Date post: | 19-Dec-2015 |
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Peripheral Nervous System
somatic nervous system controls the
movements of our skeletal muscles
Controls glands
ANS Flight or fight
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Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Nervous System Sympathetic:
arouses us for defense action
Parasympathetic: It conserves energy as it calms you by decreasing your heartbeat, lowering your blood sugar, etc.
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Endocrine System
Endocrine system influences many aspects of our lives, e.g. growth, reproduction, metabolism, mood, working to keep everything in balance while we respond to stress, exertion, and even our own thoughts.
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Hormones
Secreted by the endocrine system – another form of chemical messenger.
Influence our interest in sex, food, and aggression.
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Adrenal Glands
Located on top of the kidneys. Release epinephrine and norepinephrine
(also called adrenaline and noradrenaline).
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The brain stem & medulla
The brain stem begins where the spinal cord enters the skull swelling slightly, forming the medulla.
Here lies the controls for your heartbeat & breathing.
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Pituitary Glands
Pea-sized structure located in the base of the brain – controlled by the hypothalamus.
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Reticular Formation
Experiment: Moruzzi & Magoun – electrically stimulated the reticular formation of a sleeping cat
The role of the reticular formation
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Thalamus
Thalamus = switching station Receives information from all the senses
except smell and routes it to the higher brain regions that deal with seeing, hearing, tasting, and touching.
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Hippocampus
Within the Limbic System, the hypothalamus influences hunger, regulates thirst, body temperature, and sexual behavior.
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Amygdala
If we electrically stimulate the amygdala (within the Limbic System).
1939 kluver & Bucy
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The role of Dopamine & pleasure
Dopamine has been found in animal studies to be released when certain pleasures are taking place, e.g. sex, drinking, etc.
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Addictive Behaviors?
Some researchers believe that addictive disorders, such as alcoholism, drug abuse, and binge eating, may stem from a reward deficiency syndrome.
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The Phineas Gage Story
Frontal lobe damage was first connected to personality changes after the classic case of Phineas Gage.
In 1848, a rod was shot up through his left cheek out of the top of his skull leaving his frontal lobe massively damaged.
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Frontal Lobes
The association areas within the frontal lobes helps us to judge, plan, and process new memories.
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Parts of the brain involved with language Aphasia: is the impaired
use of language. Broca’s area – damage to
the specific area to the left frontal lobe leads to problems forming words while still being able to sing familiar songs and comprehend speech.
Disrupts speaking
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Wernicke’s Area
Wernicke’s area – damage to a specific area of the left temporal lobe – people could speak only meaningless words.
Disrupts understanding
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Angular Gyrus
Receives the visual information from the visual area and recodes it into the auditory form, which Wernicke’s area uses to derive its meaning.
Damage to the angular gyrus – leaves the person able to speak and understand but unable to read.