Post Partum Haemorrhage
seminar 10th October 2015
HoSHAS
Definition and Causes of PPH
Dr Riduan bin Mohd Tahar Dept of O&G, HoSHAS
Introduc*on
• There has been a significant decline in maternal mortality from 540 per 100,000 live births in I957 to 28 per 100,000 in 2012
• PPH used to be the 1st leading cause of death in Malaysia
• Now PPH is the 3rd leading cause of death
Definition of PPH
Introduc*on
• Conven*onally, the term ‘postpartum hemorrhage’ (PPH) is applied to pregnancies beyond 20 weeks’ gesta*on.
• There is no single sa*sfactory defini*on of post partum haemorrhage
Defini*on in use 1. Timing of the onset of bleeding 2. Amount of blood loss 3. Decline in hematocrit – 10% 4. Reduc*on in haemoglobin level 5. Rapidity of the blood loss
– Severe haemorrhage, 150ml/min, 50% blood loss in 20 minutes
6. Volume deficit 7. Base on clinical sign
Defini*on
• The World Health Organiza*on (WHO) • 1990
– Any blood loss from the genital tract during delivery above 500 ml
• 2003 – Revise; to include the first 24 hours a\er delivery.
Primary PPH
• Defined as blood loss above 500 ml following vaginal delivery and above 1000 ml a\er abdominal delivery (Caesarean sec*on).
• Massive PPH is defined as PPH with blood loss in excess of 1500 ml.
Secondary PPH
• Excessive blood loss between 24 hours and 6 weeks post partum
• Physiological changes – Pregnancy induced hypervolaemia – Increase by 30 – 60% (1500 – 2000ml) for an average size women
– Most average size healthy women can cope with the blood loss of more than 500mls
– The average blood loss during a normal vaginal delivery -‐ 500 ml
– approximately 5% of women about 1000 ml during a vaginal birth.
• Co-‐morbid – Anaemia – Severe PE, intravascular deple*on
• BMI – Small size women cannot tolerate well with small blood loss
• This is an ‘arbitrary’ value • Tends to be underes*mate !! • Remains a major challenge in management.
How to improve
• Regular training / drill / courses • More accurate method es*ma*on
– Blood collec*on drapes – Weighing swabs – Pictorial blood loss
• Associated risk factor
• A appropriate or more clinical defini*on of PPH is any blood loss sufficient enough to cause haemodynamic instability.
• Preven*on is becer • Reduce morbidity if detected earlier
Purpose of defini*on
• Standardize • 500ml blood loss should be consider as an alert line
• Easily underes*mate – It may be dangerous not to ins*tute simple therapeu*c/prophylac*c measures e.g. uterine massage, uterotonic agent and inspec*on of lower genital tract
Purpose of defini*on • Effec*ve communica*on
– Ini*al assessment usually done by JM, Staff nurse, H.O
– Early recogni*on and prompts basic measures
• To determine the most suitable line of management – To guide the degree of aggressiveness of treatment e.g. rapidly bleeding àsurgical management
Causes of PPH
CAUSES OF PPH (the 4 'T's)
TONE (70%) (Atonic uterus,
distended bladder)
TRAUMA (20%)
(Uterine, cervical or
vaginal injury)
TISSUE (10%) (Retained
products of conception)
THROMBIN (<1%)
(Pre-existing or acquired
coagulopathy)
Tone
• Uterine atony is the most common cause of PPH – 70% of cases
• Uterine contrac*on à living ligatures
Tone
• Uterine over-‐distension – Mul*ple pregnancy – Macrosomic fetus – Polyhydramnios – Fetal abnormali*es e.g. severe hydrocephalus
Tone
• Uterine muscle fa*que – Prolonged labour – Precipitate labour – Augmented labour with oxytocin – High parity (20 fold increased risk) – Prolonged 3rd stage – Previous pregnancy with PPH
Tone • Intra-‐amnio*c infec*on
– Prolonged SROM – Chorioamnioni*s
• Uterine distor*on/abnormality – Fibroid uterus – Uterine anomalies – Placenta praevia
• Placenta praevia – Lower segment takes *me to contract – Defensive medicineà increase rate of LSCS – Increase risk of placenta accreta – 2 previous scar 50% of accreta – Mul*disciplinary approach – Morbidity and mortality
Tone
• Bladder distension – Urinary reten*on
• Uterine relaxing drugs – Anaesthe*c drugs, nifedipine, NSAIDs, beta-‐mime*cs, MgS04
Trauma
• 20% of case • Commonly the lower genital tract trauma • Obese pa*ent à limited access for repair
Trauma
• Cervical / vagina / perineal tears – Precipitous delivery – Manipula*ons at delivery – Opera*ve delivery – Episiotomy especially with varicose vulva
Trauma
• Extended tear at CS – Malposi*on – Fetal manipula*on e.g. version of second twin – Deep engagement
• Upper segment CS – Lower segment not well formed – Severe adhesions at lower segment – Transverse lie
Trauma
• Uterine rupture – Previous uterine surgery
• Uterine inversion – Mismanagement of third stage of labour – High parity – Fundal placenta
Tissue
• 10% of cases • Foreign body • Ineffec*ve uterine contrac*on
Tissue • Retained placenta / membranes
– Retained placenta 10% – Increase the risk up to 20% – History of retained placenta – Undiagnosed morbidly adhere placenta – Incomplete placenta at delivery, especially< 24 weeks
Tissue
• Abnormal placenta – succinturiate /accessory lobe – Previous uterine surgery – Abnormal placenta on ultrasound – Undiagnosed incomplete placenta at delivery – Systema*c method to check for placenta completeness
Thrombin
• 1% of cases • Mul*disciplinary care
Thrombin • Pre-‐exis*ng clokng abnormality
– E.g. haemophilia A / vWD / hypofibrinogenaemia / ITP
– Family history
• An*coagulant – History of DVT / PE – Aspirin – Heparin
Thrombin
• Acquired in pregnancy – Gesta*onal thrombocytopenia – Severe PE with thrombocytopenia (HELLP) – DIVC secondary to abrup*on, AFE, severe sepsis – Dilu*onal coagulopathy e.g. massive transfusion
Risk factors • Antenatal
1. Age 2. Ethnicity 3. BMI 4. Parity 5. Medical condi*on e.g. type II DM,
hypertension, haematology 6. Prolonged pregnancy
Risk factors
• Antenatal 7. Macrosomic 8. Mul*ple pregnancies 9. Fibroids 10. Antepartum haemorrhage 11. Previous history of PPH 12. Previous caesarean
Risk factors
• Intrapartum 1. First stage 2. Second stage 3. Third stage 4. Analgesia 5. Delivery methods 6. Episiotomy 7. Chorioamnioni*s
Secondary PPH
• Excessive blood loss between 24 hours and 6 weeks post partum
• The commonest cause is infec*on (endometri*s)
• O\en secondary to retained product of concep*on
• Management includes an*bio*c and evacua*on retained product of concep*on
Summary • Defini*on
– Primary PPH, >500ml within 24 hours of delivery – Secondary PPH a\er 24 hours to 6 weeks post delivery – Massive PPH, > 1500ml – Underes*mate – Risk factor
• Causes of PPH – 4T 1. Tone – 70% 2. Trauma – 20% 3. Tissue – 10% 4. Thrombin -‐ < 1%
ANTICIPATION remains the goal of PPH management
Thank You