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10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf ·...

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Post Partum Haemorrhage seminar 10 th October 2015 HoSHAS
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Page 1: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Post Partum Haemorrhage

seminar 10th  October  2015

HoSHAS

Page 2: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Definition and Causes of PPH   

Dr  Riduan  bin  Mohd  Tahar  Dept  of  O&G,  HoSHAS  

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Introduc*on      

•  There  has  been  a  significant  decline  in  maternal  mortality  from  540  per  100,000  live  births  in  I957  to  28  per  100,000  in  2012  

•  PPH  used  to  be  the    1st  leading  cause  of  death  in  Malaysia  

•  Now  PPH  is  the  3rd  leading  cause  of  death  

Page 4: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Definition of PPH

Page 5: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Introduc*on  

•  Conven*onally,  the  term  ‘postpartum  hemorrhage’  (PPH)  is  applied  to  pregnancies  beyond  20  weeks’  gesta*on.  

•  There  is  no  single  sa*sfactory  defini*on  of  post  partum  haemorrhage  

 

Page 6: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Defini*on  in  use  1.  Timing  of  the  onset  of  bleeding  2.  Amount  of  blood  loss  3.  Decline  in  hematocrit  –  10%  4.  Reduc*on  in  haemoglobin  level  5.  Rapidity  of  the  blood  loss  

–  Severe  haemorrhage,  150ml/min,  50%  blood  loss  in  20  minutes  

6.  Volume  deficit  7.  Base  on  clinical  sign  

Page 7: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Defini*on    

•  The  World  Health  Organiza*on  (WHO)  •  1990  

– Any  blood  loss  from  the  genital  tract  during  delivery  above  500  ml    

•  2003    – Revise;  to  include  the  first  24  hours  a\er  delivery.  

Page 8: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Primary  PPH  

•  Defined  as  blood  loss  above  500  ml  following  vaginal  delivery  and  above  1000  ml  a\er  abdominal  delivery  (Caesarean  sec*on).    

•  Massive  PPH  is  defined  as  PPH  with  blood  loss  in  excess  of  1500  ml.    

Page 9: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Secondary  PPH  

•  Excessive  blood  loss  between  24  hours  and  6  weeks  post  partum    

Page 10: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

•  Physiological  changes  – Pregnancy  induced  hypervolaemia  –  Increase  by  30  –  60%  (1500  –  2000ml)  for  an  average  size  women  

– Most  average  size  healthy  women  can  cope  with  the  blood  loss  of  more  than  500mls  

– The  average  blood  loss  during  a  normal  vaginal  delivery  -­‐  500  ml  

– approximately  5%  of  women  about  1000  ml  during  a  vaginal  birth.  

Page 11: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

•  Co-­‐morbid  – Anaemia  – Severe  PE,  intravascular  deple*on  

•  BMI  – Small  size  women  cannot  tolerate  well  with  small  blood  loss  

Page 12: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

•  This  is  an  ‘arbitrary’  value  •  Tends  to  be  underes*mate  !!  •  Remains  a  major  challenge  in  management.    

Page 13: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

How  to  improve  

•  Regular  training  /  drill  /  courses  •  More  accurate  method  es*ma*on  

– Blood  collec*on  drapes  – Weighing  swabs  – Pictorial  blood  loss  

•  Associated  risk  factor  

Page 14: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

•  A  appropriate  or  more  clinical  defini*on  of  PPH  is  any  blood  loss  sufficient  enough  to  cause  haemodynamic  instability.  

•  Preven*on  is  becer  •  Reduce  morbidity  if  detected  earlier    

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Purpose  of  defini*on  

•  Standardize  •  500ml  blood  loss  should  be  consider  as  an  alert  line  

•  Easily  underes*mate  –  It   may   be   dangerous   not   to   ins*tute   simple  therapeu*c/prophylac*c   measures   e.g.   uterine  massage,   uterotonic   agent   and   inspec*on   of  lower  genital  tract  

Page 16: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Purpose  of  defini*on  •  Effec*ve  communica*on  

–  Ini*al  assessment  usually  done  by  JM,  Staff  nurse,  H.O  

– Early  recogni*on  and  prompts  basic  measures  

•  To  determine  the  most  suitable  line  of  management  – To  guide  the  degree  of  aggressiveness  of  treatment  e.g.  rapidly  bleeding  àsurgical  management  

Page 17: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Causes of PPH

Page 18: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

CAUSES OF PPH (the 4 'T's)

TONE (70%) (Atonic uterus,

distended bladder)

TRAUMA (20%)

(Uterine, cervical or

vaginal injury)

TISSUE (10%) (Retained

products of conception)

THROMBIN (<1%)

(Pre-existing or acquired

coagulopathy)

Page 19: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Tone    

•  Uterine  atony  is  the  most  common  cause  of  PPH  –  70%  of  cases  

•  Uterine  contrac*on  à  living  ligatures  

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Tone    

•  Uterine  over-­‐distension  – Mul*ple  pregnancy  – Macrosomic  fetus  – Polyhydramnios  – Fetal  abnormali*es  e.g.  severe  hydrocephalus  

