p u t s a r e d e - e n e r g i z e d a n d t h e o t h e r

~ o c ~ u c ; ~ o c F S

u ~ u

F i g. 6 . C a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e m o d e M a r k o v m o d e l .

m o d u l e s e t h a s c o n t r o l . O n - l i n e r e p a i r r a t e s h a v e

b e e n a d d e d t o st a t e s 2 a n d 3 w h e r e d i a g n o st i c s

h a v e d e t e c t e d t h e f a i l u re . U n d e r s u c h c ir c u m -

s t a n c e s r e p a i r t o th e f u l ly o p e r a t i o n a l s t a t e c a n

b e m a d e q u i c k l y .

3 2 Calculate / verify mo de Markot~ mo del

F a i l u r e r a t e c a t e g o r i e s a r e i d e n t i c a l f o r t h e

c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e M a r k o v m o d e l . I n th e c a l-

c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e o f o p e r a ti o n t h e d i a g no s ti c

c u t - o f f s w i tc h i s d e - e n e r g i z e d i n th e v e r i f y m o d e .

T h i s d i f f e r e n c e i n s w i t c h p o s i t i o n c h a n g e s h o w

t h e s y s t e m r e s p o n d s u n d e r f a i l u re c o n d i ti o n s . U s -

i ng th e s a m e s y s t e m a t i c t e c h n i q u e , a n e w M a r k o v

m o d e l i s c o n s t r u c t e d F i g . 7 ).

3 3 Comparison

A c l o s e e x a m i n a t i o n o f th e m o d e l s s h o w s t h a t

t h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y i s l e s s l i k e l y t o g o t o a f a i l -

d a n g e r s t a t e . A r c s e x i t i n g f r o m s t a t e 1 w i ll b e

s i g n i f i c a n t . C o m p a r i n g t h e a r c s :

* S t a te 1 t o s t a t e 5 F S ) - T h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y

m o d e h a s a h i g h e r f a i l u r e r a t e . I t i n c l u d e s t w o

s e t s o f s a fe u n d e t e c t e d n o r m a l f a i lu r e s .

, S t a t e 1 t o s t a te 6 F D ) - T h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f ym o d e h a s a l o w e r f a i l u re r a t e . I n c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y

m o d e o n l y a d a n g e r o u s , u n d e t e c t e d c o m m o n

c a u s e f a i l u r e r a t e i s p r e s e n t . W i t h s a f e t y c la s s

d i a g n o s t i c s a n d h i g h c o m m o n c a u s e s t r e n g t h , t h i s

r a t e w o u l d b e n e a r z e r o . T h e c a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e

m o d e h a s t w o s e ts o f d a n g e r o u s u n d e t e c t e d f a il -

u r e s i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e d a n g e r o u s u n d e t e c t e d

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J.V. Bukowski, W.M. Goble/ ISA r a n s a c t i o n s 34 1995) 193-198

T a b l e 1

I n p u t d a t a f o r c o m p a r i s o n s p r e a d s h e e t

1 9 7

V a r i a b l e S y m b o l U n i t s

I n p u t c i r c u i t s a f e f a i l u r e r a t e

L o g i c s o l v e r - s a f e f a i l u r e r a t e

O u t p u t c i r c u i t - s a f e f a i l u r e r a t e

I n p u t c i r c u i t d a n g e r o u s f a i l u r e r a t e

L o g i c s o l v e r - d a n g e r o u s f a i l u r e r a teO u t p u t c i r c u i t - d a n g e r o u s f a i l u r e r a t e

S o f t w a r e s a f e f a i l u r e r a t e

S o f t w a r e d a n g e r o u s f a i lu r e r a t e

C o v e r a g e f a c t o r s a f e i n p u t c i r c u i t f a i l u r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c t o r d a n g e r o u s i n p u t c i r c u i t f a i l u r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c t o r s a f e l o g i c s o l v e r f a i l u r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c to r d a n g e r o u s l o g ic s o l v e r f a i lu r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c t o r s a f e o u t p u t c i r c u i t f a i l u r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c to r d a n g e r o u s o u t p u t c i rc u i t f a i lu r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c t o r s a f e s o f t w a r e f a i l u r e s

C o v e r a g e f a c to r d a n g e r o u s s o f t w a r e f a i lu r e s

Q u a n t i t y o f i n p u t c i r c u i t s

Q u a n t i t y o f o u t p u t c i r c u i t s

P r o b a b i li t y o f c o m m o n c a u s e f a i lu r e h a r d w a r e

P r o b a b i l i w o f c o m m o n c a u s e f a i lu r e s o f t w a r e

1 s i c 5 0 F I T S

I s m p 3 5 [ F I T S

1 s o c 1 0 0 F I T S

1 d ic 1 0 0 F I T S

1 d m p 1 5 0 F I T S1 d o c 1 0 0 F I T S

1 s s w 1 0 0 0 F I T S

I d s w 0 F I T S

c s ic 0 . 9 P r o b .

c d ic 0 . 9 9 P r o b .

c s m p 0 . 9 P r o b .

c d m p 0 . 9 9 P r o b .

c s o c 0 . 9 P r o b .

c d o c 0 . 9 9 P r o b .

c s s w 0 . 9 P r o b .

c d s w 0 . 9 9 P r o b .

n 1 6 Q u a n t i t y

m 8 Q u a n t i t y

b e t a h w 0 . 0 5 P r o b .

b e t a s w I . l P r o b .

c o m m o n c a u s e . T h i s e x tr a fa i l u r e ra t e m a k e s th i s

m o d e l e ss s a fe .

