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Substance Specific There are OSHA Permissible Exposure Limits
(PELs) for 470 chemicals, but only 28 have substance specific standards
Most are carcinogens or present other serious health hazards
Detailed requirements within each standard for compliance
Permissible Exposure Limits
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List of Chemicals Asbestos Alpha-Napththylamine 3,3-Dichlorobenzidine Beta-Napthylamine 4-Aminodiphenyl Beta-Propiolactone 4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene Vinyl chloride Lead Benzene Cotton dust Acrylonitrile Formaldehyde 4-Nitrobiphenyl
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List of Chemicals
Methyl chloromethyl ether Bis-Chloromethyl ether Benzidine Ethyleneimine 1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane 2-Acetylaminofluorene N-Nitrosodimethylamine Inorganic Arsenic Cadmium Coke oven emissions Ethylene oxide Methylenedianiline 1,2-Butadiene Methylene Chloride
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Substance Specific
These standards typically specify:Action Level (usually one-half of the 8-hr PEL)Exposure monitoring Medical surveillance- may require specific tests Information and trainingWritten compliance plans Respiratory protection/PPEHygiene facilities and practicesEstablishment of regulated areas
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Specific Chemicals Benzene
29 CFR 1910.1028
Inorganic Arsenic 29 CFR 1910.1018
Lead 29 CFR 1910.1025; 29 CFR 1926.62
Vinyl Chloride 29 CFR 1910.1017
Hydrogen Sulfide
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BenzenePermissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is 1 ppm (8-hr
Time Weighted Average (TWA); Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) = 5 ppm “skin”
Action Level is below typical PID sensitivity
Colorless liquid with sweet aromatic odor
Poor warning properties: mean odor threshold is 34 ppm
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Flammable liquidTypically found combined with other
petroleum hydrocarbonsAir monitoring options include:
Benzene specific instruments such as the UltraRae Benzene PGM-7200
Detector tubes (e.g. Draeger) Sample media for laboratory analysis
Benzene
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Benzene Health Hazards
Target organs: Blood forming systems, bone marrow Central nervous system Eyes, skin, respiratory system
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Benzene Exposure Symptoms
Acute exposure: Breathless, irritable, giddy, headache, dizzy, nausea Eye, nose, respiratory tract irritation Convulsion/coma from severe exposure Skin blistering
Chronic exposure: Leukemia Aplastic anemia Dermatitis
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Benzene Medical Exams
Medical surveillance for: > Action Level 30 days per year > PEL 10 days per year Emergency exposure
If blood chemistry indicate benzene impacts Referral for specialized exams Extensive protocols for removal/job protection
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Inorganic ArsenicPEL = 10 µg/M3 (0.01 mg/m3)Action Level = 5 µg/M3 (.005 mg/m3)Properties vary by compoundMost commonly found at former pesticide sitesArsenic air monitoring requires a sampling pump,
media, and laboratory analysis. Total dust/respirator dust monitoring is useful after the ratio of arsenic to total dust is known.
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Target Organs Skin Respiratory system Kidney, liver, GI
tract Central nervous
system Possible fetal
effects
Inorganic Arsenic
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Inorganic Arsenic Symptoms
Acute exposure: Poisoning by inhalation is rare
Chronic exposure: Dermatitis, ulcerations to skin/nasal
septum Weakness Loss of appetite Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea Cancer (skin, lung, possibly liver)
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LeadTwo lead substance-specific standards
General Industry – 29 CFR 1910.1025 Construction – 29 CFR 1926.62
URS often involved with construction version Applies to remediation, verses investigation Removal of lead-impacted soils Lead-based paint work; demolition activities
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Lead
OSHA PEL is 0.050 mg/M3 (50 µg/M3) as TWA
Action Level is 0.030 mg/M3 (30 µg/M3) as TWA
Air monitoring requires sampling pump, filter media, and laboratory analysis. XRF lead paint instruments provide real time measurement of lead content in paint, but not airborne concentrations.
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Lead Health Hazards Target Organs
GI tract Central nervous system Kidneys Blood Gingival tissue Reproductive system
Acute exposure: Gastroenteritis
Chronic exposure: Anemia, constipation, abdominal
pain Peripheral nerve damage
(wrist/ankle drop) Colic Gum lead line Fetal neural impacts
Lead accumulates in the body
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Lead RequirementsOne of the more stringent standards:
Blood lead determination prior to job; periodic
Mandatory minimum Level C PPE Regulated work areas Shower and change facilities Exposure monitoring
Some exceptions; check with your Regional HSE Manager
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Vinyl ChloridePEL = 1 ppm
Action Level = 0.5 ppm
Colorless liquid/gas with faint odor
High vapor pressure/vapor density
Extreme fire/explosive hazard
Incompatible with oxidizers, copper, aluminum,
iron, steel
Typically found in landfill gases as a by-product of chlorinated solvent degradation
Air monitoring requires sample pump, filter media, and laboratory analysis or detector tubes
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Vinyl Chloride Health HazardsRoutes of entry
Respiratory Ingestion – personal hygiene is very
important
Target Organs Liver (carcinogen) Central nervous system Blood Respiratory system Lymphatic system Possible reproductive system
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Vinyl Chloride SymptomsAcute Exposure
Frostbite on liquid contact Low toxicity by inhalation
Chronic Exposure: Sluggishness Abdominal pain Gastrointestinal bleeding Enlarged liver Pallor or blueness of extremities Liver cancer
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Vinyl Chloride Medical Surveillance
Any employee exposed >0.5 ppm Action Level will be provided the opportunity for exams/testing
Provided at time of initial assignment, or upon beginning medical surveillance, or as a result of emergency exposure
General physical exam/medical history with specific attention to: Detecting enlargement/dysfunction of the liver, spleen
or kidneys Abnormalities in skin, connective tissues, or
pulmonary system
Written physician’s statement of findings, including opinion regarding use of PPE and respirators
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Hydrogen SulfideOSHA PEL = 10 ppm; 20 ppm ceiling
California STEL = 15 ppm (15 minutes)
Dense, low-lying gasHigh vapor pressure (>17 atm)Fire/explosion hazardPotential exposure sources include
sewers, landfills, and petroleum refining, paper/pulp mills
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Hydrogen Sulfide Hydrogen Sulfide gas:
Smells like rotten eggs
Most people can detect it at 0.008 ppm
Odor is not a reliable indicator of hazard
Sense of smell can become fatigued; increasing levels may no longer be detectable without instruments
Air monitoring options include H2S specific monitors as part of most four-gas confined space monitoring units, and detection tubes
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H2S Health HazardsAcute Exposures:
Respiratory paralysis (chemical asphyxiate) leading to unconsciousness and death
At lower concentrations: Headache, dizziness, upset stomach Eye effects at exposures slightly above PEL