Page 21: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Tone    

•  Uterine  muscle  fa*que  – Prolonged  labour  – Precipitate  labour    – Augmented  labour  with  oxytocin  – High  parity  (20  fold  increased  risk)  – Prolonged  3rd  stage  – Previous  pregnancy  with  PPH  

Page 22: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Tone  •  Intra-­‐amnio*c  infec*on  

– Prolonged  SROM  – Chorioamnioni*s    

•  Uterine  distor*on/abnormality  – Fibroid  uterus  – Uterine  anomalies  – Placenta  praevia  

Page 23: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

•  Placenta  praevia  – Lower  segment    takes  *me  to  contract  – Defensive  medicineà  increase  rate  of  LSCS  –  Increase  risk  of  placenta  accreta  – 2  previous  scar  50%  of  accreta  – Mul*disciplinary  approach  – Morbidity  and  mortality  

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Tone  

•  Bladder  distension  – Urinary  reten*on  

•  Uterine  relaxing  drugs  – Anaesthe*c  drugs,  nifedipine,  NSAIDs,  beta-­‐mime*cs,  MgS04  

Page 25: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Trauma    

•  20%  of  case  •  Commonly  the  lower  genital  tract  trauma  •  Obese  pa*ent  à  limited  access  for  repair    

Page 26: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Trauma    

•  Cervical  /  vagina  /  perineal  tears  – Precipitous  delivery    – Manipula*ons  at  delivery  – Opera*ve  delivery  – Episiotomy  especially  with  varicose  vulva  

Page 27: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Trauma    

•  Extended  tear  at  CS  – Malposi*on  – Fetal  manipula*on  e.g.  version  of  second  twin  – Deep  engagement  

•  Upper  segment  CS  – Lower  segment  not  well  formed  – Severe  adhesions  at  lower  segment  – Transverse  lie  

Page 28: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Trauma    

•  Uterine  rupture  – Previous  uterine  surgery  

•  Uterine  inversion  – Mismanagement  of  third  stage  of  labour  – High  parity  – Fundal  placenta    

Page 29: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Tissue    

•  10%  of  cases  •  Foreign  body  •  Ineffec*ve  uterine  contrac*on  

Page 30: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Tissue    •  Retained  placenta  /  membranes  

– Retained  placenta  10%  –  Increase  the  risk  up  to  20%  – History  of  retained  placenta  – Undiagnosed  morbidly  adhere  placenta  –  Incomplete  placenta  at  delivery,  especially<  24  weeks  

Page 31: 10 October2015 HoSHAShoshas.moh.gov.my/v4/attachments/article/76/PPH - Definition and Causes.pdf · Introduc*on! • Conven*onally,!the!term!‘postpartum! hemorrhage’!(PPH)!is!applied!to!pregnancies!

Tissue    

•  Abnormal  placenta  –  succinturiate  /accessory  lobe  – Previous  uterine  surgery  – Abnormal  placenta  on  ultrasound  – Undiagnosed  incomplete  placenta  at  delivery    – Systema*c  method  to  check  for  placenta  completeness  

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Thrombin    

•  1%  of  cases  •  Mul*disciplinary  care  

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Thrombin    •  Pre-­‐exis*ng  clokng  abnormality  

– E.g.  haemophilia  A  /  vWD  /  hypofibrinogenaemia  /  ITP  

– Family  history  

•  An*coagulant    – History  of  DVT  /  PE  – Aspirin  – Heparin    

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Thrombin    

•  Acquired  in  pregnancy  – Gesta*onal  thrombocytopenia  – Severe  PE  with  thrombocytopenia  (HELLP)  – DIVC  secondary  to  abrup*on,  AFE,  severe  sepsis  – Dilu*onal  coagulopathy  e.g.  massive  transfusion  

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Risk  factors    •  Antenatal  

1.  Age  2.  Ethnicity  3.  BMI  4.  Parity  5.  Medical  condi*on  e.g.  type  II  DM,  

hypertension,  haematology  6.  Prolonged  pregnancy    

 

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Risk  factors  

•  Antenatal    7.  Macrosomic    8.  Mul*ple  pregnancies  9.  Fibroids  10. Antepartum  haemorrhage  11. Previous  history  of  PPH  12. Previous  caesarean    

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Risk  factors    

•  Intrapartum  1.  First  stage  2.  Second  stage  3.  Third  stage  4.  Analgesia    5.  Delivery  methods  6.  Episiotomy  7.  Chorioamnioni*s  

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Secondary  PPH  

•  Excessive  blood  loss  between  24  hours  and  6  weeks  post  partum    

•  The  commonest  cause  is  infec*on  (endometri*s)  

•  O\en  secondary  to  retained  product  of  concep*on  

•  Management  includes  an*bio*c  and  evacua*on  retained  product  of  concep*on  

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Summary    •  Defini*on    

–  Primary  PPH,  >500ml  within  24  hours  of  delivery  –  Secondary  PPH  a\er  24  hours  to  6  weeks  post  delivery  – Massive  PPH,  >  1500ml  –  Underes*mate    –  Risk  factor  

•  Causes  of  PPH  –  4T  1.  Tone  –  70%  2.  Trauma  –  20%  3.  Tissue  –  10%    4.  Thrombin  -­‐  <  1%    

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ANTICIPATION remains the goal of PPH management  

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Thank You


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