S o , o v e r a l l , i t a p p e a r s t h a t t h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y

m o d e t r a d e s a l o w e r a v a i l a b i l i t y f o r h i g h e r s a f e t y .

I n sa f e t y i n s t r u m e n t e d s y s t e m s , t h is t r a d e - o f f c a n

b e a s i g n i fi c a n t p o s i t i v e f o r t h e u s e r . A n u m e r i c a l

e x a m p l e w i l l v e r if y th e c o m p a r i s o n . U s i n g a s e t o f

f a i lu r e r a t e d a ta , a s p r e a d s h e e t m o d e l w a s c r e -

a t e d t o s o l v e f o r :

M T T F ( M e a n T i m e T o a n y F a i lu r e - a m e a s u r e

o f a v a i l a b i l i t y ) ;

P F D ( P r o b a b il it y o f F a i l u r e o n D e m a n d - a

m e a s u r e o f s a f e t y ) ;

H R F ( H a z a r d R e d u c t i o n F a c t o r - i nv e r se o f

P F D ) .

T h e i n p u t d a t a s e t is s h o w n i n T a b l e 1 . R e s u l t s

a r e s h o w n in T a b l e 2 . T h e c a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e

m o d e s h o w s a n M T T F o f 1 ,1 9 0, 17 1 H r s , w h i l e t h e

c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e i s l o w e r w i t h a n M T T F o f

T a b l e 2

C o m p a r i s o n r e s u l t s

C a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e m o d e C a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e

M T T F 1 , 1 9 0 , 1 7 1 1 , 0 9 1 , 4 2 1 H o u r s

H R F 2 2 5 1 4 6 8 9 8

1 ,0 9 1 ,4 2 1 H r s . T h e c a l c u l a t e / c a l c u l a t e m o d e h a s

a n H R F o f 2,2 5 1 w h i l e t h e c a lc u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e

s h o w s a s ub s ta n t ia l i m p r o v e m e n t w i th a n H R F o f

4 6 ,8 9 8 U s i n g th e s p r e a d s h e e t , c o m p a r i s o n s w e r e

m a d e o v e r w i d e r a n g e s o f i n p u t d a t a . W i t h t h e

e x c e p t i o n o f e x t r e m e l y p o o r d i a g n o s t i c c o v e r a g e

a n d lo w c o m m o n c a u s e s t r e n gt h , th e c o m p a r i s o n

w a s a lw a y s t h e s a m e . T h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y m o d e

w a s s u b s t a n t i a ll y s a fe r . S i n c e t h e c a l c u l a t e / v e r i f y

m o d e a v o i d s th e i n h e re n t c o m m o n c a u s e p r o b -

l e m s o f s y n c h r o n o u s s o f tw a r e s y s te m s , i t b e c o m e s

t h e c l e a r c h o i c e .

4 . C o n c l u s i o n

M a r k o v m o d e l t e c h n i q u e s h a v e t h e c a p a b il it y

t o fu l ly a c c o u n t f o r th e i n h e r e n t c o m p l e x i t i e s o fP E S . I n o u r m o d e l i n g e x p e r i e n c e w e h a v e b e e n

a b l e to u s e th e s e t e c h n i q u e s t o c o m p a r e a r c h i te c -

t u r e s , c o m p a r e o p e r a t i n g m o d e s , a n d d e t e r m i n e

t h a t d ia g n o s t i c s a n d c o m m o n c a u s e s u s c e p t i b il it y

a r e c r it i ca l v a r i a b l e s i n P E S s y s t e m s . S a f e t y a n d

a v a i la b i li ty m o d e l i n g a l l o w s d e s i g n e r s t o m a k e

s u p e r i o r c h o i c e s i n s o m e t i m e s c o u n t e r - i n t u it i v e

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198 J. II..Bukowsk i , W.M. Goble l I S A Transact ions 34 1995) 193-198

s i t u a ti o n s . I t b e c o m e s c l e a r w h y t h e I S A 8 4 .0 2

s u b c o m m i t t e e h a s c h o s e n M a r k o v M o d e l i n g as

t h e p r e f e r r e d t e c h n i q u e f o r sa f e ty a n d a v a i l a b i l i t y

e v a l u a t i o n .

e f e r e n c e s

[1] W.M. Go ble, Evaluating Control System Reliability -Techniques and Applications ( ISA, Research T r iangle Park,

NC, 1992).

[2] J.V. Bukowski and W.M . Goble, Re liab ility analysis ofcontrollers for safety shutdown systems , Proc. Ninth ln-

ternat. Conf. of the Israel Society for Quality Assurance

ISQA), Jerusalem, Israel (November 1992).

[3] J.V. Bukowski and W .M. Goble , Th e reliab ility analysis

of PES safety-systems , Proc. of the Food and Pharmaceu-

tical Industries Symposium , Instrument Society of America,

Toronto, Canada (1992).

[4] D.P. Maki and M. Thompson, Mathematical Models andApplications (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 1973).


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